DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENTER FOR DIPLOMA STUDIES

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT
CODE AND MKA – 01 (A) : BASIC HYDROLOGY
EXPERIMENT
COURSE / SUBJECT MAKMAL KEJURUTERAAN ALAM SEKITAR DAN HIDRAULIK
CODE (DAC 31401)

SECTION 01

EXPERIMENT DATE

GROUP NAME GROUP 8

GROUP MEMBERS MUHAMMAD ILHAM BIN ZULKIPLY AA141130

SITI HAJAR BINTI ZAMRI AA141383
SYARIFAH AISAR AZZIEMMIE IMTHISAL AA141370
BINTI SAYED MOHD AZMI
TENGKU DAENG DINIE AFIQ BIN TENGKU AA140315
DAENG JOHAR
ZUL ASYRAFF BIN ZULKEFLI AA141173
LECTURER /
INSTRUCTOR / ENCIK IZAT BIN YAHAYA
TUTOR NAME
SUBMISSION DATE 31 MARCH 2016
MARKS REPORT 35%
INTERVIEW 7.5%
OTHERS 7.5%
RECEIVED STAMP 50%
EXAMINER COMMENTS

1
 STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive
or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that
nothing is in, it is true"

_________________________
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : TENGKU DAENG DINIE AFIQ BIN TENGKU DEANG

JOHAR

MATRIC NO : AA140315

DATE : 31 MARCH 2016

2
 STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive
or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that
nothing is in, it is true"

_________________________
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : MUHAMMAD ILHAM BIN ZULKIPLLY

MATRIC NO : AA141130

DATE : 31 MARCH 2016

3
 STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive
or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that
nothing is in, it is true"

_________________________
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : SITI HAJAR BINTI ZAMRI

MATRIC NO : AA141383

DATE : 31 MARCH 2016

4
 STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive
or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that
nothing is in, it is true"

_________________________
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : SYARIFAH AISAR AZZIEMMIE IMTHISAL BINTI. SAYED

MOHD AZMI

MATRIC NO : AA141370

DATE : 31 MARCH 2016

5
 STUDENT’S ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

CENTER OF DIPLOMA STUDY
UNIVERSITY TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

"I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also declare not receive
or give any assistance in preparing this report and make this affirmation in the belief that
nothing is in, it is true"

_________________________
(STUDENT SIGNATURE)

NAME : ZUL ASYRAFF BIN ZULKEFLI

MATRIC NO : AA141173

DATE : 31 MARCH 2016

6
CONTENT

ITEMS PAGE
08
1.0 INTRODUCTION
10
2.0 OBJECTIVE
10
3.0 THEORY
10
4.0 APPARATUS
12
5.0 PROCEDURE
13
6.0 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
21
7.0 DISCUSSION
22
8.0 CONCLUSION
23
9.0 REFERENCE

7
1.0 INTRODUCTION

The hydrological cycle describes the constant movement of water above, on, and below
the Earth's surface. The cycle operates across all scales, from the global to the smallest stream
catchment and involves the movement of water along evapotranspiration, precipitation, surface
runoff, subsurface flow and groundwater pathways. In essence,water is evaporated from the land,
oceans and vegetation to the atmosphere, using the radiant energy from the Sun, and is recycled
back in the form of rain or snow. When moisture from the atmosphere falls to the Earth's surface,
it becomes subdivided into different interconnected pathways.

Precipitation (excluding snow and hail) wets vegetation, directly enters surface water
bodies or begins to infiltrate into the ground to replenish soil moisture. Excess water percolates
to the zone of saturation, or groundwater, from where it moves downward and laterally to sites of
groundwater discharge. The rate of infiltration varies with land use, soil characteristics and the
duration and intensity of the rainfall event. If the rate of precipitation exceeds the rate of
infiltration this leads to overland flow. Water reaching streams, both by surface runoff and
groundwater discharge eventually moves to the sea where it is again evaporated to perpetuate the
hydrological cycle.

