E Book IAS Main History Optional Papers Year 1779 2012

UPSC IAS (Mains) History Optional Papers : Year - 1979 to 2012
(xxiii) Takshashila
UPSC IAS Main
(xxiv) Talikota
History Optional Paper
Year – 1979 (xxv) Somnath
(xxvi) Kalinjar
Paper-I
(xxvii) Mandu
1. Mark any fifteen of the following on the map
(xxviii)Warangal
supplied to you and give descriptive notes on,
them: (xxiv) Murshidabad
(i) Avanti Section A
(ii) Asirgarh 2. Give an appraisal of town planning of the Indus
cities and evaluate the various reasons for their
(iii) Amaravati
decline.
(iv) Aihole
3. Give an account of the Geography of the Vedic
(v) Brahmagiri texts and describe the social life during the Vedic
times.
(vi) Daulatabad
4. Discuss the nature of Ashoka’s Dhamma. Was
(vii) Fathrpur Sikri it responsible for the downfall of his empire?
(viii) Golkonda 5. Describe the expansion of the Gupta empire
under Samudragupta with the help of the
(ix) Gangaikondacholapuram
Allahabad pillar inscription.
(x) Hampi
6. Discuss the contribution of the Pallavas to
(xi) Jaunpur South Indian art. Was this art wholly indigenous?
(xii) Kapilavastu Section B
(xiii) Kanauj 7. Describe the village administration of the Chola

period as known from the Uttaramerur
(xiv) Kanchipuram inscriptions.
(xv) Lothal 8. Bring out the essential features of the
administration of Ala-ud-din Khalji.
(xvi) Paithan
9. Give an account of the polity and society of
(xvii) Panipat Vijayanagara empire under Krishnadevaraya.
(xviii) Ranthambhor 10. In which respects did the policies of
(xix) Rupar Aurangzeb contribute to the disintegration of the
Mughal empire?
(xx) Samugarh
11. Examine the economic condition of the rural
(xxi) Salsette agricultural classes and of the urban artisans and
traders during the Mughal period.
(xxii) Tamralipti
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Paper-II - Section A
1. Assess critically the economic impact of the UPSC IAS Main

British rule in India till the end of the nineteenth History Optional Paper
century.
Year – 1980
2. “1858 is the Great Divide in modern Indian
history, as the policy, practice and ideals of the Paper-I
government that followed differed fundamentally
supplied to you and give descriptive notes on
from the government of the Company which it
them:
displaced.” Discuss.
(i) Amber
3. Examine the main trends in social reform and (ii) Ahmadnagar
social change in India between 1829 and 1929. (iii) Anegondi
(iv) Badami
4. Discuss the nature, methods and activities of (v) Bassein
the Terrorist Revolutionary Movement and assess (vi) Bidar
its place in India’s Freedom Struggle. (vii) Chanderi
(viii) Chittor
5. Analyze the circumstances, between 1942 and (ix) Arikamedu
1947, that led to freedom and partition of India. (x) Devagiri
Section B (Modern World) (xi) Gaur
(xii) Halebid
6. The period 1500 to 1700 in Europe has been (xiii) Ikkeri
called ‘the heyday of the Commercial Revolution.’ (xiv) Kalibangan
(xv) Jinji
Explain the causes that led to this Revolution & (xvi) Burzahom
examine its impact on society. (xvii) Dvarasamudra
(xviii) Nalanda
7. What do you understand by Imperialism? How
(xix) Nagarjunakonda
did it affect the people of Asia in the nineteenth
(xx) Nasik
century?
(xxi) Pattadakal
8. What were the ideals of the French Revolution (xxii) Penugonda
of 1789? How far is it correct to say that it (xxiii) Fran
overthrew mercantilism and the surviving relics (xxiv) Purandar Fort
of feudalism and contributed to the political (xxv) Gulbarga
supremacy of the middle class? (xxvi) Sasaram
(xxvii) Sikandara
9. Account for the rise of militarism in Japan (xxviii) Tanjore
between the two World Wars. How did it affect (xxix) Kausambi
the peace of the world? (xxx) Mamallapuram
10. “Holland was engaged in a systematic
Section A
exploitation of Indonesia in the nineteenth
2. Discuss the trade, cultural contacts and the
century.” Elucidate.
extents of the Indus Civilization within and out-
11. Discuss the internal problem of China after side India and describe in detail any one of the
the First World War and account for the Indus sites within India.
establishment of Communist rule in the China in
1949. 3. Discuss the political pattern and the major re-
ligious ideas and rituals of the Vedic age.
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4. Critically examine the sources for the study of 1905 and assess official response to it.
Mauryan dynasty. How are they useful in under-
standing the Mauryan administration? 4. What were the circumstances that led Mahatma
Gandhi to start the Non-cooperation Movement?
5. Discuss the ancient Indian contacts with South- Examine its contribution to India’s struggle for
East Asia with reference to causes, chronology freedom.
and original home of the migrators. What was
the impact of these contacts on the art of Kambuja 5. Write a brief essay on the peasant movement
and Java? in India between 1921 and 1947.
6. Examine the development of religion, litera- Section B (Modern World)

ture and fine arts under the Gupta’s.
6. Give an account of the revolutionary develop-
Section B ments in agriculture in western Europe between
16th and 18th centuries. How far were they af-
7. Give an account of the impact of Islam on In- fected by the Commercial Revolution?
dian culture in respect of society, religion and fine
arts. 7. Explain the main features of the Technological
Revolution and discuss its impact on society.
8. Describe the development of Chola power un-
der Rajaraja and Rajendra I. Form an estimate of 8. Trace the various stages that led to the Unifi-
their cultural contributions. cation of Italy between 1848 and 1870.
9. Discuss the patterns of land revenue system 9. What were the causes for the success of Bol-
developed in Medieval India and examine their shevik Revolution of 1917? Discuss its signifi-
significant features. cance in the history of the world.
10. Discuss the origin of the Vijayanagara King- 10. ‘The period 1919 to 1945 is important in the
dom. Do you agree with the view that history of Egypt for the explanation of its re-
Krishnadevaraya was an ideal ruler of this dy- sources by Great Britain and rise of strong na-
nasty? tionalism’. Discuss.
11. Trace the development of Maratha power 11. ‘The years 1840 to 1860 confronted the Ching
under Shivaji. dynasty and the people of China with unprec-
edented crises due to imperialist designs of west-
Paper-II ern powers’. Discuss critically.
Section A (Modern India)
1. “The poverty of the Indian people was the con-

sequence of the Government’s land revenue and
taxation policy!” Discuss this statement with ref-
erence to British rule in India in the 19th Cen-
tury.
2. Critically examine the nature of the Revolt of

1857. How did it affect the British policy in India
after 1858?
3. Describe briefly the ideals and programme of

the Indian National Congress between 1885 and
roborating evidence from archaeology and litera-

UPSC IAS Main ture.
Year – 1981 4. Discuss critically the main aspects of polity and
society under the Pallavas?
Paper-I
Section B
Section A
5. Write short answers of not more than 200
words each for any three of the following ques-
supplied to you and give descriptive notes on
tions:
them:
(i) Ahichchatra
(i) How did Sankaracharya seek to integrate the
(ii) Aihole
different religions cults in India ?
(iii) Bamiyan
(ii) What were the aims of Alauddin Khalji be-
(iv) Bharukachcha
hind his market regulations, and how far were
(v) Bokhgaya
they achieved?
(vi) Chanhudaro
(iii) Examine the major contributions of the Sur
(vii) Ellora
rulers to the administrative system.
(viii) Girnar
(iv) Why did the Marathas fail in establishing a
(ix) Hastinapura
lasting empire in India?
(x) Kalibangan
(xi) Kausambi
6. Examine the factors which were responsible
(xii) Madurai
for opening and development of European trade
(xiii) Mahishmati
in-India during the 16th and 17th centuries.
(xiv) Muziris
(xv) Nagarjunakonda
7. Explain with illustrative detail the part played
(xvi) Poompuhar
by the following factors in the disintegration of
(xvii) Purushapura
the Mughal empire:
(xviii) Rajgir
(xix) Shabazgarhi
(a) Aurangzeb’s alleged departure from the poli-
(xx) Sopara
cies of his predecessors,
(xxi) Sravanabelgola
(b) Inherent defects of the Mansab and Jagir sys-
(xxii) Sravasti
tem. and
(xxiii) Tamralipti
(c) Growth of new political forces in the prov-
(xxiv) Thanesar
inces.
(xxv) Tdsali
(xxvi) Ujjain
8. Identify the traces of Persian and Rajput tradi-
(xxvii) Vaisali
tions and show how they were synthesized in the
(xxviii) Vijayanti
field of painting, architecture and literature at the
(xxix) Vatapi
Mughal court.
(xxx) Vidisa
Paper-II
2. Bring out the elements of change and continu-
ity in the domestic and foreign policies of Ashoka.
1. Write critical notes on any three of the follow-
3. How far do the coins of the Gupta’s provide
ing in about 200 words each:
clues regarding trends in economy, polity, reli-
gion and arts? Discuss them in the light of cor-
(a) Consequences of the ruin of handicraft indus-

tries under the rule of the East India Company.

(b) Impact of western contact on social changes UPSC IAS Main
half of 19th century in the first History Optional Paper
(c) Significance of the Swadeshi Movement 1905-
07 in the freedom struggle. Year – 1982
(d) Gandhiji’s role in solving the communal prob-
lem. Paper-I
Section A
2. Trace the circumstances that led to the intro-
duction of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal. 1. Write short answers of not more than 200
Discuss its impact on landlords, peasants and the words each on any three of the following:
Government.
(a) Was India civilized before the advent of the
3. Give a brief account of the industrial and agri- Aryans? State briefly the extent and striking
cultural policy of the Government of India be- features of the earlier civilization, if any.
tween 1858 and 1914. How far is it correct to (b) Do you think that the economic factors were
say that it was more in the interest of British capi- alone responsible for the disintegration of the
tal than the Indian people? Mauryan Empire?
(c) How far is it correct to say that the Indians of
4. Assess the role of the Left Wing within the the ancient period indulged only metaphysical
Indian National Congress between 1920 and things and not in the development of pure sci-
1947. ences?
(d) Examine the role of guilds in the economic
Section B (Modern World) life of ancient India.
5. Write critical notes on any threes of the fol- 2. Discuss the cultural impact of India of the
lowing in about 200 words each: South-East Asia during the ancient period.
(a) Theory of ‘The New imperialism’ after 1870. 3. Discuss the conditions of economic life in the
(b) Effect of British liberalism on the social or age of the Guptas.
economic life of the people of England.
(c) Lenin’s role in the Russian Revolution of 1917. 4. Trace the origin and development of the politi-
(d) Importance of the Opium War in the history cal authority of the Chalukyas of Badami and dis-
of China. cuss their contribution to religion and architec-
ture.
6. Give a critical account of the progress of
merchantalism in the 17th century. How far is it Section B
correct to say that it paved the way for the In-
dustrial Revolution? 5. Mark any fifteen of the following on the map
supplied to you and give descriptive notes:
7. ‘Napoleon kindled the national sentiment but
German unity was achieved by Bismarck.’ Dis- (i) Agra
cuss. (ii) Ahmednagar
(iii) Ajmer
8. What was the culture system in the Dutch East (iv) Attock
Indies (Indonesia) during the 19th century? Why (v) Bidar
was it dismantled? (vi) Bijapur
(vii) Burhanpur
(viii) Chaul

(ix) Chittod (Chittor) (d) The Cripps Mission gave India “a post-dated
(x) Champaner cheque.”
(xi) Dabhol
(xii) Daulatabad 2. Trace the course and explain the consequences
(xiii) Fatehpur Sikri of the drain of wealth from Bengal in the eigh-
(xiv) Gingee teenth century.
(xv) Golconth
(xvi) Cwaljor 3. Describe the nature of Indian Nationalism with
(xvii) Hampi special reference to the character of its leader-
(xviii) Janjiar ship iii the period between 1885 and 1905.
(xix) Jaunpur
(xx) Mandu 4. Tribal revolts were a reaction to an alien, un-
(xxi) Multan feeling administration. Elucidate with reference
(xxii) Panipat to the British tribal policy in Eastern India in the
(xxiii) Pune nineteenth century.
(xxiv) Raigad (Raigarh)
(xxv) Ranthambhor Section B (Modern World)
(xxvi) Surat
(xxvii) Talikota 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
(xxviii) Tanjavur ments in about 200 words each
(xxix) Ujjain
(xxx) Vengurla (a) ‘Imperialism and Colonialism have long em-
ployed as instruments of national policy.’
6. Critically examine the Views of Balban, Ala- (b) ‘The characteristic motive of this period
ud-din Khalji and the Tughluq on the nature of (1830-1871) was not so much Liberalism as
Kingship under the Delhi Sultanate Nationalism.’
(c) ‘Japanese policy in relation to Manchuria re-
7. Analyze the cause of the agrarian crisis of the acted back upon Japan affecting her both
Mughal Empire and briefly discuss the agrarian economically and politically.’
aspects of the peasant revolt against the Empire. (d) ‘Mehemet Ali, half an illiterate barbarian, half
a consummate statesman, was wholly a
8. Review the efforts made by Shivaji in consoli- genius.’
dating his power in the Deccan in the seventeenth
century. 6. Trace the growth of Capitalism in England in
the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. How
Paper-II did it affect the Wage System in the country?
7. Critically examine the main features of the for-
1. Comment an any three of the following state- eign policy of Nazi Germany.
ments in about 200 words each:
8. How did the Treaty Port System in China de-
(a) ‘Baksar takes rank amongst the most deci- velop between 1840 and 1860 ? What was its
sive battles ever fought.’ inference on Chinese attitude to foreigners?
(b) The Reforms of 1909 introduced ‘a cardinal
problem and ground of controversy at
every revision of the Indian electoral system.’
(c) Ram Mohan Roy ‘presents a most instructive
and inspiring study for the New India of which
he is the type and pioneer

