BY:

ABHISEK PANDA

3.6 SUPER STRUCTURE DESIGN:

3.6.1 AVAILABLE DATA:

 Effective span of T-beam bridge: 18.33m

 Total length of bridge: 55m
 Clear width of carriage way 7.5m (IRC 5: 1998 & IRC 6: 2014)
 Kerb width: 600mm (both side, pedestrians are allowed)
 Parapet: 1000 mm  150 mm  150 mm @ 1.5m c/c with 3-cast iron pipes as railing
 Camber: 1 in 100 (37.5 mm at center linearly varying to zero at kerbs)
 Wearing coat: 80mm
 Kerb height above pavement: 200mm (insurmountable type)
 Kerb type: full safety ensured
 Total kerb height above deck slab: 280 mm
 Clear depth of Longitudinal girders: 1400 mm
 Width of longitudinal girder: 400mm
 Width of cross girder: 300mm
 Clear depth of cross girder: 1400 mm
 Deck slab thickness: 250 mm
 Cantilever slab: 400 mm at girder face; linearly varying @ 0.11 to ends i.e. 200 mm
 Total overall depth of the super structure: 1800mm
 c/c spacing of longitudinal girders: 2500 mm
 c/c spacing of cross girders: 4507.50 mm
 clear distance of cantilever span from face of girder: 1800mm
 Grade of concrete: M35
 Design strength: fcd = 0.67fck/mMPa (Annex – A2 of IRC 112: 2011)
 Grade of steel : Fe415 (IS 1786 : 2000)
 Design strength of steel : fy/1.15 = 0.87fy MPa (clause-15.2.3.3 of IRC 112:2011)
 Poisson’s ratio:  = 0.2 (Annex-B; B-3-1 of IRC 112:2011 )
 Analysis of deck slab: Piegaud’s curve
3.6.2 DESIGN OF INTERIOR SLAB PANEL:

The slab is supported on four sides by longitudinal and cross girders which c/c spacing is as
shown in the figure above. The slab thickness is 250 mm and breadth and length respectively
are 2.5m and 4.5075 m. the effective span will be taken as the clear span of the slabs since
these are the continuous slabs. So effective width Beff = 2.1m and effective length Leff =
4.2075m.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

v 4.5075m
L

One-wheel
loaded
area of
vehicle

2.5 m

Fig-7 (Interior Slab Panel with one wheel of Tracked Vehicle)

3.6.2.1 Bending Moment of the Slab Panel due to Dead Load:

Weight of slab = 0.25  1 1 25 = 6.25 kN/m2

Weight of wearing coat = 0.080  22 1 1 = 1.76 kN/m2
Weight of camber = 0.45 kN/m2
Total dead weight = 8.46 kN/m2

As Pieguad’s curve is used in design,

hence K = B/L = 2.5/4.5075 = 0.55

Also dead load moment is to be computed and hence u/B = 1.0 and v/L = 1.0

Using Pieguad’s curve for K=0.5, u/B = 1.0 and v/L=1.0,

m1=0.047 and m2=0.004

Also for K=0.6, u/B = 1.0 and v/L = 1.0,

m1=0.047 and m2 = 0.016

After interpolation, we find that m1=0.047 and m2=0.0145

Total dead load on the slab is given by = 8.46 2.54.5075 = 95.33

Short span moment is MB = 95.33 (0.047+0.200.0145) = 4.76 kN-m
Long span moment is ML = 95.33 (0.0145+0.200.047) = 2.28 kN-m
Since these are continuous slabs, a continuity factor of 0.8 will be multiplied. So final end
moment is given by MBF = 3.81 kN-m and MBL = 1.824 kN-m
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

3.6.2.2 Bending Moment due to Live Load:

a. IRC class AA tracked Vehicle:

The wheel is placed at the center of the slab as shown in the figure previously. For maximum
bending moment to be occurred, the load dispersion is taken to be occurring through wearing
coat only. The load is disperses at 450 through the wearing coat as per Annex-B of IRC 112:2011.

Hence u = 0.85+20.080 = 1.01m and v = 3.60 + 20.080 = 3.76m

Hence u/B = 0.404 , v/L = 0.8342 and K = B/L = 2.5/4.5075 = 0.55.

Referring to Pieguad’s curve,

For K = 0.5, and for above u/B and v/L values,

m1 = 0.084 , m2 = 0.009

Similarly for K = 0.6, we get

m1 = 0.095 and m2 = 0.03

After interpolating, we get

m1 = 0.089 and m2 = 0.019

Short span bending moment is given by, (taking continuity into account)
MB = 0.8350(0.089+0.20.019) = 25.984 kN-m
ML = 0.8 350(0.019+0.20.089) = 10.304 kN-m
As per IRC 6:2010, clause – 208.3, for tracked vehicles, the impact factor is 10% for spans up to
40m.
So MB = 28.58 kN-m and ML = 11.334 kN-m

b. IRC class-AA wheeled vehicle:

Following different references and guides on bridge engineering, it’s clearly understood that
though tracked vehicle gives the severest effect along short span/direction but along long span,
the wheeled vehicle gives severest effect. By going through “Essentials of Bridge Engineering:
D.J Victor” and “R.C.C design: B.C. Punmia, A.K Jain and A.K Jain” we find the following load
positioning gives the severest effect among other combinations.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

1250 mm 1250 mm

W 1 = 37.5 kw
2253.75 mm

W 2 =W 3= 62.5 kw

1 2 3
150 W1 W2 W3

300 m 1000 mm
600 mm
2253.75 mm

4 5 6

W1 W2 W3

Fig-8 (Loading of wheeled vehicle for severest effect)

Also as per IRC 6:2014 specifications, no other vehicles can come on to the panel during the
above arrangement.

Bending Moment calculation due to Wheel Load -2:

Tyre contact dimension : 300 mm  150 mm

So u = 0.3+20.080 = 0.460 m and v = 0.15+20.080 = 0.310 m
The value of u/B = 0.184 , v/L = 0.069 and B/L = 0.55
Using Pieguad’s curve, m1 = 0.22 and m2 = 0.20
Hence MB1 = 62.5 (0.22+0.20.2) = 16.25 kN-m and ML1 = 62.5(0.2+0.220.2) = 15.25 kN-m

Bending Moment due to Wheel Load -1

Since Pieguad’s curve is applicable to only symmetrical loading pattern, it cannot be used
directly for unsymmetrical loading. In order to calculate the moment, a dummy load having
equal magnitude will be arranged at equal distance as per real load from the center of slab or
from the vertical axis of the slab. The arrangement is shown in the figure.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

370 mm

W1 0.31 m
W1

450 mm 450 mm

600 mm 600 mm

Fig-9 (Bending moment calculation due to Wheel Load-1)

So u = 2(u1 + x) = 2(0.46+0.37) = 1.66m and v = 0.31m

Load intensity = 37.5/(.31.46) = 262.973 kN/m2

K = B/L = 0.55, u/B = 0.664 and v/L = 0.069

Hence m1 = 0.12 and m2 = 0.14
MB = (0.12+0.20.14)262.9731.660.31 = 20.03 kN-m
Similarly ML = 22.193 kN-m

 Now u = 2x = 20.37 = 0.74 and v = 0.31

K = 0.55, u/B = 0.296 and v/L = 0.069
From Pieguad’s curve, m1 = 0.184 and m2 = 0.189
MB’ = 13.38 kN-m and ML’ = 13.622 kN-m

Hence total moment is given by,

MB2 = (20.03 – 13.38) 0.5 kN-m = 3.325 kN-m

ML2 = (22.193 – 13.622) 0.5 kN-m = 4.285 kN-m

Bending Moment due to Wheel Load-3:

 Now in this case u = 2(0.46+0.77) = 2.46m , v = 0.31 m

Load intensity is 62.5/(.31.46) = 438.3 kN/m2
K = 0.55, u/B = 0984 and v/L = 0.069
From Pieguad’s curve, m1 = 0.09 and m2 = 0.09
MB = 36.10 kN-m and ML = 36.10 kN-m
 Taking u = 2x = 20.77 = 1.54 and v = 0.31,
K = 0.55, u/B = 0.616 and v/L = 0.069
Hence m1 = 0.125 and m2 = 0.14
MB’ = 32.01 kN-m and ML’= 34.52 kN-m

MB3 = [36.10 - 32.01] 0.5 = 2.045 kN-m

BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

ML3 = [36.10 - 34.52] 0.5 = 0.79 kN-m

Bending Moment due to Wheel Load at - 5:

 u =0.46m, v = 2(v1+x) = 2(0.31 + 1.045) = 2.71m

Load intensity = 62.5/(0.460.31) = 438.3 kN/m2
K = 0.55, u/B = 0.184, v/L = 0.60
So m1 = 0.125 and m2 = 0.0306
MB = 71.57 kN-m and ML = 30.35 kN-m
 u = 0.46m and v = 2x = 21.045 = 2.09m
K = 0.55, u/B = 0.184 and v/L = 0.464
From Pieguad’s curve, m1 = 0.1441 and m2 = 0.043
MB’ = 64.30 kN-m and ML’ = 30.25 kN-m
So MB = 3.635 kN-m and ML = 0.05 kN-m

Bending Moment due to wheel Load at – 4:

 u = 2(u1+x) = 2(0.46+0.37) = 1.66m and v = 2(v1+y) = 2(0.31+1.045) = 2.71m

K = 0.55, u/B = 0.664 and v/L = 0.601
Coefficient m1 = 0.09205 and m2 = 0.027
After multiplying with (u1+x)(v1+y) with both coefficients,
m1’ = 0.1015 and m2’ = 0.0304
 u = 2x = 20.37 = 0.74m, v = 2y = 21.045 = 2.09m
K = 0.588, u/B = 0.296 and v/L = 0.464
So m1 = 0.134 and m2 = 0.0405
Multiplying with xy,
we get m1’=0.052 and m2’ = 0.016
 u = 0.74m, v = 2.71m
K = 0.55, u/B = 0.296 and v/L = 0.601
m1 = 0.12 and m2 = 0.03 and multiplying with x(v1+y) = 0.5013,
m1’ = 0.060 and m2’=0.015
 u =1.66 m and v = 2.09m
K = 0.55, u/B = 0.664 and v/L = 0.464
m1 = 0.095 and m2 = 0.038
Multiplying with y(u1+x) = 0.87,
m1’=0.083 and m2’ =0.033

So m1 = [(0.1015+0.052)-(0.060+0.083)] = 0.0105
m2 = [(0.0304+0.016)-(0.015+0.033)]  0
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

37.5
MB4 = 0.46 [0.0105+0.20] = 2.761 kN-m
0.31

37.5
ML4 = 0.46 [0.20.0105+0] = 0.552 kN-m
0.31

Bending Moment due to Wheel Load at -6:

 1 u = 2[u1+x] = 2[0.46+0.77] = 2.46 m and v = 2[v1+x] = 2[0.31+1.045] = 2.71 m

K = 0.55, u/B = 0.984 and v/L = 0.601
m1 = 0.068, m2 = 0.02
[u1+x][v1+y] = 1.231.355 = 1.67
m1’=0.113 and m2’ = 0.0334
 2 u = 2x =1.54m and v = 2y = 2.09m
K=0.55, u/B = 0.616 and v/L = 0.464
m1 = 0.097, m2 = 0.038
xy = 0.804
Hence m1’ = 0.078 and m2’ = 0.0305
 3 u = 2[u1+x] = 2.46m and v = 2y =2.09m
K = 0.55, u/B = 0984 and v/L = 0.464
m1 =0.074 and m2 = 0.03
y(u1+x) = 1.285
m1’ = 0.095 and m2’=0.038
 4 u = 2x = 1.54m and v = 2(v1+y) = 2.71m
K = 0.55, u/B = 0.616 and v/L = 0.6012
m1 = 0.092 and m2 = 0.025
Multiplying x(v1+y) = 1.043 with above coefficients,
m1’ = 0.096 and m2’ = 0.026
So final coefficients are,
m1 = [(0.113+0.078)-(0.095+0.096)] = 0
m2 = [(0.0334+0.0305)-(0.038+0.026)] 0
The resulting moment is given by,
MB6 = ML6 = 0 kN-m

Total bending moment is given by,

MB= 16.25+3.325+2.045+3.635+2.761 = 28.016 kN-m

ML = 15.25+4.285+0.79+0.05+0.552 = 20.93 kN-m

Applying continuity and impact,

MB = 28.016  0.8  1.18 = 26.45 kN-m
ML = 20.93  0.8 1.18 = 19.76 kN-m
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

The impact factor is taken as 18% as per clause-208.4 of IRC 6: 2014. It can be seen that the
moment along short span for tracked load is greater while the wheel load bending moment
along the longer span is severer. Hence the moment for tracked load will be taken along shorter
direction and moment along longer direction will be considered from wheel load in the design
of deck slab.

3.6.3 WIND LOAD ANALYSIS:

Since the structure is open in longitudinal cross section and it has all possibilities that it will be
drowned inside water up to HFL level during storm; as the storm occurs in the tropical region
especially in India during rainy season most of the times. Hence there is no need to consider the
lateral wind force. But still considering worst condition, let’s calculate the uplift force. IS 875
(part-III) : 1987 will be used for this purpose.

As per clause-5.3, IS 875 (part - III):1987 says that

design wind speed is given by , Vz = Vbk1k2k3

Vb = 50 m/sec (Appendix -A) = 180 kmph (for Bhubaneswar zone)

As per clause – 5.3, the wind speed is considered constant up to the height of 10m of any
structure.
k1 = 1.08 (Table-1), k2 = 1.00 (Table-2, Category -2, class - A) and k3 = 1 (ɵ = 00, clause – 5.3.3.1)

Hence Vz = 180  1.08  1.00  1.00 = 194.40 kmph  200kmph = 55.56 m/sec

Using clause- 5.4,

pz = 0.6Vz2 = 0.6  (55.56)2 = 1852.15 N/m2 = 1.85 kN/m2

The solidity ratio is equal to 00 in our case. Hence ф = 00

From table-7 (page -19), taking α = 00andф = 00 ,

C1 = (-)1.4 = 1.4 (suction)
As per clause – 6.2.2.7 (page - 27) for overhangs sloping upward, C2 = 0.75 and the positive sign
indicates that this will be acting downward. Hence total pressure force per unit run on the slab
will be calculated separately for the cantilever and intermediate road way section.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

1.80 m 2.1 m 2.1 m 1.80 m

Wind pressure 400 mm

force

Fig-10 (Wind load on Super Structure)

The pressure distribution is as shown in the figure.

Fuplift/m run = C1pzA = 1.4  .85  4.2  18.33/18.33 = 10.878 kN/m
Fdownward/m run = C2pzA = 0.75  1.85 3.6  18.33/18.33 = 4.995 kN/m  5kN/m

Hence it can be seen that the cantilever section will not be experiencing any uplift force and the
wind pressure will be in the same direction as that of the live load.

Also it can be noted that as per clause – 212.5 of IRC 6: 2014, no live load will be considered on
the deck when wind speed exceeds 130 kmph.

Now the longitudinal girders can be seen as loaded as below figure for intermediate spans.

4207.50
mm
10.878 kw/m

Fig-11 (Wind load acting Longitudinally on Super Structure)

Total upward force acting on one slab panel is given by,

10.878  4.2075 = 45.77 kN << 95.33 0.8 = 76.264 kN (dead load of slab panel). Hence it can be
concluded that since uplift pressure is lesser than the dead weight of slab panel itself, no
danger of negative suction and hence wind pressure need not be considered. Also as the
elevated area of the slab panel is quite less, there is no danger of lateral pressure. Hence this
can be omitted.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

3.6.4 SHEAR FORCE CALCULATION FOR INTERIOR SLAB PANEL:

3.6.4.1 Wheel Load Shear:

Following IRC-112:2011 (B-3.3, Annex- B-3), the dispersion of load through wearing coat & slab
will be at 45°.
Hence dispersion of load is given by 0.85+2(0.08+0.25) =1.51m.
For maximum shear to occur , the load dispersion should be within face of girder.
So wheel load will be kept at least 1.51/2=0.755m from the longitudinal girder face; as shown in
the figure.

Fig-12 (Load dispersion through deck slab)

Referring IRC-112:2011,clause-B 3.2(page-278),

bef =αa(1 ‒ 𝑎/l0)+b1
4.2075
b/l0 = 2.1 = 2.003 > 2.00
α =2.6
l0=2.1
a=0.755m
b1=3.6+2 × 0.08=3.76m
be=2.6 × 0.755(1 ‒ 0.755/2.1)+3.76
=5.017m
Load per meter width is
350
= 5.017 = 69.763

69.763 × (2.1 ‒ 0.755)

Maximum shear force = 2.1
=44.681 kN/m
Shear force with impact due to tracked vehicle = 49.15 kN/m
3.6.4.2 Dead load shear:
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Total dead weight= 8.46 KN/m2

8.46 × 2.1
Total dead load shear= 2 = 8.883 kN/m
3.6.5 DESIGN BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE:

Toal MB = 3.81+28.58=32.39 KN-m

Ml = 1.824+19.76=21.584 KN-m
Total shear force=(8.883+49.15) KN/m
=58.03 KN/m
Since we have considered limit state method the above load values will be 1.5 times that of
calculated as per Anex A2 of IRC: 112-2011
So MB = 48.585  50 kN-m
Ml = 32.376  33 kN-m
Vu = 87.045 kN/m

Minimum effective depth as per maximum bending moment is given by

50 × 106
d =
(0.36 × 35 × 0.48 × 103 × (1 ‒ 0.416 × 0.48))
= 101.635 mm
As per table – 14.2, clause –14.3.2.1 (page 142) of IRC–112: 2011,
Clear cover =40+8=48 mm
So, d = 250 ‒ 48 =202 mm > 101.63 mm (ok)
Using 16 mm-∅ bars,cover for short span = 210 ‒ 8 =202mm and cover for long span =202 ‒
16=186 mm.

3.6.6 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS FOR INTEROIR SLAB PANEL:

(i)Area of steel along short direction

(Ast)B =
0.5 × 35
415 × ⌊ 1‒
4.6 × 50 × 106
⌋
1 ‒ 35 × 103 × 2022 × 103 × 202
As per clause -16.6.1.1 of IRC:112-2011
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
(Ast)min = 0.26 × 𝑓𝑦𝑘 × b td
From table -6.5 (Page-38)of IRC :112-2011
Fctm=2.8 N/mm2
Fyk= 415 N/mm2
Bt=1000 mm
D = 202 mm
(Ast)min=354.351 mm2
Also same clause specified
(Ast)min=0.0013btd
= 262.6mm2
(Ast)max=0.025Ac
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

=0.025 × 250 × 1000 = 6250mm2

Spacing of bars as per clause-16.6.1.1(4) of IRC-2011 is,
smax< 2h = 2 × 250 = 500 mm
In our case,spacing of 16 mm ∅ bars is
1000 × 𝜋/4 × 162
S= 716.008
=280.811mm> 250 mm
Also as per clause-15.2.1 (2) of IRC:112-2011,
The clear distance between the parallel main reinforcing bars should not be less than
dg+10=20+10=30 mm and 20 mm , whichever is greater
Dg= aggregate size = assumed 20mm for slabs, providing 16 mm-∅ bars @ 225mm c/c
1000 × 𝜋/4 × 162
((Ast)B)provided = 225

=893.61 mm2

Also as per clause -12.2.2, page – 120 of IRC:112-2011, under rare combination of loads,the
maximum tensile stress limits to 0.8 fy is to avoid inelastic strain, undesirable
cracking/deformation of structure and also to account for long term creep.

We have calculated the steel area taking fyd=0.87fyk ( as per cl-15.2.3.3 IRC:112-2011)
0.8
Considering the worst case i.e rare combination of loads, additional steel area required =1 ‒ 0.87
= 0.080 = 8% of required steel area.
8
So 8% of (Ast)required =100 × 716.005 = 57.28 mm2

Ast to be provided=716.005+57.28=773.28 mm2< 893.61 mm2 (ok)

(Ast)Bprov. =893.61 mm2

(ii) Area of steel along long direction

Providing 12mm-∅ bars,

(Ast)L =
0.5 × 35
415 × [ 4.6 × 33 × 106
]
1 ‒ 1 ‒ 35 × 103 × 1902 × 103 × 190 = 480.53 mm2

𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑚
(Ast)min=0.26 × 𝑓𝑦𝑘 × 𝑏𝑓 × 𝑑 ( cl-16.6.1,IRC:112-2011)

Fctm= 2.8 N/m2 (table-6.5 of IRC:112-2011)

2.8
(Ast)min =0.26 × 415 × 1000 × 190 =333.301 mm2
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Also as per same clause ,

(Ast)min =0.0013btd=247 mm2

(Ast)max= 0.025Ac=0.025 × 250 × 1000 =6250 mm2

Spacing of bars as per clause-16.6.1.1(4 of IRC:112-2011 is,

Smax < 2h=2 × 250 = 500 mm or 250mm ( smaller value is taken)

1000 × 𝜋/4 × 122
S= 480.53 =235.36mm

Hence providing spacing of bars @175 mm c/c & using 12mm ∅ bars
1000 × 𝜋/4 × 122
((Ast)l)provided = 175 =646.30 mm2

Also as per clause-15.2.1(2) of IRC:112-2011, the clear distance between the parallel main
reinforcing bars should not be less than dg+10=20+10=30 mm or 20 mm (larger value is taken).

Also asper clause-12.2.2,P-120 of loads ,the max tensile stress in steel is limited to 0.8fyk to
avoid inelastic stain ,undesirable cracking/deformation of structure & also to account for long
term creep.
0.8
Hence more area required is = (1 ‒ 0.87)(Ast)required

=0.08 × 480.53=38.44 mm2

(Astl)required for creep cracking =480.53 + 38.44 =518.97 mm2< 646.30 mm2

(Ast)L.prov=646.30 mm2

 For detailed reinforcement provision, please refer to Appendix B attached with this
thesis.

3.6.7 SHEAR CHECK IN INTERIOR DECK SLAB PANEL:

Vu87.045 KN/m = VEd.