8
  Rainfall characteristics
Precipitation in arid and semi-arid zones results largely from convective cloud mechanisms
producing storms typically of short duration, relatively high intensity and limited areal extent.
However, low intensity frontal-type rains are also experienced, usually in the winter season.
When most precipitation occurs during winter, relatively low-intensity rainfall may represent the
greater part of annual rainfall. Rainfall intensity is defined as the ratio of the total amount of rain
(rainfall depth) falling during a given period for the duration of the period It is expressed in
depth units per unit time, usually as mm per hour (mm/h). The statistical characteristics of high-
intensity, short-duration, convective rainfall are essentially independent of locations within a
region and are similar in many parts of the world. Analysis of short-term rainfall data suggests
that there is a reasonably stable relationship governing the intensity characteristics of this type of
rainfall. Studies carried out in Saudi Arabia (Raikes and Partners 1971) suggest that, on average,
around 50 percent of all rain occurs at intensities in excess of 20 mm/hour and 20-30
percent occurs at intensities in excess of 40 mm/hour. This relationship appears to be
independent of the long-term average rainfall at a particular location.

 The surface runoff process

When rain falls, the first drops of water are intercepted by the leaves and stems of the vegetation.
This is usually referred to as interception storage. As the rain continues, water reaching the
ground surface infiltrates into the soil until it reaches a stage where the rate of rainfall (intensity)
exceeds the infiltration capacity of the soil. Thereafter, surface puddles, ditches, and other
depressions are filled (depression storage), after which runoff is generated. The infiltration
capacity of the soil depends on its texture and structure, as well as on the antecedent soil
moisture content. The initial capacity (of a dry soil) is high but, as the storm continues, it
decreases until it reaches a steady value termed as final infiltration rate.The process of runoff
generation continues as long as the rainfall intensity exceeds the actual infiltration capacity of the
soil but it stops as soon as the rate of rainfall drops below the actual rate of infiltration. The
rainfall runoff process is well described in the literature. Numerous papers on the subject have
been published and many computer simulation models have been developed. All these models,
however, require detailed knowledge of a number of factors and initial boundary conditions in a
catchment area which in most cases are not readily available.

9
2.0 OBJECTIVE
To identify the relationship between rainfall and runoff.

3.0 THEORY
Runoff is generated by rainstorms and its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the
characteristics of the rainfall event such as intensity, duration and distribution. The rainfall-
runoff process is extremely complex, making it difficult to model accurately. There are, in
addition, other important factors which influence the runoff generating process like natural
surface detention, soil infiltration characteristics and the drainage pattern formed by natural
flow paths. The types of soil, the vegetative cover and topography play as important roles.
Rainfall and runoff are very important hydrologic components because of their direct relation
to water resources quantity, flood, streamflow and design of dam and hydraulic structure.

4.0 EQUIPMENT

Figure 1 : rain gauge

10
Figure 2 : stop watch Figure 3 : switch box

Figure 4 : supply tank figure 5 : measurement weir

11
5.0 PROCEDURE

Case 1 : flat and sandy soil surface profile (without slope).

Case 2 : flat and sandy soil surface with 1:100 slope profile.

1. The rail ate side of the catchment area was adjusted to get the slope zero.
2. The pump had been switched on and the stop watch also started.
3. The reading of the discharge and the rain gauge was recorded every 30 seconds.
4. The pump was switched off after three discharge reading with the same value was
obtained (peak discharge)
5. The time while stop the rainfall has been recorded.
6. At the same time, the discharge for each 30 seconds until the reading reached 0.5 m³/s.
7. Step 1 to step 6 was repeated by the rail at the side of the catchment area was adjusted to
1.6mm.

12
1.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION

Case 1
Time, t Water level Discharge Discharge Rain Gauge
(s) (mm) (liter/min) (m³/s) Reading
(mm)
30 0 0 0 7
60 0 0 0 14
90 0 0 0 21
120 0 0 0 29
150 0 0 0 36
180 3 0 0 44
210 20 5.9 0.0000983 52
240 28 11.2 0.000187 61
270 31 14.4 0.000240 69
300 34 18.8 0.000313 77
330 34 18.8 0.000313 86
360 32 16.0 0.000267 94
390 32 16.0 0.000267 103
420 32 16.0 0.000267 111
450 30 13.6 0.000227 0
480 24 7.8 0.000130 0
510 17 3.2 0.0000533 0
540 14 2.4 0.0000400 0
570 11 1.2 0.0000200 0
600 9 0.8 0.0000133 0
630 8 0.6 0.0000100 0
660 7 0.5 0.00000833 0
690 6 0.4 0.00000667 0
720 6 0.4 0.00000667 0
750 6 0.4 0.00000667 0
780 6 0.4 0.00000667 0
810 6 0.4 0.00000667 0
840 6 0.4 0.00000667 0
870 6 0.4 0.00000667 0
900 5 0.2 0.00000333 0
Table 1 : shows the water level, the discharge and rain gauge reading

