MAPUA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND MANUFACTURING ENGRINEERING

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
RELATIVE DENSITY AND VISOCISTY

16 Jose, Klyde Jasper F. Date Performed: January 12, 2018

ME139L / B1 Date Submitted: January 24, 2018
GRP NO. 2

90
Engr. Teodulo A. Valle
INSTRUCTOR

GRADE
 Table of Contents

OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................. 1
THEORY AND PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................... 1
LIST OF APPARATUS.................................................................................................. 8
PROCEDURE ................................................................................................................ 11
SET UP OF APPARATUS ............................................................................................ 12
FINAL DATA SHEET .................................................................................................. 15
SAMPLE COMPUTATION ......................................................................................... 16
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ....................................................................................... 18
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ……......................................................................... 19
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 22
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................. 23
PRELIMINARY DATA SHEET .................................................................................. 24
 I. Objectives
1. To determine the relative density of sample fluids and fuels
2. To determine the viscosity of sample fluid (glycerin)
II. Theory and Principle

In order to classify and identify materials of a wide variety, scientists use numbers called
physical constants (e.g. density, melting point, boiling point, index of refraction) which are
characteristic of the material in question. These constants do not vary with the amount or shape of
the material, and are therefore useful in positively identifying unknown materials. Standard
reference works have been complied containing lists of data for a wide variety of substances. The
chemist makes use of this in determining the identity of an unknown substance, by measuring the
appropriate physical constants in the laboratory, consulting the scientific literature, and then
comparing the measured physical constants with the values for known materials.

Density is a measure of the “compactness” of matter within a substance and is defined by

the equation:

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Density of a body is mass per unit volume. With SI units, densities are in kilograms per
cubic meter. However, giving densities in grams per cubic centimeter has been common. With the
USCS, densities are given in pounds per mass cubic foot. Density may be calculated from a
separate mass and volume measurement, or, in the case of liquids, may be determined directly by
the use of an instrument called hydrometer.

Volume measurements for liquids or gases are made using graduated containers, for
example, a graduated cylinder. For solids, the volume can be obtained either from the
measurement of the dimensions of the solid or by displacement. The first method can be applied
to solids with regular geometric shapes for which the mathematical formulas can be used to
calculate the volume of the solid from the dimensions of the solid. Alternatively, the volume of
any solid object, irregular or regularly shaped, can be measured by displacement. The solid is
submerged in a liquid in which it is not soluble, and the volume of liquid displaced measured.
The hydrometer measures density directly. An object that is less dense than a liquid will float in
that liquid density to a depth such that the mass of the object submerged equals the mass of the of
the liquid displaced (Archimedes' Principle). Since mass equals density X volume (see equation
1), an object floated in liquids of different densities will displace different volumes of liquid. A
hydrometer is a tube of constant mass that has been calibrated to measure density by floating the
hydrometer in liquids of known densities and recording on a scale the fraction of the hydrometer
submerged. Any hydrometer can be used over a limited range of densities because the hydrometer
must float in the liquid being studied and the hydrometer level must be sufficiently submerged to
obtain an on-scale reading. Hydrometers may be calibrated in g/ml or some other unit of density.

Another instrument used to measure density is the pycnometer. The pycnometer is a flask
with a close-fitting ground glass stopper with a fine hole through it, so that a given volume can be
accurately obtained. This enables the density of a fluid to be measured accurately, by reference to
an appropriate working fluid such as water or mercury, using an analytical balance.

Relative density is the ratio of the density of one substance to that of a reference substance,
both at some specified temperature. For solids and liquids water is almost universally used as the
reference substance. The relative density of liquids is usually measured by means of a hydrometer.
In addition to scale reading in relative density as defined, other arbitrary scales of hydrometers are
used in various trades and industries. The most common of these scales are the API and Baumé.