Vrdc =[0.12𝑘(80𝜌1𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝]bwd (clause- 10.3.2, IRC:112-2011)

VRdc =(Vmin+0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝)bwd (minimum)

200 200
K=1+ 𝑑 = 1+ 250=1.894 < 2.0 (ok)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Vmin= 0.031K3/2fck1/2 =0.031 × 1.9953/2 × 350.5 =0.478 and 𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 0

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜌1 = 𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≤ 0.02

Asl =( Ast)B /2 =893.61/2=446.80 mm2

bw =1000, d = 202

𝜌1= 2.21 × 10 ‒ 3=0.00221 < 0.02 (ok)

VRdc=[0.12 × 1.894 × (80 × 0.00221 × 35)0.33] × 1000 × 250 =103.684 KN/m

(VRdc)min=119.50 KN/m

So minimum shear resistance isVRdc= 119.5 KN/m ≫ VEd = 87.045 KN/m

No shear reinforcement is necessary in slabs.

3.6.8 DESIGN OF CANTILEVER SLAB:

Fig-13 (Cantilever portion of Slab)

3.6.8.1 Dead load Moment:

BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Hand rail (lump sum)=2 KN

Lever arm = 1.725m

Mla = 2 × 1.725 =3.45 kN-m

R.C.C post = 0.15 × 0.15 × 1 × 25 =0.562 kN

Lever arm = 1.725m

MRP= 0.97 KN-m

Kerb = 075 × 0.28 × 1 × 25 =5.25 kN

Lever arm=1.425 m

Mkerb=7.48 KN-m

R.C.C slab =0.3 × 1.8 × 25=13.5 KN

Lever arm=0.9 m

MRS=12.15 KN-m

Wearing coat = 0.080 × 1.05 × 22=1.85 KN

Lever arm=0.525m

Mwc=25.02 KN-m

Total dead load moment

Mdc=25.02 KN-m

3.6.8.2 Live load on Kerb:

L.L =400 kg/m2=4 KN/m2

Lateral load due to live load is =750 kg/m=7.5 KN/m

L.L=4 × 0.6=2.4 KN/m

Lateral L.L =7.5 KN/m

L.L moment =2.4 × 1.35= 3.24 KN-m

Lateral L.L moment=7.5 × 0.58 = 4.35 KN-m (cl- 209 of IRC:6-2000)

BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

3.6.8.3 Moment due to wheel load:

As per IRC-6:2010, only IRC-class A & IRC-class-B

Vehicles can come to the cantilever portion,since it can have a minimum distance 150 mm from
kerb .

57 kw
150 mm

500 mm

0.65 m

Fig-14 (Wheel load on cantilever slab)

Using IRC-112:2011,

Annexure:B-3(2),Page-279,

effective depth (Bef)= 1.2a+b1

a=0.65 m

b1=0.25 + 2 × 0.080 =0.41 m

Bef=1.2 × 0.65 + 0.41 =1.19 m

Live load per meter width including impact is

=(0.57 × 1.5)/1.19=71.85 kN-m

Wheel load moment(Mwc)= 71.85 × 0.65

= 46.70 KN-m

119 × 106
drequired =
0.36 × 35 × 0.48 × 103 × (1 ‒ 0.416 × 0.48)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

=156.80 mm

Providing 40 mm clear cover &16 mm ∅ bars,

Effective depth provided is

dprovided =400-(40+8)=352 mm ≫ 156.80 (ok)

3.6.9 REINFORCEMENT IN CANTILEVER SLAB:

Main reinforcement is given by

(Ast)main = [
0.5 × 35
415
4.6 × 119 × 106
]
1 ‒ 1 ‒ 35 × 103 × 3522 × 103 × 352

=968.4056 mm2

Spacing of 16 mm-∅ bars is given by

𝜋
S =1000 × 4 × 162 =207.6 mm

Providing 16 mm-∅ bars @ 190 mm c/c,

(Ast)main = 1058.22 mm2

Distribution moment is given by

Mdc = 1.5 × [0.3 × 56.043 + 0.2 × 25.02]

=31.941 kN-m

Distribution reinforcement is

(Ast)dc = 349.2 mm2; Providing 12mm-∅ bars @ 175 mm c/c

[(Ast)dc]provided =646.27 mm2 > 349.2 mm2 (ok)

 Detailing of reinforcement is done in Appendix-B

3.6.10 CHECK FOR SHEAR IN CANTILEVER PORTION:

Total shear=dead load shear + liveload shear

5.7
= 23.162 + 1.5 × 1.19 + 2.4 = 97.411
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

(where 1.19= bef (Annex-B3,IRC:112-2011))

Design shear = 1.5 × 97.41= 146.115 kN=VEd

As per clause-10.3.2(2) of IRC:112-2011,

Shear resistance of a structure is given by

1/3
VRdc =[0.12k(80𝜌1𝑓𝑐𝑘) + (0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝)]𝑏𝑤𝑑

Subject to min VRdc=(Vmin+0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝)bwd

200 200
K=1+ 𝑑 =1+ 400 = 1.7 < 2.0 (ok)

Vmin=0.031k3/2fck1/2

=0.031 × 1.713/2 × 351/2 =0.41

Asl 1058.22
𝜌1 =𝑏𝑤𝑑 =1000 × 400 = 2.645 × 10 ‒ 3

1/3
VRdc=[0.12 × 1.71 × (80 × 2.645 × 10 ‒ 3 × 35) ] × 103 × 400 =158.93 kN

(VRdc)min=0.41 × 1000 × 400 =164 kN

∴VRdc =164 kN > VEd =146.15 kN (ok)

Also IRC:112-2011,cl-10.3.2(5) specified the following criteria.

Ved ≤ 0.5bwdvfcd
𝑓𝑐𝑘
V=0.6[1 ‒ 310]

35
=0.6[1 ‒ 310]=0.532

So 0.5bwdvfcd= 0.5 × 1000 × 400 × 0.532 × 0.36 × 35

=1340.64 KN > VEd (ok)

The live load applied is 0.65 m from the edge of support. The same clause specifies that is the
applied load is at av i.e 0.5d to 2d (200mm to 800mm ),then there will be reduction factor
multiplied to Ved.So in our case the dead load shear will be as it’s i.e 23.162 KN
57
But live load shear will be (1.5 × 1.19) × 𝛽
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

𝛽 = reduction factor=av/2d

av= 650 mm
650
𝛽 =2 × 400=0.8125

57
Vls=1.5 × 1.19 × 0.8125

=58.377KN

Total shear=84 kN

Ved=126 KN

VRdc=164 KN > 126 kN (ok)

 It may be noted that the downward wind force will be only 5 × 1.8=9 KN against live
load 86.22 KN. Hence, there is no need of combination of loads taking wind effect in to
account.

3.6.11 DEFLECTION CHECK FOR CANTILEVER SLAB:

The deflection will be checked as per is 456:2000.since we have different loading at different
positions,we have to consider them separate

3.6.11.1 First Trail (Annex-c of is 456:2000):

Short term deflection

𝑏 × 𝑑3 1000 × 2003
(Igr)end= 12 = 12 = 6.67 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Igr)mid=22.5× 10 𝑚𝑚 ,(Igr)at 0.65m = 29.35 × 108𝑚𝑚4
8 4

Fcr =0.7 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 4.141 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

4.141 × 6.67 × 108
(Mr)end= 100 = 27.6𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
8
4.141 × 22.5 × 10
(Mr)mid = 150 = 62.115𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
(Mr)0.65m=74.158 kN-m
Ec =5000 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 2.958 × 104 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑁 Es
Es =2 × 105 ,𝑚 = Ec = 6.76
𝑚𝑚2
Transformed area of compression steel =(m-1)×Asc =3427.93mm2
Transformed area of tension steel=m×Ast =7152.08𝑚𝑚2
Let “x” be the depth of neutral axis
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

At end
𝑥
Or 1000 × 𝑥 × 2 + 3427.93 × (𝑥 ‒ 46) = 7152.08 × (152 ‒ 𝑥)
Or 500𝑥2 + 10580.01𝑥 ‒ 1459363.34 = 0
Or x=44.47mm
At mid, 500𝑥2 + 10580.01𝑥 ‒ 1960008.94 = 0
X=52.92mm
At 0.65m, 500𝑥2 + 10580.01𝑥 ‒ 2158693.7 = 0
X=55.97mm
2
Ast = 1058mm 1058 mm2

300
200 Asc = 595mm
2
mm
mm

1000 mm 1000 mm
(end) 595 mm2 (mid)

1058 mm2

327.78 mm

1000 mm
595 mm2 (at 0.65m)

Fig-15 (Area of Reinforcement in different section of cantilever slab)

1
(Ir)end=3 × 1000 × (44.47)3 + 3427.93 × (44.47 ‒ 46)2 + 7152.08 × (152 ‒ 44.47)2
=1.117 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Ir)mid =3.1264 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Ir)at 0.65m =5.58 × 108𝑚𝑚4
z= lever arm iend=0.9d=136mm,zmid=226mm,zat 0.65m=251mm
(M)end=kerb+port&railing+l.due to pedestrian=7.48+3.45+0.97+4.35+3.24=19.49kn-m
(Mmid)=w.c+R.C slab=13.12kn-m
M0.65m=wheel laod=46.70kn-m
(𝑖𝑟)𝑒𝑛𝑑 1.117 × 108
(Ieff)end= (𝑚𝑟) 𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑑
= 27.6 136 44.47 =3.67 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(1 ‒ )(
𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑤 1.2 ‒ 19.49 × 152(1 ‒ 152 )
1.2 ‒ (𝑚) ×𝑑 × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑏 )
𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑑

(𝐼𝑟)𝑒𝑛𝑑 < (𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑛𝑑 < (𝐼𝑔𝑟)𝑒𝑛𝑑(𝑜𝑘)

(𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓)𝑚𝑖𝑑 = ( ‒ )1.455 × 108 > (𝐼𝑟)𝑚𝑖𝑑
So (𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓)𝑚𝑖𝑑 = (𝐼𝑟)𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 3.1264 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Ieff )at 0.5 m=88.84 × 108𝑚𝑚4 > (Igr)at 0.65m
So (Ieff )at 0.65 m=29.35 × 108𝑚𝑚4
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

𝑤𝑙3 10212 × (1800)3

(𝛿1)end=3𝐸 𝐼 = = 1.83𝑚𝑚
𝑐 𝑟 3 × (2.958 × 104) × (3.67 × 108)
15350 × (1800)3
(𝛿1)mid = = 1.21𝑚𝑚
8 × (2.958 × 104) × (3.1264 × 108)
1.15 × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 𝑤𝑙3
(𝛿1)At 0.65m =𝐸 𝐼
1
𝑐 𝑟
[ 2 + 3] = 0.64𝑚𝑚
Total deflection due to short tern loading =3.68mm
Deflection due to shrinkage
acs=k3csl2
k3=0.5(for cantilever)
pt=0.7% ,pc=0.4%
𝑝𝑡 ‒ 𝑝𝑐
k4=0.72 𝑝𝑡
= 0.26 < 1.0
0.25𝑝𝑡 ‒ 𝑝𝑐 = 0.3 < 1.0 (𝑜𝑘)
(cs )end=3.9 × 10 ‒ 7
acs=0.63mm
Note-:here at other points,the ‘cs’ will give much lesser value relating least shrinkage
deflection.
Deflection due to creep
𝐸𝑐
Ece =1 + 𝜃
𝜃=1.6(for 28-days strength)
Ece =1.1377 × 104𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
m =Es/Ec = 17.58
Transformed area for compression steel (m-1)Asc = 9864.7 mm2
Transformed area for tension steel mAst = 18598.93 mm2
Let x-be the depth of neutral axis.
At End:
𝑥
1000x2 + 9864.7(x-46) = 18598.93(152-x)
Or 500x2+28463.63x – 3280813.56 = 0
Or x = 57.40 mm
At mid:
500x2 + 28463.63x – 5140706.56 = 0
Or x = 76.853mm
At 0.65 m:
500x2 + 28463.63x – 5657384.835 = 0
Or x = 81.65 mm

Same lever arm as used before will be used.

BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

1
So I r .end  1000  (57.4)3  9864.70(57.4  46) 2  18598.93(152  57.4) 2 = 2.30108 mm4
3
Similarly Ir.mid = 7.3108 mm4 and Ir at 0.65m = 9.22108 mm4
I r .end
So ( I r .eff )end   5.59 108 mm 4
Mr z x bw
1.2  ( )end  ( )end  (1  )end 
M d d b
Ir.end< Ieff.end< Igr.end (OK)

Similarly (Ieff)mid= ‒ 4.17 × 108𝑚𝑚4 < (Ir)mid

(Ieff)mid =7.3 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Ieff)at 0.65m =29.35 × 108𝑚𝑚4
But in this case ,for calculating perm. Creep using above equations & Ece,only permanent load
will be taken care of .no live load will be there
So (W)end=kerb +R.C pol&railing=5.25+2.562=7.812 kN/m
(W)mid =W.C+R.C slab=1.85+13.5=15.35 kn/m
(𝑊𝑒𝑛𝑑) × 𝑙3 (𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑑) × 𝑙3
(ai.cc)perm= 3𝐸 +
𝑐𝑒 × 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 8𝐸𝑐𝑒 × 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓
=(2.39+1.35)mm=3.74mm
Short term deflection due to permanent load
𝟕.𝟖𝟏𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝟏𝟓.𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 × 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟑
ai.perm = 𝟒 𝟖 + 𝟖 × 𝟐.𝟗𝟓𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 × 𝟑.𝟏𝟐𝟔𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖=1.4+1.21=2.61mm
𝟑 × 𝟐.𝟗𝟓𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎 × 𝟑.𝟔𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎
So deflection due to creep is given by
3.74-2.61=1.13mm
Total deflection is =3.68+0.63+1.13
=5.44mm
However this deflection will be lesser in practical as more accurate calculations will reveal the
result
𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
As per clause 12.4.1 of IRC:112-2011,the deflection should be limited to = 375
1800
= 375 = 4.8𝑚𝑚 < 5.44𝑚𝑚
 Now let’s check it as per cl-23.2 of is:456-2000
fs=220.27, pt=0.7%
Modification factor=1.2(fig-4,p-38)
pc=0.4%
Modification factor=1.12
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Basic 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ = 7(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟)
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛
Modified 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ=71.121.2=9.408
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏
Our 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉= 6<9.408(ok)

But revising the section as providing 16 ф bars 225mm c/c & 12mm ф bars@225mm
alternatively&rechecking,the defection criteria is satisfied. Hence total reinforcement provided
is given by 1396 mm2.
3.6.11.2 Second Trail- Rechecking of deflection for Cantilever Slab(Annex c of IS-456:2000):
Short term deflection
𝑏 × 𝑑3 1000 × 2003
(Igr)end= 12 = 12 = 6.67 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Igr)mid=22.5× 10 𝑚𝑚 ,(Igr).65m = 29.35 × 108𝑚𝑚4
8 4

Fcr =0.7 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 4.141𝑛/𝑚𝑚2

4.141 × 6.67 × 108
(Mr)end= 100 = 27.6𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
4.141 × 22.5 × 108
(Mr)mid = 150 = 62.115𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
(Mr)0.65m=74.158 kn-m

Ec =5000 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 2.958 × 104𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑛 Es
Es =2 × 105 ,𝑚 = Ec = 6.76
2
𝑚𝑚
Transformed area of compression steel =(m-1)×Asc =3720.96mm2
Transformed area of tension steel=m×Ast =9436.96𝑚𝑚2
Let “x” be the depth of neutral axis
At end
𝑥
=1000 × 𝑥 × 2 + 3720.96 × (𝑥 ‒ 46) = 9436.96 × (152 ‒ 𝑥)
=500𝑥2 + 13157.92𝑥 ‒ 1605582.08 = 0
=x=45.02mm
At mid
=500𝑥2 + 13157.92𝑥 ‒ 2549278.08 = 0
X=59.45mm
At 0.65m
=500𝑥2 + 13157.92𝑥 ‒ 2811436.83 = 0
X=62.97mm
1
(Ir)end=3 × 1000 × (45.02)3 + 3720.96 × (45.02 ‒ 46)2 + 9436.96 × (152 ‒ 45.02)2
=1.38 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Ir)mid =4.2 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Ir)at 0.65m =5.27 × 108𝑚𝑚4
z= lever arm. zend=0.9d=136mm,zmid=226mm,zat 0.65m=251mm
(M)end=kerb+port&railing+l.due to pedestrian=7.48+3.45+0.97+4.35+3.24=19.49KN-m
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

(Mmid)=w.c+R.C slab=13.12KN-m
M0.65m=wheel laod=46.70KN-m
(𝑖𝑟)𝑒𝑛𝑑
(Ieff)end= (𝑚𝑟) 𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑑
=4.5 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(1 ‒ )
𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑒𝑛𝑑
1.2 ‒ (𝑚) ×𝑑 × 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑑

(𝐼𝑟)𝑒𝑛𝑑 < (𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓)𝑒𝑛𝑑 < (𝐼𝑔𝑟)𝑒𝑛𝑑(𝑜𝑘)

(𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓)𝑚𝑖𝑑 = ( ‒ )2.05 × 108𝑚𝑚4;𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 (𝐼𝑟)𝑚𝑖𝑑 = 4.2 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Ieff )at 0.65 m=54.44 × 108𝑚𝑚4 < (Igr)at 0.65m=29.35 × 108𝑚𝑚4
𝑤𝑙3 1.15 × 𝑤 × 𝑙2 𝑤𝑙3
(𝛿1)end=3𝐸 𝐼 = 1.5𝑚𝑚, (𝛿1)mid =0.9𝑚𝑚, (𝛿1)At 0.65m =𝐸 𝐼
𝑐 𝑟 𝑐 𝑟
1
[ 2 + 3] = 0.64𝑚𝑚
Total deflection due to short tern loading =3.04mm
Deflection due to shrinkage
acs=k3csl2
k3=0.5(for cantilever)
pt=0.92% ,pc=0.425%
k4 = 0.37 < 1.0
0.25𝑝𝑡 ‒ 𝑝𝑐 = 0.495 < 1.0 (𝑜𝑘)
(cs )end=5.55 × 10 ‒ 7
acs=0.9mm
Deflection due to creep-:
𝐸𝑐
Ece =1 + 𝜃
𝜃=1.6(for 28-days strength)
𝑁 𝐸𝑠
Ece =1.1377 × 104 2 ,m=𝐸 = 17.58
𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑒

Transformed area of compression steel =(m-1)×Asc =10710.68mm2

Transformed area of tension steel=m×Ast =24541.68 𝑚𝑚2
Depth of neutral axis at different section
At end at mid at 0.65m
X=63.2mm x=85.566mm x=91.08mm
8
(Ir)end=2.80 × 10 𝑚𝑚 , 4 8
(Ir)mid=9.03 × 10 𝑚𝑚 4

(Ir)0.65m=2.80 × 10 𝑚𝑚8 4

(Ieff)mid= ‒ 5.63 × 108𝑚𝑚4 < (Ir)mid

(Ieff)end =6.08 × 108𝑚𝑚4
(Ieff)at 0.65m =47.80 × 108𝑚𝑚4; which should not be greater than Igr at 0.65m
(W)end=7.812 kN/m, (W)mid =15.35 kN/m
(𝑊𝑒𝑛𝑑) × 𝑙3 (𝑊𝑚𝑖𝑑) × 𝑙3
(ai.cc)perm= 3𝐸 +
𝑐𝑒 × 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓 8𝐸𝑐𝑒 × 𝐼𝑒𝑓𝑓
=(2.2+1.1)mm=3.3mm
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Short term deflection due to permanent load

7.812 × 103 × 18003 15.35 × 103 × 18003
ai.perm = + 8 × 2.958 × 104 × 3.1264 × 108=1.4+1.21=2.61mm
3 × 2.958 × 104 × 3.67 × 108
Deflection due to creep = 0.69mm  0.70mm
Hence total deflection = 3.04 + 0.9+0.7 = 4.64 mm < 4.8 mm (ok)

3.6.12 ANCHORAGE LENGTH OF BARS:

3.6.12.1 Intermediate Deck Slab Panel:

(i) In short direction:

main bars = 16 mm∅ @ 225 mm c/c

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞
(lb.net)B=𝛼𝑎𝑙𝑏 × 𝐴 (page no-152, cl-15.2.4.3, of IRC:112-2011)
𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞 716.005

𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 893.61 =0.865

𝛼𝑎 =1 (for straight bars)

lb =k∅
∅ × 0.87𝑓𝑦
= 4𝑓𝑏𝑑

16 × 0.87 × 415
= 4 × 30 ( fbd=3.0 N/mm2 table-15.3 of page -150,IRC:112-2011)

=481.4 mm

Also k=30 [ for M35 concrete of table-15.4 of IRC:112-2011]

lb = 30 × 16 = 480 mm

let’s take lb=480mm

(lb.net)B =1 × 480 × 0.865

=415.0 mm ≈ 420 mm

lb.min =0.3lb =144 mm (for tension anchorage)

lb.min =0.6lb=288 mm ( for compression anchorage)

lb.min=10∅=160 mm or 100 mm
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

lb.net > lb.min (ok)

(ii) In long direction:

𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑞 480.53
𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =646.30=0.7430.75

𝛼𝑎 =1 (for straight bars)

lb =k∅

=30 × 12=360mm
12 × 0.87 × 415
or lb= 4× = 361.05 mm

So lb = 360 mm

lb.net =1 × 360 × 0.75 = 270 mm

lb.min =0.3lb=108 mm (tension anchor)

=0.6 lb=216 mm (compression anchor)

lb.min =10∅ =120 mm or 100 mm

lb.net > lb.min

3.6.12.2 Cantilever slab:

𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑞 872.56
𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 =1058.22 =0.824 (cl-15.2.4.3 of IRC:112-2011)

