02018 [Nr compressor - Wikipedia
WIKIPEDIA
Air compressor
‘An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electrie motor,
diesel or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.c.,
compressed air). By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and
more air into a storage tank, increasing the pressure, When tank pressure reaches
{ts engineered upper limit the air compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then,
is held in the tank until called into use." The energy contained in the compressed
air can be used for a variety of applications, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air
as it is released and the tank depressurizes. When tank pressure reaches its lower
limit, the air compressor tums on again and re-pressurizes the tank.
‘An air compressor must be differentiated from an air pump which merely pumps
air from one context (often the surrounding environment) into another (such as
an inflatable mattress, an aquarium, ete.). Air pumps do not contain an air tank
for storing pressurized air and are generally much slower, quieter, and less
expensive to own and operate than an air compressor.
Contents
Classification
Displacement type
Positive displacement
Dynamic displacement
Cooling
Applications
Maintenance
See also
References
External links
Classification
Air compressor supplies air into a
rail gun
Compressors can be classified according to the pressure delivered:
1, Lowpressure air compressors (LPACs), which have a discharge pressure of 150 psi or less
2. Medium-pressure compressors which have a discharge pressure of 151 psi to 1,000 psi
3. High-pressure air compressors (HPACs), which have a discharge pressure above 1,000 psi]
They can also be classified according to the design and principle of operation:
1. Single-Stage Reciprocating Compressor
2. Two-Stage Reciprocating Compressor
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102018 [Nr compressor - Wikipedia
3, Compound Compressor
4, Rotary-screw compressor
5. Rotary Vane Compressor
6, Scroll Compressor
7, Turbo compressor
8, Axial Compressor
Displacement type
‘There are numerous methods of air compression, divided into either positive-displacement or roto-dynamic types.!91
Positive displacement
Positive-displacement compressors work by forcing air into a chamber whose volume is decreased to compress the air.
Once the maximum pressure is reached, a port or valve opens and air is discharged into the outlet system from the
compression chamber. Common types of positive displacement compressors are
+ Piston-type: air compressors use this principle by pumping air into an air chamber through the use of the constant
motion of pistons. They use one-way vaives to guide air into and out of a chamber whose base consists of a moving
piston, When the piston is onits down stroke, it draws air into the chamber. When it is on its up stroke, the charge of
airs forced out and into a storage tank. Piston compressors generally fall
into two basic categories, single-stage and two-stage. Single stage
compressors usually fall into the fractional through 5 horsepower range.
Two-stage compressors normally fall into the 5 through 30 horsepower
range. Two-stage compressors provide greater efficiency than their single-
stage counterparts. For this reason, these compressors are the most
‘common units within the small business community. The capacities for both
single-stage and two-stage compressors is generally provided in
horsepower (HP), Standard Cubic feet per Minute (SCFM)* and Pounds per
‘Square Inch (PSI). *To a lesser extent, some compressors are rated in
‘Actual Cubic Feet per Minute (ACFM), Stil others are rated in Cubic Feet
per Minute (CFM), Using CFM to rate a compressor is incorrect because it
represents a flow rate that is independent of a pressure reference. i.e. 20
CFM at 60 PSI.
= Rotary screw compressors: use positive-displacement compression by
matching two helical screws that, when tured, guide air into a chamber,
whose volume is decreased as the screws tum.
= Vane compressors: use a slotted rotor with varied blade placement to guide
air into a chamber and compress the volume. This type of compressor Technical ilustration of a two-stage
delivers a fixed volume of air al high pressures. air compressor
Dynamic displacement
Dynamic displacement air compressors include centrifugal compressors and
axial compressors. In these types, a rotating component imparts its kinetic
energy to the air which is eventually converted into pressure energy. These use
centrifugal force generated by a spinning impeller to accelerate and then
decelerate captured air, which pressurizes it.