3. Analyze Ashoka’s policy of Dhamma and ac-

UPSC IAS Main count for its failure.
Year – 1983 4. Who were the Pallavas ? Review briefly their
contribution to art and administration?
Paper-I Section B
Section A
1. Mark any fifteen of the following on the map words each on any three of the following:
supplied to you and give short descriptive notes
on them: (a) Why was Firuz Tughluq regarded as an ideal
Muslim king of medieval times?
(i) Amaravati (b) What was the most significant contribution
(ii) Arikamedu of Kabir and Guru Nanakdev to Bhakti move-
(iii) Avanti ment?
(iv) Bedsa (c) Do you think that the reign of Krishnadevaraya
(v) Belur inaugurated a new epoch in the history of
(vi) Bhrigukachha Vijayanagar?
(vii) Dwarka (d) What motivated Akbar to enunciate Din-i-Ilahj
(viii) Elephanta ? How far did he succeed in spreading it?
(ix) Halebid
(x) Kanchipuram 6. Critically examine the economic regulations of
(xi) Kaushambi Ala-ud-din Khalji.
(xii) Kurukshetra
(xiii) Lothal 7. Review briefly the methods of land-revenue
(xiv) Madurai assessment adopted by the Mughals.
(xv) Mahabalipuram
(xvi) Maski 8. How far did Peshwa Bajirao I succeed in es-
(xvii) Nagarjunkonda tablishing Maratha supremacy in the Deccan and
(xviii) Nalanda political hagemony in the North?
(xix) Nasik
(xx) Patliputra Paper-II
(xxi) Pratishthana Section A (Modern India)
(xxii) Rajagriha
(xxiii) Rupar 1. Comment on arty three of the following state-
(xxiv) Sanchi ments in about 200 words each:
(xxv) Sarnath
(xxvi) Shravasti (a) The Treaty of Bassein, 1802 was “a step which
(xxvii) Sopar changed the footing on which we [the English
(xxviii) Tamralipti stood in western India. It trebled the English re-
(xxix) Varanasi sponsibilities in an instant.”
(xxx) Vatap (b) The Permanent Settlement of land revenue in
Bengal was a “bold, brave and wise measure.”
2. Examine the contribution of Vedic culture in (c) “The Mutiny was not inevitable in 1857, but
the sphere of social institutions and religion. Was it was inherent in the constitution of the
there any continuity between the Indus and the Empire.”
Vedic cultures in this respect? (d) The Cabinet Mission Plan “seemed to open
an avenue for the reconciliation of a united India

with Muslim autonomy’.” the Communist rule in the land. How did the
United States seek to resolve the conflict between
2. Review the relations of the Government of the Nationalists and the communists in the pe-
India with Indian States in the period 1858-1918 riod?
with particular reference to the cases where the
doctrine of paramount was asserted by the Gov-
ernment.
UPSC IAS Main
3. Explain the main features of Montford Re- History Optional Paper
forms. How far did they implement the policy of Year – 1984
administrative devolution?
4. Trace the industrial growth of British India after Paper -I

the First World War. How did the Government’s Section A
tariff policy influence the growth?
Section B (Modern World) words each on any three of the following:
5. Comment on any three of the following state- (a) How do you account for the decline of the
ments in about 200 words each: major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization?
(b) What was the position of Varuna in the Vedic
(a) “Mercantilist philosophy was based upon a system of Gods?
belief that private & social interests are not (c) What were the causes of the origin of the het-
necessarily in harmony.” erodox sects in the sixth century BC?
(b) “The writings of the philosophers had a tre- (d) What was the contribution of the Chalukyas
mendous influence on the minds of the people of Badami to Indian architecture?
and created a revolutionary awakening in their
minds and formed the intellectual creed of the 2. Examine the administrative system of the
French Revolution” Mauryas and discuss briefly the causes of disin-
(c) “The bold knight, Lenin, having rescued the tegration of the Mauryan Empire.
fair maiden of the Revolution from the evil
sorcerer, Kerensky, everyone lived happily here- 3. How was overseas trade organized in South
after.” India up to 300 A. D.? Discuss this with special
(d) “ ….. nascent nationalism in Indo-China de- reference to Roman trade and point out its im-
veloped within both an Asian and a European pact on Indian economy.
context with but scanty reference in either case
to traditionalist considerations.” 4. Critically examine the sources of information
for the study of Harshavardhan and discuss his
6. Trace the course of the movement for Italian religious policy.
Unification from 1848 with special reference to
the contribution of Mazzini. Section B
7. Identify the main strands in the Egyptian na- 5. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the
tionalist movement in the first half of the present map supplied to you and give brief descriptive
century and explain the role played in it by Zaghlul notes on them:
Pasha.
(i) Ahmedabad
8. Review the political circumstances in China in (ii) Ajmer
the years 1945-49 leading to the establishment of (iii) Aurangabad

(iv) Bikaner (b) ‘ ……. if we could keep a number of Nature

(v) Baroda States without political power, but as royal
(vi) Calicut instruments, we should exist in India as long as
(vii) Cutch our naval supremacy was maintained.’
(viii) Deogiri (c) In British India ‘the impact of the govern-
(ix) Fatehpur Sikri ment on the people meant essentially the impact
(x) Gulbarga of government on the village.’
(xi) Halebid (d) ‘Curzon’s political obtusely created a breach
(xii) Hospet between government and people which was
(xiii) Indore never wholly closed in the remaining forty-two
(xiv) Jaisalmer years of British rule.’
(xv) Jodhpur
(xvi) Kalyan 2. Trace the course of the Anglo-Maratha rela-
(xvii) Kanyakumari tions in the first two decades of the nineteenth
(xviii) Kucknow century. Account for the ultimate defeat of the
(xix) Meerut Maratha power by the British.
(xx) Murshidabad
(xxi) Nasik 3. Explain the essential features of the ryotwari
(xxii) Panjim system of land revenue with special reference to
(xxiii) Raichur Thomas Munro’s contribution to its evolution.
(xxiv) Rameshwaram
(xxv) Shravari Belgola 4. Review the main trends in the Social Move-
(xxvi) Sommath ments in India from 1900 to 1947 with particular
(xxvii) Tirupati reference to the changing position .of women in
(xxviii) Udaipur the country.
(xxix) Vasar (Bassein)
(xxx) Warangal Section B (Modern World)
6. Do you agree with the view that Muhammad 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
Tughluq was transcendent failure’ ? Why did he ments in about 200 words each:
fail to achieve the ideals he had set for himself?
(a) ‘If imperialism is viewed as a phase of the
7. Which were the major European Powers en- struggle for power between States, its result must
gaged in trade with India in the medieval period be judged in terms of its role in power politics.’
? How did they organise their trade and what were (b) ‘It is one of the ironies of history that Napo-
the chief items of trade? leon was the creator of modern Germany.’
(c) ‘The Treaty of Nanking is the basic act in the
8. What was the contribution of the Mughals to imposing but unstable structure of international
the development of education and literature? relations which governed China for a hundred
years.’
Paper – II (d) Hitler was ‘a creature flung to the top by the
Section A (Modern India) tides of revolutionary change, or the
embodiment of the collective unconsciousness of
1. Comment an any three of the following state- a people obsessed with violence and death.’
ments in about 200 words each: 6. Account for the growth of Liberalism in Brit-
ain in the nineteenth century. How far did it influ-
(a) ‘We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall ence the contemporary social and economic is-
do so and a very advantageous, useful, humane sues-in the country?
piece of rascality it will be.’

7. Identify the main strands in the Nationalist (xxvi) Taxila

Movement in Indonesia between the two World (xxvii) Ujjain
Wars. How did Japanese occupation of land in- (xxviii)Vaisali
fluence the course of the Movement? (xxix) Vengi
(xxx) Vikramsila
8. Give a critical account of the Agricultural Revo-
lution in Western Europe in the sixteenth and 2. Discuss the geographical area known to the
seventeenth centuries. How did it affect the so- Rigvedic people. Were they familiar with the sea?
cial and economic life of the people?
3. ‘The Gupta period stands at the center of In-
dian history.’ Discuss the development of arts and
UPSC IAS Main literature in that Gupta period in the light of this
statement.
Year – 1985 4. Trace briefly the history of the struggle be-
tween the Chalukyas and the Pailavas. Analyze
Paper -I its causes and bring out its importance.
Section A
Section B
1. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the
map supplied to you and give brief descriptive 5. Write short answers of not more than 200
notes on them: words on any three of the following:
(i) Ajanta (a) What were the salient features of the bureau-
(ii) Atranjikhera cratic machinery of the Cholas?
(iii) Ayodhya (b) Examine the responsibility of Firoz Tughluq
(iv) Bharhut for the fall of his dynasty
(v) Dhauli (c) Where, when and how did Urdu originate?
(vi) Ganjam (d) Was Shivaji a nationalist leader?
(vii) Gaya 6. What were the problems Balban faced? How
(viii) Gwalior far did he succeed in solving them? Was he a
(ix) Harappa trendsetter in his theory of kingship?
(x) Junagadh
(xi) Kalibangan 7. Discuss briefly the causes that contributed to
(xii) Kapilavastu the religious movements of the fifteenth and
(xiii) Kanyakubja sixteenth centuries. Analyze their approach to the
(xiv) Khajuraho realities of contemporary life.
(xv) Lothal
(xvi) Manyakheta 8. Analyze the religious policy of the Mughal
(xvii) Mathura emperors from Akbar to Aurangzeb. How did it
(xviii) Multan affect the stability of the Mughal empire?
(xix) Nagarjunikonda
(xx) Prayaga Paper – II
(xxi) Rameshwaram Section A (Modern India)
(xxii) Sakala
(xxiii) Sravana Belgola 1. Comment an any three of the following state-
(xxiv) Surparaka ments in about 200 words each:
(xxv) Tanjore (a) “Thus ended the famous battle of Buxar, on
which depended the fate of India and which was

as gallantly disputed as was important in its re- consequently, was due as much to its weakness
sults.” as to consequently, was due as much to its weak-
(b) “Our system acts very much like a sponge, ness as.
drawing. up all the good things from the banks of
the Ganges, and squeezing them down on the 6. Trace the growth of capitalism in Britain in the
banks of the Thames.” seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Why was
(c) “On the whole, it is difficult to avoid the con- France, as compared to Britain, late in develop-
clusion that the so-called First National War of ing the capitalist spirit and the institutional frame-
Independence. was neither First, nor National, nor work of capitalism?
a war of Independence.”
(d) “These religion-reform movements were na- 7. Analyze the causes of the Russian Revolutions
tional in content but religious in form. It was in of 1917. Why was the second Revolution signifi-
the later stages of our national existence, that cant in more that one way?
nationalism found exclusively or predominantly
secular forms.” 8. Critically examine the culture system in the
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) during the nine-
2. What changes did the British attitude undergo teenth century. Why was it dismantled?
towards the Princely states after 1858? Was the
Government of India Act of 1858 intended to in- UPSC IAS Main
troduce direct relations between the Princes and
the Crown?
Year – 1986
3. Identify the main strands in the Civil Disobedi-
ence Movement with particular reference to the Paper -I
changing role of ‘business pressures’ in the coun- Section A
try.
1. Write short essays of not more than 200 words
4. Show how British rule led to the spread of on any three of the following:
land-lordism in certain parts of India, and how (a) Democratic elements hi the political system
the, peasant was progressively impoverished un- of the early Vedic period.
der this rule. (b) The role of guilds in the economic life of In-
dia from c. 200 B: C. to c. A. 0. 300
Section B (Modem World) (c) The significance of the policy o matrimonial
alliances for the expansion and consolidation of
5. Comment on any three of the following state- the Gupta empire.
ments in about 200 words each: (d) The contributions of the Pallavas to Indian
architecture.
(a) “What mattered in 1789- and what made men
revolutionary almost in spite of 2. ‘On circumstantial evidence Indra stands con-
themselves was the whole revolutionary situation’ victed’. Explain, and discuss briefly different
; and in producing that situation the work of the views about a sudden end of the Indus Valley civi-
philosophers played no very important role.” lization. How would you explain the presence of
(b) “They have stopped me -from making Italy those elements in Indian culture and civilization
by diplomacy from the North, 1 will make it by which are found to have existed in the Indus Val-
revolution from the South.” ley period?
(c) “Mohammad Mi combined ambition with per-
spicacity to a greater degree than any other 3. Discuss critically the relative importance of the
Oriental ruler of the nineteenth century.” different source for the history of the Mauryan
(d) “The turn of the tide against the Kuomintang, period.

Shah in the history of India.

4. Harsha is described as ‘the lord of the whole
of north India’. Determine the extent of his em- 8. Account for the rise of the Marathas as a po-
pire and discuss his political relations with litical power. How did they influence the course
Sasanka, Bhaskaravarman and Pulakesin II. of history?
Section B Paper – II
5. Marks any fifteen of the following places on
the map supplied to you. Also give brief descrip- 1. Comment on any three of the following state-
tive notes on places marked on the map: ments in about 200 words each:
(i) Agra (a) ‘Upon the whole, then, I conclude that the
(ii) Ahmadnagar treaty of Bassein was wise, just and a politic
(iii) Anhilware measure.’
(iv) Attock (b) ‘Rammohun thus presents a most instructive
(v) Bidar and inspiring study for the New India of which
(vi) Cambay he is the type and pioneer.’
(vii) Champaner (c) ‘The roots of Moplah discontent were clearly
(viii) Chittor agrarian….’
(ix) Chunar (d) ‘It is sometimes asked by Ruling Chiefs, as
(x) Daultabad well as by the public in India and in Europe what
(xi) Dvarasamudra our policy towards Native States is. I can tell you
(xii) Gaurs that the basis of the policy was laid in Queen
(xiii) Gwalior Victoria’s Proclamation of 1858 and repeated in
(xiv) Jaunpur the Coronation message of His Majesty the King
(xv) Kalinjar Emperor.’
(xvi) Koil
(xvii) Madura 2. Bring out the pattern of commercialization of
(xviii) Mandu agriculture in the 19th century. Was it a forced
(xix) Panipat process for the vast majority of poorer peasants?
(xx) Rameshwaram
(xxi) Ranthambhor 3. Discuss the basic features of the judicial ad-
(xxii) Sarhind ministration under the East India Company. Did
(xxiii) Sasaram the British introduce the modern concept of the
(xxiv) Sailkot rule of law in India?
(xxv) Surat
(xxvi) Tanjore 4. Account for the rise and growth of Left-wing
(xxvii) Thatta within the Congress. Did Jawaharlal Nehru be-
(xxviii) Ujjain lieve in a socialistic approach to Indian and world
(xxix) Vijayanagara problems and if so why?
(xxx) Warangal
Section B (World History)
6. ‘The period of Delhi Sultans witnessed the
emergence of Indo-Persian culture’ Discuss the 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
statement with reference to developments m the ments in about 200 words each:
fields of language, (a) ‘The novelty in sixteenth century mercantil-
ism its extension from city to nation and the
7. Bring out the significance of the reign of Sher transfer of its chief agency from local guilt to
national monarch.’
(b) ‘Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, (xiv) Kausambi

but in many ways he reversed the aims and (xv) Konarak
principles of the movement from which he sprang (xvi) Lauriya Nandangarh
……. (xvii) Mahabalipuram
(c) ‘If I could save the Union without freeing- (xviii) Maski
any slave, I would do it; and if I could save it by
(xix) Mathura
freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I could
(xx) Nalanda
save it by freeing some and leaving others (xxi) Nasik
alone, I would also do that.’ (xxii) Navdatoli
(d) ‘Under Mustafa Kemal’s dictatorship; Tur- (xxiii) Piprahwa
key was rapidly natonalized. (xxiv) Rajagrtha
(xxv) Ropar
6. What is meant by the ‘rediscovery of ancient (xxvi) Sankisa
civilization’? Show how the ‘New Learning’ was (xxvii) Sopara
a major element in the beginning of Modern Eu- (xxviii) Tamralipti
rope. (xxix) Vidisha
(xxx) Vikramasila
7. Discuss the Self-strengthening movement in
China. 2. Compare the economic, social and religious
life of the Indus Valley (Harappan) people with
8. What led to the formation of the Berlin-Rome that of the early Vedic people and discuss the rela-
Tokyo axis? Indicate its impact on international tive chronology of the Indus and the early Vedic
politics. cultures.
3. Discuss the social & economic factors for the

rise of Buddhism How far was it influenced by
UPSC IAS Main Upnisadic thought?
Year – 1987 4. ‘Harsha owes his greatness largely not to any
real achievements but to formulate descriptions
by two famous men.’ Discuss.
Paper -I
Section A
Section B
map supplied to you and give brief descriptive
words on any three of the following:
notes on them:
(a) Shankaracharya’s philosophy and its impact
(i) Aihole
(b) Main sources of information for the history
(ii) Amaravati
of the 13th century
(iii) Arikmedu
(c) Significance of the Bhakti Movement
(iv) Bairat
(d) Structure and role of the Maratha Confedency.
(v) Banawali
(vi) Bodh-Caya
6. Critically examine the price control measures
(vii) Burzahom
of Alauddin Khilji. What was the main objective
(viii) Deogarh
behind them and how for was he able to put them
(ix) Daimabad
into effecter?
(x) Elephanta
(xi) Ellora
7. Discuss the development of art and culture
(xii) Fran
under the Vijayanagar Empire.
(xiii) Hastinapur
8. Bring out the main features of the MANSAB 6. Account for the emergence of the national
and JAGIR systems with special reference to the monarchies in Europe in the sixteenth century.
reign of Akbar Did the monarchs build the national states less by
design than by chance?
Paper – II
Section A (Modem India) 7. How did Japan develop between 1868 and 1894
? Did the ‘Restoration of Meiji’ mark a sharp break
1. Comment on any three of the following state- with the past?
(a) ‘The revolution of 1760 (Bengal) was really 8. Critically examine the New Deal of Franklin
no revolution.’ D. Roosevelt. Did he want to introduce a sort of
(b) ‘The British endeavoured as far as possible to socialism?
live within a Ring-Fence and beyond that they
avoided intercourse with the chiefs.’
(c) ‘The Ilbert Bill was the most extreme but by
no means isolated expression of white racism.’ UPSC IAS Main
(d) ‘The national democratic awakening of the History Optional Paper
Indian people found expression of white racism.’
Year – 1988
2. Trace the gradual decline of the Indian town
handicrafts between 1757 and 1880. In what way Paper -I
did it contribute to the economic unification of Section A
India?
3. Identify the various forms of ‘rural protest’ in each on any three of the following:
India in the second half of the nineteenth century. (a) Position of women in the Rigvedic society
Were they expressions of anti-landlord or anti- (b) The intellectual revolution in the Sixth Cen-
foreign discontent?4. How would you explain tury B.C.
Gandhiji’s ‘rise to power’ or ‘capture’ of national (c) Mauryan court art as an alien grafting
leadership in the course of 1919-20? Was it a very (d) The Maukharis paving the way for the glory
skilful top-level political game? of Harshavardhana
Section B (World History) 2. “The Indus Civilization had an abrupt end.”

