Analysis of lipid profile and atherogenic index in hyperlipidemic rat (Rattus norvegicus

Berkenhout, 1769) that given the methanolic extract of Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa)
Noor Nailis Sa’adah, Kristanti Indah Purwani, Awik Puji Dyah Nurhayati, and Nova Maulidina Ashuri

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1854, 020031 (2017);

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4985422
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1854/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 Analysis of Lipid Profile and Atherogenic Index in Hyperlipidemic
Rat (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) that Given
The Methanolic Extract of Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa)

Noor Nailis Sa’adah1,a); Kristanti Indah Purwani1; Awik Puji Dyah Nurhayati1;
Nova Maulidina Ashuri1
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS),
Surabaya, Indonesia.

a)
Corresponding author: nailis@bio.its.ac.id

Abstract. Diet of high lipids cause hyperlipidemia, which marked by an increase of total cholesterols, triglycerides,
LDL-C, and decreasing of HDL-C. Hyperlipidemia lead the occurrence of atherosclerosis, one of factors that trigger
cardiovascular disease, as hypertention; coronary heart and stroke. Parijoto (M. speciosa) is endemic plants in Asia with a
distribution center in Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. Parijoto contain phytochemical components such as
flavonoids, saponins and kardenolin. Flavonoid potensial as an antioxidants and can improve the hyperlipidemia
condition. This study was aimed to determine lipid profiles and atherogenic index of hyperlipidemic Wistar rats (R.
norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769) which given the methanolic extract of Parijoto (M. speciosa). The research was done with
pre and post test randomized control group design. Rats were given a mixture of duck yolk and reused cooking oil (1:1)
orally as much as 1% of body weight (BW) for 30 days. After hyperlipidemia achieved, rats were divided into 5 group:
normal rats, hyperlipidemic rats, hyperlipidemic rats were given the methanolic extract of Parijoto (M. speciosa) 500
mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 1500 mg/kg BW. Blood samples were collected when rats in hyperlipidemia conditions and
after treatment with the methanolic extract of Parijoto (M. speciosa) for 30 days. The data of total cholesterol, HDL-
Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol level, and atherogenic index were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey test at 5%
significance level. The result showed that giving of methanolic extract of Parijoto (M. speciosa) in hyperlipidemic rats
reduced the total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol levels, and increased of HDL-cholesterol levels significantly (p<0.01), so
atherogenic index reduced significantly too (p<0.01). Total cholesterol and LDL-Cholesterol levels were positively
correlated with the atherogenic index, whereas HDL-cholesterol levels were negatively correlated with the atherogenic
index.

INTRODUCTION
A diet of high lipids continuously cause hyperlipidemia [1], a condition is marked by an increase in total
cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), and a decrease in High Density
Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C) [2]. Lipoprotein is a complex of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters, surrounded
by a hydrophobic phospholipid and protein called apolipoprotein [3]. Hyperlipidemia increase the occurrence of
atherosclerosis [4], one of factors that triggering cardiovascular disease, as hypertention; coronary heart [5] and
stroke [6].
Cardiovascular disease is one of health problems in the community and the leading cause of worldwide death.
Based on data from World Health Organization (WHO), in 2030 predicted that 23.3 million people will die caused
by cardiovascular disease; while based on Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) in 2007, showed that the prevalence of
heart disease nationally is 7.2% [7].
The primary treatment for hyperlipidemia is dietary and improving lifestyles, followed by drug therapy if
necessary [8]. Many natural materials from plants have been used as an anti-hyperlipidemia drug. The positive role

Proceeding of International Biology Conference 2016

AIP Conf. Proc. 1854, 020031-1–020031-8; doi: 10.1063/1.4985422
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1528-7/$30.00