𝛼𝑎 =1

lb=k∅ =30 × 12=360 mm

lb.net =0.824 × 360=296.64 300 mm

3.6.13 CANTILEVER SLAB STIFFENING:

As per clause -16.6.1.4-(1)(a)&(b) of IRC:112-2011,the unsupported edge of a slab parallel to

traffic &beyond the clear road width &having varying depth shall be stiffened at any particular
point to the resisting moment of 500mm adjacent strip at that particular point.
93.61 2
[(Ast B)0.5m strip]in main slab between girder = 2 = 446.805𝑚𝑚
1396.26
[(Ast B)0.5m strip]in cantilever section = 2 = 698.132 𝑚𝑚2 > 446.805𝑚𝑚2(𝑜𝑘)
646.27
[(Ast l)0.5m strip]in main slab between girder = 2 = 323.135𝑚𝑚2
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

646.27
[(Ast L)0.5m strip]cantilever slab between girder = 2 = 323.135𝑚𝑚2

3.6.14 DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL GIRDER:

Effective span=18.33 m

rid width=400mm

slab thickness=250 mm

Main beam spacing=2.5 m

Depth of rib = 1400 mm

Total depth =1400+250+150=1800mm=D

(a) REACTION FACTOR:

Courbon’s method can be applied to our design since span to depth ratio is greater than 2.
Arrangement of class-AA tracked load for maximum eccentricity is as given below.

x = 0.075 m
2.05m

A
e = 1.1m C
B

7.5 m

Fig-16 (Arrangement of class-AA tracked load for maximum eccentricity)

As per Courbon’s formula ,

∑𝑤 ∑𝐼
Rx= 𝑛 [1 + ∑ dxe]
𝑑𝑥2

Rx=Reaction factor

It may be noted that RA=Rc since the same loading can be reversed in two cases.
2𝑊1 3𝐼
RA= 3 [1+ × 2.5 × 1.1]
2 × 2.52 × 𝐼

n= no of girders =3
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

dx=spacing of girders=2.5 m

W1=350 KN
𝑤 3 × 1.1
⇒RA=Rc= 3 [1+2 × 2.5] ( W=700 kN = total axle load )

RB = 2W1/3[1+0]

= 2W1/3 =0.33W

(b) DEAD LOAD:

From cantilever slab:

Weight of parapet railing=2 kN/m

Wearing coat=0.080 × 1.05 × 22=1.848 kN/m

Cantilever slab=0.3 × 1.8 × 25 = 13.5 kN/m

Kerb=0.28 × 0.75 × 25 = 5.25 kN/m

Parapet = 0.40 kN/m

Total dead load from cantilever slab =23kN/m

∴Total deck slab load =2 × 23+8.46 × 5.4 =91.684 kN/m

Live load due to pedestrian=4 × 2=8 kN/m

It is assumed that all loads are equally distributed to 3 girders

So deck slab dead load/girder=99.684/3 =33.228 kN/m

T-beam rib dead load:

0.4 × 1.4 × 25 = 15.50 kN/m

Total weight per girder = (33.23+15.5)=48.78 49 kN/m

Cross girder:

Dead weight of one cross girder is=0.3 × 1.4 × 25=10.50 kN/m

This load expands up to 2.5 m both sides on intermediate girder

BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Hence reaction from cross girder = 10.50 × 2.5=26.25 kN

The end cross beams will not be considered since their loads will be directly transferred to
support through piers. Hence end reactions need not be considered.

The presentation is as follows

4 KN/m
26.25 kN 26.25 kN 26.25kN 26.25 kN 26.25 kN

4.5075 m 4.5075 m 4.5075 m 4.5075 m

26.25 kN 26.25kN 26.25 kN

49 kN/m

Fig-17 (Reaction from Cross Girder on Longitudinal Girders)

Maximum dead load bending moment at center of span is,

49 × 18.332 26.25 × 18.33 26.25 × 18.33
(Mmax)dead load = 8
+ 4
+ 4
=2300 kN-m

Total dead load shear at support is

49 × 18.33 26.25 × 2 26.25
(Vdead)s= 2
+ 2
+ 2 =488.46489kN

(c) LIVE LOAD BENDING MOMENT IN GIRDER:

Span =18.33 m, Impact =10%; for maximum bending moment to occur, the live load is
placed centrally on the span as shown below.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

3.6 m 700 kN

a = 9.165 m b = 9.165 m

3.6826 3.6826
ab
= 4.5825
e

Fig-18 (Position of Class-AA tracked Load for maximum bending moment)

1
Live load bending moment is given by 2(3.6825 + 4.5825)_ × 700 = 2892.75𝐾𝑁-m2893 𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
Bending moment with impact & reaction factor is given by
(Ml)outer girder=0.553 × 1.10 × 2893 = 1759.812 𝐾𝑁 ‒ 𝑚1760 𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
(Ml)inner girder=0.333 × 1.10 × 2893 = 1059.71 1060𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
(d) LIVE LOAD SHEAR:

For shear force to be maximum,the loading should be arranged as shown below.

longitudinal
girder
C

W 1= 350 kN

B
3.6 m
W2= 2.05 m
350 kN 2.5 m

0.45 m

A
4.5075 m 4.5075 m 4.5075 m 4.5075 m
cross girder

16.53 m

1
0.8036

A B

1
3.6 m

Fig-19 (Live load arrangement for maximum shear force )

BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Wheel load placed at starting will be giving maximum shear i.e. starting point of either end;
either ‘A’ or ‘B’ . Again one wheel has to be placed on one girder to give severe effect as the
distribution load will occur only for one wheel load.
0.45
Reaction of ‘w2’ on girder-B is given by 350 × 2.5 =63 kN

2.05
Reaction of ‘W2’ on girder-A is given by 350 × 2.50 =287 kN

Total load on girder –B =350+63 = 413 KN

413 × 16.53
Maximum reaction on support of girder ‘B’ is = 18.33 = 372.44 kN

Maximum live load shear including impact =1.1 × 372.44 = 409.68410 𝑘𝑁

TABLE-4(Design Bending Moment and Shear force on Girders)

Bending D.L Bending L.L Bending Total Bending Unit

Moment/Girder Moment Moment Moment

Outer Girder 2300 1760 4060 kN-m

Inner Girder 2300 1060 3360 kN-m

Shear D.L Shear L.L Shear Total Shear Unit

Force/Girder

Outer Girder 489 410 899 kN

Inner Girder 489 410 899 kN

(e) CALCULATION OF BENDING MOMENT USING HENDRY-JAEGAR METHOD:

12 3 𝑛𝐸𝐼𝑟
A =(
𝜋4 (ℎ𝐿) ( 𝐸𝐼 )
)

𝜋2 h CJ
F =(2𝑛) (𝐿)(𝐸𝐼 )
𝑟

𝐸𝐼1
c = 𝐸𝐼 =1
2
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

L= span of bridge deck = 18.33 m

h = spacing of longitudinal girders = 2.5 m

n = number of cross girders = 5

EI = flexural rigidity of longitudinal girder

CJ = torsional rigidity of longitudinal girder

E𝐼1 & E𝐼2 = flexural rigidities of the outer & inner longitudinal girders

E𝐼𝑟 = flexural rigidity of one cross beam .

beff = 2.5m

250 mm

1.80 m

400 mm

Fig-20 (Simplified T-beam Longitudinalgirder section)

As per clause – 7.6.1.2 of IRC :112-2011 , the effective flange width will be calculated.

Beff. 1 = 0.2 × 𝑏1 + 0.1𝑙0

=0.2 × 1.05 + 0.1 × 18.33 = 2.043 𝑚

0.2l0=3.66m > 2.043 m (ok)

Bw=0.4 m

Beff=2 × 2.043+0.4

=4.486 m

B= 2.5 m< 4.488 m

∴ beff=2.5m
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

1=m

250 mm

1.800
mm
300 mm

Fig-21 (Simplified T-beam Cross girder section)

beff.1=0.2b1+0.1l0

=0.2 × 2.1037 + 0.1 × 0.7 × 2.5

0.2l0 =0.2 × 0.7 × 2.5 = 0.35 > 0.596 𝑚

∴beff.1=0.35 m

beff=2 × 0.35 + 0.3 = 1 𝑚

b =4.5075 m>1m (ok)

Longitudinal girder:

𝐴1𝑥1 + 𝐴2𝑥2
x=
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
2.5 × 0.25 × 0.125 + 1.55 × 0.4 × 1.025
= 2.5 × 0.25 + 1.55 × 0.4

=0.57 m

2.5 × 0.253 2 0.4 × 1.553

IL= 12 + (2.5 × 0.25) × (0.448) + 12 + (0.4 × 1.35) × 0.4522 = 0.3795 𝑚4

Cross girder:

𝐴1𝑋1 + 𝐴2𝑋2
𝑥=
𝐴1 + 𝐴2
1 × 0.25 × 0.125 + 0.3 × 1.55 × 1.025
= 1 × 0.25 + 0.3 × 1.55 =0.710 m
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

1 × 0.253 2
0.3 × 1.553
𝐼𝑟 = + 1 × 0.25 × 0.585 + + 0.3 × 1.55 × 0.3152
12 12

= 0.2261 𝑚4
12 18.33 5 × 𝐸 × 0.2261
A= ×( 2.5 ) × 𝐸 × 0.3795
3 = 144.64
𝜋4

J = R𝑎3𝑏

𝑏 2500
= = 10
𝑎 250

⇒𝑅 = 0.312 ( Table-7.3 of N. Krishna Raju ,Design of Bridges )

𝑏 1550
= = 3.875
𝑎 400

⇒𝑅 = 0.2787

J = Ra3 b = 0.312 × 0.253 × 2.5 + 0.2787 × 0.43 × 1.55 = 0.0398 𝑚4

𝜋2 2.5 0.43𝐸 × 0.0398
F = 2 × 5 × 18.33 × 𝐸 × 0.2261 = 0.0102  0

Two extreme values of ‘F’ can be taken into analysis i.e. F = 0 or F = ∞ .

(𝐹 𝐴)
Taking F = 0 for analysis ,𝑀𝐹 = 𝑀𝑂 + (𝑀∞ ‒ 𝑀0) (3 + 𝐹 𝐴)

⇒𝑀𝐹 = 𝑀𝑂; 𝑀𝑂 = 0.83 (𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟,𝐹 = 0 )

𝑀𝑂 = 0.36 (For inner girder, F = 0)

Design moment for exterior girder :

Dead load moment = 2300 kN-m

Live load moment = 2893 × 1.1 × 0.83 = 2641.31 kN-m

Total moment = 4941.00 kN-m > 4060 𝑘N-m as calculated using Courbon’s method

Interior girder:

Dead load moment = 2300 kN-m

Live load moment = 2893 × 1.1 × 0.36 =1145.63 kN-m

BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Total moment = 3445.63 kN-m  3446 𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚 > 3360 𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚 as calculated by Courbon ’ s

method

(f) MODIFIED COURBON’S METHOD:

Ref : International Journal of scientific & Engineering research Volume 4 , Issue 3 ,March – 2013
(ISSN 2229 -5518)

“Study of Effectiveness of Courbon ‘ s Theory in the Analysis of T – beam bridges ”

By: M.G. Kalyan & hetti &R. P. Shriram

As per journal, they have studied the 4-lane & 6-lane bridge of spans varying 15m-35 for
minimum 3-longitudinal girders varying number of girders. They have combined Courbon’s
method &grillage method (STAAD pro) to get the results.

