Analog, Hybrid, Digital, Multiple Digital Beams Forming Theory, Simulation (Features and Functions)

International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163
Issue 04, Volume 5 (April 2018) www.ijirae.com
ANALOG, HYBRID, DIGITAL, MULTIPLE DIGITAL

BEAMS FORMING THEORY, SIMULATION
(FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS)
I. UMAMAHESHWAR RAO
SCIENTIST (Retd) PGAD, RCI,
DRDO, Kanchanbagh, Hyderabad, Telangana, INDIA
Manuscript History
Number: IJIRAE/RS/Vol.05/Issue04/APAE10083
DOI: 10.26562/IJIRAE.2018.APAE10083
Received: 03, April 2018
Final Correction: 13, April 2018
Final Accepted: 15, April 2018
Published: April 2018
Citation: UMAMAHESHWAR (2018). ANALOG, HYBRID, DIGITAL, MULTIPLE DIGITAL BEAMS FORMING THEORY,
SIMULATION (FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS). IJIRAE::International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced
Engineering, Volume V, 117-127. doi: //10.26562/IJIRAE.2018.APAE10083
Editor: Dr.A.Arul L.S, Chief Editor, IJIRAE, AM Publications, India
Copyright: ©2018 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
License, Which Permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author
and source are credited
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
IJIRAE: Impact Factor Value – SJIF: Innospace, Morocco (2016): 3.916 | PIF: 2.469 | Jour Info: 4.085 |
ISRAJIF (2016): 3.715 | Indexcopernicus: (ICV 2016): 64.35
IJIRAE © 2014- 18, All Rights Reserved Page –117
ANALOG BEAM FORMING RADAR FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS

- Mechanical Steeing of Reflector of Array Elements
- Hardwired
- An Example of Analog Beam Forming is a Radar Using Spherical Transmitting Antenna was Surrounded
by three Spherical Luneberg
- Lens Receiving Antennas each Covering A One – Third Sector of Space. The TX Antenna was a spherical
Phased Array of several Thousand elements with only
- A Fraction of these energized at any one time to form a directive beam. Each energized array elements
was driven from a separate power amplifier which obtained its properly phased input signal from a
Luneberg – Lens
- Conventional Phased array radars like patriot and agies are the other examples.
Disadvantages:
1. Difficult to setup and expensive
2. Sideleobe levels are high
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Mutual Coupling effects the performance Degradation because of Analog Processing

4. Noise is more.
5. Errors are more since self calibration is not there.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ANALOG BEAM FORMING RADAR
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF DIGITAL BEAMFORMING RADAR
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL BEAM FORMING

1. Many Independent Beams can be formed simultaneously
2. The Beams can be made very agile.
3. Long Dwells are Possible
4. Sharp nulls can be formed in the beam patterns to suppress jamming signals
5. The Beam Pattern can be adjusted to enhance angular Resolution.
6. If the A/D Samples are stored Beams can be formed offine at a Later time
7. Self Calibration and error correction
8. Low Antenna sidelobes.
9. Adaptive Nulling of Jamming and clutter as function of Range.
10. Correction for failed elements
11. Flexible Data Rates.
12. Simultaneous Multiple Functions.
13. Improved Non Cooperative Target Recognition
14. Low Probability of Intercept
MAIN FEATURE OF DIGITAL BEAM FORMING IS SPATIAL PROCESSING.
TEMPORAL PROCESSING IS DOPPLER FILTERING AND MATCHED FILTERING
Digital Beam Former Phased-Array Architecture
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
CONFIGURATION OF RECEIVERS AND BEAM FORMERS OF MULTIPLE DIGITAL BEAMFORMERS
RECEIVER BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MULTIPLE DIGITAL BEAM FORMER
DIGITAL BEAMFORMER AND THE ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE REQUIRED DIRECTIONS
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Theory Simulation of analog digital hybrid multiple digital beam forming features and functions
Smart Antenna systems:

Using a variety of new signal-processing algorithms, the adaptive system takes advantage of its ability to
effectively locate and track various types of signals to dynamically minimize interference and maximize intended
signal reception.
Beamforming: spatial filtering & Uniform line array
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Beamforming: Delay-sum
Beamforming: Similar to FIR filter
• Let T=0 (broadside)

• Represent signal delay across array as a delay line
• Sample: x[n]=x0 (nT)
• Looks like an FIR filter!
• x[n]*w[n]
• Design w with FIR methods
• Let T=0 (broadside)