020031-1
of fruits and vegetables as nutrients for health is indicated by the phytochemical components contained therein. One
of endemic plants in Indonesia that have not been explored fully is Parijoto (M. speciosa). Parijoto is endemic plants
in Asia with a distribution center in Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. In Kudus, Central Java, Parijoto was
generally consumed by pregnant women and used as diarrhea and cholesterol drugs [9]. The Parijoto fruits is
purplish red. The color indicates that parijoto fruits contain anthocyanins, i.e water soluble pigments in plant, was
found in most fruits, petals and leaves [10]. In addition, the phytochemical components that contained in Parijoto are
flavonoids, saponins and kardenolin [9]. Anthocyanins belonging to the flavonoids compound family have been
suggested to reduce certain cancers, coronary heart diseases, oxidative stress and other age-related diseases [11].
The intake of flavonoid was negatively correlated to mortality that caused by coronary heart disease. Flavonoids
potential as antioxidants and protect LDL oxidation, a process involved in atherogenesis [12]. Flavonoid compounds
also inhibit the lipase activity [13]. Sa'adah et al., [14] explained that the intake of black rice, which is rich in
anthocyanins and flavonoids reduced the total cholesterol significantly (p<0.01).
This research aims to determine the lipid profiles and atherogenic index in hyperlipidemic rat that given the
methanolic extract of Parijoto. This research was expected to reveal the anti-hyperlipidemic effects of parijoto
extracts, as well as study the relationship between lipid profile and atherogenic index in blood. Parijoto is expected
to be one of the alternative sources to reduce total cholesterol in the body, as well as to be a materials for functional
food products. According to the Functional Food Science in Europe (FUFOSE), functional food is a food that has
one or more beneficial effects in the body beyond basic nutrition that have an impact on health and reduce the risk of
diseases [15].

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials
Materials are used in this research are Parijoto was obtained from Muria mountain, Kudus Central Java,
Indonesia; male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were obtained from experimental animal laboratory, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Airlangga University; feed; reused cooking oil; duck yolk; kit reagens from DiaSys®, Germany for
measuring the total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C level.

B. Methods
Experimental Animals Preparation

Rats (R. norvegicus) were aclimated for 1 week with feed and drink by ad libitum. After 1 week, rats were
weighed to know the weight of each individual, then rats were divided into 5 group, each group consist of 5 individual
repetition.
Group I : Control without hyperlipidemia treatment
Group II : Hyperlipidemia control
Group III : Hyperlipidemia which given 500 mg/kg BW of methanolic extract of Parijoto
Group IV : Hyperlipidemia which given 1000 mg/kg BW of methanolic extract of Parijoto
Group V : Hyperlipidemia which given 1500 mg/kg BW of methanolic extract of Parijoto

Hyperlipidemia Treatment

Rats (R. norvegicus) were made in hyperlipidemia condition with the method have done by Sa’adah et al., 2014
with modification, i.e rats were given a mixture of duck yolk and reused cooking oil (ratio 1:1) orally as much as 1%
of body weight (BW) for 30 days.
Body weight of rats were weighed weekly. Hyperlipidemia treatment were given on 4 group, except control group
were given feed and drink by ad libitum.

020031-2
 The Methanolic Extract of Parijoto Treatment

After rats were given the hyperlipidemia treatment for 30 days, hyperlipidemic rats were given the methanolic
extract of Parijoto with a concentration 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, and 1500 mg/kg for 30 days. Control and
hyperlipidemic rats (Group I and II) only given basalt feed for 30 days. Body weight of rats were weighed weekly.

Collecting of Blood Serum

Blood of rats were taken before and after treatment of the methanolic extract of Parijoto. Blood serum was
separated from blood cells with centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Serum blood was collected in microtube [16].