As per journal,
nedi
Pi = p [1  ] × correction factor
n  di 2
 W   I  d x  e  
Or Rx =  1    Correction Factor
 n   d x 2  I  
 
We have calculated
Ra = Rc=ROuter girder =0.553w
Rb=Rinner girder=0.333w
Correction factor is given by,
Y= correction factor,x= span of bridge
X=18.33m
y  0.000134  18.332  0.0098 18.33  1.056
= 0.9214 (rounded up to 4 decimal)
RA=RC= (Router girder) corrected=0.553×0.9214=0.5095
RB=(R inner girder) corrected=0.333×0.9214=0.3068
Total bending moment
Outer girder=2300+2893×1.10×0.5095=3921.40 KN-m
Inner girder=2300+2893×1.10×0.3068=3276.33 KN-m
Out of all 3-analysis, Hendry-Jaegar method gives the highest moment
Design moment-
Outer longitudinal girder=1.5×4771.31=7411.50=7412 KN-m
Intermediate girder=1.5×3276=5169 kN-m
Design shear
Shear force =871×1.5=1348.50 kN
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

(g) DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENT OF OUTER GIRDER:

Let’s assume 32mm ф bars as main reinforcement bars in 4 rows, the clear spacing between
bars is 32mm &hence c/c distance is 64mm
Let’s take clear cover =40mm( clause-14.3.2,table-14.2,severe condition)
Assuming 10mm dia stirrups& surface reinforcement(as cl-16.5.4)
Effective cover=40+10+12+30+10+15+120=235mm
Hence effective depth= 1800-235=1565mm
Let’s take d=1560mm
Df= 250mm
Df /d=0.1602 <0.2
Bf = 2.5m (as calculated earlier)
Xumax =0.48×1600=768mm
Let’s check the actual neutral axis depth
Let’s take xu =Df =250mm
250  250 
Mu =0.36× 35× 2500× (1600)2×  1 - 0.416  
1600  1600 
=11781kN-m
Imposed moment calculated =7412 kN-m=Ma
Mu >>Ma (hence neutral axis lies inside flange section)
0.5  35 4.6  7412 106
(Ast)required =  [1  1  ]  2500 1560
415 35  2500 15602
=13740.20 mm2
providing 30mm dia bars as main reinforcing bars,
13740.2
Total bars required =  19.43  20 no.
( / 4)  302
Let’s provide 20 numbers of 30mm-ф bars at 5 rows each containing 4 bars

So (Ast)provided= 20   302  14137.167 mm 2
4
The spacing between longitudinal bars is
As per IS 456:2000, clause-26.3.2, the spacing should be minimum of following
Diameter of bars =30mm
5mm more than nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate =20+5=25mm
Our spacing is 35.33 is satisfactory.
 For detailing of reinforcement, please refer to Appendix-Battached with this thesis.
(h) DESIGN REINFORCEMENT FOR INNER GIRDER:
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

d = 1600 mm, Df = 250mm and bf = 2.5m

Assuming neutral axis to be within the flanges, Mu = 1178 kN-m
Applied moment = Mu applied = 5169 kN-m << Mu
0.5  35  4.6  5169 106 
So Ast.req = 1  1   1560  2500  = 9453.60 mm2
415  35  2500 15602 
Providing 16- 28 mm ф bars in 4- rows, (Ast)provided = 9852.03 mm2
 For detailing of reinforcement, please refer to Appendix-B attached with this thesis.
(i) CALCULATION OF ANCHORAGE LENGTH:
Clause -15.2.4.3 of IRC:112-2011
Outer girder
(𝑎𝑠) 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
Lb.net=𝛼𝑎𝑙𝑏(𝑎 )𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 ≥ 𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑠
(𝐴𝑠𝑡) 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑
Let’s assume (𝐴 =1 at a section
𝑠𝑡)𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑

So 𝛼𝑎=1

(∅4) × (𝑓 )
𝑓𝑦𝑑
l b=
𝑏𝑑
30 0.87 × 415
=4 × 3 =902.625 ≈ 903𝑚𝑚
Or lb=kø=30×30=900mm
lb.net =lb=903mm
lb.min=0.3lb=288.9mm or 100mm or 10ø=300mm
Inner girder
28 0.87 × 415
l b= 4 × 3 = 842.45 ≈ 843𝑚𝑚
lb.net =843mm
2
Length of bearing = 3lb.net(16.5.1.4. of IRC :112-2011)
=602mm(outer girder)
=562mm(inner girder)

(j) BAR CURTAILMENT:

As we know when the load is divided in the same ratio as the span is divided at a point where
B.Moment to be calculated, maximum B.M is obtained. In ILD. Let’s consider following cases.

(i) Load at quarter span/ at 4.5825 m from ends of girder

BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

0.9m 2.7m 700 kN

2.764
2.764

4.5825
13.7475 m

3.44
Fig-22.1 (Bar curtailment-Wheel load at quarter span)
The load arrangement is as shown in the figure taking ILD into consideration.
Wheel load moment:
1
=2[3.44 + 2.764] × 700 = 2171.40𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
Dead load moment:
=488.46 × 4.5825 ‒ 49 × 4.58252 × 0.5 = 1724𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
As per H-J method, wheel load BM including impact & coefficient
= 2171.40 1.10  0.83  1982.5kN  m
Total design moment on outer girder=1.5(1982.5 + 1724 = 5560𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚)
Total design moment on inner girder=1.5(1724 + 1.1 × 2171.40 × 0.36)=3876 kN-m
(ii) Loads at a distance 6.874m from ends of girder
1.35m 2.25m

3.45 3.45
4.3
6.874 m

11.456 m
Fig-22.2 (Bar curtailment-Wheel load at 6.874m from end of girder)

Wheel load moment=700 × [3.45 + 4.3] × 0.5 = 2712.5𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚

Deadload moment=488.46 × 6.874 ‒ [49 × 0.5 × 6.8742 + 26.25 × 2.2165]
=2142kN-m
Total design b.m on outer girder due to impact and H.J coefficient =
1.5[2712.5 × 1.1 × 0.83 + 2142 = 6928𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
Total design b.m on inner girders due to impact and H.J coefficient=
1.5[2712.5 × 1.1 × 0.36 + 2142 = 4825𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

(iii)Load at a distance 2.29125 m from ends of girder

Fig-22.3 (Bar curtailment-Wheel load at 2.29125m from girder end)

Wheel load moment=700 × [1.6112 + 2.005] × 0.5=1266kN-m

Dead load moment=488.46 × 2.29125 ‒ 49 × 0.5 × (2.29125) = 991𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
Total design moment on outer girder=1.5(991 + 1.1 × 0.83 × 1266) = 3220.30𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚
Total design moment on inner girder=1.5(991 + 1.1 × 0.36 × 1266) = 2238.50𝑘𝑁 ‒ 𝑚

(k) REQUIRED STEEL AREA AS PER BAR CURTAILMENT:

(1)Load at quarter span/ at 4.5825 m from ends of girder

0.5  35 4.6  5560 106
Outer girder:  Ast .reqd    [1  1  ]  2500 1560  10192.3mm 2
o. g 415 35  2500 1560 2


Providing 16-30mm ф bars ,(Ast.reqd)O.G= 16   302  11309.73mm 2
4
Note-:4-bars are curtailed beyond the section providing development lb.net extension i.e at
3.6795m from ends of girders.
Inner girder:
=(𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑞)𝐼.𝐺 =
0.5 × 35
415 × [ 4.6 × 3876 × 106
]
1 ‒ 1 ‒ 35 × 2500 × 15602 × 2500 × 1560 = 7035.60𝑚𝑚2


Providing 12-28mmdia bars , ( Ast . prov )  12 
 282  7389.026mm 2
4
Note-:4-bars are curtailed beyond the section providing development lb.net extension i.e at
3.7395m from ends of girders
(2)Loads at a distance 6.874m from ends of girder
Outer girder :
 A   12804.965mm
st .req
2

Providing 19-30mm dia bars , =(𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣)𝑂.𝐺 = 13430.31𝑚𝑚2

Note-:1-bars are curtailed at a distance of 5.971m from ends of support
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Inner girder:
(𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑞)𝐼.𝐺 = 8806.62𝑚𝑚2
Providing 15-28mm dia bars=(𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣)𝐼.𝐺 = 9236.30𝑚𝑚2
Note-:1-bars are curtailed at a distance of 6.031m from ends of support
(3) Load at a distance 2.29125 m from ends of girder
Outer girder:
(𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑)𝑂.𝐺 = 5823.44𝑚𝑚2
Providing 10-30mm dia bars,= (𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣)𝑂.𝐺 = 7068.60𝑚𝑚2
Note -:10-30mm dia bars are curtailed from 1.388m from ends of support
Inner girder:
(𝐴𝑠𝑡.𝑟𝑒𝑞)𝐼.𝐺 = 4025.60𝑚𝑚2Providing 8mm ф bars , (𝐴 ) = 4926.02𝑚𝑚2 𝑠𝑡.𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣 𝐼.𝐺
Note -:8-28mm ф bars are curtailed from 1.44825m from ends of girder

(at this section 12-30  bars are actually required

a rs against 16-30 bars from further calculation)
b
m   
0m mm mm mm
0-3 0 - 30 30
1
16
-3 19 20-

903 mm

903 mm

903mm 9.165m
9.165m = lb.net

6.388m

10.971 m

15.554 m

4.5825 m
(OUTER GIRDER)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

(at this section actually 10-28  bars will be required

against 12-28 bars provided)
   
m
8m mm mm mm
8-2 -2
8 - 28 1 6-
28
12 15

843
mm 843 mm

843 mm 9.165m
9.165m = lb.net

6.268m

10.851 m

15.4335 m

(INNER GIRDER)

Fig-23 (Bar curtailment Presentation for Longitudinal Girders)

(l) CALCULATION OF INDUCED SHEAR AT DIFFERENT SECTIONS:

(i) Wheel load at starting

Fig-24.1 (Shear force calculation-Wheel load at starting)

0.45
350  350   413kN
2.5
Applying impact, total shear =454.3kN
16.53
Again reaction at support is = 454.3   410kN
18.33
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

49 18.33 26.25 2  26.25

Dead load shear =    489kN
2 2 2
Total shear=899kN ≈ 900 kN
(ii) Shear at 9.165 from end of girder
0.3036
0.5

Fig-24.2 (Shear force calculation-Wheel load at middle)

1
Track shear force at middle is = [0.5  0.3036]  413 1.1  182.54kN
2
Dead load shear= 489  (49  9.165  26.25)  13.665kN
Total shear=196.205≈200kN
(iii) Shear at 4.5825 from end of girder
0.5536
0.75

4.5825

Fig-24.3 (Shear force calculation-Wheel load at quarter span)

1
Track s.f at 4.5825m=2[0.75 + 0.5536] × 413 × 1.1 = 296.113𝑘𝑁
Dead load shear=489 ‒ (49 × 4.5825) = 264.46𝑘𝑁
Total shear=561kN
(iv) Shear at 1.95m from end of girder
0.894
0.6972

1.95m

Fig-24.4 (Shear force calculation-Wheel load at 1.95 m from end)