Discuss the statement and explain how the Indus
5. Comment on any three of the following state- Civilization could influence Indian culture in its
ments in about 200 words each: later history.
(a) ‘By 1861, China may be said to have been
fully though grudgingly opened to the Westerner.’ 3. Brief out the salient features of the religious
(b) ‘The Unification of Germany was the one thing development in the Post-Maurya period. How
Bismarck was determined to prevent.’ was contemporary art influenced by it?
(c) ‘The international situation that confronted
the peacemakers in Pairs was in the brutal 4. Evaluate the importance of the contributions
realities of history, the result of a temporary re- of the Pallavas in the history of the development
distribution of the balance of power in the of art and administration in South India.
world.’
(d) ‘One of the last Strongholds – of oil imperial- Section B
ism and European colonualism it (Middle East)
cultivates a fiery nationalism as a weapon against 5. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the
foreign oppression’ map supplied to you. Also give brief descriptive

notes on the places marked on the map: Paper – II

(i) Amarkot Section A (Modern India)
(ii) Attock
(iii) Bijapur 1. Comment an any three of the following state-
(iv) Cambay ments in about 200 words each:
(v) Calicut (a) “Whatever might have been its original char-
(vi) Chanderi acter, it (Rebellion of 1857) soon became 3
(vii) Chaul symbol of challenge to the mighty British power
(viii) Cuftack in India.”
(ix) Diu (b) “The impact of government on the people
(x) Dvarasalnudra meant essentially the impact of government on
(xi) Fathepur Sikri the village.”
(xii) Goa (c) “Dyarchy was Introduced with high hopes and
(xiii) Golkunda it must be said that, oil a theoretical analysis
(xiv) Gulbarga and if worked under ideal conditions, it is not
(xv) Hampi without merits,”
(xvi) Jodhpur (d) “The Simla Conference (1945) afforded the
(xvii) Kalpi last opportunity of the forces of nationalism to
(xviii) Kanauj fight a reargued action to preserve the integrity
(xix) Karigra of the country and when the battle was lost,
(xx) Masulipatan the waves of communalism quickly engulfed it.”
(xxi) Multan
(xxii) Pondicherry 2. Review the educational policy of the English
(xxiii) Raichur East India Company. To what extent did it serve
(xxiv) Rajmahal the imperial interests of Great Britain?
(xxv) Rameshwaram
(xxvi) Rohtas 3. Discuss briefly the tribal revolts in Eastern In-
(xxvii) Satan dia from 1817 to 1857. Were they directed against
(xxviii) Talikot land lordism and colonialism ?
(xxix) Tanjore
(xxx) Tarain 4. At different periods and at various levels, the
National Movement assumed social, cultural and
6. Bring out the salient features of the polity & economic dimensions. Amplify.
social structure of the Rajputs. To what extent
were they responsible for the weakness of the to Section B (World History)
foreign invaders?
5. Comment on any three of the following state-
7. Was the state in the Sultanate period a theoc- ment in about 200 words each:
racy? Discuss the new orientation of state poli- (a) “Attempts to put mercantilist doctrine into
cies and administrative principles under practice characterized the history of most of the
Muhammad bin Tughluq. nations of Western European in the 16th and 17th
centuries.”
8. “The expansion of Mughal empire in Deccan (b) “At the news of the Declaration of Indepen-
brought about its decline”. Discuss brought about dence crowds gathered to cheer, fire guns and
its decline”. Discuss. cannon and ring church bells in Philadelphia.
Boston and other places, but there were many
people in America who did not rejoice”.
(c) “…… the European nations in emphasizing
their solidarity, their European’s

in dealing with Asian countries inevitably gave (xix) Paithan

rise to a feeling of Asianness.” (xx) Pragyotishpur
(d) “The Anglo-Japanese Treaty (1962) marks a (xxi) Puskalavati
milestone in the development of Japan as an (xxii) Sanchi
Asiatic power.” (xxiii) Sarnath
(xxiv) Surparaka
6. Examine the view that the thirty years’ war (xxv) Tamralipti
(1618-1648) was essentially a contest between (xxvi) Tanjore
the Bourbon and Hapsburg houses for mastery (xxvii) Thaneswar
of the Continent of Europe. How for did it settle (xxviii)Vaisali
the issue? (xxix) Vatapi
7. Why is the period from 1842 to 1900 consid- 2. Discuss briefly the development of religious
ered as half a century of humiliations in the his- ideas and rituals in the Vedic age. Do they show
tory of China? What was the reaction of China? any parallelism with the religion of the Indus Civi-
lization?
8. Write a critical note on the process of
decolonization accelerated by the second World 3. Discuss the comparative merit of the
War. Arthasastra, the Indica and Ashoka Inscriptions
as sources for the administration, socio-economic
conditions and religious life in the Mauryan pe-
UPSC IAS Main riod.
Year – 1989 4. Discuss critically the role Harsha played in the
history of his times.
Paper -I
Section A Section B
1. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the 5. Write short essays of not more than 200 word
map supplied to you. Also give brief descriptive each on any three of the following:
notes on the places marked on the map: (a) The significance of Alauddin Khilji economic
(i) Ahichhatra regulations for his imperialsim.
(ii) Atranjikhera (b) The empire-builder in North India of the six-
(iii) Ayodhya teenth century.
(iv) Brahmagiri (c) The Mughals and the European trading com-
(v) Burzahom panies
(vi) Chamba (d) The emergence of composite culture during
(vii) Dhauli the period 16th to 18th centuries.
(viii) Dwarka
(ix) Hastinapur 6. Discuss the salient features of Indian society
(x) Kalibangan on the eve of the campaigns of Mahmud of
(xi) Kanchipuram Ghazni, with particular reference to the observa-
(xii) Kapilavastu tions made by Al-Biruni.
(xiii) Karnasuvarna
(xiv) Khajuraho 7. ‘Art, literature and culture reached a high level
(xv) Lothal of development in the Vijayanagar Empire.’ Dis-
(xvi) Madhyamika cuss.
(xvii) Madurai
(xviii) Nagaijunikonda 8. Analyses the distinguishing features of the land

revenue system under the Mughals and point out has various faces in various countries, but it has
its influence on the strength of the Mughal State. everywhere certain common characteristics.’
Paper – II 6. The French Revolution (1789) really achieved

Section A far less than what it intended to effect. Do you
agree?
1. Comment an any three of the following state-
ments in about 200 words each: 7. Write a critique on the partition of Africa from
(a) ‘……. the hunt of the Pindaris became merged 1870 to 1914, with particular reference to
in the Third Maratha War.’ Germany’s imperial designs in the Continent.
(b) ‘If the paramount power cast its imperial cloak
over the princes, it was also entitled to see 8. Trace the growth of Arab nationalism after the,
that what was sheltered was in the main credit- First World War. How far was it a reaction to oil
able.’ imperialism?
(c) ‘Nowhere was the influence of the missionar-
ies felt more than in relation to the women’s
movement.’
UPSC IAS Main
(d) ‘Curzon was an unconscious catalyst who did History Optional Paper
not understand, let alone desire, what the new Year – 1990
century was about to bring forth, but who helped
it to be born.’ Paper -I
Section A
2. What led to the Caste Movements in Western
and Southern India? How did they affect the lo- 1. Write short essays of not more than 200 word
cal socio-political life? each on any three of the following:
(a) The formulation of social system in the later
3. Identify the main features of industrial devel- Vedic period
opment in India from 1914 to 1947 with special (b) The Maurya policy of regulating and control-
reference to the emergence of a class of factory ling economic activities
laborers. (c) Indian participation in the silk trade through
Central Asia
4. Examine the main aspects of Muslim Leage (d) The economic prosperity in the Gupta period.
politics from 1937 to 1947. Was the partition of
the country unavoidable? 2. ‘The Indus civilization did not have an abrupt
appearance.’ Discuss the statement. How does
Section B the Indus civilization stand, in view of its geo-
graphical expansion and chronology, in relations
5. Comment on any three of the following state- to the Vedic civilization?
(a) ‘The discovery of the new world, coinciding 3. Trace the rise of Magadhan imperialism up to
with the swift diffusion of printed books, taught the times of the Nandas with particular reference
the Europeans that “Truth”, in Bacon’s noble to its policy towards the non-monarchical state.
phrase, “is the daughter not of authority, but of Discuss the factors that contributed to its suc-
time.’ cess.
(b) Louis XIV’ was the first French sovereign to
make of monarchy a serious profession.’ 4. Make a comparative study of the administra-
(c) ‘The Eastern Question has always been an tive system and development of art under the
international question.’ Pallavas of Kanchi and the Chalukyas of Vatapi.
(d) ‘Extreme nationalism of the Fascist Variety

Section B in regard to their administrative policies and rev-

enue administration.
map supplied to you. Also give brief descriptive Paper – II
notes on the places marked on the map: Section A
(i) Ahmadnagar
(ii) Badaun 1. Comment an any three of the following state-
(iii) Baran ments in about 200 words each:
(iv) Bhatnair (a) ‘We have no right to seize Sind, yet we shall
(v) Bidar do so, and a very advantageous, useful and hu-
(vi) Chunar man piece of rascality it will be.’
(vii) Daman (b) ‘The hey-day of the British power in India
(viii) Gangaikon-dacholapuram was also the high noon of laissez faire’ economic
(ix) Hansi doctrine.’
(x) Jajnagar (c) ‘The new India was not to be built up, as late
(xi) Jaunpur nineteenth century patriots had thought, by
(xii) Junagadh copious draught from the past, but rather by fre-
(xiii) kalyani quent injections from the energetic contemporary
(xiv) Kanhwa west.’
(xv) Lakhnawati (d) ‘Lord Mountbatten came with an order to
(xvi) Mahoba orgarlise retreat, in military parlance an opera-
(xvii) Madura tion.’
(xviii) Malkhed
(xix) Mandu 2. The roots of the Moplah uprising (1921) were
(xx) Masulipatam clearly agrarian. Do you agree?
(xxi) Ranthambore
(xxii) Sahasaram 3. What was the Anglicisit-Orientalist controversy
(xxiii) Sandabur about? How was it resolved and with what re-
(xxiv) Serampur sults?
(xxv) Srirangapatnam
(xxvi) Talakad 4. ‘The National Movement has shown concern
(xxvii) Thatta for problems other than the constitutional one.’
(xxviii)Trichinopoly Discuss the factors that helped the rise of a left
(xxix) Uttaramerur wing in the Indian National Congress.
(xxx) Warangal
Section B
6. ‘Sankaracharya brought about a synthesis of
ideas and philosophies.’ Discuss the statement and 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
analyses the historical significance of his life and ments in about 200 words each:
throught. (a) ‘The Renaissance was the discovery of the
world arid of man.’
7. ‘Firuz Tugluq has been overshadowed by (b) ‘The American war of Independence trans-
Muhammad Tughluq.’ In the light of this state- formed Europeans as well as America.’
ment evaluate the significance of the policies and (c) ‘The Industrial Revolution put mobility in the
actions of Firuz Tughluq. place of stability.’
(d) ‘The comparison between Caviar’s and
8. ‘In medieval Indian history Akbar is unique Bismarck’s achievements reveals ‘striking points
for his religiopolitical ideas and policies.’ Discuss of resemblance and no less striking points of dis-
the statement and compare Akbar with Sher Shah similarity.’