Measuring of Total Cholesterol Level

Measuring of total cholesterol was done by enzymatic colorimetric CHOD-PAP method with procedure from
DiaSys®, Germany kit (Diagnostic System International) cat no. 10 135 021. Serum 10 μl was added 1000 μl of
reagen then it was mixed and incubation for 10 min at 20-25 °C or 5 min at 37 °C. Absorbance was measured at wave
lenght (λ) 500 nm. The total cholesterol level was measured with formula :
‫݈݁݌݉ܽݏܣ‬
‫ܥ‬ሾ݉݃Τ݀‫ ܮ‬ሿ ൌ ‫݀ݎܽ݀݊ܽݐݏܥݔ‬ሾ݉݃Τ݀‫ ܮ‬ሿ
‫݀ݎܽ݀݊ܽݐݏܣ‬

Description :
C : Total cholesterol level of sample (mg/dL)
A : Absorbance
C St : Total cholesterol level of standard (200 mg/dL)

Measuring of LDL-C Level

Measuring of HDL-C was done by photometric systems with procedure from DiaSys®, Germany kit (Diagnostic
System International) cat no. 1 4121 99 10 021. Blood serum 3Pl was added 280 Pl of reagent 1, then was mixed and
incubation for 5 min at 37 °C. Absorbance is read at wave lenght (λ) 600/700 nm (bichromatic measurement) as A1.
After that, it was added 70 Pl of reagent 2, then was mixed and incubation for 5 min at 37 °C. Absorbance is read at
wave lenght (λ) 600/700 nm as A2.
ο‫ ܣ‬ൌ ሾሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ͳܣ‬ሻ‫ݎ݋ݐܽݎܾ݈݅ܽܿݎ݋݈݁݌݉ܽݏ‬ሿ െ ሾሺ‫ ʹܣ‬െ ‫ͳܣ‬ሻܾ݈ܽ݊݇ሿ

The LDL-cholesterol level was measured with formula :

ο‫݈݁݌݉ܽݏܣ‬
‫ ܮܦܮ‬െ ‫ܥ‬ሾ݉݃Τ݀‫ ܮ‬ሿ ൌ ‫ܿ݊݋ܥݔ‬Ǥ ‫ݎ݋ݐܽݎܾ݈݅ܽܥ‬ሾ݉݃Τ݀‫ ܮ‬ሿ
ο‫ݎ݋ݐܽݎܾ݈݅ܽܥܣ‬

Measuring of HDL-C Level

Measuring of HDL-C was done by the LDL, VLDL and chylomicrons precipitation method with procedure from
DiaSys®, Germany kit (Diagnostic System International) cat no. 10 350 022. Blood serum 500 Pl was added 1000 Pl
of HDL-reagent, then was mixed and incubation for 10 min at room temperature. After that, it was centrifuged for 2
min with a speed of 10000 g. Supernatan was separated from precipitant. Supernatan 100 μl was added 1000 Pl of
cholesterol reagent, then it was mixed and incubation for 10 min at 20-25 °C or 5 min at 37 °C. Absorbance was
measured at wave lenght (λ) 500 nm. The HDL-cholesterol level was measured with formula :
‫ܣ‬௦௔௠௣௟௘
‫ ܮܦܪ‬െ ‫ܥ‬ሾ݉݃Τ݀‫ ܮ‬ሿ ൌ ‫ܥݔ‬௦௧ ሾ݉݃Τ݀‫ ܮ‬ሿ
‫ܣ‬௦௧௔௡ௗ௔௥ௗ

Measuring of Atherogenic Index

Atherogenic index was measured with formula [17]:

020031-3
 ሺܶ‫ ݈݋ݎ݁ݐݏ݈݁݋݄݈ܿܽݐ݋‬െ ‫ܮܦܪ‬ሻ
‫ ݔ݁݀݊݅ܿ݅݊݁݃݋ݎ݄݁ݐܣ‬ൌ
‫ܮܦܪ‬

Data Analysis
Data of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C level, and atherogenic index were analyzed using ANOVA followed by
Tukey test at 5% significance level.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. The Content of Lipids and Atherogenic Index after Hyperlipidemia Treatment

