MATHEMATICS FORMULA LIST

FOR CLASS XII (for II Term)

Application of Integration

Area between a Curve and an Axis

In general, if A(x) is an area function under the curve y = f(x), then area under the curve y = f(x) from x
b
= a to x = b is given by A   f  x  dx where f(x)  0 for a  x  b.
a

Differential Equations

Order of a differential equation: is the order of the highest order derivative appearing in the equation.
Degree of a differential equation: is the degree of the highest order derivative, when differential
coefficients are made free from radicals and fractions.
Solution of a differential equation:
(A) Variable separable form:
An equation whose variables are separable can be put into the form
f1  x  dx  f 2  y  dy  0 . Integrating, the general solution is given by  f  x  dx   f  y  dy  C ,
1 2

where C is an arbitrary constant.

(B) Homogeneous differential equation:
dy f  x, y
A differential equation of the form  where f  x , y  and g  x , y  are both
dx g  x , y 

dy  y
homogeneous function of the same degree in x and y i.e. an equation of the form  F .
dx x
dy dv
To solve, put y  vx , then  v  x and on substituting these values in the given equation
dx dx
it will be reducible to variable separable.
dx x
Another form:  G   , can be solved by substitution x  vy
dy  y
(C) Linear Differential Equation:
dy
Equation of the form  P. y  Q where both P and Q are functions of x only.
dx

e
P dx
To solve, find Integrating Factor (I.F.) = and the solution is given by

y.( I .F .)   Q .( I .F .) dx  c .

Page 1 of 12
 dx
Another Form: Equation of form  P. x  Q where both P and Q are functions of y only.
dy

To solve, find Integrating Factor (I.F.) = e  and the solution is given by x.( I .F .)   Q .( I .F .) dy  c .
P dx

Vectors

 
Position vector of a point P  x , y , z  is given by OP  r  x i  y j  zkˆ and its magnitude is given by

x2  y 2  z 2 .
 
If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , then a1 , a2 and a3 are direction ratios of a .
  
Triangle law of vector addition: AB  BC  AC

The vector sum of the three sides of a triangle taken in order is 0 .


If r  a i  b j  c kˆ , then a , b , c are proportional to its direction ratios and its direction cosine are
a b c
l , m , n given by  , , . Here l 2  m2  n 2  1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c a b c

   
Two vectors a and b are collinear if and only if there exists a nonzero scalar  such that b   a .

 
If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ then the two vectors are collinear if and only if :
a1 a2 a3
 
b1 b2 b3

The vector sum of two co- initial vectors is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram whose adjacent
sides are the given vectors.

 a 
For a given vector a , the vector aˆ   gives the unit vector in the direction of a .
a

If P  x1 , y1 , z1  and Q  x2 , y2 , z2  are any two points, then the vector joining P and Q is given by
PQ   x  x  iˆ   y  y  ˆj   z  z  kˆ
2 1 2 1 2 1

The position vector of a point R dividing a line segment joining the points P and Q whose position
 
vectors are a and b respectively, in the ratio m : n
   
mb  na mb  na
(i) Internally, is given by (ii) externally, is given by
mn mn

Page 2 of 12
  
The Scalar (dot) Product of two given vectors a and b having angle  between them is
   
a . b  a b cos 
   
If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ , then: a . b  a1b1  a2b2  a3b3 .

  2
a.a  a
  
  a .b   a . b
Projection of vector a on b   and Projection of vector b on a   .
b a
   
If a  b , then a . b  0

For mutually perpendicular unit vectors iˆ , ˆj and kˆ , we have:


iˆ . iˆ  j . ˆj  kˆ. kˆ  1 and iˆ . ˆj  ˆj. kˆ  kˆ. iˆ  0

 
The Vector (cross) Product of two given vectors a and b having angle  between them is
     
a  b  a b sin  nˆ , where n̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing a and b .
  
i j k
   
If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ and b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ , then: a  b  a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3
   
If a || b , then a  b  0

For mutually perpendicular unit vectors iˆ , ˆj and kˆ , we have:


iˆ  iˆ  j  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0 and iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , ˆj  kˆ  iˆ , kˆ  iˆ  ˆj

  1  
If a and b represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is given as a b .
2
1   1   1  
Area of  ABC  AB  AC  BC  BA  CB  CA
2 2 2

   1      
If a , b , c are p.v. of the vertices A , B , C of  ABC , then Area of  ABC  a  b  b  c  c  a
2
   
a  b  vector area of a parallelogram having two adjacent sides as a and b .

  
 a b
Unit vectors perpendicular to the plane of a and b are    .
a b
       
a . b  b . a and a  b   b  a  
   2   2 2 2
For any two vectors a and b , we have a  b  a . b  a b .  

