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Contents
Contents _______________________________________________________________2
TS30 Control Valve Selection for Compressible Flows ___________________________3
TS30.1 Nomenclature __________________________________________________________________ 4
TS30.2 Gas/Vapour Flow Valve Sizing Procedure ____________________________________________ 5
TS30.3 Process/Application Data Requirements ______________________________________________ 6
TS31 Gas/Vapour Sizing ___________________________________________________7
TS31.1 Introduction to Gas/Vapour Flow Valve Sizing ________________________________________ 7
TS31.1.1 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 7
TS31.1.1 Expansion Correction Factor _________________________________________________ 7
TS31.1.1 Multi-stage Correction Factor ________________________________________________ 7
TS31.1.1 Flow Regimes ____________________________________________________________ 7
TS31.1.1 Normal Flow _____________________________________________________________ 7
TS31.1.2 Choked (Critical) Flow _____________________________________________________ 8
TS31.1.2 Mach Number/Shock Waves_________________________________________________ 8
TS31.1.2 Energy Conversion and Pressure Drop Limitations________________________________ 8
TS31.2 Gas/Vapour Sizing Equations ______________________________________________________ 9
TS31.2.1 Valve Flow Coefficiet ______________________________________________________ 9
TS32 Gas/Vapour Velocity_________________________________________________18
TS32.1 Introdction _______________________________________________________________ 18
TS32.2 Factors Influencing Velocity Limits ____________________________________________ 19
TS32.2 Velcity Calculations ________________________________________________________ 19
TS33 Gas/Vapour Noise Prediction__________________________________________22
TS33.1 Aerodynamic Noise Generation ___________________________________________________ 22
TS33.1 Prediction of Aerodynamic Noise______________________________________________ 22
TS33.1 Pipework Generated Noise ___________________________________________________ 22
TS33.1 Noise Due to Vibration______________________________________________________ 22
TS33.1 Poor Pipework Configuration_________________________________________________ 22
TS33.2 Methods of Noise Abatement _____________________________________________________ 23
TS33.2 Source Treatment __________________________________________________________ 23
TS33.2 Downstream Attenuators ____________________________________________________ 24
TS33.3 Line Treatment ____________________________________________________________ 24
TS33.4 Noise Prediction Technique for Gas/Vapour Flows ________________________________ 25
TS33.13 Gas/Vapour Noise Level Prediction Technique For In Line Attenuators _______________ 34
TS33.14 Frequency Spectrum of Aerodynamic Noise ____________________________________ 35
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TS30 Control Valve Selection for Compressible Fluid Flows
Selection of a control valve for a compressible flow (gas vapour) application requires examination of a number
of factors, which should be considered in a logical sequence. This section of the Technical Manual provides the
information required to examine these factors, which include the Cv calculation, fluid velocity and noise level
prediction. It is important to note that omission of these aspects could lead to incorrect selection of a control
valve for a particular application.
The Cv calculation includes consideration of the flow regime together with the effects of compressibility and
staging the pressure drop. Additionally, a technique for evaluating the effect of pipework configuration on the
calculated Cv is presented.
Another important consideration in selection of a valve on a compressible flow application is aerodynamic noise
generation, this also encompasses fluid velocity calculations.
PAGE 3
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Nomenclature
Greek Characters
θ Pipe Reducer Angle degrees degrees
γ Ratio of Specific Heats - -
ρ Fluid Density lb/ft3 kg/rn3
TS30.1 PAGE 4
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The following flowchart details the overall sequence of steps used during the sizing and selection of a control
valve for a particular gas/vapour flow application. For individual consideration of gas/vapour sizing, velocity and
aerodynamically generated noise, reference should be made to Sections TS31, TS32 and TS33 respectively.
START
Is Design CV OK?
Yes
Yes
N
Is SPL OK Select Different Trim Style
Yes
TS30.3 PAGE 5
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The information required to fully specify the size and type of valve for gas/vapour service applications can be
broken down into different categories. For valve sizing and selection, this information can be classified as
essential, preferred or additional. The following chart categorises the information required into these three
areas. The information presented here relates to valve selection only, for actuator selection refer to TS8O.
