INTRODUCTION
A concrete shell, also commonly called thin shell concrete structure,
is a structure composed of a relatively thin shell of concrete, usually with no
interior columns or exterior buttresses. The shells are most commonly flat plates
and domes, but may also take the form of ellipsoids or cylindrical sections, or
some combination thereof.
All buildings are meant to enclose spaces. Most of the different types of
superstructures we commonly use for present day building are only a modification
of the age old system of column, beam and roof covering arrangements. They
fulfill their function by two separate systems. One is the space covering system to
cover the space, such as concrete slab or “roof covering sheets” in steel building.
These are supported by a second system of beams and columns which we may call
the supporting system. In many steel buildings they are obviously separate and in
R.C buildings also, they are treated as two separate systems. In reinforced concrete
shells, however, the two functions of covering the space and supporting the
covering system are integrated into one. The structure covers the space without
beams and columns within the buildings.
Structure as a shell form:
Thin shells are tan example of strength through from as opposed to
strength through mass. The effort in the design is to make the shell as thin as
practical requirements will permit so that the dead weight is n reduced and the
structure functions as a membrane free from the large bending stresses. By this
means, a minimum of materials is used to the maximum structural advantage.
Shells of eggs, nuts and the human skull are commonplace examples. These
naturally occurring shells are hard to crack or break.
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1.2. Advantages of using shell structures:
1) The efficiency in its load carrying behavior (being treated as a membrane)
2) High degree of reserved strength and structural integrity
3) High Strength: weight ratio (which is the main criteria in measuring structure
efficiency
4) Very High Stiffness
5) Containment of Space
6) High Aesthetic Value
1.3. Disadvantages:
It‟s impossible to build a story above the story that has a shell roof, thus
shells are always used as a “terminating” roof.
Cylindrical Shell
Toroidal Shells
2. CYLINDRICAL SHELL:
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Types of cylindrical shell:
Single Barrel Cylindrical shell
Continuous cylindrical shells
butterfly shells
corrugated shells
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Cylindrical Shell can be thought of a surface generated by a straight line
(generator) moving over a plane curve (directrix)
s Tx
TØ
MØ
4
MØ = Bending moment in radial face is taken as positive when it produce
tension inside the shell.(kgm.)
5
h
x= = 6m
B=10M
R= = 7.8m x
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Schematic of a Shell
= to
Width = 0.300M
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2.5. Diaphragm:
F = Shear. ds
V = F sin Ø
H = F cos Ø
The Moment is
calculated by adding the normal
static moment and the moment
induced by the additional V and H forces.
Once all forces are obtained, the diaphragm is treated as a beam (or beam
column).
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Function of a transverse:
The supports provided along the curve edge of a shell are known as
transverse. They are meant to preserve the assumed geometry of the shell. A
developable surface, such as a cylinder, will flatten out under loads in the absence
of the transverse. Hence it is indispensable part of a cylindrical shell.
Types of Transverse:
Solid diaphragm
Arch rib
Tied arch
Bow string girder
Portal frame
M
A
E
B
E
G
Thickness of the shell (t) = 80mm
D
E
M
30
)=
(L
N
A
P
Central rise (h) = 180cm S
f = 1 .8 M
C H O R D W ID T H (B ) = 1 0 M
ρ= 40°
= 3.899 < X
9
And, K=
= = 0.044<0.12
= 0.044<0.12
Span length is three times of the chord width (L 3B)
Hence long shell (from IS 2210-1988)
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Equivalent Dead load Pd = P1
= PL = 0.70 KN/m2
= × 291 kg/m2
= 370 kg/m2
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PART I
3.2. MEMBRANE ANALYSIS:
Membrane force T x at x =
Tx =Pur
=33577
Co efficient = =0 {From ASCE manual Table 1b}
Hence, Tx =constant co efficient
S =Pur
Co efficient = = 0 (or) = 40
S = constant Co efficient
This value is given in Table 2
Membrane force Tø at x =
Tø =Pur
Constant = P u r = 370 7.8 =2269
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VALUE OF Mø:
There is no bending in membrane analysis but this will be produced when we
apply correction edge forces.
These calculation are made for value 0,10,20,30&40
This value is tabulated in Table 4
PART II
3.3. CORRECTION ANALYSIS:
Correction forces = VL , HL and S
Tø = (Pu r ) cos 40
= 2269 cos 40
= 1738 kg/m.