Page 3 of 12
Scalar Triple Product
     
 
Let a , b , c be three vectors. Then the scalar a  b . c is known as scalar triple product and is denoted by
  
a b c  .
 
  
Geometrically,  a b c  represents the volume of the parallelepiped whose coterminous edges are
  
a , b and c .
Properties of Scalar Triple Product:

        
   
(a) a  b . c  b  c . a   c  a  . b
           
(b)  a b c    b a c    c b a     a c b 
     
 
(c) a  b . c  a . b  c 
           
(d)  a b c  = 0 , if a  b or b  c or c  a i.e. a , b , c are coplanar.
     
(e)  a b c     a b c 
  
(f) If a  a1iˆ  a2 ˆj  a3 kˆ , b  b1iˆ  b2 ˆj  b3 kˆ and c  c1iˆ  c2 ˆj  c3kˆ , then:
a1 a2 a3
  
 a b c   b1 b2 b3
 
c1 c2 c3
      
  
(g) a  b  c  a  b   ac 
  
(h) Four points A , B , C and D are coplanar if  AB AC AD   0

Three Dimensional Geometry

LINE

(I) EQUATION OF A LINE THROUGH A GIVEN POINT AND PARALLEL TO GIVEN VECTOR:

VECTOR EQUATION:
 
Equation of a line passing through the point with position vector a and parallel to the vector b is given
by:
  
r  a  b

Where r is position vector of any point on the line.
CARTESIAN EQUATION
Cartesian equation of a line passing through the point  x1 , y1 , z1  and parallel to the line having D-ratios
 a , b, c  is given by
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
a b c
NOTE: If we are given the d.c. of the line  l , m, n  then equation of the line is given by
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
l m n

(II) EQUATION OF A LINE PASSING THROUGH TWO POINTS:

VECTOR EQUATION
 
Equation of a line passing through two points with position vector a and b is given by
   
r  a  b a , R  
CARTESIAN EQUATION
Cartesian equation of a line passing through the points with  x1 , y1 , z1  and  x2 , y2 , z 2 
is given by:
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
 
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1

(III) ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

Angle between the lines with d.r.’s  a1 , b1 , c1  and  a2 , b2 , c2  is given by:

1. In terms of cos :
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos  
a  b12  c12 a2 2  b2 2  c2 2
1
2

2 2 2
 a1b2  a2b1    b1c2  b2c1    c1a2  c2 a1 
2. In terms of sin  
a12  a22  a32 b12  b2 2  b32
NOTE: Two lines with d.r.’s  a1 , b1 , c1  and  a2 , b2 , c2 
(1) will be perpendicular to each other iff a1a2  b1b2  c1c2  0
a b c
(2) will be parallel to each other iff 1  1  1
a2 b2 c2

Angle between the two lines with direction cosines  l1 , m1 , n1  and  l2 , m2 , n2  is given by
(I) cos   l1l2  m1m2  n1n2
2 2 2
l1m2  l2 m1    m1n2  m2n1    n1l2  n2l1 
(II) sin  
NOTE: Two lines with d.c.’s  l1 , m1 , n1  and  l2 , m2 , n2 
(1) will be perpendicular to each other iff l1l2  m1m2  n1n2  0
(2) will be parallel to each other iff l1  l2 , m1  m2 and n1  n2 .

(IV) SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LINES

SKEW LINES: Two lines in the space which are neither parallel and nor intersecting are called as skew
lines.
RESULT:
1. If two lines are coplanar then they are either parallel or intersecting
2. Two lines are neither parallel nor intersecting iff they are non-coplanar.

Page 5 of 12
(I) VECTOR FORM:
     
If r  a1  b1 and r  a2  b2 are the vector equations of two lines then the shortest distance between
them is the length of the line of the line segment perpendicular to both of them, it is denoted by ‘ d ’
and given by:
 
 b  b  .  a2  a1 
d 1 2
b1  b2

     
NOTE: Two skew lines r  a1  b1 and r  a2  b2 will be intersecting each other iff the shortest
 
distance between them is zero iff  b1  b2  .  a2  a1   0 iff the lines are coplanar.