TS30.3 PAGE 6
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TS31 Gas/Vapour Sizing
Gas/Vapour Flows
S31.1.1 PAGE 7
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Choked (Critical) Flow Mach Number/Shock Waves
It follows from the preceding paragraph that choking is Sound is propagated by means of a succession of very
considered to occur when with constant upstream small pressure waves. The speed of propagation of a
conditions, the flow rate through the valve cannot be very small pressure wave (relative to the fluid) is:
increased further by reducing the downstream
pressure.
a = γRT
A physical explanation of the phenomenon is that the
information of any reduction of pressure downstream of This velocity is known as the sonic velocity or acoustic
the throat has to be propagated upstream in the form of velocity in the gas.
a rare fraction wave. However, the fastest portion of
such a wave has a velocity that equals sonic velocity.
Thus, once the velocity at the throat reaches sonic When the velocity of the fluid at a particular point is less
velocity, no information can be transmitted upstream so than the velocity of sound, small pressure waves can
the fluid is unaware of any further reduction of pressure be propagated both upstream and downstream.
in the downstream pipe. It can be shown that critical However, when the velocity of the fluids exceeds, the
(choked) flow across convergent and divergent nozzle local sonic velocity a small pressure wave cannot be
occurs when: propagated upstream. The local speed of sound, a,
sharply divides two essentially different types of flows.
In compressible flows, it is useful to express the velocity
γ
of the fluid in terms of the sonic velocity. The ratio (fluid
Pvc 2 γ −1 velocity ÷sonic velocity) is known as the Mach Number
=
Pout γ + 1 (Ma).
TS31.2.1 PAGE 8
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y
∆p S
Gas/Vapour Flow Sizing Equations K = S1 1 − 2 S where y = − S23 31.04
C f P1 Fk
Valve Flow Coefficient
The valve flow coefficient (Cv) discussed in TS 50 is Note that the minimum value of K =1 and that the
used to determine the valve and trim size required to maximum value corresponding to critical flow conditions
provide the capacity (and control) for a particular flow are given in Table 31.2.
rate at a specified pressure drop. A Cv calculation
should be performed at maximum, normal and
d) A Multi-stage correction factor is applied when
minimum operating conditions to ensure both
multi-stage trims are specified. This can be either
rangeability and maximum required capacity of the
read from Figure 31.9 or calculated using the
valve can be achieved. The design Cv should be
following equations.
selected to give suitable valve opening at normal
operating conditions.
Single stage trims VH = 1
a) Determine the compressible flow coefficients, Cf ∆p
and R. Refer to Table 31.1 for values of R and Cfr Two stage trims VH = 1 + 0.33 31.05
if the opening is known see Figure 31.4 - 31.8. P1
∆p
b) Determine the limiting pressure drop Three stage trims VH = 1 + 0.48
P1
corresponding to the occurrence of choked flow
using equation 31.01. f) The Inlet Specific Volume is required if the
mass flow rate valve sizing equations are used.
∆PLIMIT = C 2
f Fk × R × P1 31.01
The equation for calculating the specific volume of
the flow is given below.
c) Set the valve sizing pressure drop, ∆Ps.
IMPERIAL 31.06
Z × 10.72 × (460 + T1 )
If the pressure across the valve is less than the limiting ν1 =
pressure drop then the flow is termed normal and the M W × P1
sizing pressure drop should be set to
METRIC 31.07
Z × 8314 × (273 + T1 )
∆Ps = ∆P 31.02 ν1 =
M W × P1 × 105
If the pressure drop is greater than the limiting pressure g) If the volumetric sizing equations based on
drop then the flow is choked (sonic flow occurs at the
volume flows at reference conditions are used
valve trim) and the sizing pressure drop should be set
then the Compressibility Factor (Z) should be
to
evaluated. To determine Z, calculate the reduced
∆Ps = ∆Plimit 31.03 pressure PR and the reduced temperature TR
using the equations below.
d) The next stage in the calculation procedure is
to calculate the Expansion Correction P1
Factor (K). This takes into account the PR = 31.08
PC
expansion of the fluid as it passes through the
valve. (Note that the coefficients used in this T
TR = 1 31.09
calculation depend upon the number of TC
pressure drop stages within the trim).