13
 Case 1
TIME, t Total flow, Q Base flow Direct flow (m³/s)
(m³/s) (m³/s) (Total flow – Base
flow)
30 0 0 0
60 0 0 0
90 0 0 0
120 0 0 0
150 0 0 0
180 0 0 0
210 0.0000983 0.000002 0.0000963
240 0.000187 0.000004 0.000183
270 0.000240 0.000005 0.000235
300 0.000313 0.000007 0.000306
330 0.000313 0.000008 0.000305
360 0.000267 0.000010 0.000257
390 0.000267 0.000011 0.000256
420 0.000267 0.000013 0.000254
450 0.000227 0.000015 0.000212
480 0.000130 0.000016 0.000114
510 0.0000533 0.000018 0.0000353
540 0.0000400 0.000019 0.0000210
570 0.0000200 0.000020 0
600 0.0000133 0.0000133 0
630 0.0000100 0.0000100 0
660 0.00000833 0.00000833 0
690 0.00000667 0.00000667 0
720 0.00000667 0.00000667 0
750 0.00000667 0.00000667 0
780 0.00000667 0.00000667 0
810 0.00000667 0.00000667 0
840 0.00000667 0.00000667 0
870 0.00000667 0.00000667 0
900 0.00000333 0.00000333 0
Total = 0.000230 0.002746
Table 2 : shows the total flow, base flow and direct flow.

14
 Graph time(s) vs discharge(m³/s)
Discharge

0.00035

0.0003

0.00025

0.0002

0.00015

0.0001

0.00005

0
30 60 90 120150180210240270300330360390420450480510540570600630660690720750780810840870900

Graph 1

15
 Case 2
Time, t Water level Discharge Discharge Rain Gauge
(s) (mm) (liter/min) (m³/s) Reading
(mm)
30 0.3 0 0 9
60 2.5 9 0.00015 19
90 3.2 15 0.00025 29
120 3.3 17.5 0.00029 36
150 3.3 17.5 0.00029 41
180 3.3 17.5 0.00029 50
210 2.8 11.5 0.00019 0
240 2.0 5 0.000083 0
270 1.6 2.9 0.000048 0
300 1.4 2.0 0.000033 0
330 1.1 1 0.000017 0
360 1.0 0.9 0.000015 0
390 0.9 0.8 0.000013 0
420 0.8 0.5 0.0000083 0
450 0.8 0.5 0.0000083 0
480 0.8 0.5 0.0000083 0
510 0.8 0.5 0.0000083 0
540 0.8 0.5 0.0000083 0
570 0.7 0.3 0.000005 0
600 0.7 0.3 0.000005 0
630 0.7 0.3 0.000005 0
660 0.7 0.3 0.000005 0
690 0.7 0.3 0.000005 0
720 0.6 0.2 0.000003 0
750 0.6 0.2 0.000003 0
780 0.6 0.2 0.000003 0
810 0.6 0.2 0.000003 0
840 0.6 0.2 0.000003 0
870 0.6 0.2 0.000003 0
900 0.6 0.2 0.000003 0
Table 3 : shows the water level, the discharge and rain gauge reading

16
 Case 2
Time, t Total flow, Q Base flow Direct flow (m³/s)
(m³/s) (m³/s) (Total flow – Base
flow)
30 0 0 0
60 0.00015 0.000010 0.00014
90 0.00025 0.000023 0.000227
120 0.00029 0.000035 0.000235
150 0.00029 0.000045 0.000245
180 0.00029 0.000055 0.000235
210 0.00019 0.000067 0.000123
240 0.000083 0.000083 0
270 0.000048
300 0.000033
330 0.000017
360 0.000015
390 0.000013
420 0.0000083
450 0.0000083
480 0.0000083
510 0.0000083
540 0.0000083
570 0.000005
600 0.000005
630 0.000005
660 0.000005
690 0.000005
720 0.000003
750 0.000003
780 0.000003
810 0.000003
840 0.000003
870 0.000003
900 0.000003
Total = 0.000318 0.00097
Table 4 : shows the total flow, base flow and direct flow.

