Sixth GE SI Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
6 Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf Transformations of
David F. Mazurek
Stress and Strain
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Contents
Introduction
Transformation of Plane Stress
Principal Stresses
Maximum Shearing Stress
Example 7.01
Sample Problem 7.1
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
Example 7.02
Sample Problem 7.2
General State of Stress
Application of Mohr’s Circle to the Three-Dimensional Analysis of Stress
Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress
Fracture Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress
Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
Transformation of Plane Strain
Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Strain
Measurements of Strain: Strain Rosette

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 Review Stress

• Defined as the average amount of

force exerted per unit area

P
 
A
• Positive sign = tensile stress
• Negative sign = compressive stress
Compressive stress, the stress applied
to materials resulting in their
compaction. It is the ability of a
material to resist being crushed.
Tensile stress (also referred to as
tension) is the stress state leading to
expansion
 Review Stress

NORMAL STRESS: INTENSITY OF FORCE, OR FORCE PER UNIT AREA

ACTING NORMAL TO DA, SYMBOLIZED BY  (sigma)
ILLUSTRATION:
AVERAGE NORMAL STRESS IN AN AXIALLY LOADED BAR

An element in
member
P P

A

=P/A
P P P
internal force
 Review Stress

Shear Stress
Defined as a stress which is applied parallel or tangential to a face
of the material ( perpendicular to a normal stress )

ILLUSTRATION:
AVERAGE SHEAR STRESS

F
tave=V/A
V

F
Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Introduction
• The most general state of stress at a point may
be represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
t xy , t yz , t zx shearing stresses
(Note : t xy  t yx , t yz  t zy , t zx  t xz )

• Same state of stress is represented by a

different set of components if axes are rotated.

• The first part of the chapter is concerned with

how the components of stress are transformed
under a rotation of the coordinate axes. The
second part of the chapter is devoted to a
similar analysis of the transformation of the
components of strain.

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 Transformation of Plane Stress

z
z y
tzy txy tyx
tzx x
tyz
txz y
Plane Stress
txy tyx
x y
y txy
x

General State of Stress x

Plane Stress (2D VIEW)

 Transformation of Plane Stress

y Plane stress is defined as a state of stress

txy in which the normal stress to x-y plane,
and the shear stresses txz ,tyz and z is
assumed to be zero.
x
It is uniquely represented by three
components of stresses acting on an element
that has a specific orientation at the point.
Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Introduction
• Plane Stress - state of stress in which two faces of
the cubic element are free of stress. For the
illustrated example, the state of stress is defined by
 x ,  y , t xy and  z  t zx  t zy  0.

• State of plane stress occurs in a thin plate subjected

to forces acting in the midplane of the plate.

• State of plane stress also occurs on the free surface

of a structural element or machine component, i.e.,
at any point of the surface not subjected to an
external force.

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 Transformation of Plane Stress

Few examples of stress acting on an element

x Positive (Tension) x Positive (Tension)

y Positive (Tension) y Negative (Compression)
txy Positive txy Positive
 Transformation of Plane Stress
Few examples of stress acting on an element

x x Positive (Tension)
Positive (Tension)

y Positive (Tension) y Negative (Compression)

txy Negative txy Negative

 Transformation of Plane Stress
Few examples of stress acting on an element

x x Positive (Tension)
Positive (Tension)

y Positive (Tension) y Negative (Compression)

txy Negative txy Negative

 Transformation of Plane Stress

y’
x’ What if the orientation of element changes?
y’
x’
How to obtain the components of stress
in different orientation (x’,y’,txy’) so that
they represent the same state of stress
q
at the point?
Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Transformation of Plane Stress

• Consider the conditions for equilibrium of a
prismatic element with faces perpendicular to
the x, y, and x’ axes.
 Fx  0   xDA   x DA cosq  cosq  t xy DA cosq sinq
  y DA sinq sinq  t xy DA sinq  cosq
 Fy  0  t xyDA   x DA cosq sinq  t xy DA cosq  cosq
  y DA sinq  cosq  t xy DA sinq sinq

• The equations may be rewritten to yield

 x  y  x  y
 x   cos 2q  t xy sin 2q
2 2
 x  y  x  y
 y   cos 2q  t xy sin 2q
2 2
 x  y
t xy   sin 2q  t xy cos 2q
2

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Principal Stresses
• The previous equations are combined to
yield parametric equations for a circle,

 x   ave 2  t x2y  R 2
where
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R     t xy
2
2  2 

• Principal stresses occur on the principal

planes of stress with zero shearing stresses.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 max,min      t xy
2
2  2 
2t xy
tan 2q p 
 x  y
Note : defines two angles separated by 90o