The expansion correction factor can be
Using these factors find Z by referring to
determined either by using the equation below
figure 31.10
and reference to Table 31.1 or read from Figures
31.1 — 31.3
TS31.2.2 PAGE 9
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h) The valve flow coefficient (C) should be j) Determine the ratio of the calculated Cv to
calculated using the appropriate equation the design Cv and read the correct value of
below. Cf from Figure 31.4 to 31.8.
(i) Flow by weight
k) Re-calculate the limiting pressure drop using
IMPERIAL 31.10
(b) and repeat steps (c), (d), and (h) and (i).
KW ν1
CV = 0.0158 Table 31.1 Trim Stage Coefficients.
VH ∆p S
Number of stages
METRIC 31.11 One Two Three
KW ν1 R 0.47 0.65 0.75
CV = 0.0366 S, 1.0 0.97 0.9
VH ∆p S
S2 0.65 0.53 0.6
(ii) Flow by volume at Standard reference conditions S3 0.92 0.9 1.0
(T=15.6 °C (6o °F), P=1.013 BarA (14.7 p.s.i.a)).
IMPERIAL 31.12
KQS G ( 460 + T ) Z Table 31.2 Critical K Values.
CV = 0.735 × 10 −3
VH P1∆p S Ratio of Number of stages
METRIC 31.13 Specific Heats y One Two Three
KQS G ( 273 + T ) Z 1.1 1.55 1.73 2.0
CV = 0.241 × 10 −2
VH P1∆p S 1.2 1.54 1.78 2.0
(iii) Flow by volume at Normal reference conditions 1.3 1.53 1.77 2.0
(T=O °C (32 °F), P=1.013 BarA (14.7 p.s.i.a)).
1.4 1.50 1.72 2.0
IMPERIAL 31.14
1.5 1.48 1.70 2.0
KQ N G ( 460 + T ) Z
CV = 0.777 × 10 −3
VH P1∆p S
METRIC 31.15
KQ N G ( 273 + T ) Z
CV = 0.255 × 10 −2
VH P1∆p S
(iv) Flow by volume at actual operating conditions
IMPERIAL 31.16
KQ 1
CV = 0.0158
V H ν 1 ∆p S
METRIC 31.17
KQ 1
CV = 0.0366
V H ν 1 ∆p S
i) Select the valve design Cv, and valve size by
making reference to TS 90. Generally, a design
Cv should be selected so that the valve is
between 50 and 70 % open under normal
operating conditions. For more information
on the selection of design Cv and flow
characteristic refer to TS 60.
TS31.2.2 PAGE 10
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Figure 31.1 K Values for Single Stage Trims.
TS31.2.2 PAGE 11
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TS31.2.4 PAGE 12
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TS31.2.6 PAGE 13
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TS31.2.8 PAGE 14
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TS31.2.8 PAGE 15
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TS31.2.8 PAGE 16
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TS31.2.8 PAGE 17
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Introduction
When sizing a control valve, it is usually the trim size which is of interest and most of what has been said in the previous
sections of this data sheet about velocity refers to the velocity of the fluid at the vena contracta. There is, however, a strong
argument for checking the fluid velocity in the valve body inlet and outlet sections. If these velocities exceed the maximum
recommended limits, problems can arise through excessive vibration and noise.