Then line loads (correction forces):
VL = Tø sin = 1738 sin 40
HL = Tø cos = 1738 cos 40
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For S to caused by application of VL,HL,S
TABLE 1:
0 10 20 30 40
TX 40 30 20 10 0
Membrane load
33577 co eff -6803 -6702 -6393 -5889 -5211
LINE LOADS
VL=1117×14.8×coeff -3571 -16862 -36534 -4876 +165481
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TABLE 2:
0 10 20 30 40
S 40 30 20 10 0
Membrane load
8730 co eff 0 -964 -1901 -2778 -3572
LINE LOADS
VL=1117×3.8×coeff 0 -1167 -5106 -9087 0
HL=1331×3.8×coeff 0 -2604 -2001 1353 0
S=3572×3.8×coeff 0 -1136 -1579 -342 4072
Table 3:
0 10 20 30 40
Tø 40 30 20 10 0
Membrane load
2269 co eff -2269 -2234 -2132 -1964 -1738
LINE LOADS
VL=1117×7.8×coeff -2208 -2113 -1597 -377 +719
HL=1331×7.8×coeff 896 1092 1422 1384 1019
S=3572×7.8×coeff -262 -173 4465 218 0
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Table 4:
0 10 20 30 40
Mø 40 30 20 10 0
Membrane load
2269 co eff 0 0 0 0 0
LINE LOADS
VL=1117×7.8×coeff -2485 -2292 -1726 -866 0
HL=1331×7.8×coeff 1612 1544 1299 791 0
S=3572×7.8×coeff -133 -108 -50 -2 0
0 10 20 30 40
40 30 20 10 0
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CHECK 1:
Find ΔL
= ×10 = ×10
=1.36 1
= [First+4 +Last]
= [147222+(4 +
(4 )+ (-42357)]
=0.906×[260538-248187]
=0.906
= 11190 kg/m.
= 4.1% only.
HENCE OK.
CHECK 2:
FIND THE SUM OF VERTICAL COMPONENTS:
S=
S= 0.453[-500-43416-21174-23484]
S=40124 Kg (name as A)
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Find the total shear at support:
Wdead= =3169.20
End reaction = =
=38532 Kg (name as B)
A B
i.e, 4.1%only
CHECK 3:
Calculate the lever arm from bottom of the shell
=0 , =40
Lever arm = r[
=7.8[1-cos40]=1.80M
ii) ( =10, =30
=7.8[cos10-cos40]
=1.71M
iii) ( =20
= 7.8[cos20-cos40]
= 1.35M
iv) ( =30
=7.8[cos30-cos40]
=0.77M
v) ( =40
= 7.8[cos40-cos40] =0.
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VALUES OF FORCES AT 10 INTERVAL:
0 10 20 30 40
INTERNAL MOMENT:
M1=
M1 = 294542.816 kgm.
EXTERNAL MOMENT:
Weight per meter length = 3169 Kg/m
M2 =
M2 =
= 367938 kgm.
Error between M1&M2
= = 0.24
Hence safe.
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3.4. ANALYSIS EDGE BEAM:
PART A
MEMBRANE ANALYSIS:
Tx =
Tx =
= (-460)
S=p×r × co eff
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Write down the expression for total T x due to all for components,
Tx=
Tx = (12700)
These values of T x due to membrane analysis and V b & Sb from beam effect (Add
for Vb & Sb)
Tx = [12700+10.01Vb+0.8934Sb].
PART II
3.5. CALCULATION OF DEFLECTION OF SHELL:
1. SUMMARY PROCEDURE:
We ΔV of the membrane analysis (Table 1B of manual no.31 and
deflection due to T x ,VL ,HL and Vb, Sb using Table II B of manual as follows)
ΔV = (membrane deflection) + (That due to application of VL ,HL and Sb)
= (25744)
Adding Vb and Sb
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To find Vb & Sb value:
top
h 180cm
bottom
b=30cm
Beam =
A+ =0
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(Or)
12700+10.01Vb+0.8934Sb+3482-3.166+0.3978S b =0
A+ =0
B+ =0
f=
23
=
= 808324 kg/m2
= 80.8 kg/cm2
= kg
= 761019 76 kg/cm2
4. REINFORCEMENT DETAILS:
= = 161.84 cm
= 103875.6 kg
Assuming 10 cm – cover
and stress at extreme fiber = 4500 kg/cm2
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Allowable stress =
= 4221.9 kg/cm2
As =
= 24.61 cm2
This steel is provided in the tension zone.
Use 16 mm # bar,
= = = 12.24
16 nos.