The diets which given in this researh were a mixture of duck yolk and reused cooking oil (1:1). Duck yolk is one
of food that contain high saturated fatty acid and cholesterol. Duck yolk is high cholesterol source, each 100 g of
duck egg yolk contains 1000 mg of cholesterol [18]. In addition, duck yolk have composition: 31.85% of saturated
fatty acid, 52.49% of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and 15.66% of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) [19].
Diet of saturated fatty acid increase cholesterol level approximately 15 – 25%. This is caused an increase of fat
accumulation. It makes an increase of the number of acetyl co-A in liver cells to product cholesterol [20]. This
research also uses reused cooking oil, the oil that used for frying repeatedly. Repeat frying cause the changing of
unsaturated fatty acid to trans fatty acid, i.e peroxide groups and other free radical compounds that can stimulate the
occurrence of malignancies. The content of trans fatty acid in reused cooking oil is higher than unsaturated fatty acid
[21].
The result showed that lipid-rich diet which given for 30 days affects the total cholesterol, LDL-C and HDL-C
levels in blood serum (Table 1). Rats which given lipid-rich diet marked by an increase of total cholesterol and
LDL-C levels significantly (p<0.01) compared with control rat, i.e approximately 184.06 mg/dL of total cholesterol
and 80.11 mg/dL of LDL-C. Consumption of high saturated fatty acid increase cholesterol and triglyceride level in the
blood [20]. The HDL-C level reduce significantly (p<0.01) compared with control rat after intake lipid-rich diet for
30 days, from 55.99 mg/dL to 27.72 mg/dL.
TABLE 1. The lipid level in blood serum and atherogenix index after hyperlipidemia treatment
Group Total cholesterol LDL-C HDL-C Atherogenic index
(mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL)
Control 89.6 ± 2.23 37.99 ± 2.11 55.99 ± 3.37 0.61 ± 0.10
Hyperlipidemia 184.06 ± 9.19** 80.11 ± 6.84** 27.72 ± 2.66** 5.70 ± 0.88**

The number of individual repetition (n) = 5

** Different significantly with control (p < 0.01)

Dietary lipids are processed by several pancreatic lipases in the intestine to form mixed micelles of
predominantly FFA, 2-monoglycerols, and cholesterol derivatives. These mixed micelles are taken up into cells of
the intestinal mucosa where large lipoprotein complexes, chylomicrons are formed. VLDL are formed in the liver
and transport triglycerides formed from fatty acids and carbohydrates in the liver to extrahepatic tissues. After their
triglyceride is largely removed by the action of lipoprotein lipase, they become IDL. The IDL give up phospholipids
and, through the action of the plasma enzyme lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), pick up cholesteryl esters
formed from cholesterol in the HDL. The remaining IDL then lose more triglyceride and protein, probably in the
sinusoids of the liver, and become LDL. LDL provide cholesterol to the tissues [3]. The increased serum levels in
the lipid-rich lipoproteins (LDL-C and VLDL-C) indicate that more cholesterol and triglyceride are been transported
from the liver to the extra-hepatic tissues to be taken up by those tissues [22]. Consumption of high lipid lead an
increase of total cholesterol and LDL-C levels in blood serum and cause hyperlipidemia.
Hyperlipidemia marked by the total cholesterol level ≥ 200 mg/dL. An intake of lipid-rich diet on rats for 30
days caused the increase of total cholesterol levels almost 200 mg/dL and increased the LDL-C until 80.11 mg/dL