High inlet velocities may result in high dynamic fluid forces acting on the valve plug and stem causing it to vibrate which could
lead to mechanical failure. High outlet velocities may prove to be a source of secondary noise generation but a more serious
problem can develop from excessive outlet velocities with gases and vapours through the formation of shock waves if the
velocity is approaching sonic. These shockwaves, besides generating intolerable noise levels, can impose rapidly changing
forces of high magnitude on the valve plug leading to instability and violent vibration.
This section of the Technical Manual contains the necessary information for valve inlet and outlet velocities to be calculated
along with the values of the recommended maximum limits.
TS32.1 PAGE 18
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Factors Influencing Velocity Limits Velocity Calculations
The main factors influencing the velocity limits a) The inlet and outlet velocities can be determined
presented in this section are trim design and valve size. by utilizing the appropriate equations in Table 32.1.
The changes due to valve size, i.e. reduced inlet
velocity with valve size are based upon dynamic
b) Compare the calculated flow velocity with the
considerations, i.e.
recommended limits presented in Table 32.2.
v
Mn =
a
TS32.2 PAGE 19
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TABLE 32.1. Gas/Vapour Velocity Equations.
v = 0.051uW 3
ft/s inches - - - - - lb/hr ft /lb
d2
v = 1.52x10-3 QT
2 3
ft/s inches lbf/in A Nft /hr - - °R - -
d2 P
TS32.3 PAGE 20
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Table 32.3 Sonic Velocity Equations
a = 75.5 Pν ft/s -
2
lbf/in A - - - - -
3
ft /lb
T
a = 46 ft/s - - - - Non-dim °R - -
G
T
a = 18.8 rn/s - - - - Non-dim °K - -
G
TS33.1 PAGE 21
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TS33.1 PAGE 22
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changes in direction of individual jets and variations in
Methods of Noise Abatement flow area to accommodate for the expansion of the
fluid. These trims produce high frictional/impingement
Valve generated noise can be reduced by the applica- losses, reduce the trim outlet flow velocity and by the
tion of lagging or the fitting of in-line silencers. However, very fact of splitting the flow, produce a much lower
a better and more economical solution is to reduce the acoustic efficiency. Additionally, at high pressure ratios,
production of this type of noise at source, by using a coherent shock wave formations are controlled by
valve fitted with a specially designed low noise trim. impinging jets onto the outer sleeves. Such trim
This is referred to as source treatment. designs are capable of producing attenuation levels of
greater than 30 dB.
Source Treatment
The range of low noise trim design are detailed below in
The most effective method of noise reduction is to
Table 33.1.
prevent its generation at source by careful design of the
valve flow paths. High velocities, sudden expansion and
changes of direction of the main flow stream should be Table 33.1 Low Noise Trim
avoided. Introl’s range of low noise valve trims have
Trim Reference Number of Pressure
been designed with this in mind. The ‘low noise’ trim
Drop Stages
consists of one or more concentric sleeves, see Figures
33.2 and 33.3, depending on the severity of the service. HF One
These sleeves incorporate a series of holes selected to HFD, XHFD Two
give optimum attenuation performance. HFT, XHFT Three
HFQ1, XHFQ1 Three
HFQ2, XHFQ2 Five
Thus, each successive sleeve splits the flow into many
small radial jets, while the combined influence of
multiple sleeve arrangements produces sudden
TS33.2 PAGE 23
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Downstream Attenuators from the source propagating down the pipe and
causing a noise problem further downstream where the
Another means of reducing the external noise level is to
piping is not lagged or where the flow exhausts to
reduce the pressure drop across the valve. This can be
atmosphere.
achieved by introducing additional pressure drop
stages (baffles) either within the valve body or in the
downstream pipework. Baffles are used when the Thermal Insulation
pressure ratios are too high for the valve to handle and
In many cases, pipework upstream/downstream of the
/ or when the valve outlet velocity is above the
valve will be lagged to reduce thermal losses. The
recommended level. These devices - being non-
effect of thermal lagging on the sound pressure level
variable in orifice area - are flow rate dependant and
can lead to attenuation figures of 10-12 dB,
are thus only effective over a relatively small portion of
approximately 3-4 dBA attenuation per inch of
the valve rangeability. They are usually most effective
insulation thickness.
at flows varying between 70 % and 100% of maximum.