6. What issues involved in the conflict between notes on the places marked on the map:
the King and Parliament in England in the seven- (i) Amber
teenth century? Discuss. (ii) Anhilwara
(iii) Asirgarh
7. The treaties made at the Paris Peace confer- (iv) Bayana
ence in 1919-20 were replete with unstable com- (v) Bijapur
promises, reflecting more materialism than ideal- (vi) Burhanpur
ism. Elucidate. (vii) Cambay
(viii) Champaner
8. How did the Japanese occupation of South- (ix) Chanderi
East Asian countries during the Second World (x) Daulatabad
War give a boost to nationalize in the regions? (xi) Fathehpur Sikri
Explain with examples. (xii) Gaur
(xiii) Gulbarga
(xiv) Halebid
UPSC IAS Main (xv) Hampi
(xvi) Jalor
History Optional Paper (xvii) Kabul
Year – 1991 (xviii) kalinjar
(xix) Kanauj
(xx) Lahore
Paper -I (xxi) Multan
Section A (xxii) Murshidabad
(xxiii) Orchha
1. Write brief essays of not more than 200 word (xxiv) Quilon
each on any three of the following: (xxv) Sambhal
(a) External trade of the Harappans (xxvi) Sirhind
(b) Contents of Asoka’s dhamma and reasons for (xxvii) Sonargaon
Asoka’s keenness to propagate dhamma (xxviii)Surat
(c) Origins, chronology, characteristics and geo- (xxix) Tanjore
graphical spread of Gandhara art (xxx) Tarain
(d) Origins and meaning of the samanta system
6. Critically assess the period of the Cholas in the
2. In what ways does religion as reflected in the history of South India.
Vedic texts differ from the religion of the Gupta
period? 7. What, in your opinion, was the significance of
the extensive military expeditions undertaken
3. In what ways would the period of the Pallavas during the time of Alauddin Khalji? Do you think
of the Kanchi and that of the Chalukyas of Badami his reign is considered significant in terms of such
mark the beginning of a new historical phase in expeditions alone?
peninsular India?
8. What were the major features of the adminis-
4. Discuss the scientific and technological devel- trative system of the Mughal State? To what ex-
opments in ancient India. tent did other Indian powers model their admin-
istration on this system in the late medieval pe-
Section B riod?

map supplied to you. Also give brief descriptive

in that it greatly expanded the idea of equalizing

Paper – II rich and poor and landowning which the peasant
Section A wars had put forward in the past.’
(d) ‘Comparison of the fascist regime in Italy with
1. Comment any three of the following statements the National Socialist regime of Germany is
in about 200 words each: almost inevitable. The similarities are obvious, but
(a) ‘This Anglo-Maratha War covering nearly nine there is one point of difference which is
years from the murder of Narayan Rao to the worth mentioning.’
Treaty of Salbye emphatically discloses the vital-
ity of the Maratha nation which had not been 6. Discuss the view that Louis XIV of France
exhausted either by the disaster of Panipat or the was a great king-’the grand monarch.’
death of their great Peshwa Madhavrao.’
(b) ‘The role of the East India Company proved 7. Examine the issues involved in the American
disastrous to the handicraft industry in India for Civil War. Was it a contest between two separate
a number of reasons.’ nations?
(c) ‘The tragedy of Cruzan lay in that, with such
abundance of trained talent; he was denied the 8. Show how the Spanish Civil War a prelude to
crowning qualities. He was never an administra- World War II.
tor of the first rank:’
(d) ‘The relations of the Native States, however
conducted are essentially relations with the UPSC IAS Main
British Crown and not with the Indian Govern-
ment.’ History Optional Paper
Year – 1992
2. Identify the distinct stages of colonialism in
India. How did these stages affect the Indian
economy? Paper -I
Section A
3. Discuss ‘the safety valve’ theory. Does it satis-
factorily explain the foundation of the Indian 1. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the
National Congress? map supplied to you. Also give brief descriptive
notes on the places marked on the map:
4. Analyses the main contours of Non-Brahmin (i) Aharara
Movements in Western and South India in the (ii) Aihole
nineteenth and first half of the twentieth centu- (iii) Alamgirpur
ries. (iv) Amaravati
(v) Anuradhapura
Section B (vi) Aphsad
(vii) Badami
5. Comment on any three of the following state- (viii) Bhagbanpura
ments in about 200 words each: (ix) Gimar
(a) ‘His (Martin Luther’s) rebellion ws essentially (x) Jaugada
popular and national.’ (xi) Kausambi
(b) ‘French political writers of the eighteenth cen- (xii) Khandgiri-Udayagiri
tury were influenced by Locke and also by the (xiii) Kusinagara
curious contrast. which they perceived between (xiv) Kot Diji
the government of his country and their (xv) Lumbini
own.’ (xvi) Mahabalipuram
(c) ‘The Heavenly Land system was significant (xvii) Nalanda

(xviii) Pratisthana light of the difficulties of administration and the

(xix) Purushapura extent of success achieved by him.
(xx) Rajagriha
(xxi) Ratnagiri Paper – II
(xxii) Sanathi Section A
(xxiii) Sittannavasal
(xxiv) Sravasti 1. Comment on any three of the following state-
(xxv) Sravanbelgola ments in about 200 words each:
(xxvi) Sultanganj (a) ‘On 23 June 1757, the middle ages of India
(xxvii) Surkotda ended and her modern age began.’
(xxviii)Takshasila (b) ‘No native state should be left to exist in In-
(xxix) Valabhi dia which is not upheld by the British power or
(xxx) Vidisa the political conduct of which is not under the
absolute control’
2. Analyses the differences and similarities be- (c) ‘it was in this almost unrecognizable form that
tween Indus Valley and Vedic Cultures. the Ilbert Bill was finally enacted it was
primarily a failure of the Viceroy’
3. Give an account of the republics in the pre- (d) ‘Please remember, in granting separate elec-
Maurya period. Discuss the factors which con- torates, we are sowing dragon’s teeth the harvest
tributed to their decline. will be bitter.’
4. Analyses the characteristics features of the 2. Assess the impact of the utilitarian ideas in
Gupta art and compare them with those of the molding the British attitude towards India. How
Mauryan art. did the utilitarian try to solve the problem of land
revenue?
Section B
3. Discuss the origins and character of major peas-
5. Write short essays of not more than 200 word ant and tribal uprisings in the late 18th and 19th
each on any three of the following: centuries’ were these protest movements back-
(a) Local self-government under the Cholas. wards-looking?
(b) Indo-Islamic architecture during the Khalji and
Tughluq period. 4. Show how the Civil Disobedience was marked
(c) Mughal official histories and auto-biographi- by much scattered potentially radical manifesta-
cal works. tions. Was the Karachi Congress an indication of
(d) Portuguese control of the Indian Ocean and certain basic weakness of the entire movement?
its impact.
Section B
6. Discuss the role of the Rashtrakutas for the
mastery of Kanauj and assess their contribution 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
to art and culture. ments in about 200 words each:
(a) ‘The sponsors of the overseas expansion of
7. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq’s contradictory quali- Europe were national monarchies.’
ties were beyond the grasp knowledge and com- (b) ‘Napoleon was the child of the Revolution,
mon sense. Evaluate the significance of his ad- but in many ways he reversed the aims and
ministrative measures and policies in the light of principles of the movement from which he
this statement. sprang.’
(c) ‘Thus the League sought to achieve to
8. Shivaji was a great organizer and builder of profoundest of all psychological revolutions
civil institutions, examine this statement in the

to transform the war mentality of man into a peace Section B

mentality.’
(d) ‘Nominally the new Turkey was republican 5. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the
and democratic.’ map supplied to you and write brief notes only
on the places marked on the map:
6. From the Thirty Years War finally emerged the (i) Abu
modern state system of Europe. Do you agree? (ii) Balasore
(iii) Belur
7. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a single (iv) Bhojpur
revolution which developed two phases. Eluci- (v) Chaul
date. (vi) Chunar
(vii) Gingee
8. Trace the distinct phases of the Sino-Japanese (viii) Golconda
War. Assess its political economic and cultural (ix) Janjira
impact on China, both ‘occupied and free.’ (x) Kalanaur
(xi) Kalpi
(xii) Khajuha
UPSC IAS Main (xiii) Khajuraho
(xiv) Konark
History Optional Paper (xv) Kondavid
Year – 1993 (xvi) Kumbakonam
(xvii) Mahim
(xviii) Mandasor
Paper -I (xix) Mandla
Section A (xx) Maner
(xxi) Modhera
1. Write brief essays of not more than 200 word (xxii) Pandua
each on any three of the following: (xxiii) Pulicat
(a) The burial customs in the Indus Civilization (xxiv) Puri
(b) The Vedic Gods of the terrestrial region (xxv) Raigarh
(c) Similarities and differences between the (xxvi) Rajmahal
Maurya columns and Achaemenian pillars (xxvii) Rewa
(d) Buddhist writing in Sanskrit in the post- (xxviii)Shivner
Maurya period (xxix) Sringeri
(xxx) Talikota
2. Bring out the elements of change and continu-
ity between the Early Vedic and Later Vedic Cul- 6. Discuss the contribution of Rajaraja I find
tures. Rajendra I for the expansion of the Chola em-
pire. Analyse the causes and impact of the naval
3. Examine the importance of Ashoka’s Rock Edit expeditions of the Cholas.
XIII for determining the extent of the Maurya
Empire. Did Ashoka’s policies and reforms con- 7. Examine the significance of Alauddin Khalji’s
tribute to the fall of the empire? administrative reforms. Was he really successful
in implementing these measures?
4. Discuss the military activities of Kharavela of
Kalinga. Do you think that his reign is significant 8. Analyse the merits and demerits of the
for military expeditions alone? Mansabdari System. How did it work under
Akbar’s successors?

Paper – II centuries. How did it influence modern society

Section A and civilization?
1. Comment on any three of the following state- 7. What were the obstacles to Italian unification
ments in about 200 words each: till 1852? How and with what methods was the
(a) ‘The permanent system of Bengal though ini- unification of Italy achieved?
tiated with best of best of intentions, was a sadly
blundering affairs.’ 8. Arab Nationalism and Oil-these were the prin-
(b) ‘The treaty of Bassein, by is direct and indi- cipal factors complicating the relations of the West
rect operations, gave the Company the Empire Asian countries with the outside world. Do you
of India.’ agree?
(c) ‘The nationalist political movements for lib-
eration such as the non-cooperation and civil UPSC IAS Main
disobedience movements and their leadership
depended heavily on the peasantry.’
(d) ‘Mountbatten’s task was, therefore, merely Year – 1994
to work out details and effect the partion, de-
manded by the League and accepted by both Brit- Paper-I
ish Government and the Congress; and this the Section A
new Viceroy moved commandingly to perform.’
2. What kind of administrative change was intro- map supplied to you and write short notes on the
duced in India under the East India Company? answer book on the places marked on the map:
(i) Akhnur
3. Explain the British policy of ‘Subordinate (ii) Arikamedu
union’ of Indian States with British India from (iii) Barabar
1858 to 1905. How did the Government of India (iv) Bagh
implement this policy during this period? (v) Bhumra
(vi) Bodh gaya
4. To what extent did the socio-religious move- (vii) Bhagatav
ments contribute to the emancipation of women (viii) Chandraketugrah
in the 19th century? (ix) Dhamner
(x) Elephanta
Section B (xi) Eran
(xii) Gop
5. Comment on any three of the following state- (xiii) Gyarspur
ments in about 200 words each: (xiv) Harappa
(a) ‘The scale, splendour and organized power (xv) Harwan
of the monarchy of Louis XIV were something (xvi) Karle
new in Europe.’ (xvii) Mohenjo Daro
(b) ‘For a tired and timid generation Metternich (xviii) Martand
was the necessary man.’ (xix) Maski
(c) ‘The Treaty of Versailles was merely an armi- (xx) Mehendragiri
stice for twenty years.’ (xxi) Mukhalingam
(d) ‘The Manchurian crisis decided the fate of (xxii) Nachna
the league of Nations.’ (xxiii) Piprahwa
(xxiv) Rajim
6. Assess the intellectual quickening which oc- (xxv) Sanghol
curred in Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth (xxvi) Sisupalgarh

(xxvii) Sirpur ish activity in India after the Revolt of 1857.”

(xxviii)Sonkh (c) “The British Raj had a deeply racist aspect
(xxix) Sutkagen-Dor and it ultimately existed to protect colonial
(xxx) Tigwa exploitation.”
(d) “To glorify the strength of the Congress and
2. Discuss the pattern of trade during the Indus deny that of the League is to be blind.” (P.C.
Valley civilization. How for did it affect the na- Joshi, 1945)
ture of contemporary settlements in the Indian
sub-continent? 2. How did the British establish their control over
Maharashtra in the first two decades of the 19th
3. Determine- the veracity of Megasthenes’ de- century? Why did the Maratha challenge ulti-
scriptions of Indian society and economy with the mately collapse?
help of other contemporary evidences.
3. How do you account of the rise and growth of
4. Trace the scientific and technological devel- the Business enterprise in India during the first
opments in India up to c. A.D. 750. half of the 20th century?
Section B 4. Gandhi restrained mass-movements yet he re-

tained his popularity among the masses. How do
5. Write short essays of not more than 200 words you explain this paradox?
each on any three of the following:
(a) Ziauddin Barani as a historian Section B
(b) Narrative paintings under Jahangir and Akbar
(c) Meaning and features of the Maharshtra 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
Dharma ments in about 200 words each:
(d) Mughals and the British East India Company (a) “The Renaissance was not a political or reli-
gious movement. It was a state of mind’
6. Do you agree with the view that the form and (b) “Protestantism contributed substantially to the
content of temple architecture in South India be- rise of capitalism.”
tween c. A.D. 750 and 1200 were products of a (c) “Asian Nationalism is just a product of West-
specific economic and political milieu? ern impact on the Asian intelligentsia in the last
decades of the nineteenth century.’
7. What light do inscriptions and accounts of (d) “The countries in the Middle East became,
European travelers throw on the antecedents and after 1919, the scene of constant effervescence
legacy of the administrative structure of the and some striking changes.”
Vijayanagar Empire?
6. To what extent were the advances in scientific
8. “Aurangzeb is a much maligned monarch.” knowledge in the sixteenth and seventeenth cen-
Argue the case for and against the proposition. turies a product of the needs of a changing soci-
ety?
Paper-II
Section A 7. “The perpetuation of the economic malaise was
the main cause of the political instability of Eu-
1. Comment on any three of the following state- rope during the next two decades (191939).”
ments in about 200 words each: Explain.
(a) “The Widow Remarriage Act was, in many
ways, a logical sequel to the abolition of Sati” 8. Show how the presence of a weak and help-
(b) “The new attitude of caution and conserva- less China next door brought about the rise of
tism can detected in almost every sphere of Brit- militarism and collapse of democracy in Japan.

(xvi) Katehar
UPSC IAS Main (xvii) Kishangarh
(xviii) Lakhnawati
History Optional Paper (xix) Madurai
Year – 1995 (xx) Mandu
(xxi) Navsari
(xxii) Orchha
Paper-I
(xxiii) Pandharpur
Section A
(xxiv) Panipat
(xxv) Patan
1. Write short essays on any three of the follow-
(xxvi) Qamarnager
ing in about 200 words each:
(xxvii) Raichur
(a) Vedic literature
(xxviii)Sirohi
(b) Essence of -Early Jainism
(xxix) Somnath
(c) Inscriptions of Ashoka
(xxx) Tirhut
(d) Historical significance of the advent of the
Arabs in India.
Section B
2. Describe the distinguishing features of impor-
6. Comment on any three of the following in about
tant archaeological cultures-of the Indian subcon-
200 words each:
tinent datable between c. 2000 B.C. and c. 500
(a) Land charters of north India (c. A-D. 750-
B.C.
1200)
(b) Balban’s theory of kingship
3. “The centuries between c. 200 B.C. and-c. AD.
(c) Growth of regional languages arid literature
300 constitute a landmark in the socio-religious
during the medieval pei’iod
history of India.” Analyses the proposition.
(d) Changes in the composition of nobility from
Akbar to Aurangzeb
4. How far is it true to say that the strength and
vigour of Indian history during c. A.D. 500-750
7. Make a comparative review of the agrarian
lay in the south of the Vindhyas?
reforms of Alauud-Din Khalji and Sher Shah Sun.
5. Mark any 15 of the following places on the
8. Do you agree with the view that the advent of
map supplied to you and write short notes (about
the Turks and the Mughals in India heralded many
fifty words each) on the answer book on only the
changes in the means of production? Give rea-
places marked on the map:
sons in support of your answer.
(i) Ahrnadnagar
(ii) Anhilawara
Paper-II
(iii) Badgara
Section A
(iv) Balasore
(v) Bayana
(vi) Bidar
(vii) Chinsura
(a) “By certain of his actions Clive has marred
(viii) Chittor
both the glory and usefulness of his work.”
(ix) Daman
(b) The Government of India from Canning to
(x) Dharma
Curzon was regarded “as a white man’s burden
(xi) Dipalpur
rather than as a call to creative effort or the prepa-
(xii) Gangaikon-dacholapuram
ration for a new era.”
(xiii) Gaur
(c) The Diarchy provided by the Mont ford re-
(xiv) Ghargaon
forms “certainly created suspicion without the
(xv) Kamatapura
frictions within.”
(d) ‘Having won political freedom, India had to