Relative Density:

𝜌 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑆𝐺 =
𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

API scale:

141.5
Sp. gr. at 60 / 60  F 
131.5 API at 60  F

Baumé scale:

140
Sp. gr. at 60 / 60  F 
130 Be at 60  F


Knowing the density of a liquid serves numerous purposes and can provide valuable
information for making decisions. Understanding what density is, what affects density, and how
density affects other physical properties is important in using and translating this information into
an everyday useful tool The American Petroleum Institute (API) came up with their own gravity
term referred to as API gravity. API gravity is simply a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum
liquid is compared to water. By definition, if the petroleum’s API gravity is greater than 10 then it
is lighter than water and will float on water. If the API gravity is less than 10 then it is heavier than
water and will sink. The API gravity scale does not have a unit of measure per say but is referred
to in “degrees” with a scale from 10 to 70. This API gravity scale allows relative densities of
petroleum liquids to be compared. Why is this important? Why do we want to be able to compare
petroleum liquids? Well, the answer has to do with classifying the petroleum by quality. In the oil
industry crude oil is classified as either light, medium or heavy, according to it’s measured API
gravity! The measured API gravity will determine the class of oil and therefore determine the value
of the product.

Viscosity is a fluid property that measures the resistance of a fluid to flow and can simply
be thought of as the “thickness” of a fluid. Fluids that have a high viscosity, such as honey or
molasses, have a high resistance to flow while fluids with a low viscosity, such as a gas, flow
easily. The resistance to deformation within a fluid can be expressed as both absolute (or dynamic)
viscosity, µ [Ns/m2], and kinematic viscosity, υ [m2/s].

Newtonian fluids' type of flow behavior Newton assumed for all fluids is called, not
surprisingly, Newtonian. It is, however, only one of several types of flow behavior you may
encounter. A Newtonian fluid is represented graphically in the figure below. Graph A shows that
the relationship between shear stress (F′) and shear rate (S) is a straight line. Graph B shows that
the fluid's viscosity remains constant as the shear rate is varied. Typical Newtonian fluids include
water and thin motor oils.
 A non-Newtonian fluid is broadly defined as one for which the relationship F′/S is not a
constant. In other words, when the shear rate is varied, the shear stress doesn't vary in the same
proportion (or even necessarily in the same direction). The viscosity of such fluids will therefore
change as the shear rate is varied. Thus, the experimental parameters of Viscometer model, spindle
and speed all have an effect on the measured viscosity of a non-Newtonian fluid. This measured
viscosity is called the apparent viscosity of the fluid and is accurate only when explicit
experimental parameters are furnished and adhered to.

There are several types of non-Newtonian flow behavior, characterized by the way a fluid's
viscosity changes in response to variations in shear rate. The most common types of non-
Newtonian fluids you may encounter include: psuedoplastic, dilatant, and plastic.

Absolute viscosity is determined by the ratio of the shear stress to the shear rate of the fluid.
The shear stress is dependent on the fluid’s resistance force to flow over the area of the plate while
the shear rate is the equivalent to the fluid’s gradient.

𝐹
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝜏
µ= = = 𝐴
𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛿µ
𝛿𝑦

These relationships shown in the equation above can be seen pictorially in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Friction between fluid and boundaries causes shear stress at a specific gradient.
 While absolute viscosity is able to quantifiably compare various liquids and gases on the
same scale, it does not account for an important characteristic of fluids – the density (ρ). Kinematic
viscosity (υ) is highly dependent on density and is measured by the time required for a specific
volume of fluid to flow through a capillary or restriction.

µ
𝜐=
𝜌

Viscosity is an important concept that is taken into consideration in a variety of fields

ranging from cooking to oil rigging. Understanding the applications of viscosity can help in both
flow characterization and quality control.

The drag force on an immersed body is in the direction of the flow; thus it works to retard
the motion of a body through a fluid. The diagram below is a schematic of a sphere of radius a

falling freely in a fluid. The weight of the sphere is

W   b gV , the buoyancy force is FB  gV

, and D represents the drag force acting on the sphere. Here  is the density of the fluid, b is the
density of the sphere, and V is the volume of the sphere. In the schematic, the sphere is assumed
to have reached its terminal velocity Ut. When it is released into the fluid, it accelerates to the
terminal velocity. Once this velocity is reached, it no longer accelerates and all the forces on the
sphere are in equilibrium.