Pipe Wall
Attenuation due to the schedule of the pipe wall can be
determined using the noise prediction technique, for
example changing the pipe schedule from S40 to S120
can reduce the noise level by as much as 8dB.
Acoustical Insulation
TS33.3 PAGE 24
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Noise Prediction Technique for Gas/Vapour Flows The information required is:
The formula for predicting valve noise, presented Process Data/CalculatedValve/Pipe Details
below, may be used for valves of differing designs, Inlet pressure Valve style
provided that the appropriate correction factors are Outlet pressure Trim style
used. It is applicable to the flow of compressible fluids Operating Cv Temperature
for normal and choked flow conditions. Size of pipework Schedule of pipe
Molecular weight Design Cv
This formula gives the SPL in dB(A) at a listening point
1m along the pipework and at a distance of 1m from
Procedure
the pipe surface. The formula assumes spherical free
field radiation with a tolerance band of +0/-5 dBA. 1. Calculate the operating Cv (refer to section
TS 31.2).
The overall predicted SPL is built up from a number of
2. Calculate the valve pressure ratio P1/P2.
contributory effects, these can be simply described as
3. Read the values of X, Y and Z from Figures
X log P1 Efficiency by which power dissipated 33.4,33.5 and 33.6 respectively.
across the valve is converted into
4. For all trim designs read the trim attenuation
acoustic energy.
factor from Figures 33.7 a—e.
Y log P1/P2 Contribution to SPL of noise generated
5. Refer to Figure 33.8 for the maximum
by shock wave/turbulance interaction.
recommended pressure ratio for the trim style
Z log Cv Bulk flow contribution selected.
8.5 log Mw Correction for acoustic velocity 6. Read the valve pressure ratio attenuation
correction factor, E, from Figure 33.9 a).
N Transmission loss Frequency
Correction Factor. 7. Determine the valve opening attenuation
correction factor, D, from Figure 33.9 b).
Hg Valve trim design factor, accounts for
attenuation produced by different trim 8. Read the temperature attenuation factor from
styles. Figure 33.10.
E Valve Opening Attenuation Correction 9. Read the reduced lift correction factor from
Factor. Figure 33.11.
IMPERIAL 33.01
P1
SPL = XLOGP1 + YLOG + ZLOGCv + 41.5 + 8.5LOGM W − ( H g × E × D ) − T − AP N − AT
P2
IMPERIAL 33 01
P1
SPL = X ( LOGP1 + 1.16) + YLOG + ZLOGCv + 41.5 + 8.5LOGM W − ( H g × E × D ) − T − AP N − AT
P2
TS33.4 PAGE 25
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TS33.7 PAGE 26
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TS33.7 PAGE 27
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TS33.9 PAGE 28
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TS33.9 PAGE 29
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TS33.9 PAGE 30
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TS33.10 Page 31
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TS33.11 Page 32
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TS33.12 Page 33
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TS33.13 Page 34
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TL = 20 LOG ( f ) − 33
Thus, the dominant frequency for compressible fluids is
usually between 1 kHz and 8 kHz. If the peak
frequency is below 500 Hz and the vibrations are of an
appreciable magnitude this would indicate a vibration
problem as opposed to aerodynamic noise generation.
The peak frequency is dependant upon a number of
factors, these are:
1. P1/P2
2. Trim style
3. Hole size
4. M2, Modified Mach Number
5. Downstream pipe diameter
1,300 × M × Ns × n
f =
0.015 Cv C f
The calculation depends on the value of the Strouhal
number, which is a function of fluid velocity and the trim
characteristic dimension. The trim Strouhal number can
be evaluated from Figure 33.14 and the valve Strouhal
number is obtained by multiplying the trim Strouhal
number by the Valve Type Correction
TS33.14 Page 35
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TS33.14 Page 36