L.L shear=361.441kN
D.l shear =489 ‒ (49 × 1.95) = 393.45𝑘𝑁
Total shear=755kN
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

(v) Shear at 3.0m from end of girder

0.8363
0.64

3m

Fig-24.5 (Shear force calculation-Wheel load at 3.0 m from end)

L.L shear=335.34kN
D.L shear=489-(49×3)=342kN
Total shear=678kN
(vi) Shear at 6.87375m from end of girder
0.625
0.4286

Fig-24.6 (Shear force calculation-Wheel load at 6.87375m from end)

L.L shear=239.325kN
D.L shear=489 ‒ (49 × 6.87375 + 26.25) = 126𝑘𝑁
Total shear=366 kN
(vii) Shear at 4.3825 m from end of girder
0.564
0.761

4.3825m

Fig-24.7 (Shear force calculation-Wheel load at 4.3825 m from end)

Track shear at 4.3825 m = 0.5 [0.761+0.564]1.10413 = 301 kN

Dead load shear = 489 – (494.3825) = 275 kN
Total shear force = 576 kN

(viii) Assuming bearing =450mm & fan like compression field at an angle 45,total depth up to
which shear reinforcement is not necessary is given by,
450+1560=2010=2.01m
Hence shear at 2.01m from end of girder is
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

0.8903
0.694

2.01m

Fig-24.8 (Shear force calculation-Wheel load at 2.01m from end)

L.l shear=413 × 1.1 × 0.5(0.8903 + 0.694) = 360𝑘𝑁

D.d shear=489 ‒ (49 × 2.01) = 390.51𝑘𝑁
Total shear=750.51KN ≈ 751𝑘𝑁
(m)SHEAR RESISTANCE CHECK:
Let’s provide 1bent up bar at 4.5825m & at 645mm interval up to 2.00m as shown below
Maximum spacing of bent up bars
[𝑠𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6𝑑(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ∝ ) 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ‒ 16.5.2(8) 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑅𝐶:112 ‒ 2011]
=0.6 × 1560 × 2 = 1.872 > 0.645(𝑜𝑘)

𝜋
Now 𝐴𝑠𝑤 = 1 × 4 × 302 = 706𝑚𝑚2(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟)
𝜋
&1 × 4 × 282 = 615𝑚𝑚2(𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟)
As per clause 10.3.3.3 of IRC:112-2011,
𝑎𝑠𝑤
Now 𝑣𝑟𝑑𝑠 = 𝑠 × 𝑧 × 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
s=0.645m
z=0.9d=0.9×1560=1440mm
𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑=0.8×415=332𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
706 1
(𝑉𝑅𝑑𝑠)𝑂.𝐺=645 × 1404 × 332 × 2 × 2
= 721.55𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑚𝑎𝑥= ∝ 𝑐𝑤𝑏𝑤𝑣1𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑧(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼)/(1 + cot2𝜃)
=1×400×0.9×1560×0.6×0.36×35×2/2
=4245.696>>721.55 KN (ok)
615 1
(𝑉𝑅𝑑𝑠)𝐼.𝐺=645 × 1404 × 332 × 2 × 2
=628.543<< 4245.696 kN (ok)
Design shear resistance of member without shear reinforcement is given by
VRdc =[0.12𝑘(80𝜌1𝑓𝑐𝑘)0.33 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝] × 𝑏𝑤𝑑(𝑐𝑙 ‒ 10.3.2 𝑜𝑓 𝐼𝑅𝐶:112 ‒ 2011)
𝜎𝑐𝑝=0
3 1

vmin=0.031𝑘 𝑓𝑐𝑘
2 2

200 200
K=1 + 𝑑 =1+ 1560 = 1.358 < 2(𝑜𝑘)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

vmin=0.29
(VRdc)min=(𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝)𝑏𝑤𝑑
=0.29×400×1560=181.105 kN
𝐴𝑠𝑡
Now 𝜌1 = 𝑏
𝑤𝑑

Since half reinforcement is always available throughout,

0.5 × 14137.167
(𝜌1)O.G= 400 × 1560 = 0.01133 < 0.02
0.5 × 9852.03
(𝜌1)I.G = 400 × 1560 = 7.89 × 10 ‒ 3 < 0.02
(VRdc)O.G =[0.12 × 1.358(80 × 0.01133 × 35)0.33] × 400 × 1560
= 318𝑘𝑁 > vRdc.min (ok)
0.33
(VRdc)I.G=[0.12 × 1.358(80 × 7.89 × 10 ‒ 3 × 35) ] × 400 × 1560
=282𝑘𝑁 > vRdc.min (ok)

(n) SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DISTRIBUTION ON OUTER GIRDER:

Total shear at face of support= 900kN

However as it’s simply supported & a bearing of 450mm is provided,a fan like compression field
will exist having steepest angle θ=45 up to which no shear reinforcement will be necessary. so
the effective section for shear will be at
0.45+1.560=2.01m from end of girder
Total shear at 2.01m=751kN
Design shear=1.5×751=1126.50 kN
Shear resisted by girder without shear reinforcement = (VRdc)O.G=318 kN
Hence design shear for which shear reinforcement will be provided=VEd
=(1126.50-318)KN=808.50 kN
The shear resisting capacity of available bent up bars at that section is 721.55 kN
But as per clause -10.3.3.3(2)& clause-16.5.2(3)
of IRC :112-2011,only 50% of the shear will be resisted by the bent up bars
Hence shear to be resisted by links/stirrups
808.50
By 2 = 404.25𝑘𝑛
0.5 × 10 × 0.6 × 0.36 × 35 × 400 × 645
[check:(asw.max)bent up bars= 1 = 4154.21𝑚𝑚2 > 706𝑚𝑚2(𝑜𝑘)
2
× 0.8 × 415

>615mm2(ok)
Let’s provide 4-legged 8mmф vertical stirrups
𝜋
Asw =4 × 4 × 82 = 201.062𝑚𝑚2 = 201𝑚𝑚2
Using clause-10.3.3.2 of IRC:112-2011,
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

𝑓𝑐𝑑
Vrd.max= ∝ 𝑐𝑤𝑏𝑤𝑣1𝑓𝑐𝑑𝑧(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
0.36 × 35
=1 × 400 × 0.9 × 1560 × 0.6 × 2
=2122.848kN>>404.25 kN (ok)
As per same clause ,spacing of vertical stirrups given by
𝑎𝑠𝑤 × 𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 × 𝑧 × 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
S= 𝑣𝑟𝑑𝑠
201 × 0.9 × 1560 × 0.8 × 415 × 1
= = 231.766𝑚𝑚
404.25 × 103
Let;s provide 4-legged 8mm ф vertical stirrups@ 200mm c/c starting/end of girders.
As per cl-16.5.2 of irc:112-2011,
Min. Shear reinforcement ratio is
0.072 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.072 × 35
𝜌w.min= 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 415 = 1.026 × 10 ‒ 3
Provided shear reinforcement ratio is
Asw 201
(𝜌w)=𝑠 × 𝑏
𝑤 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∝
= 200 × 400 = 2.125 × 10 ‒ 3 > ( 𝜌w.min)(ok)
Shear force at 4.5825m from ends of girder 561kN. Here no bent up bars are available
Design shear=841.5kN
𝜋
(Asl)o.g=18 × 4 × 302 = 12723.45𝑚𝑚2
8620.53
(𝜌1 )o.g=0.02039 > 0.02, (𝜌1 )i.g=400 × 1560 = 0.0138 ≈ 0.02
(vrdc)o.g =0.12 × 1.358 × (80 × 0.02 × 35)0.33 × 400 × 1560 = 383.855 ≈ 383𝑘𝑁
(vrdc)i.g =0.12 × 1.358 × (80 × 0.0138 × 35)0.33 × 400 × 1560 = 339.615 ≈ 339𝑘𝑁
Shear to be resisted by stirrups is
(841.5-383) kN =458.5 kN
VRd.max=2122.848>458.50 kN(ok)
Spacing of stirrups is
201 × 0.9 × 1560 × 0.8 × 415 × 1
S= = 204.344𝑚𝑚
458.50 × 103
Let’s provide 4-legged 8mm ф vertical stirrups@190mm c/c up to 6.87375m from girder end on
both sides. Shear force at 6.87375m from end of girder is 366kN factored shear=549kN
Shear resistance=383 kN
Total shear to be resisted by stirrups is 549-383=166 kN
Spacing of same 4-legged 8mm vertical stirrups is given by
201 × 0.9 × 1560 × 0.8 × 415 × 1
s= = 564.408𝑚𝑚
166 × 103
As per cl-16.5.2(7) of IRC:112-2011,
Slmax =0.75d(1+cotα)=0.75×1560×1=1170mm>564.408mm(ok)
But As per cl-16.5.3(3,4) of IRC:112-2011, specifies for torsion criteria to be satisfied,the
minimum spacing should be 350mm or
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

1 1
8[outer perimeter of the member]=8 × 3200 = 400𝑚 }(𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑤𝑜)
So provide 4-legged -8mm ф vertical stirrups @360mm c/c in the middle strip band of length
4.5825m
Again it should satisfy (𝜌w)min
(𝜌w)min =1.026 × 10 ‒ 3
201
(𝜌w)prov =350 × 400 = 1.436 × 10 ‒ 3 > (𝜌𝑤)min (ok)
(o) SHEAR REINFORCEMENT DISTRIBUTION ON INNER GIRDER:
0.45+1.56=2.01m from girder end
Total design shear=1126.50kN
(VRdc)I.G=282 kN
Design shear for which shear reinforcement will be provided=844.50kn
Bent up bars shear resistance is
(VRds)I.G =628.543 kN
844.50
But it will be taking only 2 = 422.25𝑘𝑁
Rest 422.25kn will be taken care of by the vertical stirrups.
Providing 8mm ф -4 legged stirrups,
Asw=201𝑚𝑚2
Cl-10.3.3.2 of IRC:112-2011 specifies
Vrd.max=2122.848kN >> 422.25kN(ok)
Following same clause, spacing of stirrups,
201 × 0.9 × 1560 × 0.8 × 415 × 1
S= = 221.88𝑚𝑚
422.25 × 103
Provide 8mm-4legged stirrups @200mmc/c up to 4.3825m from end of girder on both sides (𝜌
‒3
w)min =1.026 × 10

201
(𝜌w)prov =200 × 400 = 2.5125 × 10 ‒ 3 > (𝜌𝑤)min (ok)

Shear at 4.3825m is given by 576 kN.

