READING.
Her Her bor jeg (10, 2, a) og vor
er mit hjem.
familie: min
min
far, mor og mine sjztekende. Vi bar
det godt hjemme. Der Iseser vi og synger og har det
morsomt (i. e., have a good time}. Vore bedsteforseldre
bor hos os. Det er morsomt at tale med dem.
Min onkel er fars bror. Mors bror er ogsaa vor on-
kel, og mors og fars sp'stre er vore tanter. Deres b0rn
er vore s^skendeb^rn. Vi har mange so'skendeb^rn,
baade faettere og kusiner.
Et barn elsker hjem, sine s^skende og sine for-
sit
COMPOSITION.
i. Iyou sang, he has sung, they have sung.
sing,
2. I
spoke with (med) him. He had not spoken with
them. 3. She lives with us. She is our cousin. 4. Did
you read his letter? No. Have you read it? 5. I
gave him a book, but he has not read it. 6. He gave
the book to his cousin (masc.). 7. He gave it to his
cousin (fern.). 8. She was writing a letter about her
school, her teacher, and her books. 9. My aunt is my
40
LESSON VIII.
CONJUGATION STRONG AND WEAK.
25. Verbal stem. The verbal stem is the infinitive
minus the final unaccented e: Ices from at Icese; sfyriv
from at strive. In verbs which do not have this -e, the
stem and the infinitive are alike: bo from at bo (to
dwell) se from at se (to see).
;
Class III adds dde for imp. tense, and dd for perf.
participle: at bo bodde bodd.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
28. Interrogative pronouns are : /ivem, hva d, hvil-
ken.
DECLENSION.
Singular.
42
idag', to-day.
READING.
Idag har vi (10, 2, b) en ny lekse. Den er meget
lang, men imorgen faar vi en kort en (ind. pro.). Vi
liker korte lekser, men ikke lange. Leksen handler om
verbet. Et verbum er et ord i en saetning. Det uttryk-
ker handling. Verbet har mange tider. En av ver-
bets tider kalder vi prsesens eller nutid, en anden kal-
der vi imperfektum eller fortid.
Hvem har ikke laert leksen sin idag? Jeg har laert
min godt; jeg paa den baade
laeste igaar og imorges.
Min bror laerte ikke sin lekse til idag. Igaar laeste han
en ny bok som jeg har git ham.
Hvilken saetning eller hvilke saetninger er det som
du ikke har laest? Jeg har laest alle saetningerne. Hvil-
ket ord eller hvilke ord er det du ikke har laert ? Det er
verberne. Hvilke verber? Det er verbet at handle
44
LESSON IX.
NUMERALS.
30. Numerals are cardinal and ordinal.
syv, seven.
2. Ordinal numbers give the position in a series:
Cardinal. Ordinal.
1. en (n. g., ett; def. den 1
f^rste, iste.
ene).
"
2. to. anden 2 [an], 2den.
'
-er).
Notes. i. The ordinals are used as adjectives; hence they
possible.
4. Pronominal use of numerals:
a. en, one; den ene, the one.
b. en anden, another; den anden, the other; det andet,
the other; de andre, the others,
c. for det f0rste, in the first place; for det andet, in
second place, etc.
VOCABULARY.
et aar, , year. alt'saa, then, consequently
en maaned, er, month. (a conj. used very freely,
en uke, r, week. often without the force of
en dag, e, day. a conjunction),
en time, r, hour. megen meget), much,
(n. g.,
et (en) minut', ter, min- kan, be able.
can; Kan is
ute. followed by infinitive with-
etsekund' [nn], er, second. out at. In the inverted
hver, t, every (each of two word order ( 10, 23), the
or more). subject comes between kan
fra, from. and the infinitive.
READING.
Der
er aar, maaneder, uker og dage. Der er ogsaa
timer, minutter og sekunder. For det f0rste har vi
aaret. I et aar er der 12 maaneder. Saa har vi maane-
den. I en maaned er der 4 uker. I ett aar er der alt-
februar, er der 28 dage men hvert f jerde aar har den 29.
;
den 5 den 7
,
den 8 ,
den 10 , og den 12 ,
.
COMPOSITION.
I. This (n. g.) is a long lesson and there is much in
it that new. 2. But when we have learned this (n. g.)
is
LESSON X.
COMPOSITE WORDS.
31. Words are compounded very freely. A
noun prefixed to another noun often takes the pos-
sessive ending; an adjective prefixed often takes the
form of the weak declension.
1. Noun
noun: aar -j- tid
-J-
= aarstid, season.
2. Adjective -f- noun: styg -j- veir = styggeveir,
storm, bad weather.
3. Preposition -f- noun : i
-{-dag
= idag, to-day.
4. Preposition + verb : til -f- tale = tiltale, address.
VOCABULARY.
en aars'tid, er, season of en vind [nn], e, wind.
the year. veir [vaer], n. g., weather,
en sommer, somre, summer. sne, c. g., snow,
v
en vin'ter, vin tre, winter. regn [rein], n. g., rain,
1
en h0st, fall. at regne regnte regnet, to
en vaar, spring. rain.
en sol, e, sun. varme, c. g., heat,
en maane, r, moon. at skinne skinte skint
en stjerne, r, star. [sjinne, etc.], to shine,
en dag, e, day. at sne, III, to snow,
en nat, naet'ter, night. deilig, , e, fine, beautiful,
en storm, e(r), storm. delightful,
et lys, , light. varm, r, warm,
49
READING.