The drag force on immersed bodies with simple shapes can be correlated to the speed with
which the body moves through the fluid. This is achieved by specifying the drag coefficient CD
defined by

drag D
CD  1
inertial force 2  U 2 S ,

where D is the drag,  is the density of the fluid, U is the speed of the fluid approaching the
body, and S is the projected frontal area, i.e., the maximum area perpendicular to the flow direction.
The  subscript indicates “freestream” quantities, i.e. quantities that are measured in the
undisturbed fluid far upstream of the body. In general, the overall drag force is composed of a
component purely from friction and another component, called profile drag that results from the
finite size and shape of the body. A number of experiments have been performed to determine CD
for several geometries. These experiments show that the variation of CD depends primarily on a
parameter called the Reynolds number Re, defined by

inertial force  U  L
Re  
viscous force  ,

where L is some characteristic length (diameter in the case of the sphere) and the other quantities
are as defined earlier. A flow with a relatively large value for Re is dominated by inertial forces,
thus appears nearly inviscid. In the case of a very low-Re flow, called creeping flow or Stokes’
flow, the inertial forces can be neglected and Newton’s second law of motion reduces to Stokes’
equation for a sphere, valid for Re < 1,

D  6 Ua .

If the velocityV in this equation is the terminal velocity Ut of the sphere of radius a, it
provides a means for computing the absolute viscosity  by writing the equation for the balance
of forces on the sphere,

D  FB  W .

Or substituting with Stokes’ equation,

W  FB W  FB
 
6 U t a 3 U t d ,

where d is the sphere diameter.

The ball drop experiment uses one of the oldest and easiest ways to measure viscosity: we
will simply see how fast a sphere falls through a fluid. The measurement involves determining the
velocity of the falling sphere. This is accomplished by dropping each sphere through a measured
distance of fluid and measuring how long it takes to traverse the distance. Thus, distance and time
are known, which makes velocity known, which is distance divided by time. Additionally, mass
and diameters of the spheres are needed to be measured.

The formula for determining absolute viscosity () is :

1  d 2   S   F   g 
VT   
  18 

Where

d = diameter of sphere

S = density of sphere = m/V = (mass of sphere/volume of sphere)

F = density of fluid = 1367g/m3

g = acceleration of gravity = 9.81 m/s2

VT = Terminal Velocity = D/t = (distance sphere falls)/(time of it takes to fall)

III. List of Apparatus
1. Caliper

2. Digital Balance

3. Falling Sphere Viscometer

4. Graduated Cylinder

5. Hydrometer

6. Meter Stick
7. Pycnometer
8. Steel Ball

9. Stop Watch
10. Thermometer
 IV. Procedure

A. Pycnometer Method

1. Clean the pycnometer bottle with soap and water.

2. Measure the weight of the pycnometer on the analytical balance and record the weight
as Wp.

3. Fill the bottle with distilled water, and label as Wpw.

4. Clean the pycnometer, and fill it with the sample liquid that is entitled to the group
(Gasoline for group 2) and record the weight of the sample as Wpo.

5. Compute the specific gravity using the pycnometer method equation for specific
gravity.

𝑊𝑃𝑂 − 𝑊𝑃
𝑅. 𝐷. =
𝑊𝑃𝑊 − 𝑊𝑃

B. Hydrometer Method

1. Clean the hydrometer and the graduated cylinder.

2. Pour the liquid (Alcohol or Kerosene) to be tested inside the graduated cylinder.

3. Drop slowly the hydrometer inside the graduated cylinder.

4. Read the value in the hydrometer.

The depth of immersion is then read as follows:

If the sample is sufficiently transparent, this point shall be determined by placing the eye
slightly below the level of the liquid and slowly raising it until the surface of the sample first seen
as a distorted ellipse seems to become a straight line cutting the hydrometer scale. For
nontransparent liquids, it will be necessary to read from above the surface and to estimate as
accurately as possible the point to which the liquid rises on the hydrometer stem.
 C. Falling Sphere Viscometer

1. Determine the temperature and relative density of the liquid whose viscosity is desired.

2. Drop cautiously one of the spheres into the viscometer, noting whether the sphere is
guided correctly or is off-centered. Simultaneously, determine the time required for the
sphere to travel the certain distance.