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Maximum Shearing Stress

Maximum shearing stress occurs for  x   ave

2
 x  y 
t max  R     t xy
2
 2 
 x  y
tan 2q s  
2t xy

Note : defines two angles separated by 90o and

offset fromq p by 45o
 x  y
    ave 
2

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2t xy
tan 2q p 
 x  y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
Fig. 7.13 x  y  x  y 
 max, min      t xy
2
For the state of plane stress shown, 2  2 
determine (a) the principal planes, • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the 2
maximum shearing stress and the   x   y 
t max     t xy
2
corresponding normal stress.  2 
x  y

 
2

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 7.01
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2t xy 2 40
tan 2q p    1.333
 x  y 50   10
2q p  53.1, 233.1
Fig. 7.13
q p  26.6, 116.6
 x  50 MPa t xy  40 MPa
 x  10 MPa • Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y 
 max, min      t xy
2
2  2 
 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa
Fig. 7.14

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 7.01
• Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
 x  y 
t max     t xy
2
 2 
 302  402
Fig. 7.13 t max  50 MPa
 x  50 MPa t xy  40 MPa q s  q p  45
 x  10 MPa q s  18.4, 71.6

• The corresponding normal stress is

x  y 50  10
    ave  
2 2
   20 MPa

Fig. 7.16

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
at H.
• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 600 N
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.1

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P  600 N
T  600 N 0.45 m   270 Nm
M x  600 N 0.25 m   150 Nm

• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses

at H.

y  
Mc

150 Nm0.015 m 
4  0.015 m 
4
I 1

t xy  
Tc

270 Nm0.015 m 
J 1
2  0.015 m 4

 x  0  y  56.6 MPa t y  50.9 MPa

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.1

• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2t xy 250.9
tan 2q p    1.8
 x  y 0  56.6
2q p  61.0,119

q p  30.5, 59.5

 x  y   x  y 
2

 max,min      t xy2
2  2 
0  56.6  0  56.6 
2

     50.9
2

2  2 

 max  86.5 MPa

 min  29.9 MPa

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With the physical significance of Mohr’s circle
for plane stress established, it may be applied
with simple geometric considerations. Critical
values are estimated graphically or calculated.

• For a known state of plane stress  x , y ,t xy

plot the points X and Y and construct the
circle centered at C.
2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R     t xy
2
2  2 

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max,min   ave  R
2t xy
tan 2q p 
 x  y
The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is
the same as CX to CA.
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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• With Mohr’s circle uniquely defined, the state
of stress at other axes orientations may be
depicted.

• For the state of stress at an angle q with

respect to the xy axes, construct a new
diameter X’Y’ at an angle 2q with respect to
XY.

• Normal and shear stresses are obtained

from the coordinates X’Y’.

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress

• Mohr’s circle for centric axial loading:

P P
x  ,  y  t xy  0  x   y  t xy 
A 2A

• Mohr’s circle for torsional loading:

Tc Tc
 x   y  0 t xy  x y  t xy  0
J J

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 Mohr’s Circle

GIVEN

y
txy

x
x

y
 Mohr’s Circle

QUESTION IS:
Compute the stress in x’ and y’ coordinate

y
y’

x’

q
x
 Mohr’s Circle

In previous chapter,
y’
x’
x’
q
x x’ face DA
txy

y

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2q  t xy sin 2q
2 2
 x  y
t x' y'   sin 2q  t xy cos 2q
2
 x  y  x  y
 y'   cos 2q  t xy sin 2q
2 2
 Mohr’s Circle
Draw coordinate axes  positive to the right and t positive upward

t
y
txy

x
x


y
 Mohr’s Circle

Plot Coordinate (x , -txy)

t
y
txy

x
x x


y txy

Coordinate
(x,- txy)
 Mohr’s Circle

Plot Coordinate (y , txy)

t
y Coordinate
(y,txy)
txy

x txy
x x

y 
y txy

Coordinate
(x, -txy)
 Mohr’s Circle
Draw line between two point
t
y Coordinate
(y,txy)
txy
Y

x txy
x x

y 
y txy

X
Coordinate
(x, -txy)

XY is the state of stress

 Mohr’s Circle

Draw 2 point circle

t
y Coordinate
(y,txy)
txy
Y

x
x txy x

y 
y txy

X
Coordinate
(x,- txy)

Mohr’s circle in plane

 Mohr’s Circle
Rotated axes
y
t
txy
Coordinate
(y,txy)
x Y
x

txy x
y
2q
y txy 

X
Coordinate
(x, -txy)
q
Mohr’s circle in plane
 Mohr’s Circle
X’ and Y’ state of stress
y
txy t
Coordinate
(y,txy)
x Y
x tx’y’ X’
txy x
y
y’ 2q x’
y 
txy
tx’y’
Y’ X
Coordinate
(x, -txy)
q
Mohr’s circle in plane
 Mohr’s Circle

t
Coordinate
(y,txy)
Y
tx’y’ X’ q
txy x
Should be noted:
y’ 2q x’ •XY is tilted in the Mohr circle only
y 
txy determined by the value of x,y
and txy
tx’y’
Y’ X XY horizontal if txy=0
Coordinate XY vertical if x=y
(x, -txy)
•X’ and Y’ is at an angle 2q to X
 Mohr’s Circle
Example:

Draw Mohr’s circle for the state of stress shown.