win economic and cultural freedom.” UPSC IAS Main
2. The British conquest of Sind was both a politi-
cal and moral sequel to the first afghan war. Com- Year – 1996
ment.
Paper-I
3. Economic changes in India from the late 1920s Section A
influenced the course of the country’s politics.
Elucidate. 1. Write short essays of not more than 200 word
each on any three of the following topics:
4. Trace the course and comment on the charac- (a) The Religion of the Indus Civilization
ter of caste movements in south India in the 20th (b) Social and economic conditions of North In-
century. How far was their object achieved? dia during the Pre-Mauryan period (600-325
B.C.)
Section B (c) Mauryan municipal administration
(d) Factors that led to the Rise and Fall of the
5. Comment on any three of the following state- Gupta Empire
(a) “The Renaissance and the Reformation are 2. “Of all the events that had a singular being on
the two springs of modern history, rival sources the history of India, Harsha’s death in 647 A.D.
of the intellectual and moral freshening of mod- is significant.” Why? Explain.
ern life.”
(b) The American Revolution “was a natural and 3. “Ancient Indians had no taste for historiogra-
even expected event in the history of colonial phy; their scholars cared more for religious, spiri-
people who had come of age.” tual and philosophical studies. Indian historiog-
(c) At the end of the battle of Sedan (1870), “Eu- raphy is essentially an Islamic heritage “Comment
rope lost a mistress and gained a master.” upon this statement with special reference to the
(d) “There was an element of system in Hitler’s contemporary writers and their works which help
foreign policy His outlook was continental.” us in the reconstruction of history of the early
medieval period of Indian history.
6. The unification of Italy and that of Germany
constituted a contrast in respect of the ways they 4. Give a account of the Society in Northern and
were affected and impact they left on later inter- Central India since the death of Harsha to the
national politics. Elucidate. Muslim conquest of North India.
7. Divided into spheres of influence by foreign Section B

powers, Chiri in the 19th century presented a sorry
spectacle. How did China react to it? 5. Mark and fifteen of the following places on
the map supplied to you and write brief notes on
8. “Corporate State” was Mussolini’s answer to the
sociopolitical problems of his country. Elucidate. places marked on the map:
(i) Ajmer
(ii) Attock
(iii) Benares
(iv) Bhatner
(v) Champaner
(vi) Cutch
(vii) Daulatabad

(viii) Delhi (c) “The religious reform movements of the 19th

(ix) Devagiri century were “endeavours to recast the old
(x) Diu religion (Hinduism) into a new form suited to meet
(xi) Ellichpur the needs of the new society.”
(xii) Ellora (d) “India after 1905 had new interests and ob-
(xiii) Ghazni jectives and compelled new lines of policy.”
(xiv) Ghor
(xv) Gwalior 2. The changing life in Indian village marked best
(xvi) Hampi the impact of the British administration on the
(xvii) Hissar Indian people. Explain, identifying the process and
(xviii) Jodhpur the extent of the change.
(xix) Kabul
(xx) Katni 3. Trace the course of the people’s movement in
(xxi) Khyber Pass Indian States after 1937. How did the Congress
(xxii) Lahore leadership react to it?
(xxiii) Peshawar
(xxiv) Rameswaram 4. The Pakistan movement converted a cultural
(xxv) Ranthambore and religious entity of a people into a separatist
(xxvi) Sialkot political force. Elucidate.
(xxvii) Thaneswar
(xxviii)Thatta Section B
(xxix) Uttaramerur
(xxx) Warangal 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
ments in about 200 words each: -
6. Give an estimate of Ghiasuddin Balban. (a) “The era of discovery and exploration was
but another aspect of the Renaissance interest in
7. Assess the importance of the Cholas in the his- the world and man.”
tory of South India. (b) The Industrial Revolution “Changed England
in character and culture.”
8. Shivaji’s rise to power cannot be treated as an (c) “The Communist international and the League
isolated phenomenon in Maratha history. It was of Nations both announced the end of the
as much the result of his personal daring and hero- Balance of Power.”
ism as of the peculiar geographical situation of (d) The Great Depression (1929-34) was “at-
the Deccan country and the unifying religious intended by momentous consequences in the eco-
fluences that were animating the people with new nomic as well as in the political sphere.”
hopes and aspirations in the 15th and 1.6th cen-
turies. Explain. 6. The French Revolution (1789) sought to re-
move both “the religious and secular props of the
Paper-II existing social order.” Elucidate.
Section A
7. Trace the stages in the partition of Africa after
1. Comment on any three of the following state- 1870. How did it affect international relations?
(a) “The verdict of Plessey was confirmed by the 8. Turkish renaissance guided by Kemal Pasha
English victory at revolutionized the Turkish life a many levels.
Buxar.” Amplify.
(b) The British policy towards Indian States in
1818-1858 was one of “isolation and noninter-
ference tempered by annexation.”

(17) Kaveripattinam (18) Konark

(19) Multan (20) Mursidabad (21) Nagpur (22)
UPSC IAS Main Nasilk (23) Puri (24) Rajahmundry (25) Ratnagiri
History Optional Paper (26) Satara (27) Talikota
(28) Tiruchirapalli (29) Vatapi (30) Vengi
Year – 1997
6. “Achieving dominance in the south of the
Paper-I Vindbyas did not satisfy the ambitions of the
Rashtrakutas, they also wanted to achieve domi-
Time Allowed : Three Hours nance over the Gangetic PIains.”Elaborate and
Maximum Marks : 300 comment.
Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 7. Discuss the implications of Khilji imperialism
which are compulsory, and any three of the re- with reference to administration and economic
maining questions selecting at least one question regulations on the State and peopIe of India.
from each Section . All questions carry equal
marks. 8. Highlight the catholicity of Akbar’s regime with
suitable examples.
Section A
Paper-II
each on any three of the following topics : Time Allowed : Three Hours
(a) Vedic rituals Maximum marks : 300
(b) The architectural and artistic features of the
great stupa at Sanchi Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5
(c) Skandagupta’s war with the Hunas which are compulsory, and any three of the re-
(d) Nalanda Mahavihara maining questions selecting at least one question
from each Section.
2. “The continuity of the Indus Civilization into All questions carry equal marks.
later ages was not confined to the religious and
spiritual fields alone.” Analyse the statement. Section A (Modern India)
3. Assess the achievements of the Pallavas in ad- 1. Comment on any three of the following state-
ministration and art. ments in about 200 words each :
(a) The British conquered India “in a fit of absent
4. How did Indian culture spread in the South- mind ness”.
east Asiatic countries during the Gupta Age ? (b) The Permanent settlement was a “bold, brave
and wise measures.”
Section B (c) Curzon’s partition of Bengal gave the unwit-
ting initiative to events of magnitude and returned
5. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the many years later to port with the cargo of free-
map supplied to you and write brief historical dom.”
notes on the places marked by you on the map. (d) India broke her British fetters with western
hammers.
(1) Amarkot(2) Asirgarh (3)Aurangabad (4) Belur
(5) Burhanpur (6) Chanderi (7) Chandernagar (8) 2. The 19th century Indian renaissance was both
GoIkunda (9) Hansi an acceptance and rejection of western values.
(10) Janjira (11) Jaunpur (12) Junagarh (13) Do you agree ?
Kanchi (14) Kandahar (15) Kannauj (16) Kara

3. Tribal movements should be viewed as “His- from each Section . All questions carry equal
tory from below”. Discuss the objects and nature marks.
of the movements in 19th century India.
Section A
4. Account for the rise and growth of leftism in
the Coogress movement. What impact did it have 1. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the
on contemporary Indian politics ? map supplied to you and write brief descriptive
notes on the places marked by you on the map :
Section B (World History) 1. Aihole 2. Amaravati 3. Besnagar 4.
Bhagawanpura 5. Bhrigukachchha 6. Dhola Vira
5. Comment on any three of the following state- 7. Daimabad 8. Girinagara 9. Inamgaon 10.
ments in about 200 words each : Kalinganagar 11. Kanheri 12. Karle 13. Kausambi
(a) “The Peace of Westphalia the region of theol- 14. Kayatha 15. Kili-Ghul Mohammad
ogy over the European mind and left the road 16. Kot Diji 17 Kushinagar 18. Mamallapuram
obstructed but passable for the 19. Maski 20. Mehargarh 21. Prayag 22.
tentative of reason.” Pushkalava 23. Sarnath 24. Srughna
(b) “If monarchical misrole ignited the French 25. Surapara 26. Tekkalakotta 27. Topra 28.
revolution, lofty ideas both inspired and Ujjayini 29. Uraiyur 30. Valabhi
sustained it.”
(c) “The Bill of Rights (1688) set the seal on Par- 2. Give a brief account of the social and economic
liamentary supremacy in England.” conditions of the Later Vedic Aryans. What role
(d) “The unification of Italy completed…the de- did iron play in changing their political and eco-
struction of the European order.” nomic life ?
6. Isolation of France constituted the keystone 3. Furnish a critical and comparative account of
of Bismarck’s foreign policy. Elucidate. various schools of art in the Post-Mauryan pe-
riod (c. 200 B.C. – c. 300 A.D.)
7. President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal” had
the wit to start the political economy in a fresh, 4. Highlight the achievements of the Gupta pe-
more promising direction”. Do you agree ? riod in the field of literature, science and technol-
ogy.
8. Trace the growth of militarism in Japan in the
inter-war years. What international reaction did Section -B
it provoke ?
each on any three of the following topics, :
UPSC IAS Main (a) Social structure of the Rajputs
(b) AI- Biruni’s India
History Optional Paper (c) Nurjahan
Year – 1998 (d) Third Battle of Panipat
Paper-I 6. Critically evaluate the achievements of the

Cholas.
Time Allowed : Three Hours
Maximum Marks : 300 7. Throw light on the Land Revenue System of
Sultanate period.
Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5
which are compulsory, and any three of the re- 8. Trace the development of art architecture un-
maining questions selecting at least one question der the Mughals and point out mingling of Hindu
elements in them.
(c) Lord Beaconsfield after his return from the

Paper-II Congress of Berlin (1878) boasted : ” I have
brought peace with
Time Allowed : Three Hours honor”.
Maximum Marks : 300 (d) One of the most important impacts of the
Second world war was the ” division of Europe”,
Candidates should attempt Questions 1 and 5 eastern and western.
which are compulsory, and any three of the re-
maining questions selecting at least one question 6. The Industrial Revolution brought about great
from each Section. All questions carry equal changes in the social and economic life of Eu-
marks. rope. Explain.
Section -A (Modern India) 7. The years 1853-1894 witnessed the transfor-
mation of Japan. Explain.
ments in about 200 words each : 8. In Russia, Lenin was ” the father of socialism,
(a) The British “fought the First Maratha War in organizer of the revolution and the founder of
a period when their fortunes were at the lowest the new Russian society. ” Examine the statement
ebb”. .
(b) The Arya Samaj ” did not; however, succeed
in capturing the imagination of modern India as a
whole”. UPSC IAS Main
(c) The Montague Declaration (20 August 1917) History Optional Paper
was observed more closely in the “realm of im-
perial relations” than anything else. Year – 1999
(d) “Both freedom and partition were the work
of Indian middle classes.” Paper-I
2. How did the British conquer Bengal in the 18th Time Allowed : Three Hours
century ? What circumstances helped them ? Maximum Marks : 300
3. Examine the nature of the Revolt of 1857 and Candidates should attempt Question 1 and 5
indicate the manifold changes in British civil and which are compulsory, and any three of the re-
military administration of India after 1857. maining questions selecting at least one question
from each Section. All questions carry equal
4. Explain the attitude of the Indian National marks.
Congress towards the constitutional changes of
1909, 1919 and 1935. Section -A
Section – B (World History) 1. Mark any 15 of the following on the map sup-
plied to you and write short descriptive notes on
5. Comment on any three of the following state- the places plotted by you on map :
ments in about 200 words each : (1) Ambek (2) Kanyakubj (3) Kishkindha (4)
(a) One great effect of the geographical discov- Kundalvan (5) Khajuraho (6) Gihlot (7) Gokul
eries of the 15th century was ” the growing belief (8) Chidamberum
that America, Asia and Africa were to be used (9) Jahazpur (10) Jaisalmer (11) Takshila (12)
extensively for the benefit of Europeans”. Dwarka (13) Jalalabad (14) Nalanda
(b) The American War of Independence “deprived (15) Panchwati (16) Pataliputra (17) Fatehpur
Great Britain of one empire, but it strengthened Sikri (18) Badrinath (19) Behmanabad (20)
the foundations of another” . Balbrahmeshwar

(21) Bijapur (22) Burhanpur (23) Bairat (24) (a) After 1757 there grew up a State of Bengal
Bhadrawati (25) Bheetargaon (26) Warangel which was a ‘sponsored state” as well as a “plun-
(27) Vilaspur (28) Shatrunjai (29) Sripur (30) dered state”.
Kargil (b) The British Indian State experienced the ‘wind
of change’ with the arrival of Lord William
2. Discuss salient features of the indus Valley Civi- Bentinck.
lization. Mention important places from where (c) The Christian Missionary propaganda from
relics of civilization have been recovered so far. 1813 onwards was “often insensitive and wound-
Examine causes of its decline. ing”.
(d) The Indian Middle Class firmly believed that
3. ‘Harshvardhan was himself great, but he has “Britain had imposed a colonial economy on In-
been made greater by Ban and Yuan Chiang. ‘ dia which had impoverished the country.”
Critically examine the statement.
2. Do you believe that the uprising in 1857 was
4. Examine sources of information for Mauryan nationalist in nature ? If not, what was its charac-
dynasty. Throw light on historical significance of ter?
Ashoka’s inscriptions.
3. Trace the origin and growth of the Indian
Section -B Muslim League.
5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words 4. “Gandhi’s mystique consisted of a union of
each on any three of the following topics : original ideas with a remarkable flair for tactics
(a) Alauddin Khilji was a typical despot and an uncanry insight m the mass mind.” Eluci-
(b) Sher Shah combined in himself qualities of date.
lion and fox
(c) Rana Pratap’s patriotism was his only offence Section B (World History)
(d) Spanish ulcer ruined Napoleon Bonaparte, the
Deccan ulcer ruined Aurangzeb 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
ments in about 200 words each :
6. Critically evaluate the contribution of (a) Portugal and Spain, the pioneers in world
Rashtrakutas to art and culture. exploration, were also first in the race to con-
quer overseas countries
7. Examine circumstances leading to rise of (b) To some extent, the American War of Inde-
Shivaji. Throw light on his legacy. pendence inspired the French Revolution
(c) The political unification of Germany was ac-
8. Trace influence of Islam on Indian culture and complished solely by Bismarck
civilization. (d) With the proclamation in Nanking of a Chi-
nese Republic with Sun-Yat-Sen as the President
Paper-II in 1911, “the old China wilted rapidly.”
Candidates should attempt Question 1 and 5 6. Trace the rise and growth of the New Euro-
which are compulsory, and any three of the re- pean Society in the inter-war period.
maining questions selecting at least one question
from each Section. All questions carry equal 7. “Stalinist Russia was a despotic regime.” Criti-
marks. cally examine this view.
Section A (Modern India) 8. In the post -Second World War scenario friends
in war did not remain friends in peace. Examine
1. Comment on any three of the following state- the truth of this view in the period of your study.
ments in about 200 words each :
UPSC IAS Main Q. 4. Give an account of the struggle for su-