(II) CARTESIAN FORM:

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
If   and   are the equations of two skew lines then the
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
shortest distance between them ‘ d ’ is given by:
x2  x1 y  y z2  z1
a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2
d
2 2 2
 a1b2  a2b1    b1c2  b2c1    c1a2  c2 a1 
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z2
NOTE: Two skew lines   and   will be intersecting each
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2  x1 y y z2  z1
other iff a1 b1 c1  0 .
a2 b2 c2

(V) DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES

     
Distance between two parallel lines r  a1  b and r  a2  b and is given by:
  
b   a2  a1 
d 
b
PLANE

NORMAL FORM OF THE EQUATION OF THE PLANE

(I) UNIT VECTOR NORMAL FORM

Equation of a plane having unit vector normal to the plane n̂ and at a distance of ‘d’ from the origin is

r .nˆ  d
Where,

r =Position vector of any point on the plane
n̂ = Unit vector normal to the plane
d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane
CARTESIAN FORM
Equation of the plane with  l , m, n  as d-cosine of the normal to the plane is
lx  my  nz  d
Where, d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane.

(II) GENERAL FORM OF THE EQUATION OF THE PLANE

VECTOR FORM

Equation of plane having normal vector to it as n is given by

r .n  p
Note: 1. Here ‘ p ’ is not the distance from the origin to the plane

2. In order to convert the equation r .n  p to unit vector normal form we divide the equation by

  n p
n i.e. the unit vector normal form becomes r .   
n n
p
and then , d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane = 
n

CARTESIAN FORM
Equation of plane with d.r.’s of normal vector to it as  a, b, c  is
ax  by  cz  p  0
Note: 1. Here ‘ p ’ is not the distance from the origin to the plane
2. In order to convert the equation ax  by  cz  p  0 to normal form we divide the equation by
a 2  b2  c 2 i.e. the normal form becomes
a b c p
x y z 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c a b c a  b2  c2
2

p
and then , d = Distance of plane from the origin to the plane = .
a  b2  c2
2

(III) EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH A POINT AND WITH GIVEN NORMAL
VECTOR

VECTOR FROM
 
Equation of a plane passing through the point a and having normal to the plane as vector n is given by
  
 r  a  .n  0
CARTESIAN EQUATION

Equation of a plane passing through the point  x1 , y1 , z1  and having  a, b, c  as the d.r. of the normal to
the plane is a  x  x1   b  y  y1   c  z  z1   0

(IV) EQUATION OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH THREE NON COLLINEAR POINTS

VECTOR FORM

     
 
Equation of plane passing through three points A  a  , B b and C  c  , where a, b and c are the position
vectors of three points A, B and C , is given by:
     
 
r  a . b  a c  a   0 
CARTESIAN FORM

Equation of the plane passing through the three points A  x1 , y1 , z1  , B  x2 , y2 , z2  and C  x3 , y3 , z3  is

given by
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1  0
x3  x1 y3  y1 z3  z1

(V) INTERCEPT FORM OF THE EQUATION OF PLANE

Equation of a plane having x , y and z intercept as a, b and c respectively is given by

x y z
  1
a b c

(VI) EQUAITON OF A PLANE PASSING THROUGH THE INTERSECTION OF TWO PLANES

VECTOR FORM
 
Equation of a plane passing through the intersection of two planes r .n1  d1 and r .n2  d 2 is given by
  
r .  n1   n2   d1   d 2 , where  R
CARTESIAN FORM

Equation of plane passing through the intersection of the two planes a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and
a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 is given by
a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1    a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2   0 , where   R

(VII) COPLANARITY OF TWO LINES

VECTOR FORM
     
Two lines r  a1  b1 and r  a2  b2 will be coplanar iff they lie in a common plane
   
 
iff b1  b2 .  a2  a1   0 .

Page 8 of 12
CARTESIAN FORM

x  x1 y  y1 z  z1 x  x2 y  y2 z  z 2
Two lines   and   will be coplanar iff
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
x2  x1 y2  y1 z2  z1
a1 b1 c1  0
a2 b2 c2

(VIII) ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

VECTOR FORM
Angle between two intersecting planes is the angle between the normal to the planes
 
i.e. Angle ‘  ’ between the planes r .n1  d1 and r .n2  d 2 is given by
 
n1 .n2
cos    
n1 n2
CARTESIAN FORM
Angle ‘  ’ between planes a1 x  b1 y  c1 z  d1  0 and a2 x  b2 y  c2 z  d 2  0 is given by
a1a2  b1b2  c1c2
cos  
a1  b12  c12 a22  b22  c22
2

(IX) ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE

VECTOR FORM
   
Angle ‘  ’between a line r  a  b and a plane r .n  d is given by

b .n
sin    
b.n
CARTESIAN FORM
x  x1 y  y1 z  z1
Angle ‘  ’between a line   and a plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by
a1 b1 c1
aa1  bb1  cc1
sin  
a 2  b 2  c 2 a12  b12  c12