 Mohr’s Circle
Principal Stresses
y t This is an angle 2qp.
Coordinate Where qp is the angle
txy (y,txy) where principal
stresses are achieved
Y
x
x
txy x B
A
1
y 2 y 
txy

X
Coordinate
qp (x, -txy)

AB is the state of principal stresses achieved

 Mohr’s Circle
MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
y
txy tx’y’ max Coordinate E
(y,txy)
x Y
x
txy
x
y
y txy 

2qs1
tx’y’ max X
Coordinate
qS1 tx’y’ max F (x, -txy)

t
EF is the state where maximum in-plane stresses
achieved
 Mohr’s Circle
From the formula
 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2q  t xy sin 2q  (1)
2 2
 x  y
t x' y'   sin 2q  t xy cos 2q  (2)
2
 x  y  x  y
 y'   cos 2q  t xy sin 2q  (3)
2 2

Rearrange (1) and (2)

 x  y  x  y
 x'   cos 2q  t xy sin 2q  (4)
2 2
 x  y
t x' y'   sin 2q  t xy cos 2q  (5)
2
Parameter q can be eliminated by squaring each equation and adding the
equation together
 x  y    x  y 
2 2

 x '  ( )  t x ' y '     t xy 2
2

 2   2 
  x  y    x  y 
2 2

 x '  ( )  t x ' y '     t xy 2
2

 2   2 
x, y and txy are known constants. The above equation can be written:
( x '   avg ) 2  t 2 x ' y '  R 2 Circle with center at (avg,0)
where and radius R
 x  y   x  y 
2

 avg  and R     t 2 xy
2  2 

  x  y 
 
 2 
C


 x  y txy
 avg 
2
  x  y 
2

R     t 2 xy
 2 
t x
Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 7.02

Fig. 7.13

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohr’s circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the SOLUTION:
principal stresses, (d) the maximum • Construction of Mohr’s circle
shearing stress and the corresponding
 ave 
x  y

50   10  20 MPa
normal stress.
2 2
CF  50  20  30 MPa FX  40 MPa
R  CX  302  402  50 MPa
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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 7.02
• Principal planes and stresses
 max  OA  OC  CA  20  50
 max  70 MPa
 min  OB  OC  BC  20  50
 min  30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2q p  
CP 30
2q p  53.1
q p  26.6

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Edition
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Example 7.02

• Maximum shear stress

q s  q p  45 t max  R     ave

q s  71.6 t max  50 MPa    20 MPa

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Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.2

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise • Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees.  x   y 100  60
 ave    80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2  FX 2  202  482  52 MPa
© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 45
Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.2

• Principal planes and stresses

XF 48  max  OA  OC  CA  max  OA  OC  BC
tan 2q p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2q p  67.4
 max  132 MPa  min  28 MPa
q p  33.7 clockwise

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 46

Edition
Sixth
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer • Johnston • DeWolf • Mazurek

Sample Problem 7.2

  180  60  67.4  52.6

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52 cos 52.6
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that  y  OL  OC  CL  80  52 cos 52.6
correspond to stress components on the
t xy  KX   52 sin 52.6
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2q  60  x  48.4 MPa
 y  111.6 MPa
t xy  41.3 MPa

© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7- 47

 Mohr’s Circle
Example:
Due to combined loading, the element at
point A on the solid cylinder in the figure
is subjected to the state of stress shown.
Determine the principal stresses acting at
A
this point.

P 12 MPa
T
6 MPa

Solution:
From the element
x=-12 MPa y=0 txy= -6MPa

 12  0
The center of the circle is at:  avg   6 MPa
2
or at the point (-6,0)
 Mohr’s Circle
The initial point A(-12,-[-6]) and the center C(-6,0) are plotted below.
12
A
6 6
2qp2
D C B

R  ((12  [6]) / 2) 2  (6) 2  10.81 MPa

Principle stresses are indicated by the cordinates of points B and D.

1= –6 + 10.81 = 4.81 MPa 2= -6 – 10.81 = -16.81 MPa

The orientation of the element obtained by calculating counterclockwise angle 2qp2
6
2q p 2  tan 1  450
12  6
q p 2  22.50