3. Repeat the procedure for each sphere given.

V. Set-up

Pycnometer Method

Weigh the pycnometer before and after filling with the substance whose relative density is
to be determined. Do the same for water.
Hydrometer Method

Fill the graduated cylinder with the desired substance whose relative density is to be
determined. Then, drop the hydrometer onto the fluid to obtain the relative density.
Falling Sphere Viscometer

The viscometer is filled with glycerin, with markers spaced exactly 1 meter apart. Drop a
steel ball (mass and diameter known) onto the viscometer and measure the time elapsed for the
ball to traverse the reference lines.
 VI. Final Data Sheet
A. Determination of Specific Gravity

Type of Pycnometer
Trial Hydrometer Difference
Liquid Wp Wpw Wpo RD/SG
1 23.16 73.46 62.96 0.790 0.788 0.002
Kerosene
2 23.16 73.36 62.98 0.793 0.788 0.005
1 23.16 73.46 61.40 0.760 0.750 0.010
Gasoline
2 23.16 73.36 61.41 0.762 0.750 0.012
1 23.16 73.46 65.44 0.841 0.835 0.006
Diesel
2 23.16 73.36 65.45 0.842 0.835 0.007

B. Determination of Viscosity of Falling Viscometer

γ T V Dsb VA μ
Group Trial Dsb/DGLY k Ν (m2/s)
2
(kN/m ) (s) (m/s) (mm) (m/s) (Pa•s)
1 78.669 3.26 0.307 4.75 0.075 1.197 0.367 0.227 1.831𝑥10−4
1
2 77.088 1.43 0.699 9.52 0.150 1.452 1.015 0.322 2.957𝑥10−4
1 78.132 3.43 0.292 4.67 0.075 1.197 0.349 0.238 1.919𝑥10−4
2
2 77.265 1.67 0.599 9.53 0.150 1.452 0.869 0.380 3.065𝑥10−4
1 78.669 3.50 0.286 4.75 0.075 1.197 0.342 0.244 1.968𝑥10−4
3
2 76.413 1.44 0.699 9.59 0.150 1.452 1.008 0.322 2.594𝑥10−4
VII. Sample Computation

A. Determination of Specific Gravity

Kerosene:

WPO=61.40g WPW=73.46 g

WP=23.16g SG Gasoline (Hydrometer reading) =0.750

Specific Gravity by Pycnometer:

Trial 1:

𝑊 −𝑊
SG gasoline)=𝑊 𝑃𝑂 −𝑊𝑃
𝑃𝑊 𝑃

61.4−23.16
=73.46−23.16

SG gasoline=0.760

Difference = |Experimental value – Actual Value| = 0.760-0.750 = 0.010

Trial 2:

𝑊 −𝑊
SG gasoline)=𝑊 𝑃𝑂 −𝑊𝑃
𝑃𝑊 𝑃

61.41−23.16
=73.36−23.16

SG gasoline=0.762

Difference = |Experimental value – Actual Value| = 0.762-0.750 = 0.012

B. Determination of viscosity by falling viscometer

Trial 1:

DSB=4.76 mm Dtube=63.45mm SGgly=1.24

t=3.43s Length =1m Mass = 0.45 g

1 𝑘𝑔 9.81𝑚 1 𝑘𝑁
𝑚 𝑚∙𝑔 (0.45𝑔 × 1000𝑔) ( 2 ) (1000𝑁 )
𝑠
𝛾𝑆𝐵 = ∙𝑔= =
𝑉 4 3 4 4.76 3
𝜋𝑅𝑆𝐵 𝜋( 𝑚)
3 3 2(1000)