Aaret har 4 aarstider. Disse kalder vi sommer, vin-
ter, h0st og vaar. Vaaren er den fjzfrste aarstid saa ;
tid, saa (so that) nu er der megen sne. Det snedde den
dagen ban skrev ogsaa. "Men igaar", skrev ban,
"hadde vi deilig veir; solen skinte hele dagen."
COMPOSITION.
Note. Where a different idiom
is required in Norse, a
translation will be
given in parenthesis (), or a literal
equivalent will be given in brackets [].
i. Spring (def. art.) is the first season of the
LESSON XL
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
34. The pronoun generally used is som
relative
(who, which, that). It refers to persons and things
of either number and either gender. When governed
by a preposition, the preposition must come last in the
sentence. When not used as a subject, som may be
omitted. The corresponding possessive is hvis.
Ex.: i. Her er gutten som (who) skrev brevet.
2. Her er brevet som (which) Han skrev.
or, Her er brevet han skrev.
3. Her er pennen og blakket som (that) han skrev
med.
or, Her er pennen og blcekket han skrev med.
4. Her er gutten hvis brev vi har last.
As
in English, the interrogative pronouns hvem, hvilken,
hvad (who or whom, which, what) have come to be used
as relatives; but in Norse, the relative som is used so ex-
tensively that the use of the others is comparatively rare.
These, and the relative der, will be called attention to as
they occur. For discussion, see Appendix.
VOCABULARY.
Note. Names of the months are not capitalized.
READING.
Vi har f0r Isert at der er 12 maaneder i et aar. I
denne lekse laerer vi at hver maaned har sit eget navn.
Den fjzfrste maaned i aaret heter januar, den anden heter
52
LESSON XII.
PRONOUNS OF ADDRESS.
Second person of the personal pronouns the
35.
pronoun of address has two forms: the familiar and
the polite.
VOCABULARY.
Note. Names of the days of the week are not capitalized.
READING.
I leksen vi hadde igaar, laerte vi navnene paa maane-
derne i aaret. I denne lekse laerer vi hvad hver av ukens
dage heter.
bet Tor. Tor hadde ogsaa sin dag; den kalder vi tors-
dag. En anden av guderne, ogsaa en s^n av Odin, bet
Tyr. Av Tyr faar vi tirsdag. Der var en stor gud-
inde; bun var Odins hustru og bet Frigg. Av hendes
navn faar vi fredag. Den sidste dag i uken kalder vi
I0rdag; vore forfaedre kaldte den laugardagr (laugar,
poss. of laugr, bath). Saa er der de to f^rste dage igjen
(left). Mandag er maanedag, eller maanens dag; s0n-
dag er solens dag.
Vi bar nu flere lekser laest om pronomener.
i
Idag
bar vi ogsaa noget om et pronomen. Vi sier et pro-
nomen og pronomenet; i flertal heter det pronomener og
pronomenerne.
Naar sier vi du, og naar sier vi Def Vi sier du, dig,
din, de, dem og deres til b0rn, til vore s^skende, kusi-
ner, faettere, venner og veninder. Men der er mange
andre, som vi sier De til. Vi skriver De, Dem og Deres
55
COMPOSITION.
i. This is our twelfth lesson. 2. It deals with
(handler om) the names of the days of [in] the week.
3. This lesson also treats of (handler ogsaa om) a pro-
noun. 4. Each day has its own name. 5. Some
names are derived from the names of [on] gods and
goddesses. 6. One of these gods was called Thor, an-
other Tyr. 7. Tyr and Thor were Odin's sons. 8. Odin
had a wife whose name was Frigg. 9. She was a great
goddess; she is the mother of [to] several other gods.
10. The first day of the week has its name from the
word sun. n. The second day of the week gets its
name from the word moon. 12. We use the pro-
noun when we speak to our friends and to our
brothers and sisters. 13. But we often use the pro-
noun in speaking [when we speak] to others. 14.
Can you (pol.) tell (si) me where our lesson is for to-
day? 15. Can you (fam.} tell me what new verbs we
had yesterday? 16. Can you (fam. pi.) learn all of
(hele) the next lesson for tomorrow?
LESSON XIII.
PASSIVE VOICE.
36. formed by the use of at bli (to
Passive voice is
become). The
present infinitive and the present, past,
and future tenses are also formed by adding es or s to
the tense stem.
at bli to become
pres. : blir becomes
past: blev became
future: skal bli shall become
pres. perf. : er blit has (is) become
past perf.: var blit had (was) become
fut. perf.: skal vaere blit shall have become
2. Passive of at rose.
a. With auxiliary, b. With endings,
pres. inf.: at bli rost at roses
pres. tense: blir rost roses
past tense: blev rost rostes
future : skal bli rost skal roses
kaldt, var blit kaldt, skal varc blit kaldt (not har blit,
hadde blit, etc.).
is new.
c. But to be forms passive voice ( at bh, or the
57
ending -es) ;
at vcere does not : He is praised, Han roses,
Han blir rost. praised, Han rostes,
He was Han blev
rost. He has been praised, Han er blit rost.
d. To be is used in the progressive tense: He is
VOCABULARY.
en taller 'ken, er, platter. frugt, c. g., fruit.