020031-4
(Table 1), so can said that the rats close on hyperlipidemia condition. Hyperlipidemia increases the occurrence of
atherosclerosis, one of the factors that trigger cardiovascular disease, as hypertention; coronary heart and stroke. An
increase of LDL-C was considered the best indicator of the risk of atherosclerosis, but atherosclerosis also reflects
an increase in total cholesterol, triglycerides, or reducing of HDL [23].
Atherogenic index indicates the magnitude of the potential occurrence of atherosclerosis [24]. The higher of
atherogenic index, the potential occurrence of atherosclerosis and prevalence of cardiovascular disease was also
higher. The atherogenic index of rats after intake lipid-rich diet for 30 days increase significantly (p<0.01) from 0.61
to 5.7. The atherogenic index was affected by the content of HDL-C. The higher of HDL-C levels, the atherogenic
value is lower, so the risk of atherosclerosis will be smaller [25]. Table 1 showed that the HDL-C level in rat that
given the lipid-rich diet for 30 days is lower (27.72 mg/dL) and it cause the higher of atherogenic index. Yokozawa et
al. [17] explained that atherogenic index in normal rat is 1.6 and increase significantly to 19.4 in rat that intake
cholesterol-rich diet. This result shows that the risk of atherosclerosis is also increase and be wary. Therefore, must
be done effort to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by cholesterol regulation, one of them is using Parijoto
(M. speciosa).

B. The Content of Lipids and Atherogenic Index in Hyperlipidemic Rat which Given The
Methanolic Extract of Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa)
Many factors such as lifestyle, cholesterol-rich diet, age, and hypertension have been known to cause the
cardiovascular disease. Some studies indicated that dietary treatment or drug therapy can regulate cholesterol levels
resulting in lower rates of death from coronary heart disease [17]. Parijoto was generally consumed for pregnant
women and used as diarrhea and cholesterol drugs [9].
Table 2 showed the lipid level in blood serum and atherogenix index in hyperlipidemic rat which given the
methanolic extract of parijoto. An intake of methanolic extract of parijoto cause reducing of total cholesterol, LDL-
C level, atherogenic index value, and increasing the HDL-C level significantly (p<0.01) (Figure 1). The total
cholesterol in hyperlipidemic rat which given 500 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of parijoto is reduce to 130.87
mg/dL. The intake 1000 mg/kg and 1500 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of parijoto reduce the total cholesterol
levels to be 108.89 mg/dL and 103.19 mg/dL. A higher decreasing of total cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic rat
which given 1500 mg/kg of the methanolic extract of parijoto. It shows that this dosage (1500 mg/kg) is the most
effective dosage for reducing the total cholesterol.
TABLE 2. The lipid level in blood serum and atherogenix index in hyperlipidemic rat which given the methanolic extract of
parijoto
Group Total cholesterol LDL-C HDL-C Atherogenic index
(mg/dL) (mg/dL) (mg/dL)
I 89.6 ± 2.23 a 37.99 ± 2.11 a 55.99 ± 3.37 a 0.61 ± 0.10 a
II 191.44 ± 3.44 d 79.93 ± 5.31 c 21.91 ± 3.08 c 7.89 ± 1.45 b
III 130.87 ± 5.98 b 54.48 ± 3.65 b 43.07 ± 2.90 b 2.06 ± 0.36 a
IV 108.89 ± 5.52 c 43.37 ± 0.93 a 58.62 ± 2.62 a 0.86 ± 0.02 a
V 103.19 ± 3.93 c 35.31 ± 3.33 a 59.37 ± 3.43 a 0.74 ± 0.13 a

The number of individual repetition (n) = 5

Group I : Control without hyperlipidemia treatment
Group II : Hyperlipidemia control
Group III : Hyperlipidemia which given 500 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Parijoto
Group IV : Hyperlipidemia which given 1000 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Parijoto
Group V : Hyperlipidemia which given 1500 mg/kg of methanolic extract of Parijoto

020031-5
 FIGURE 1. The histogram of lipids level in blood serum in hyperlipidemic rat which given the methanolic extract of parijoto