𝛾𝑆𝐵 = 78.132 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

𝐿 1𝑚
𝑣𝑡 = = = 0.292𝑚/𝑠
𝑡 3.43𝑠

𝐷𝑆𝐵 4.76𝑚𝑚
= = 0.075
𝐷𝑡 63.45𝑚𝑚

𝑣𝑜 9 𝐷𝑆𝐵 9 𝐷𝑆𝐵 2 9 4.76 𝑚𝑚 9 4.76 𝑚𝑚 2

𝑘= = 1+ ( )+[ ( )] = 1 + ( )+[ ( )]
𝑣𝑡 4 𝐷𝑡 4 𝐷𝑡 4 63.45 𝑚𝑚 4 63.45 𝑚𝑚

𝑘 = 1.197

𝑚
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑣𝑡 ∙ 𝑘 = 0.292 (1.197) = 0.349 𝑚/𝑠
𝑠

𝐷𝑆𝐵 2 (𝛾𝑆𝐵 −𝛾𝑔𝑙 )

𝜇= ; 𝛾𝑔𝑙 = 𝑆. 𝐺.𝑔𝑙 × 𝑔
18𝑣𝑜

2
4.76 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
(1000 𝑚) (78.132 3 − 1.24(9.81) 3 )
𝜇 = 𝑚 𝑚
𝑚
18 (0.349 )
𝑠

𝜇 = 0.238𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

𝑁∙𝑠
𝜇 0.238 𝑚2
𝜈= = 𝑚2 = 1.919 × 10−4
𝜌𝑔𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑠
1.24 (1000 3 )
𝑚
 VIII. Discussion of Results

Three groups took turn in performing the first part of the experiment. The main goal was
to identify the relative density of Kerosene, gasoline, and diesel in comparison to that of the density
of water. Focusing on group 2, the group that I belong to, the difference between the pycnometer
and hydrometer relative densities were substantially greater when compared to the results of other
groups. The error may be due to some misconducted procedure. Another possible source of error
for this part of the experiment are the liquid samples itself. The samples may have already been
contaminated due to the containers used or the impurities may have come from the supplier itself.
In addition, the apparatus used may not have been cleaned properly leaving behind residues from
previous groups that have conducted the experiment as well. Another insight worth noting is that
in terms of practicality, the hydrometer method is preferred because of its simplicity; there are less
things that can go wrong. The only drawback to this method is that the readings will vary from
person to person and this is also due to the gradations present in the hydrometer itself (this may
cause the error as well). This is pointed out because a hydrometer was also used to determine the
density of glycerin for the other part of the experiment.

The falling sphere viscometer was performed on the second part of the experiment. This
experiment involves gravity in determining the viscosity of a liquid. Using a digital caliper, the
diameter of three (3) different size steel balls were measured and its individual masses as well to
be able to get the weight density of the steel ball. Each ball was allowed to fall freely on the tube
filled with glycerin while measuring the time it takes for the sphere to travel a distance of one
meter. The result of this method, however, is only considerable if the ball diameter and tube
diameter ratio does not exceed 0.3. This is due to the fact that when the ratio exceeds 0.3, the flow
of liquid becomes inviscid. In addition, the velocity of the ball increase as the ratio increases as
well. The true kinematic viscosity of glycerin (as said by the instructor) is 3.0 x 10 -4 m2/s.
Observable in the data, the kinematic viscosity for steel balls of small diameters is far from the
true value. The error may have come from recording the time it takes for the sphere to fall because
of the coordination needed between the members.
 IX. Questions and Answers
1. Beaker contain 262.5cm3 of a certain liquid weighs 410g,if the mass of an empty dry
beaker is 200g,find the density of the liquid.

Solution

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 410𝑔 − 200𝑔 = 210𝑔

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 262.5𝑐𝑚3 .