Design shear=1.5×576=864kN
No bent up bars are available here.
(VRdc)I.G=339 kN
Shear to be resisted by stirrups=525kN
VR d.max=2122.84kN >>525kN
Spacing of stirrups is given by
201 × 0.9 × 1560 × 0.8 × 415 × 1
S= = 178.46𝑚𝑚
302.50 × 103
Provide 8mm-4legged stirrups @160mmc/c up to 6.87375m
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Shear at 6.87375m from end of girder is; Design shear=1.5×360=549kN

𝜋
(Ast)available=16 × 4 × 282 = 9852.035𝑚𝑚2
9852.035
(𝜌1 )I.G=400 × 1560 = 0.016 < 0.02
(VRdc)I.G=356.604 kN
Shear to b resisted by links and/stirrups
(549-356.604)kn=192.396kn ≈ 193𝑘𝑁
Providing minimum shear reinforcement spacing of 350mm c/c,
201 × 0.9 × 1560 × 0.8 × 415 × 1
VRds= 350 = 267.691𝑘𝑁 > 193𝑘𝑛(𝑜𝑘)
So Provide 8mm-4legged stirrups @350mmc/c in middle strip-band of length 4.5825m
(𝜌w)min =1.026 × 10 ‒ 3

201
(𝜌w)prov =350 × 400 × 1 = 1.436 × 10 ‒ 3 > (𝜌𝑤)min (ok)
(p) SURFACE REINFORCEMENT:

Fig-25 (Surface Reinforcement provision)

Surface reinforcement will be provided taking a surface area of the cover portion outside of the
stirrups.
Surface area on one face of girder=87×1400=121800mm2
0.01 Act.ext =1218mm2
We have side face reinforcement of approximately 5-12mm dia bars which provide 565.5mm2
Providing 10mm ф bars @150mmc/c,total steel area provided per unit run is
1000
=   52 1355   1000  709.476mm 2
150
Total reinforcement=1274.976>1218mm2(OK)
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

Surface area on lower end i.e at foot of girder=92×400=36800

=0.01 Act.ext=368mm2
Provision of 4-16mm ф bars will be giving

= 4  162  804.25mm 2
4
Also stirrups will be giving
1000
=   52  3302   1000  172.79mm 2
150
Total area provided=976.25mm2>368mm2(ok)
 All the surface reinforcement bars are perfectly anchored&hence will be serving as
shear reinforcement also appear same clause(5) also
 Also side face longitudinal bars will be serving as side face reinforcement for stability as
per clause-26.5.1.3 of IS-456:2000

(q) CHECK FOR BAR CURTAILMENT ADEQUACY AS PER CURTAILMENT OF GIRDER BARS:
The check will be done as per clause 16.5.1.3 off IRC:-112-2011(page -176)& clause-16.5.1.4 off
IRC:112-2011(page -177)
Before checking,it may be noted that the longitudinal bar curtailment rule as per figure-16.2 of
IRC:112-2011(page -177) will be taken care of for end sections only since at end of girders,there
is maximum shear &minimum reinforcement is acting upon all other sections will be found
safer if automatically if end section are found safer
Frs=tensile capacity of reinforcement

 0.87 f y ast  n  0.87 f y   d 2
4
n=numbers of bars at ends, d=diameter of bars

( Frs )o. g  10   302  0.87  415
4
=2552.112kN
𝜋
(Frs)I.G=8 × 4 × 282 × 0.87 × 415 = 2778.54𝑘𝑁
The above Frs should be greater that Fs+ Ftd
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

a1
Fs  VEd   N Ed
d
N Ed  0
cot 
a1  z ( ) (cot   1)
2
0.9d
2
0.9d
Fs  VEd   0.45VEd
2d
Effective shear will occur at 2.01m from end &its value is 1126.50kN
Fs=0.45×1126.50 ≈ 507kN
𝑀𝑒𝑑
At ends Med ≈ 0 𝑧 =0
 Ftd=0.5 VEd(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 ‒ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼)
=0.5×1126.50×1=563.25kN
Also another value of Fs appear fig-16.2(A) is
𝑀𝐸𝑑
+ 𝑁𝐸𝑑 = 0
𝑧
Fs+  Ftd =563.25+507=1070.25kn<2552.112 kn=(FRs)o.g
At middle,
𝑴𝒆𝒅 𝑴𝒆𝒅𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒛 = 𝒛
𝑴𝒆𝒅 7412 × 106
( 𝒛 )O.G= 0.9 × 1560 = 5280𝑘𝑁
𝑴𝒆𝒅 5169 × 106
( 𝒛 )I.G= 0.9 × 1560 = 3682𝑘𝑁
(Fs)O.G=5280kn,(Fs)i.g=3682kN
𝑴𝑬𝒅𝒎𝒂𝒙
( VEd=0& also  Ftd< 𝒛 )
(FRS)O.G=2552.1122=5104.224kN
(FRS)I.G=1778.542=3557.08kN
As per clause -16.5.4(5) of irc:112-2011,4-16mmф bars which are provided as side face
reinforcement will be serving as resisting bars for bending of girder section. So tensile capacity

of total 4-16mm ф bars is given by, 4  162  0.87  415
4
So (FRS)O.G=5104.224+290.374=6394.60 kN >(ok)
(FRS)I.G=3847.454kN >3682kN (ok)
3.6.15 DESIGN OF CROSS GIRDER:
Self-weight=0.3×1.4×25=10.5 kN/m
Slab load will be distributed as shown below
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

45° 45°

1.25m

2.5 m

Fig-26 (Dead load distribution from slab onCross Girder)

Dead load from slab =2×0.5×2.5×1.25×8.46=26.4375
26.4375
So udl load = 2.5 = 10.575𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total load (dead weight) =21.075kN/m
Assuming rigid cross girder,
21.075 × 5
Reaction on longitudinal girder is = 3
= 35.125 𝑘𝑁
For max. Bending moment, the loads should be kept at equal distance from intermediate
longitudinal girder of both sides of cross girder.
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

4.5075 m

1.8 m

1.8 m

2.05m 4.5075 m

2.5 m 2.5 m

4.5075 m

0.9
0.9

Fig-27 (Wheel load arrangement for maximum bending moment on Cross Girder)
Now for calculating load, following diagram may be provided at beneficial
Load on cross girder from one wheel
350 (4.5075 ‒ 0.9)
=2 × 2 × 4.5078 = 280.12kN
Reaction on each longitudinal girder
280.12 × 2
= 3 = 186.75𝑘𝑁
Max. Bending moment on cross girder under load =186.75×1.475=275.456 kN-m
In checking impact, Mc =303kN-m
Dead load moment under wheel load ,
(1.475)2
=35.125 × 1.475 ‒ 21.075 × 2 = 28.884kN ‒ m
Total design moment=332kN-m
Ultimate moment = Mu =498kN-m
Since the cross girder fixed at intermediate girder,(-)ve moment will exist.
As per D.J victor, Essential Bridges Engineering, referring to Morrice-Little method, distribution
coefficient=0.416
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

So negative moment =0.146× 498≈73 kN-m

Since its flange d beam,assuming neutral axis in side flange,
Mu =21241.143kN-m>>>>>498kN-m
498 × 106
(Ast )+ve= 250 = 886.45𝑚𝑚2
0.87 × 415 × 1660 × (1 ‒ 0.416 × 1600)

Providing 4-20mm ф bars

(Ast )provided=1256.64mm2
Provision of 4-16-mm ф bars at top will give
(Ast )-ve=804.25mm2>(Ast )required =135.152mm2
Provide 4-12mm ф bars each face uniformly as side reinforcement.

3.6.15.1 SHEAR CHECK FOR CROSS GIRDERS:

Cl-10.3.2 of IRC:112-2011
K=1.33
vmin=0.281
σcp=0
𝜌1=2.618×10-3
VRdc=[0.12×1.33×(80×2.618×10-3×35)0.33×300×1600=147.831 kN
VRdc.min=0.281×300×1600=134.880 kN
Design shear VEd =1.5[186.75+35.125]=332.8125 kN
Extra shear to be resisted by stirrups is =184.98 ≈ 185𝑘𝑁
Providing 8mm dia -4 legged stirrups
Asw =201mm2
Spacing(s)= 519.43mm,8mm ф 4-legged @300mm c/c
Again shear reinforcement ratio
𝐴
𝜌𝑤= 𝑠 × bw × sin α(cl-16.5.2 of IRC 112:2000)
=1.2899×10-3
0.072 × 35
(𝜌𝑤)= 415 = 1.026 × 10 ‒ 3
Assumimg (𝜌𝑤)min ,
201
s= = 653.021𝑚𝑚 > 300𝑚𝑚(𝑜𝑘)
300 × 1 × 1.026 × 10 ‒ 3
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

4-16 mm bans

4-16 mm

12mm 
side face reinforcement

4-20 mm

4-20mm 4 logged 8mm 

8mm  4-legged @ 300 mm C/C
bars
stirrups @
300 mm C/C
Fig-28 (Reinforcement detailing of Cross Girder)

Clause -16.5.2 of IRC:112-2011(6, 7, 8,9,) specifies that

smin=dg+10=30mm
40mm
2øs=2×8=16mm
Smax=0.75d(1+cotα)=0.75×(1+0)=1245mm
As per the Clause -16.5.3 of IRC:112-2011,
The links will not to be of greater spacing of following
1/8 (perimeter of member)=487.5mm
or 350mm
Our provision of 300m (okay)
3.6.16 MODIFIED ANCHORAGE FOR BARS AT THE ENDS OF GIRDERS:
At the ends of girders,bearing available is only 450mm.hence standard 90 bend as per fig 15.2
of irc:112-2011 will be provided.
So modified lb.net will be
lb.net =0.7×lb×1=0.7lb
lb =903mm(for 30mm ф bars)
lb =843mm(for 28mm ф bars)
(lb.net)O.G =632mm
(lb.net)I.G =590mm
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

REFERENCES:

1. IRC:112-2011; CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES, INDIAN ROAD

CONGRESS
2. IRC:6-2014; STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES;
SECTION : II LOADS AND STRESSES
3. IRC:6-2010; STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES;
SECTION : II LOADS AND STRESSES
4. IRC-SP-13; GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIN OF SMALL BRIDGES AND CULVERTS
5. IS 456 : 2000; INDIAN STANDARD PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE CODE OF
PRACTICE
6. IS-SP-16; DESIGN AIDS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE TO IS : 456-1978
7. IS : 875 – 1987; INDIAN STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR DESIGN LOADS (OTHER
THAN EARTHQUAKE) FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCUTRES
8. IS-SP : 34(S&T)-1987; HANDBOOK ON CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT AND DETAILING
9. ESSENTIALS OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING; VICTOR D.J; OXFORD&IBH PUBLICATION
10. DESIGN OF BRIDGES; RAJU N.K; OXFORD&IBH PUBLICATION
11. R.C.C DESIGNS ; PUNMIA B.C, JAIN A.K AND JAIN A.K; LAXMI PUBLICATIONS
12. REINFORCED CONCRETE VOL.I; SHAH H.J; CHAROTAR PUBLICATIONS
13. LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE; VARGHESE P.C; PHI LEARNING
14. THEORY OF STRUCTURES; RAMAMRUTHAM S. AND NARAYAN R.; DHANPATRAI
PUBLISHING COMPANY
15. HIGHWAY ENGINEERING; KHANNA S.K. AND JUSTO C.E.G.
16. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & ENGINEERING RESEARCH VOLUME 4 , ISSUE
3 ,MARCH – 2013 (ISSN 2229 -5518) “STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF COURBON ‘ S
BY:
ABHISEK PANDA

THEORY IN THE ANALYSIS OF T – BEAM BRIDGES ” BY: M.G. KALYAN & HETTI &R. P.
SHRIRAM