premacy in South India between the Chalukyas
History Optional Paper of Badami and the Pallavas.
Year – 2000
Section ‘B’
Paper-I Q. 5. Write short essays in not more than 200

words each on any tree of the following topics :
Time Allowed : Three Hours (a) Architecture of the Vijayanagara empire.
Maximum Marks : 300 (b) Amir Khusro was an eminent poet not a his-
torian.
Instruction: Each question is printed both in Hindi (c) During the reign of Jaliangir Mughal painting
and in English. Answers must be written in the reached its zenith.
medium specified in the Admission Certificate (d) The Sufi Movement and its role in promoting
issued to you, which must be stated clearly on communal harmony.
the cover of the answer-book in the space pro-
vided for the purpose. No mark will be given for Q. 6. Were the Chola village assemblies demo-
the answers written in a medium other than that cratic in nature ? Give reasons for your answer.
specified in the Admission Certificate.
Q. 7. Form an estimate of the personality of Firoz
Candidates should attempt questions 1 and 5 Shah Tughlaq with special reference to his reli-
which are compulsory, and any THREE of the gious policy and public works.
remaining questions selecting at least
one question from each Section. All questions Q. 8. Describe the Rajput policy of the Mughal
carry equal marks. emperors. Do you agree with the view that the
reversal of Akbar ‘s Rajput policy by Aurangzeb
Section ‘A’ was responsible for the disintegration of the
Mughal empire ?
Q. 1. Mark any fifteen of the following places on
the map supplied to you and write short descrip- Paper-II
tive notes on the places marked by you on the
map : Time Allowed : Three Hours
(1) Aizawl (16) Mathura (2) Amritsar (17) Maximum Marks : 300
Madurai (3) Arikamedu (18) Nalanda
(4) Bangalore (19) Nasik (5) Bharukachha (20) Instruction: Each question is printed both in Hindi
Palitana (6) Bhaja (21) Rajagriha (7) Gangotri and in English. Answers must be written in the
(22) Sasan Gir medium specified in the Admission Certificate
(8) Itanagar (23) Shrinagar (9) Jaugada (24) issued to you, which must be stated clearly on
Udayagiri-Khandagiri (10) Jhansi (25) Uchh the cover of the answer-book in the space pro-
(11) Kalsi (26) Ujjain (12) Kanchivaram (27) vided for the purpose. No mark will be given for
Valabhi (13) Kanheri (28) Vidisha (14) Kumrahar the answers written in a medium other than that
(29) Vaishali specified in the Admission Certificate.
(15) Konarak (30) Vatapi
Candidates should attempt questions 1 and 5
Q. 2. How did Ashoka contribute to the moral which are compulsory, and any THREE of the
and administrative welfare of his people ? remaining questions selecting at least ONE ques-
tion from each Section.
Q. 3. Who were the Maukharis ? Discuss their All questions carry equal marks.
political relations with the Later Guptas of
Magadha.
Section ‘A’ (Modern India) powers overseas during the last quarter of the
19th century brought them into frequent colli-
Q. 1. Continent on any three of the following sions at a remote points all over Africa and Asia.”
statements in about 200 words each :
(a) The battle of Plassey was “not a great battle Q. 6. How did Napoleon Bonaparte heal the
but a great betrayal.” wounds of France inflicted by the Revolution and
(b) Towards the Princes, Canning adopted a policy correct the errors perpetrated by its leaders ?
of “punishing resistance and rewarding obedi-
ence.” Q. 7. To what extent did the Western powers bring
(c) Sir Charles Napier said, “We have no right to China under their domination without annexation
seize Sind, yet we shall do so, and a very advan- ?
tageous, useful, humane piece of rascality it will
be.” Q. 8. Analyze the provisions of the Treaty of
(d) The 1921 Moplah rebellion was “in essence Versailles of 1919 and examine the validity of
an expression of long-standing agrarian discon- Germany’s objections to the treaty.
tent which was intensified by the religious and
ethnic identity.”
UPSC IAS Main
Q. 2. Discuss the view that the British rule brought History Optional Paper
about economic changes in India to serve the
needs of the imperial economy and establish a Year – 2001
dependent form of underdevelopment in this
country. Paper-I
Section A
Q. 3. Discuss the important social reform legisla-
tion passed in the 19th century. and elucidate the 1. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the
reaction of Indian leaders to the measures map supplied to you and write short descriptive
adopted. notes on the places plotted by you on the map:
(i) Ajmer
Q. 4. To what extent was the emergence of the (ii) Ahmednagar
Congress in 1885 the culmination of a process of (iii) Allahabad
political awakening that had its beginning in the (iv) Badami
1870s ? (v) Bhubaneshwar
(vi) Chitrakuta
Section ‘B’ (World History) (vii) Chittor
(viii) Chandigarh
Q. 5. Comment on any three of the following (ix) Dehradun
statements in about 200 words each : (x) Dhara
(a) “Of all forms assumed by the Protestant Ref- (xi) Elephanta
ormation, Calvinism has been the most far- reach- (xii) Ellora
ing in its scope and the most profound in its in- (xiii) Guwahati
fluence. ” (xiv) Hyderabad
(b) “The Crimean War was the most useless war (xv) Harappa
ever waged.” (xvi) Indraprastha
(c) “Until December 1941 the battlefield of the (xvii) jagannathpuri
Second World War was exclusively European and (xviii) Kalyan
Atlantic; thereafter it became also (xix) Kaveripattanam
Asiatic and Pacific.” (xx) Lothal
(d) “The simultaneous expansion of European

2. Analyse the causes of the success of the 2. Discuss the main features of the ‘Raiyatwari
Magadhan imperialism upto the reign of Ashoka Settlement’ in South India. Did it satisfy the aspi-
the Great. rations of the peasantry?
3. Did the triangular conflict between the 3. Examine the economic and social factors which
Rashtrakutas, Gujara Pratiharas and Palas create led to he rise of Indian nationalism in the second
a political vaccum in northern India which facili- half of the nineteenth century.
tated the invasions of Mahmud of Ghazni?
4. Jawaharlal Nehru was the architect of India’s
4. “The inferior cavalry of the Rajputs was not policy of non-alignment. In the light of this state-
the only cause of their defeat at the hands of ment discuss India’s relations with the two ‘Power
Turko- Afghans and Mughal.” Comment. Blocks’ between 1947-1964.
Section B Section B
5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words5. Comment on any three of the following state-
each on any three of the following topics: ments in about 200 words each:
(a) The Vedanta of Sankaracharya (a) ‘Marxian Communism is primarily the off-
(b) Hemu vikramaditya spring of German Hegelianism and French
(c) The zenith of Mughal architecture under Socialism.’
Shahjehan (b) “Besmirch created a new Germany with the
(d) Savai jai Singh, the astronomer policy of ‘blood and iron’”.
(c) ‘There was not only a difference of principles
6. Assess the impact of the market reforms of at Paris (Peace Conference) but a clash of
Alauddin Khilji on contemporary economy and personalities’.
society. (d) ‘The decolonization led to the break-up of
empires.’
7. Evaluate the impact of the Sufi and Bhakti
Movements on vernacular languages and life and (6) ‘The Napoleonic Empire was doomed because
thought of the common people. of its inherent and self-defeating contradictions’.
Elucidate.
8. Were the Marathas restricted by their geopo-
litical limitations from becoming the paramount (7) Trace the various stages of European imperi-
power of India? alism in Africa in the nineteenth century.
Paper-II (8) Discuss the aims of the establishment of the

Section A Arab League and assess it role in safeguarding
the interests of the Arab nations.
(a) ‘Dalhousie changed the map of India with
speed and thoroughness no campaign could
equal.’
(b) ‘The tribal and peasant rebellion laid the foun-
dation of the revolt of 1857’.
(c) ‘The British industrial policy in the nineteenth
century ruined the Indian handicrafts’.
(d) The Quit India Movement was a spontaneous
revolt of the people against British rule.

(c) Mansabdari System

UPSC IAS Main (d) Consequences of the Third Battle of Panipat
History Optional Paper 6. Discuss balban’s concept of kingship. How was
it modified by Aluddin
Year – 2002 Khalji?
Paper-I
7. Trace the evolution of the religious views of
Section A
Akbar. Write a note on his policy of Sulh-i-kul.
8. Explain the principal features of architecture
map supplied to you and write short descriptive
during Akbar’s rule. What changes were made in
notes on the places plotted by you on the map:
them by Shahjahan ?
(i) Ajanta
(ii) Bodh Gaya
Paper-II
(iii) Dholavira
Section A
(iv) Dwarka
(v) Girnar
1. Comment on any Three of the following state-
(vi) Hastinapur
(vii) Kanchipuram
(a) “The verdict at Plassey was confirmed by the
(viii) Kosambi
English victory at Buxar”.
(ix) Madurai
(b) “India broke her British fetters with Western
(x) Malkhed
hammers”.
(xi) Mohanjodaro
(c) “Gandhi restrained mass movements, yet he
(xii) Nalanda
retained his popularity among the masses.
(xiii) Purushpur
(d) “The ideology of Subhash Chandra Bose was
(xiv) Ropar
a combination of nationalism, fascism and
(xv) Sanchi
communism.”
(xvi) Sravanbelgola
(xvii) Sravasti
2. “The rise and expansion of British empire was
(xviii) Tanjore
an accident rather than the result of a deliberate
(xix) Thaneswar
policy and design.” Critically examine this state-
(xx) Varanasi
ment.
2. Analyze the elements of urban civilization in
3. “The recurring famines in the 19th century were
the harappan Culture. What factors were
the inevitable consequence of the British policy
responsiblefor its decline?
and expose the real character of the paternal so-
licitude for the peasantry on the part of the Brit-
3. Examine the nature of the mauryan State. Bring
ish administration.” Examine this statement criti-
out the features of their administrative system.
cally.
4. Examine the proficiency of the ancient Indians
4. Discuss the nature of the leadership and
in various crafts, science and mathematics.
programme of the Congress Socialist party.
Section B
Section B
5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words
5. Comment on any Three of the following state-
each on any three of the following topics:.
(a) Origin of the Bhakti Movement
(a) The Renaissance was the discovery of the
(b) Babarnama as a source of history
world and of man.

(b) If monarchical misrule ignited the French (13) Janguda

Revolution, lofty ideas both inspired and sustained (14) Kolhapur
it. (15) Nagarjunkonda
(c) The Great Depression (1928-34) was attended (16) Calicut
by momentous consequences in the economic (17) Haldighati
as well as in the political sphere. (18) Golconda
(d) “One of the most important consequences of (19) Somnath
the Second World War was ‘division of (20) Mathura.
Europe’, eastern and western.”
2. Assess the pattern of settlement, economy so-
6. “Napoleon kindled the national sentiment, but cial organization and religion of India during C
German unity was achieved by Bismarck.” Dis- 200 to 500 BC from archaeological evidences.
cuss.
3. “The Sixth century B.C. was a period of reli-
7. Examine the circumstances in china in the years gious and economic unrest in India.” Comment.
1945-49. What did the United States do to re-
solve the conflict between the Nationalists and 4. Examine the information of Fahien about the
the Communists there? political, religious, social and economic condi-
tions of India. Make a comparative study of his
8. Discuss the main factors leading to the col- account with that of Yuan Chawang.
lapse of the Soviet Union.
Section B

UPSC IAS Main each on any THREE of the following:
(a) Kalhan as a historian
History Optional Paper (b) Experiments of Mohammad Tughluq
Year – 2003 (c) Sufi Movements
(d) Chauth and Sardeshmukhi.
Paper-I
6. Attempt a critical essay of the Indian Science
Section A
and Civilization in the light of Alberuni’s writ-
ings. What merits and drawbacks, do you find in
1. Mark any FIFTEEN of the following places
his account?
on the map Supplied to you and write short de-
scriptive notes on places plotted by you on the
7. What impact did kabir and Nanak leave on In-
map
dian Society and Culture?
(1) Kot Digi
(2) Banamali
8. ‘Akbar built the Moghul Empire by enlisting
(3) Tiruclirapalli
the support Rajputs.’ Do you agree?
(4) Tamralipti
(5) Vaisali
Paper-II
(6) Kundagrama
Section A
(7) Puri
(8) Ujjain
(9) Badami
(10) Guggara
(a) ‘Absentee landlordism was a consequential
(11) Sarnath
feature of Bengal’s Permanent land settlement.’
(12) Amarravati
(b) ‘India underwent suffering and mortality in

the wake of recurring famines’ in the later half of UPSC IAS Main
the 19th century.
(c) ‘In the summer of 1942 Gandhi was in a
strange and uniquely militant mood’. Year – 2004
(d) ‘Rabindranath Tagores’s nationalism was
based on a Catholic internationalism.’ SECTION – A
2. What was the impact of early British land policy Q1.Mark any fifteen of the following places on
in the village communities of North India? the map supplied to you and write short descrip-
tive notes on the places plotted by you on the
3. Trace the factors which led to a split in the map:
Indian national Congress in 1907. What was its 4×15=60
impact on the course of the nationalist movement? (i) Achichhatra
(ii) Amaravati
4. Examine the causes of the rise and progress of (iii) Bhimbaitka
revolutionary movements in India from 1905 to (iv) Champa
1931. (v) Kalibangan
(vi) Kanauj
Section B (vii) Kapilvastu
(viii) Karle
5. Comment on any three of the following state- (ix) Mahabalipuram
ments in about 200 words each: (x) Mathura
(a) ‘The French Revolution attacked privileges (xi) Mehrgarh
and not property’. (xii) Paithan
(b) ‘The roots of the rise of Fascism lay in Peace (xiii) Pataliputra
Treaties.’ (xiv) Sarnath
(c) ‘The Security Council is the heart of the United (xv) Siddapura
nations’. (xvi) Somnath
(d) ‘The Brussels Treaty of 17 March, 1948 paved (xvii) Tamralipti
the way for the formation of NATO’. (xviii) Taxila
(xix) Tripuri
6. Bismarck united Germany not by majority of (xx) Udaigiri
votes and speeches but by a policy of “Blood and
iron”. In the light of this statement assess the con- Q2.Describe the social life of the later Vedic
tribution of Bismarck to the unification of Ger- people. How was it different from the Rig-Vedic
many. life?60
7. Examine the causes of the Russian Revolution Q3.Explain the social aspects of Buddhism and
of 1917 and indicate its significance in world his- account for its decline in India.60
tory.
4. Give an account of the rise of the Chalukyas of
8. Analyze the factors leading to the end of the Vatapi and their struggle with other rulers. Write
Cold war and account for the U.S. ascendancy in a note on their patronage of arts.60
the world.
SECTION – B

each on any three of the following topics:
3×20=60

(a) The ‘Corps of Forty’ and its relations with the SECTION – B
Sultans. (World History)
(b) The Token Currency System introduced by
Muhammad Tughlaq. 5. Comment on any THREE of the following
(c) Was Din-i-Ilahi ‘a monument of Akbar’s folly’ statements in about 200 words each: 3×20=60
? (a) ‘Rousseau’s political philosophy contains the
(d) The system of the collection of Chauth and seeds of Socialism, Absolutism and Democracy.’
Sardeshmukhi by the Maratha rulers. (b) ‘Napoleon was the child of the Revolution,
but in many ways he reversed the aims and prin-
6.The Cholas are said to have established a strong ciples of the movement from which he sprang’
and well organized administration with an ele- (c) ‘To Bismarck the conclusion of the Treaty of
ment of selfgovernment at the local level. Do you May 20, 1882, was the culmination of this sys-
agree? Give reasons.60 tem.’
(d) ‘The most important single factor … in the
7.Discuss the growth of the Niguna School of years following 1919 was the French demand for
Bhakti Movement emphasising the contribution security.’
of Kabir and Nanak to it.60
6.Review the background of the Chartist Move-
8.In what ways were Aurangzeb’s Rajput and ment. Despite its failure how had their demands
religious policies different from those of his pre- been met in the succeeding years?60
decessors? What were the consequences of the
changes made by him?60 7.What were the weaknesses and difficulties of
the Weimer Republic? How did Hitler succeed in
Paper II establishing his dictatorship?60
SECTION – A (Modern India)
8.Analyse the factors for the collapse of Soviet
Q1.Comment on any THREE of the following Communism and Soviet Union during 1985-1991.
statements in about 200 words each: 3×20=60 60
(a) ‘The Treaty of Salbai (1782) was neither hon-
orable to the English nor advantageous to their
interests.’
UPSC IAS Main
(b) ‘The object of the Act (Regulating) was good, History Optional Paper
but system that it established was imperfect. Year – 2005
(c) ‘Permanent Settlement disappointed many
expectations and introduced there results that
SECTION – A
were not anticipated.’
Q1.Mark any fifteen of the following places on
(d) ‘We are therefore unable to advise the British
the map supplied to you and write short descrip-
Government that the power which at present re-
tive notes on places plotted by you on the map:
sides in British hands should be handed over to
4×15=60
two entirely separate sovereign States.’
(i) Mohenjodaro
(ii) Burzahom
Q2.Discuss the causes that led to the ‘economic
(iii) Inamgaon
drain’ in Bengal following the Battle of Plassey.60
(iv) Kaveripattinam
(v) Anuradhapura
Q3.Examine the impact of British rule on Indian
(vi) Chittagong
Society in the 19th Century.60
(vii) Pratishthana
(viii) Hampi
4. Analyse Indian foreign policy of Non-align-
(ix) Diu
ment between 1947 and 1964.60