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

210𝑔
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.8𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
262.5𝑐𝑚3

2. A 30ml density bottle was filled with kerosene and found to weigh 86g.if the mass empty
dry bottle was 62g, find the density of kerosene.

Solution

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 = 62𝑔

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 86𝑔

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 = 86𝑔 − 62𝑔 = 24𝑔

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 /𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 24𝑔/30𝑚𝑙 = 0.8𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

 3. Calculate the density of fluid having an absolute viscosity of 0.89 Ns/m2 and kinematic
viscosity of 2 m2/s.

Solution

𝜇
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜐) =
𝜌

𝜇
𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜌) =
𝜐

𝑁𝑠
0.892
𝜌= 𝑚
𝑚2
2 𝑠

𝑘𝑔
𝜌 = 0.445
𝑚3

4. The absolute viscosity of a flowing fluid is 0.67 Ns/m2, if the density is 10 kg/m3.
Calculate its kinematic viscosity.

Solution

𝜇
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝜐) =
𝜌

𝑁𝑠
0.672
𝜐= 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
10 3
𝑚

𝑚2
𝜐 = 0.067
𝑠

5. You decide you want to carry a boulder home from the beach. It is 30 centimeters on
each side, and so has a volume of 27,000 cm3. It is made of granite, which has a typical
density of 2.8 g/cm3. How much will this boulder weigh?

Solution
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

 𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 27000 𝑐𝑚3 𝑥 2.8
𝑐𝑚3

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 75600 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 ≈ 165 𝑙𝑏𝑠

6. What is dynamic viscosity?

Dynamic viscosity is the force needed by a fluid to overcome its own internal molecular
friction so that the fluid will flow. In other words, dynamic viscosity is defined as the tangential
force per unit area needed to move the fluid in one horizontal plane with respect to other plane
with a unit velocity while the fluid's molecules maintain a unit distance apart.

7. What is the difference between dynamic viscosity and kinematic viscosity?

Dynamic viscosity is independent of the density of the fluid, but kinematic viscosity depends
on the density of the liquid. Kinematic viscosity is equal to the dynamic viscosity divided by the
density of the liquid.
 X. Conclusion

The density and viscosity of sample fluids were successfully obtained for this
experiment. The relative densities of kerosene, gasoline and diesel were obtained by two
different methods namely the hydrometer method and pycnometer method. While the falling
sphere viscometer method was used to obtain the dynamic and kinematic viscosities of glycerin.

The data obtained from the different samples were mostly close to the true value of the
desired property to be measured. It is concluded that the relative densities of kerosene, gasoline
and diesel were less than one (1). for the falling sphere viscometer, it was concluded that the
velocity of the sphere is directly proportional to the ratio of the diameters of the steel ball and
tube. In addition, the slower the flow speed of an object in a sample liquid, the more viscous the
fluid is.

The recorded data are not perfect. This may be due to the impurities present in the liquid
samples and at the same time, errors may have occurred from conducting the experiment itself. It
is recommended that the apparatus should be thoroughly cleaned every trial to avoid unwanted
contamination. at the same time, there should be an availability of choices for the hydrometers
used in order for the students to gain needed experience in reading densities of liquids using the
said apparatus
 XI. Reference/s

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-relationship-between-viscosity-and-density-Explain

http://www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/articles/Viscosity_And_Density_Units_And_Formula.pdf

http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index_files/fluidprp.htm

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-specific-weight-gravity-d_290.html

https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/General_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Map%3A_Che
m1_(Lower)/02._Essential_Background_for_General_Chemistry/2.2%3A_Density_and_its_App
lications

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pycnometer

http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/29319/measuring-relative-density

https://www.brookfieldengineering.com/learning-center/learn-about-viscosity/what-is-viscosity

https://byjus.com/kinematic-viscosity-formula

https://www.americanlaboratory.com/913-Technical-Articles/778-Measurement-of-Viscosity-in-
a-Vertical-Falling-Ball-Viscometer/

https://serc.carleton.edu/mathyouneed/density/densitysp.html