17
 0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003

0.00005
0.00015
0.00025
0.00035
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300

Time
330
360
390
420
450

Column1

Graph 2
480
Chart Title

510
540
570
600

Column2
630
660
690
720
750
780
810
840
870
900

18
QUESTION

1. Plot the discharge (unit m³/s) versus time (second) graph separately from the above values
for each case (case 1 to case 3).
2. From the graph plotted, determine:

a) Time concentration,
Case 1: 300 < tc < 330
Case 2: 120< tc < 180

b) Rainfall duration,
Case 1: rainfall duration is 330 seconds.
Case 2: rainfall duration is 180 seconds

c) Peak discharge,
Case 1: when 330 seconds, the discharge will be 3.13 x 10-4 m3/s
Case 2: when 180 seconds discharge will be 0.00029 m3/s

d) Runoff volume,
Runoff volume = Total Direct Flow
Case 1: DF = 0.002746 m3/s x 3600s =9.89m3
Case 2: DF= 0.00097 m3/s x 3600s = 3.492m3

e) Rainfall intensity,

Case 1:
Rainfall intensity = rain gauge maximum / rain duration
= 86 mm / 330 s
= 0.2606 mm/s

Case 2:
Rainfall intensity = rain gauge maximum / rain duration
= 50 mm / 180 s
= 0.28 mm/s

19
 f) Storage volume

Storage volume = Base flow x 3600s

Case 1: storage volume = 0.00023m3/s x 3600s
= 0.828 m3

Case 2: storage volume = 0.000318m3/s x 3600s

= 1.1
3. Provide a table for all the results obtained from (2) and make comparisons with case 2 and
case 3.

Case 1 Case 2
Time concentration 300 < tc < 330 120< tc < 180
Rainfall duration 330 s 180
Peak discharge 3.13 x 10-4 m3/s. 0.00029
Runoff volume 3.492
Rainfall intensity 0.2606 mm/s 0.28
Storage volume 0.828 m3 1.1448
Table 5 : comparison between case 1 and case 2

20
7.0 DISCUSSION

From this experiment, we can see that rainstorms and its occurrence and quantity are
dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, intensity, duration and distribution. We
can conclude from this experiment that there are a few of the elements that contribute to the
runoff generating process. We cannot make the right reading process. It caused by the
parallax error from the rain gauge. It’s not perfectly stable. We need to wait for so long to
take the reading from the rain gauge. As the result, our data are constant for a few minutes.
The infiltration capacities depend on the porosity of a soil which determines the water
storage capacity and affects the resistance of water to flow into a deeper layer. Higher
infiltration capacity is always in the sand with porosity. We can see that the sand that’s been
used is perfectly functioning and the rain gauge is moving. Lastly, the water seems to be
leaking from somewhere at the side of the catchment area. Its maybe will disturb the reading
from the rain gauge. Our experiment is not a complete success.

21
8.0 CONCLUSION

As conclusion of this experiment, we fully understand how to identify the relationship

between rainfall and runoff and it process. Besides that, we also can verify that when the
rainfall increased, the runoff will also increase until it reached the time of maximum
discharge. Using the rain gauge, we can record the discharge and it’s time for each catchment
area. From this experiment, we can apply this knowledge to design the dam or drain.The
applications of the basic hydrology system were very important to control the flood. Besides
that, we can also use this application to avoid the high cost for construction the dam or drain.
Then, we also have determined all factors that effected runoff such as rainfall intensity, type
of surfaces, rainfall duration, and others.

22
9.0 REFERENCE

1. "Hydrologic Research Center". Hydrologic Research Center. Retrieved 8 March 2013.

2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/174047240/BASIC-HYDROLOGY-INFILTRATION-
TEST#scribd
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology

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