(x) Debal (b) ‘Whatever might have been its original char-
(xi) Bijapur acter, it (Rebellion of 1857) soon became a sym-
(xii) Sannathi bol of challenge to the mighty British power in
(xiii) Sisupalgarh India ‘
(xiv) Karnasuvarna (c) ‘The impact of government on the people
(xv) Chitore meant essentially the impact of government on
(xvi) Vidisa the village.’
(xvii) Warangal (d) ‘The national democratic awakening of the
(xviii) Seringapatam Indian people found expression also in the reli-
(xix) Fatehpur Sikri gious sphere.’
(xx) Sasaram\
Q2.Examine the essential principles of the Sub-
Q2.Determine the extent of the Mauryan em- sidiary Alliance system. How far did it contribute
pire.60 in making the British Company the supreme sov-
ereign authority in India?60
Q3.Assess the status of women in India from c.
4th century BC to AD 6th century.60 Q3.Trace the development of the famine policy
of the British in India 1876 and 1921. Did it pro-
4. What are the salient features of the administra- vide relief to the people?60
tive system of the Guptas ?60
4. Analyse the factors responsible for the Civil
SECTION – B Disobedience movement (1930-31). How far
were its aims realised in the Government of India
5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words Act of 1935 ?60
each on any three of the following: 3×20=60
(a) The Samanta system SECTION – B
(b) The Bahmani kingdom (World History)
(c) Mughal painting
(d) Chaianyadeva and Vaishnavism 5. Comment on any three of the following state-
ments in about 200 words each: 3×20=60
6.Give your opinion on the urban development (a) ‘Though reform was inevitable, the Act (1832)
in India during the Mughal times.60 by which it was accomplished was open to grave
criticism.’
7.”The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were (b) ‘The writings of the philosophers had a tre-
similar enough that the ground was ripe for syn- mendous influence on the minds of the people
cretic movements involving adherents of both and created a revolutionary awakening in their
religious.” Elucidate.60 minds and formed the intellectual creed of the
French Revolution.’
8.How would you like to characterize the eigh- (c) ‘They have stopped me from making Italy by
teenth century in Indian history?60 diplomacy from the North, I will make it by revo-
lution from the South.’
Paper II (d) ‘The Russian Revolution (1917) was an eco-
SECTION – A nomic explosion hastened by the stupidities of
(Modern India) the autocratic Government’
6.’What were the factors that worked in the draft-
Q1.Comment on any three of the following state- ing of the American Constitution? Do you agree
ments in about 200 words each: 3×20=60 with Beard’s view of the constitution being an
(a) ‘Upon the whole, then, I conclude that the Economic Document?60
treaty of Bassein was wise, just and a politic mea-
sure.’
7.Discuss the circumstances leading to the Chi- SECTION – B

nese Revolution of 1949 and analyse its signifi-
cance.60 5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words
8.Critically examine the various dimensions and 3×20=60
phases of the cold war between 1947 and 1962.60 (a) The Khalji Revolution
(b) Sufism in North India
UPSC IAS Main (c) Religious tolerance of Akabar
(d) Dara Shukoh
History Optional Paper 6.Bring out the main features of the administra-
Year – 2006 tion system under Delhi Saltanate during Turko-
Afgan Period.60
SECTION – A 7.Write a short Essay on the development of Lit-
erature during Mughal Period.60
Q1.Mark any fifteen of the following places on 8.Examine the factors which were responsible for
the map supplied to you and write short descrip- opening and development of European trade in
tive notes on places plotted by you on the map: India during the 16th and 17th centuries.60
4×15=60
(i) Konark Paper II
(ii) Taxila SECTION – A
(iii) Talikota (Modern India)
(iv) Somnath
(v) Kalinjar Q1.Comment on any three of the following state-
(vi) Mandu ments in about 200 words each: 3×20=60
(vii) Murshidabad (a) “Neither Alexender the Great nor Napoleon
(viii) Nalanda could have won the empire of India by starting
(ix) Tanjore from Pondicherry as a base and contending with
(x) Amber a power which held Bengal and command of the
(xi) Anegondi Sea”.
(xii) Chanderi (b) “A self-sufficient village, based on agriculture
(xiii) Arikmedu carried on with the primitive plough and bullock-
(xiv) Kalibangan power, and handicraft by means of simple instru-
(xv) Nagarjunakonda ments, was a basic feature of pre-British Indian
(xvi) Eran economy.”
(xvii) Kausambi (c) “So Long as the millions live in hunger and
(xviii) Pattadakal ignorance , I hold every man a traitor who hav-
(xix) Halebid ing been educated at their expense, pay not the
(xx) Dvarsamudra least need to them.”
(d) “I felt that If we did not accept partition ,
Q2.Discuss the changing approaches to the study India would be split into many bits and would be
of early Indian history.60 ruined.”
Q3.Describe the expansion of the Gupta Empire Q2.Examine the circumstance which led to the
under Samudragupta.30 third Mysore War. Could Cornwallis have avoided
it.60
4. Discuss the major stages in the evolution of
architecture during the ancient period.60 Q3.What is the mean by commercialization of
Indian Agriculture? Discuss its result.60

4. Account for the emergence of the left-wing (xii) Hampi

within the congress. How far did it influence the (xiii) Srirangapatnam
programme and policy of the congress.60 (xiv) Puri
(xv) Kolhapur
SECTION – B (xvi) Haldighati
(World History) (xvii) Golconda
(xviii) Chittagong
5. Comment on any three of the following state- (xix) Chitore
ments in about 200 words each. 3×20=60 (xx) Calicut
(a) “No Taxation without representation”.
(b) “Colonies are like fruits which cling to the Q2.”Reconstruction of Early Indian history is
tree only till they ripen”. hardly possible without the help of inscriptions
(c) “Treaty of Versailles contained the seeds of and coins.” Discuss.60
future conflicts”.
(d) “A cleaver conquer will always impose his Q3.Write what you know of the rise and spread
demands on the conquered by installments.” of Buddhism before the first century A.D.60
6.“The Renaissance scholars laid the eggs which 4. Throw light on the condition of common man
Luther; the father of the reformation later on in the Gupta period.60
hatched “Discuss.60
SECTION – B
7.Critically analysis the cause and the results of
the Chinese revolution of 1949.60 5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words
8.Give a brief account of the struggle against 3×20=60
“Apartheid” in South Africa.60 (a) Alberuni on science in India
(b) The Bahamani Kingdom
(c) Mughal painting
UPSC IAS Main (d) Chauth and Sardeshmukhi of the Maratha
History Optional Paper rulers
Year – 2007
6.Show that the administrative system in India
SECTION – A reached a very high level during the Chola pe-
riod.60
Q1.Mark any fifteen of the following places on
the map supplied to you and write short descrip- 7.”The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were
tive notes on the places marked. similar enough that the ground was ripe for syn-
4×15=60 cretic movements involving adherents of both the
(i) Kot digi religions.” Elucidate.60
(ii) Kalibangan
(iii) Ahicchatra 8.”Akbar built the Mughal Empire by enlisting
(iv) Bhimbaitka the support of the Rajputs; Aurangzeb destroyed
(v) Kanauj it by alienating the Rajputs.” Discuss critically.60
(vi) Siddapura
(vii) Udayagiri Paper II
(viii) Kaveripoompattinam SECTION – A
(ix) Tiruchirapalli (Modern India)
(x) Sisupalgarh
(xi) Anuradhapura Q1.Comment on any three of the following state-
(a) “The Revolt of 1857 seemed to call the very 8.”By the 1980s, the Communist system of the
presence of the British into question. What it did Soviet Union was incapable of maintaining the
not do was reverse these change”. country’s role as a Superpower.” Explain this
(b) “Of the evils which corroded Indian society statement.60
in the nineteenth century were probably those
which stunted its womanhood.”
(c) “At Karachi in 1931 , the congress defined UPSC IAS Main
what Swaraj would mean for the masses”.
(d) “There is no other instance in the history of History Optional Paper
mankind of a poet and philosopher working such Year – 2008
as a miracle in shaping the destiny of his people”
(A Tribute to M. Iqbal) SECTION – A
Q2.Examine the major factors shaping the Brit- Q1.Mark any FIFTEEN of the following places
ish land-revenue policy in India. How It affected on the map supplied to you and write short de-
Indian society?60 scriptive notes on the places marked by you:-
4×15=60
Q3.Explain the circumstances leading to the alli- (i) Burzahom
ance between the Khilafat and Non-Cooperation (ii) Banawali
Movements. Was it a politically wise step on the (iii) Ahar
part of the Congress?60 (iv) Girnar
(v) Chandraketugarh
4. “With great skill and masterful diplomacy and (vi) Brahmagiri
using both persuasion and pressure, Sardar (vii) Bayana
Vallabhbhai Patel succeeded in integrating the (viii) Gangai Kondachelapuram
hundreds of princely states with the Indian (ix) Tamralipti
Union.” Discuss.60 (x) Muziris
(xi) Amban
SECTION – B (xii) Modhera
(World History) (xiii) Devnimori
(xiv) Bhadreshwar
5. Comment on any three of the following state- (xv) Bundi
ments in about 200 words each: 3×20=60 (xvi) Gingee (Jinjee)
(a) “No event as encompassing as the French (xvii) Antichak
Revolution occurs in an intellectual vacuum.” (xviii) Gaur
(b) “New imperialism was a nationalistic, not an (xix) Sasaram
economic phenomena.” (xx) Mahasthamgarh
(c) “The War’s (First World War’s) most perma-
nent contribution to the spirit or the post-War Q2.Discuss the distribution and significance of
years was disillusion.” farming cultures outside the Indus system.60
(d) “NATO in many ways symbolized the key role
that the United States had come to play in Eu- Q3.How justified are we in characterizing the
rope” post-Mauryan five centuries as the “Dark Period”
of Indian History? Give reasons in support of your
6.Give reasons for the origin of the Renaissance answer.60
in Italy.60
4. How do recent archaeological findings and
7.Discuss the main characteristics of Fascism.60 Sangam literary texts enlighten us about the early
state and society in South India?60

SECTION – B
4. Describe the changing nature of revolutionary
activities in India between 1905 – 1946.60
each on any THREE of the following: 3×20=60
SECTION – B
(a) The Ahom Kingdom
(World History)
(b) Significance of the arrival of the Portuguese
in India
(c) The ‘Corps of Forty’ and its relations with the
Sultan
(a) “France was more fertile than Britain in pro-
(d) Evolution of the Khalsa Panth
ducing new Socialist theories and movements,
though they bore less concrete results in France
6.What are the manifestations of Tamil devotional
than in Britain.”
cults? How do you account for their growth be-
(b) “Most of the European Revolutions of 1848
tween C. 750 and C. 1200 CE?60
were nationalist as well as popular insurrection
against foreign rule and repressive policy of
7.Delineate the striking features of agricultural
Metternich.”
and craft production during the sixteenth and sev-
(c) “In the long run, the Locarno Treaty (Decem-
enteenth centuries in India. How did they impact
ber 1925) was descriptive both of the Treaty of
the social fabric of the country?60
Versailles and of the Covenant.”
(d) “After World War II, the strategy of the West
8.Delineate the striking features of agricultural
towards Soviet bloc crystallized as a ‘policy of
and craft production during the sixteenth and sev-
containment’.”
enteenth centuries in India. How did they impact
the social fabric of the country?60
6.“The Enlightenment represented alternative
approaches to modernity, alternative habits of
Paper II
mind and heart, of conscience and sensibility.”
SECTION – A
Discuss.60
(Modern India)
7.Account for the factors that brought about the
Q1.Comment on any three of the following state-
end of the Cold War.60
(a) “Sprung from paternalism, the English Utili-
8.Assess the significance of the political devel-
tarian philosophy as introduced in India rejected
opments that took place in Eastern Europe dur-
its human warmth between rulers and the ruled.”
ing 1989-2001.60
(b) “The vernacular press in the nineteenth cen-
tury was both newspaper as well as ‘views-pa-
pers’ that enlightened the dormant masses.”
(c) “Is moral law the laws of conscience, higher
than the law of the state, which is oppressive?” UPSC IAS Main
(d) “In exercising its exclusive power the Parlia- History Optional Paper
ment additionally enacted the Untouchability Year – 2009
(Offences) Act in 1955.”
SECTION – A
Q2.Critically examine the impact of the famine
policy on rural India. Describe the official reme-
Q1.Marks any fifteen of the following places on
dial measures undertaken.60
the map supplied to you and write short descrip-
tive notes on these places marked by you.
Q3.Write a critique on the impact of the Drain
4×15=60
Theory of Dadabhai Nauroji in the growth of eco-
(i) Koldihwa
nomic nationalism.60
(ii) Kuchai 7.(a) Identify the main factors that sustained the
(iii) Utnar expansion of urban economy in the Delhi Sultan-
(iv) Patne ate.30
(v) Semthan (b) Give an estimate of Akbar as a promoter of
(vi) Bagasra technology.30
(vii) Balatha
(viii) Hallur 8.(a) Give a critical assessment of the contribu-
(ix) Kandahar tions of Amir Khusarau and Barani to Indo – Per-
(x) Ter sian Literature.30
(xi) Uchh (b) The major cause of revolts against the Mughal
(xii) Gyaraspur Empire during the latter half of the 17th century
(xiii) Uttaramerur were economic, rather than religious.” Discuss.30
(xiv) Lalkot
(xv) Sittanavasal Paper II
(xvi) Mansura SECTION – A
(xvii) Jaunpur
(xviii) Daojali Hading Q1.Comment on any three of the following state-
(xix) Machilipatnam ments in about 200 words each : 3×20=60
(xx) Mahisadal (a) “Though the Permanent Settlement had seri-
ous defects , it gave tranquility to the country-
Q2.In what ways are the accounts of the Graeco side and stability to the government”.
Romans and the Chinese helpful in reconstruct- (b) “The Arya Samaj may quite logically be pro-
ing the social history of India ? How far is their nounced as the outcomes of conditions imported
information corroborated by other Contemporary into India by the west.” ( Lala Lajpat Rai)
sources.60 (c) “Please remember, in granting separate elec-
torates we are sowing the dragons’s teeth and
Q3.(a) Evaluate the various approaches to the harvest will be bitter.” (Morley)
understanding of vedic religion.30 (d) “The annexation of Awadh shook the loyalty
(b) Give an account of the use of gold coins by of the Sepoy’s , as it was for them an ultimate
commoners in the Gupta Period.30 proof of untrustworthiness of the British.”
4. Bring out the regional variations in the early Q2.(a) Why was Mysore considered a threat by
South Indian Temple’s architectural styles.60 the British to their possessions and mercantile
interests in the south ? Do You think that Tipu
SECTION – B Sultan’s posturing became his undoing?30
(b) How did the East India Company became the
5. Write short essays in not more than 200 words dejure power in India?30
each on any three of the following: 3×20=60
(a) Applicability of the term ‘ Indian Feudalism’ Q3.(a) How did social legislation in the nineteenth
to early Medieval Society. century improve the condition of women in In-
(b) Muhammad Tughluq as an agrarian innova- dia?30
tor. (b) Analyze the social composition of the early
(c) Implications of Akbar’s notion of Sulh-i-kul. Congress leadership.30
(d) Estimates of population of Mughal India.
4. (a) Discuss as to why the congress accepted
6.(a) How far can the village assemblies or com- the partition of India in 1947.30
munities under the Cholas be really called demo- (b) Do you think that Quit India movement was
cratic.30 a Spontaneous Revolution ?30
(b) Assess Kalhana’s views on History.30