An intake of the methanolic extract of parijoto reduce the total cholesterol levels in blood serum significantly
because Parijo contain flavonoid. The intake of flavonoid was negatively correlated to mortality that caused by
coronary heart disease. Flavonoids potential as antioxidants and protect to LDL oxidation, a process involved in
atherogenesis [12]. Flavonoid compounds also inhibit the lipase activity [13]. Action of flavonoid compounds in
inhibiting the lipase activity have been reported, such as Yerba mate plant from North America that contain flavonoid
as quersitin, rutin, and phenolic acids. That compounds have the ability to inhibit the lipase at a concentration of 1.5
mg/mL [13]. Another study showed that a reducing of total cholesterol level in blood serum may also occur through
the cholesterol-uptake mechanism by HDL-C. HDL-C in the blood can pick up the excess cholesterol in the tissues
and transport it to the liver [26].
The LDL-C level in hyperlipidemic rat which given the methanolic extract of parijoto reduce significantly to
35.31 – 54.48 mg/dL. LDL-C is a lipoprotein that provide cholesterol to the tissues [3]. LDL particles transport
cholesterol or cholesterol esters from the liver to all peripheral tissues, and has been linked to atherogenesis and
cardiovascular disease [27]. The reduction in total cholesterol levels followed by reductions in LDL-cholesterol level.
The given of the methanolic extract of parijoto reduce LDL-C level, it was caused the parijoto contain flavonoids. The
previous study showed that the intake of black rice, which is rich in anthocyanins and flavonoids was reduced the
total cholesterol, triglycerides and lipoprotein, primary LDL-C [28].
Table 2 also showed that the HDL-C level of hyperlipidemic rat increased significantly after giving of methanolic
extract of parijoto. Parijoto was known that contain flavonoids [9], that potential as antioxidants and protect LDL
oxidation [12]. Antioxidant activity from flavonoids can increase the HDL-C level. This is supported by Qin et al.
[29], they said that anthocyanin of berries increase the HDL-C level approximately 13.7 % and decrease the LDL-C
levels until 13.6 % compare with control. Anthocyanins belonging to the flavonoids compound family have been
suggested to reduce certain cancers, coronary heart diseases, oxidative stress and other age-related diseases [11]. In
addition, flavonoid compounds also inhibit the lipase activity [13]. Sa'adah et al., [14] explain that the intake of black
rice, which is rich in anthocyanins and flavonoids increased the HDL-C levels significantly (p < 0.01).
The total cholesterol and HDL-C levels affect atherogenic index value. Reducing total cholesterol and increasing
HDL-C levels reduce the atherogenic index value, so the risk of atherosclerosis will be smaller. Total cholesterol and
LDL-Cholesterol levels were positively correlated with the atherogenic index, whereas HDL-cholesterol levels were
negatively correlated with the atherogenic index. Table 2 showed that hyperlipidemic rat which given the methanolic
extract of parijoto had the lower total cholesterol and the higher HDL-C, so the atherogenic index reduce significantly
(p < 0.01). It indicates that the risk of atherosclerosis is smaller.

CONCLUSION
Lipid-rich diet for 30 days cause an increase the total cholesterol, LDL-C levels and atherogenic index
significantly (p<0.01) compared with control rat, i.e approximately 184.06 mg/dL of total cholesterol, 80.11 mg/dL

020031-6
of LDL-C, and 5.7 of atherogenic index value. The HDL-C level reduce significantly (p<0.01) compared with
control rat after intake lipid-rich diet for 30 days, from 55.99 mg/dL to 27.72 mg/dL. An intake of methanolic
extract of parijoto cause reducing of total cholesterol, LDL-C level, atherogenic index value, and increasing the
HDL-C level significantly (p<0.01). A higher of decreasing of total cholesterol, LDL-C levels, atherogenic index
value, and the higher of increasing HDL-C were occured in hyperlipidemic rat which given 1500 mg/kg of the
methanolic extract of parijoto. It shows that this dosage (1500 mg/kg) is the most effective dosage for improvement
of hyperlipidemia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully thank to Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS) Surabaya for financial supporting;
Zoology and animal engineering laboratory, Biology Department, ITS Surabaya; Experimental animal laboratory,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Airlangga University; and Nutrient laboratory, Pusat Antar Studi (PAU) Universitas Gadjah
Mada (UGM) for materials and technical assistance.

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