= =29.61 cm2
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4.2 DESIGN OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN SHELL:
Part I – Design for Tx force in the shell
Step: 1
Total rise of the shell = 180 cm
Neutral axis: N .A = 7 0 C M
Allowable stress =
= 3214 kg/cm2
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(c) Regions 3: From 40 cm above bottom to NA
Allowable stress =
= 1928 kg/cm2
Step: 2
(a) Region 1:
Ast =
Ast = 32.17 cm2
Use 16 mm # bar
= ×1000
= ×1000 = 62.49
mm
Provide 16 mm # bar @ 62 mm spacing c/c
(b) Region 2:
0° 2° 10° 70 CM
40 CM
20 CM
147222 ? 28329
R = 7 .8 M
= 123443.4 kg/m @ 2°
Ast =
27
Use 16 mm # bar
= ×1000
= ×1000
= 52.49 mm
(c) Region 3:
0° 5° 10°
147222 ? 28329
= 87775.4.4 kg/m @ 5°
Ast =
Ast = 45.52 cm2
Use 16 mm # bar
= ×1000
= ×1000 = 50.19
mm
Provide 16 mm # bar @ 50 mm spacing c/c
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Spacing:
(i) 4000 mm
(ii) 5×t = 5×80 = 400 mm
(iii) S = 450 mm
Least value of above is S = 400 mm
Provide 6 mm # bar @ 400 mm spacing c/c
Use 10 mm # bar
= × 1000
= = 212.98 mm mm
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Part III – Design for Shear (s)
Theoretically, the diagonals should be designed for principal tension. As an
approximation,
let shear = tension
As the shear is placed at 45° (from the tension side as the diagonal steel for shear
in a beam)
Divide shear at support into three regions,
(a) Steel for first region – Ø = 10° (at support)
We will assume, shear = tension
Shear @ 10° = 10854
Use 10 mm # bar,
= ×1000
= = 327.34
mm
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5. DESIGN OF TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS OF
CYLINDRICAL SHELL
Step: 1
Max. Depth of diaphragm = 180 + 180
= 360 cm
Width = 30 cm
= 0.38
= 30 cm
TØ at 40° = 3843
T= = 36697.95 kg
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Step: 3
Dead load and live from the shell to transverse:
Circumference of the shell = RØ = 7.8 × 1.396
= 10.90 m
Dead load per m2 of the shell = 0.08 × 2400
= 192 kg/m2
Assume equivalent load due to
live load along shell = 100 kg/m2
Total load due to 30m length
of the shell = (192+100) × 10.90 × 30
= 95000 kg
(The moment due to this load produce tension at the base of the transverse.)
Step: 4
Shear and Bending moment due to L.L + D.L from shell resting on transverse.
Shear = = = 47500 kg
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Bending moment = = = 118750 kg
Step: 5
B.M and Shear due to self weight of transverse:
Area of the transverse = Rect. Part + Segmental circle part
Rect. Part = 1.80 × 0.3 × 10 = 5.4 m3
=[ ( ] × 0.3= 3.75 m3
Bending Moment =
= 27450 kgm.
Shear =
= 10980 kg
Step: 6
Design of shear:
Shear = 47500 + 10980 = 58480 kg
Section at end (transverse) = 0.3 × 1.8
= 10.83 kg/cm2
[Max. Allowable for M20 concrete is about 18 kg/cm2
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Design for shear as maximum allowed without shear reinforcement is only
of the order 5 kg/cm2. Hence design for shear.]
Nominal reinforcement of transverse:
Ast(nominal) = 0.24% Lt
Where,
L = length of the span
t = thickness of the shell
= × 30×103 × 80
= 5760 mm2
Provide 20mm # bars.
Step: 7
Total bending moment for design:
BM due to eccentricity of TØ (comp. at base ) = -64625.09 kgm
BM due to dead load and live load on shell = 118750.00 kgm
BM due to the self weight of the transverse = 27450.00 kgm
Total = 81574.91 kgm.
Total positive bending moment = 81574.91 kgm.
Step: 8
Direct tension and BM due to tension:
Tension = 36697.95 kg along the centre of the slab
Positive BM = 81574.91 kgm.
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Step: 9
Design of reinforcement: (section subjected to tension and moment.)
The negative BM due to tension is less than the +ve moment, we can
place the tension steel below the Neutral axis.
= 26.21 cm2
Use Fe250 grade steel, 16 mm # bar.
Nos. of bar =
= 13.035 14 nos.
Step: 10
Steel for balance moment
Balance moment = 81574.91- 35456.4
`
Assume, jd = 0.86d ; d = 200 mm
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Nos. of bar =
= 9.52 10 nos.
Step: 11
Check percentage of steel provide
Total steel = (14 + 10 =24 nos.) 16 mm.
% steel = = 0.447
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DRAWINGS
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Transverse
38
Interior view of shell and transverse lip
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Conclusion:
Hence these shell structures are proved to be very safe with our design. This
entire design was completed using approved code books IS 2210- 1988, IS 456-
2000, SP16 and ASCE Manual no.31. These structures from our design not only
become economical but also they have huge advantages in many form to our living
society. By this design we have studied many advantage and disadvantages of
shell structures and also the specific needs of shell structures in some hurricane
attacking areas, such places are to be noted here most of America mostly north
America, Canada etc.. One of the cheapest demerits to be noted here, there can be
no stories on the shell.
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REFERENCE:
Design of Reinforced concrete shell and folded plates “ P.C Varghese”
Design and construction of concrete shell roof “Ramaswamy”
Design graph for concrete shell roof “C.B White, C.B wilby”
Reference Code books: IS 2210- 1988, IS 456-2000, SP16 and ASCE Manual
no.31.
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