SECTION – B (viii) Junnar

(World History) (ix) Edakkal
(x) Paithan
5. Comment on any three of the following state- (xi) Pandu Rajar Dhibi
ments in about 200 words each : 3×20=60 (xii) Karle
(a) “The capitalism which gave the European (xiii) Vatapi
empires their apparent solidarity and permanence (xiv) Porkalam
also hastened their downfall.” (xv) Kalanjar
(b) “In all the long annals of Imperialism , the (xvi) Multan
partition of Africa is a remarkable freak.” (xvii) Bairat
(c) “Hitler did not really want a world War. His (xviii) Chanhudaro
intention was only a short war with Poland.” (A. (xix) Rajim
J. P. Taylar) (xx) Tripuri
(d) “Arab nationalism and oil – these were the
principal Factors in complicating the relations of Q2.(a) To what extent archaeological materials
middle eastern countries with the outside world.” are useful in understanding the progress of
neolithic man in India?30
6.(a) Discuss the emergence of neo-imperialism
in the late nineteenth century.30 (b) Examine the significance of the deities de-
(b) What was the extent of industrilisation in picted on coins of the Kushanas.30
western Europe by the end of the nineteenth cen-
tury?30 Q3.(a) Examine the view that sacrifice was a ritual
and a form of social exchange in Vedic India.30
7.(a) How did Nepoleon Bonapart fuse the old (b) Assess the role of guilds and trade organiza-
France with the new ?30 tions in the development of early Indian
(b) Why did Vietnam go through thirty years of economy.30
war after the second world war?30
4. What light do early inscriptions and literature
8.(a) Account for the overthrow of the Tsarist throw on the status of women in politico-socio-
regime in Russia.30 economic spheres?60
(b) Examine the peace keeping efforts of the
United Nations Organization. 30 SECTION – B
UPSC IAS Main 5. Write short notes in not more than 200 words
History Optional Paper each on any three of the following: 3×20=60
(a) Provide a comparative analysis of the devel-
Year – 2010 opment of Arabic and Persian historiography.
(b) Discuss the social dynamics in the
SECTION – A Vijayanagara empire.
Q1.Mark the following places on the map pro- (c) Discuss the different types of Karkhanas in
vided and write short descriptive notes on them. Mughal India. How was the production organized
3×20=60 in the different Karkhanas?
(i) Korkai (d) Critically evaluate various approaches to study
(ii) Eran medieval Indian towns.
(iii) Birbhanpur
(iv) Rakhigarhi 6.(a) Examine the increasing importance of mari-
(v) Sannathi time trade of India during thirteenth to fifteenth
(vi) Isipattan centuries.30
(vii) Dhanyakataka (b) To what extent ‘monetary anaemia’ afflicted

the erstwhile commercial economy during the of nationalist consciousness.30

early medieval period?30 4. (a) To what extent did the process of commer-
cialization of agriculture affect the rural scene in
7.(a) Comment on the Turko-Mongol theory of India?30
sovereignty. To what extent was it adopted by (b) Discuss the factors that lead to the growth of
Babur and Humayun?30 Dalit consciousness and mention the major move-
(b) How did Shivaji organize his administration ments aimed at their empowerment.30
and finances to consolidate his power?30
SECTION – B
8.(a) What was the Indian response to European (World History)
Technology?30
(b) How far do you agree with the view that 5. Critically evaluate the following statements in
temples in early medieval period were catalysts about 200 words each: 3×20=60
in spreading education?30 (a) “…he (Voltaire) was living in the Age of En-
lightenment … . The age itself was not enlight-
Paper II ened.” —E. Kant.
SECTION – A (b) “All long marches begin with small steps”.
(c) “The essence of Perestroika is for people to
Q1.Critically evaluate the following statements feel they are the country’s master.” —Gorbachev.
in about 200 words each: 3×20=60
(a) “The educated middle class in the 19th cen- 6.(a) “How far is it correct to say that every fea-
tury often found the domain of reason to be op- ture of the American Constitution was ultimately
pressive, as it implied the historical necessity of of English Origin?20
‘civilizing’ colonial rule”. (b) What do you understand by imperialism? State
(b) “Railway development in India provides an briefly its unique features in the case of Africa?20
interesting instance of private enterprise at pub- (c) To what extent did Napoleon’s economic war
lic risk”. with England become his undoing?20
(c) “The active participation of Aruna Asaf Ali in
1942 movement symbolized the role of women 7.(a) Critically examine the Dutch colonial policy
in India’s freedom struggle”. in Indonesia.30
(b) “Europe faced peace in 1945 politically dis-
Q2.(a) “In terms of administrative structure, the organized and economically crippled.” Elabo-
Government of India act of 1858, … meant more rate.30
continuation than change.” Do you agree? Sub-
stantiate.20 8.(a) “The Eastern Question has always been an
(b) “Punjab’s fate after Ranjit Singh was international question”. Elucidate.30
foredoomed as the impulse of neo-Victorian Im- (b) Explain the circumstances leading to the emer-
perialism was bound to overwhelm it”. Eluci- gence of Third World and analyze its impact on
date.20 world affairs.30
(c) “The developments during 1937-39 greatly
undermined the ability of the Indian National
Congress to push through the agenda of national
unity.” Comment.20
Q3.(a) What role did economic ideas play in the

early phase of the British rule in the shaping of
land tenure policy?30
(b) Discuss the extent to which the Indian Re-
naissance movement contributed towards the rise P.T.O.

Section ‘B’
UPSC IAS Main
History Optional Paper 5. Write short notes in not more than 200 words
Year – 2011 on the following : 20 x 3= 60
(a) Assess the contribution of Iltutmish for the
Paper – I expansion and consolidation of the Delhi Sultan-
Section (A) ate.
(b) Examine critically the agrarian and economic
1. Mark the following places on the map sup- reforms of Alauddin Khalji. How did it strengthen
plied to u and write short descriptive notes on the Sultanate ?
them. 3×20=60 (c) What is your assessment of Ibn Batutah’s
(i) Chirand Rehla as an important source of indian history.
(ii) Kargil
(iii) Basohli 6. Evaluate the socio economic conditions from
(iv) Lalitgiri the Gupta Period to 1200 C.E. as gleaned from
(v) Mandu the various types of grants or dana shasana. 60
(vi) Penukonda
(vii) Samugarh 7. (a) Mughal paintings reflect the contemporary
(viii) Vilinam socio-political conditions. – Discuss 30
(ix) Sigiria (b) Examine the mansab and jagir system by Akbar
(x) Vikramasila and its subsequent failure in the 18th century. 30
(xi) Mukhalingam
(xii) Halebid 8. (a) Discuss the causes of the rise and growth
(xiii) Sanghol of regional kingdoms with special reference to
(xiv) Kumbharia Deccan in the 18th century.
(xv) Sirpur (b) Assess the contribution of the Cholas in the
(xvi) Pangudaria expansion of Indian culture outside India. 30
(xvii) Amarkantak
(xviii) Kibbanhalli Paper II
(xix) Jorwe Section A
(xx) Badaun (Modern India)
2. Trace the development of urbanization from 1. Critically evaluate the following statements in
the third millennium B.C.E. to 6th century B.C.E. about 200 words each : 20 x 3= 60
60 (a) “The need for a unilateral transfer of funds to
Britain was constant factor and, in fact, progres-
3. (a) Evalute the conceptual basis of the vedic sively increased over time.”
delities. 30 (b) “Yound Bengal left little distinctive or per-
(b) Assess the importance of Jain tenets and their manent impression on the plane of religion and
revelance to humanity. 30 philosophy.”
(c) “The emergence of left-wing group in the
4. (a) Evalute the introduction of iron technol- congress redicalized its social economic agenda.”
ogy in the developement of human history of an-
cient India. 20 2. (a) “The Charter Act of 1833 rung down the
(b) Discuss the types of lands and the Science of curtain on the company’s trade and introduced a
agriculture mentioned in the literature and epi- new concept of government in India.” Substanti-
graphs of ancient india. 20 ate. 20
(c) Assess Ellora as a unique art centre of the (b) “Orientalism produced a knowledge of the
different cultural streams. 20 past to service the needs of the Colonial States.”

Elucidate. 20 climate of peace ? 30

(c) “The vernacular press in nineteenth century (b) Examine the challenges confronted by the
India served not just as newspapers but more proponents of European unity after the collapse
importantly as views-papers.” Comment. 20 of Soviet Empire in Eastern Europe. 30
3. (a) “In 1857, the rebel sepoys showed a re-

markable centripetal tendency to congregate at
Delhi.” Do you agree ? Substantiate. 30 UPSC IAS Main
(b) “Tribals revolted more often and far more vio-
lently than any other community including peas-
ants in india.” Elaborate 30 Year – 2012
4. (a) “Nehru’s ‘temple of Modern India’ con-
sisted not only of steel and power plants, irriga- SECTION - A
tion dams, but included institutions of higher
learning. 1. Identify the following places marked on the
particularly in the scientific field.” Elaborate. 30 map supplied to you and write short notes of
(b) Would you agree that India’s effort to pursue about 40 words on each of the places marked on
an independent foreign policy was a highlight of the map are given below seriatim:
post-1947 politics ? 30 (i) A prehistoric site
(ii) A chalcolithic site
Section ‘B’ (iii) A religious centre
(World History) (iv) A prehistoric site
(v) An art centre
5. Critically evaluate the following statements in (vi) A prehistoric site
about 200 words each: 20 x 3= 60 (vii) An art centre
(a) “The promptings of the heart are more to be (viii) A port
trusted than the logic of the mind.” Rousseau. (ix) A capital town
(b) “The peace of Versailles lacked moral valid- (x) A prehistoric site
ity from the start.” (xi) A post Mauryan town
(c) “The Collapse of Berlin Wall in 1989 brought (xii) An Art centre
new ideas of co-operation in Europe.” (xiii) A prehistoric site
(xiv) A chalcolithic site
6. (a) “The roots of Chartism are partly political (xv) A chalcolithic site
and partly economic.” Elaborate. 20 (xvi) A chalcolithic site
(b) “Whoever says Industrial Revolution, says (xvii) A prehistoric site
cotton.” Comment. 20 (xviii) An art centre
(c) “By 1914, the sick man of Europe was no (xix) A chalcolithic site
longer just Turkey : it was Europe itself.” Ex- (xx) A chalcolithic site
plain. 20
Question 2.
7. (a) Explain how American imperialism in Phil-
ippines differed with European imperialism in (a) Evaluate the significance of seals and sealings
Indonesia and Indo-China. 30 in the reconstruction of socio-economic and reli-
(b) How did the policy of appeasement escalategious life of the Harappan people.
the problem of Nazi aggrandizement ? 30 (b) Justify Pliny's statement the Rome was being
drained out of its gold by India during the first
8. (a) Would you argue that the Non-Aligned century of the Christian era.
Movement played a crucial role in promoting a

Question 3.
(a) Discuss the extent, settlement patterns and subsistence economy of the megalithic cultures.
(b) Assess the educational system in early India and identify important educational institutions of the
period.
Question 4.
(a) Examine the role of adhyaksha in the Mauryan administration.

(b) Analyse the vibrant cultural activities in peninsular India during 550-750 CE. Compare and
contrast it with the situation in contemporary North India.
SECTION - B
5. Write short notes in not more than 150 words on each:

(a) Evaluate Rajtarangini as asource of history.
(b) Medieval Indian towns were merely as extension of villages. Comment.
(c) Assess the contribution of the Acharyas in the development of the ideological basis of bhakti.
(d) Discuss the Cauraoancashika and Jain styles of paintings. Can the Cauraoancashika style truly be
called the precursor of pothi format?
(e) Give social background to the rice of the Maratha movement during the seventeenth century.
Question 6.
(a) What kind of changes were visualised by historians on Indian feudalism ? Examine critically.
(b) Analyse the social composition and the role of mobility under the successors of Iltutmish. How
did it affect the contemporary politics?
Question 7.
(a) Evaluate the role of nadu and magaram in the growth of urbanisation under the Cholas.
(b) How did theMongol invasions affect the Delhi Sultanate and the north-western frontier policy of
the Delhi Sultans ?
Question 8.
(a) State the structure of medieval village society in Northern India. What were the passive forms of
resistance of the peasants in the medieval period?
(b) How was the Afghan nobility responsible for the decline of the Afghan empires ? Discuss.

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(xii) Kapilavastu Section B

(xiii) Kanauj 7. Describe the village administration of the Chola

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2. Critically examine the nature of the Revolt of

3. Describe briefly the ideals and programme of

roborating evidence from archaeology and litera-

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(iv) Bikaner (b) ‘ ……. if we could keep a number of Nature

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Shah in the history of India.

(b) ‘Napoleon was the child of the Revolution, (xiv) Kausambi

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Section B in regard to their administrative policies and rev-

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5. Mark any fifteen of the following places on the

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(xviii) Pratisthana light of the difficulties of administration and the

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Paper – II centuries. How did it influence modern society

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(17) Kaveripattinam (18) Konark

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Paper-II (8) Discuss the aims of the establishment of the