(X) DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM A LINE

VECTOR FORM
 
Distance of a point a (not on the plane) from a plane r .n  p is given by

r .n  p
D 
n

CARTESIAN FORM
Distance of a point  x1 , y1 , z1  (not on the plane) from a plane ax  by  cz  d  0 is given by
ax1  by1  cz1  d
D
a 2  b2  c 2

Page 9 of 12
 Linear Programming
Theorem 1 Let R be the feasible region (convex polygon) for a linear programming problem and let
Z = ax + by be the objective function. When Z has an optimal value (maximum or minimum), where
the variables x and y are subject to constraints described by linear inequalities, this optimal value must
occur at a corner point (vertex) of the feasible region.
Theorem 2 Let R be the feasible region for a linear programming problem, and let Z = ax + by be the
objective function. If R is bounded, then the objective function Z has both a maximum and a
minimum value on R and each of these occurs at a corner point (vertex) of R.
Remark 1: If R is unbounded, then a maximum or a minimum value of the objective function may not
exist. However, if it exists, it must occur at a corner point of R.
Remark 2: If two corner points of the feasible region are both optimal solutions of the same type, i.e.,
both produce the same maximum or minimum, then any point on the line segment joining these two
points is also an optimal solution of the same type.

Corner Point Method:

1. Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine its corner points (vertices)
either by inspection or by solving the two equations of the lines intersecting at that point.
2. Evaluate the objective function Z = ax + by at each corner point. Let M and m, respectively denote
the largest and smallest values of these points.
3. (i) When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum values of Z.
(ii) In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:
4. (a) M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by > M has no point in
common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by < m has no
point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no minimum value.

Probability

Number of favorable outcomes in E n( E )

P( E )  
Number of possible outcomes in S n( S )

 
P A  1  P  A ; P  A  B   P  A  P  B   P  A  B 

If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P  A  B   0 .

 
P A B  PB  P A B

Page 10 of 12
Probability of occurrence of exactly one of A and B = P  A   P  B   2 P  A  B   P  A  B   P  A  B 

If A , B and C are three events, then

P  A  B  C   P  A  P  B   P  C   P  A  B   P  B  C   P  A  C   P  A  B  C 

Conditional Probability:
P  A  B
P  A | B   Probability of occurrence of A when B has already occured =
P B

P  A | B   1  P  A| B 

Multiplication Theorem on Probability

P  A  B   P  A. P  B | A  P  B . P  A| B 

Independent events:
If A and B are independent events, then:

(a) P  A  B   P  A   P  B  .

(b) P  A  B   P  at least one of A or B   1  P  A  P  B 

(c) A and B ; A and B ; A and B are all independent.

Three events A, B and C are said to be mutually independent, if:
(a) P  A  B   P  A   P  B  (b) P  B  C   P  B   P  C 

(c) P  A  C   P  A   P  C  (d) P  A  B  C   P  A   P  B   P  C 

Bayes’ Theorem
If E1 , E2 , E3 ,... En are n non empty events which constitute a partition of sample space S i.e.
E1 , E2 , E3 ,... En are pair- wise disjoint and E1  E2  E3  ...  En  S and A is any event, then
P  Ei  P  A | Ei 
P  Ei | A   n
; where i  1, 2,3,..., n
 P  Ei  P  A | Ei 
i 1

For Example, for two events E1 and E2 , we have

P  E1  P  A| E1  P  E2  P  A | E2 
P  E1 | A  and P  E2 | A  
P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E2  P  E1  P  A | E1   P  E2  P  A | E2 
Probability Distribution:

If a random variable X takes values x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., xn with respective probabilities p1 , p2 , p3 ,..., pn , then

X : x1 x2 x3 ..... xn n

P X  : p1 p2 p3 ..... pn
is known as probability distribution of X . Here, p
i 1
i 1

n
Mean (Expectation) / Expected Value of Random Variable: E  X     x p i i
i 1

2
n  n 
Variance of Random Variable: Var  X    x 2 2
  xi pi    xi pi 
i 1  i 1 

Standard Deviation of a Random Variable:  x  Var  X 

Bernoulli trials:

Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if they satisfy the following conditions :

(i) There should be a finite number of trials.

(ii) The trials should be independent.

(iii) Each trial has exactly two outcomes : success or failure.

(iv) The probability of success remains the same in each trial.

Binomial distribution:

A random variable X which takes values 0,1, 2,3,..., n is said to follow binomial distribution if its

probability distribution is given by: P  X  r   nCr p r q n  r , r  0,1, 2,3,..., n where p  q 1

Mean of binomial distribution = np

Variance of binomial distribution = npq

Page 12 of 12