• Represent signal delay across array as a delay line
• Sample: x[n]=x0 (nT)
• Looks like an FIR filter!
• x[n]*w[n]
• Design w with FIR methods
Beamforming: Narrowband
• Narrowband assumption: Let s(t) be bandpass with BW << c / (M-1)d Hz.
• This means the phase difference between upper and lower band edges for propagation across the entire
array is small, e.g. < /10 radian.
• Most communication signals fit this model.
• If signal is not narrowband, bandpass filter it and build a new beamformer for each subband.
• Sample the array x[n]=x(nT),
• We can now eliminate time delays and use complex weights, w= [w0, …, wM-1] , to both steer (phase align)
and weight (control beam shape)
Beamforming: Narrowband phased array
m = amplitude weight for sensor m, f0 = bandpass center frequency, Hz, 0 = direction of max response
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Beamforming: FFT implementation

Suppose you want to for many beams at once, in different directions, if beam k steered to k, has strongest signal,
we assume sources is in that direction.
Beamforming: FFT implementation
Beamforming: Examples
Electronic , Digital, Optical
Electronic beamforming
Examples: Electronic beamforming
Examples: Electronic beamforming

MMIC (CMOS & SiGe)
+ Very small chip
+ TTD & phase shifters
- Switched delay
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
+ Large bandwidth
+ Low power consumption
- Large coupling between channels
Examples: Digital beamforming
Frequency domain beamforming
DIGITAL BEAMFORMING:
+Easy implementation of time delays
- Multiple data converters required
- Large sampling rate
- Large number of bits (large dynamic range)
- Large power consumption
Purpose:
• Live weather reports;
• High-speed Internet access;
• Live television through Digital Video
Broadcasting via satellite (DVB-s)
Specific targets:
• Conformal phased array structure definition;
• Broadband stacked patch antenna elements;
• Broadband integrated optical beamformer
based on optical ring resonators
in CMOS-compatible waveguide technology;
• Experimental demonstrator.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
System overview & requirements
Frequency range: 10.7 – 12.75 GHz (Ku band)

Polarization: 2 linear (H/V)
Scan angle: -60 to +60 degrees
Gain: > 32 dB
Selectivity: << 2 degrees
No. elements: ~1600
Element spacing: ~/2 (~1.5 cm, or ~50 ps)
Maximum delay: ~2 ns
Delay compensation by phase shifters?  beam squint at outer frequencies!
 (Broadband) time delay compensation required!
Conclusions
• A novel squint-free, continuously tunable beamformer mechanism for a phased array antenna system has
been described and partly demonstrated. It is based on filter-based optical SSB-SC modulation, and ORR-
based OBFN, and balanced coherent detection.
• This scheme minimizes the bandwidth requirements on OBFN and enhances the dynamic range.
• Different measurements on optical beamformer chip successfully verify the feasibility of the proposed
system.
REFERENCES
1. A. Cantoni, “Application of orthogonal perturbation sequences to adaptive beamforming,” Antennas and
Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 191–202, 1980.
2. L. C. Godara and A. Cantoni, “Analysis of the performance of adaptive beam forming using perturbation
sequences,” Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 268–279, 1983.
3. B. Lawrence and I. N. Psaromiligkos, “Single-port mmse beamforming,” in Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications (PIMRC), 2011 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on, pp. 1557–1561, IEEE, 2011.
4. H. L. Van Trees, Detection, estimation, and modulation theory. John Wiley & Sons, 2004.
5. Hema Singh and Rakesh Mohan Jha, “Trends in Adaptive Array Processing,” International Journal of Antennas
and Propagation, vol. 2012, Article ID 361768, 20 pages, 2012. doi:10.1155/2012/361768
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Analog, Hybrid, Digital, Multiple Digital Beams Forming Theory, Simulation (Features and Functions)

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Analog, Hybrid, Digital, Multiple Digital Beams Forming Theory, Simulation (Features and Functions)

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) ISSN: 2349-2163

Issue 04, Volume 5 (April 2018) www.ijirae.com

ANALOG, HYBRID, DIGITAL, MULTIPLE DIGITAL

ANALOG BEAM FORMING RADAR FEATURES AND FUNCTIONS

3. Mutual Coupling effects the performance Degradation because of Analog Processing

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL BEAM FORMING

RECEIVER BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MULTIPLE DIGITAL BEAM FORMER

DIGITAL BEAMFORMER AND THE ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES IN THE REQUIRED DIRECTIONS

Smart Antenna systems:

Beamforming: Similar to FIR filter

• Let T=0 (broadside)

• Let T=0 (broadside)

Beamforming: FFT implementation

Examples: Electronic beamforming

Examples: Electronic beamforming

Examples: Digital beamforming

Frequency domain beamforming

Frequency range: 10.7 – 12.75 GHz (Ku band)

Anda mungkin juga menyukai