Cooling Technical Illustration of a portable
oo _ single-stage air compressor
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Due to adiabatic heating, air compressors require some method of disposing of waste heat. Generally this is some form of
air- or water-cooling, although some (particularly rotary type) compressors may be cooled by oil (that is then in tum air-
or water-cooled)!l and the atmospheric changes also considered during cooling of compressors.
Applications
Air compressors have many uses, including: supplying high-pressure clean air
to fill gas cylinders, supplying moderate-pressure clean air to a submerged
surface supplied diver, supplying moderate-pressure clean air for driving some
office and school building pneumatic HVAC control system valves, supplying
a large amount of moderate-pressure air to power pneumatic tools, such as
jackhammers, filling high pressure air tanks (HPA), for filling tires, and to
produce large volumes of moderate-pressure air for large-scale industrial
processes (such as oxidation for petroleum coking or cement plant bag house :
a Portable air compressor for powerin
ameyatems tol, suchas jackhammer
Most air compressors either are reciprocating piston type, rotary vane or rotary
serew. Centrifugal compressors are common in very large applications. ‘There
are two main types of air-compressor pumps: oil-lubed and oil-less. The oil-less system has more technical development,
but is more expensive, louder and lasts for less time than oil-lubed pumps. The oil-less system also delivers air of better
quality.
‘The most common types of air compressors are: electric or gas/diesel powered compressors. The power of a compressor is
‘measured in HP (horsepower) and CFM (cubie feet per minute of intake air). The gallon size of the tank specifies the
volume of compressed air (in reserve) available. Gas/diesel powered compressors are widely used in remote areas with
problematic access to electricity. They are noisy and require ventilation for exhaust gases. Electric powered compressors
are widely used in production, workshops and garages with permanent access to electricity. Common workshop/garage
compressors are 110-120 Volt or 230-240 Volt. Compressor tank shapes are: "pancake"
jorizontal", and
"vertical". Depending on a size and purpose compressors can be stationary or portable,
Maintenance
‘To ensure all compressor types run efficiently with no leaks, it is imperative to perform routine maintenance, such as
monitoring and replacing air compressor fittings."! It is suggested that air compressor owners perform daily inspections
of their equipment, such as:
‘Checking for ol and air leaks
‘= Checking the differential pressure in the compressed air filter
= Determining whether or not the ail in the compressor should be changed
1 Verily safe operating temperature to avoid overheating the unit and itis used in sucking the air
Draining condensed moisture from the tank
See also
= Free-piston engine
= Gas compressor
= Pneumatics
= Gas cylinder
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References
1, "How Do Air Compressors Work?” (hitp://www.populamechanics.com/home/how-to/a151 /how-air-compressors-work/).
Popular Mechanics. 2015-03-18, Retrieved 2017-01-12,
2. "CLASSIFICATION OF AIR COMPRESSORS: (http://www.tpub.com/fireman/102.him). www. Retrieved
2017-01-12.
3. "Air Compressor Types and Controls" (http://www nrcan.ge.calenergy/productsireferencel14970). Natural Resources
Canada.
4, "Compressor Selection Basics: Positive Displacement versus Dynamic Compression" (http://www thecompressedairbl
‘0g, com/compressor-selection-basics-positive-displacement-versus-dynamic-compressioni). Retrieved 2017-01-12 — via
The Sth Utility.
5. "Types of Air Compressors” (http:/www.engineeringtoolbox.com/alr-compressortypes-d_441.himl). The Engineering
ToolBox.
6, "Applications for Compressors" (http://www. industry, siemens, comitopics/global/er/pumps-fans-compressors/compress.
‘oF-drives/applications-for-compressors/pages/default. aspx). wivw. industry. siemens. com, Retreved 2017-01-12,
7. "Evaluating True Horsepower and CFM Ratings of Air Compressors" (hitp://www.truetex. com/aircompressors. htm)
8, "Air Compressor Fittings” (hitp://www.compressedairsystems.comv/aitcompressor-fittings.html). Compressed Air
stems, Retrieved 2017-01-12.
External links
1 Media related to Compressors at Wikimedia Commons
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This page was last edited on 27 March 2018, at 09:14.
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