Table of Contents

Introduction 1
Problem Statement 2
Objectives 2
Methodology 2

Chapter 1: Liquidity Management in Traditional Banks 3

1.1. What is Liquidity 3
1.1.1. Liquidity Management 4
1.1.2. Liquidity Ratio 4
1.2. What is Bank Liquidity 5
1.2.1. Asset Management Baking 5
1.2.2. Liability Management Banking 6
1.2.3. Key to Liability Management 6
1.2.4. Liquidity measurement 6
1.3. Principles’ of liquidity management 7
1.3.1. Banks must develop a structure for liquidity management 7
1.3.2. Banks must measure and monitor net funding requirements 8
1.3.3. Banks should manage market access 8
1.3.4. Banks should have contingency plans 8
1.3.5. Banks should manage their foreign currency liquidity 8
1.3.6. Each bank must have an adequate system of internal controls over its
liquidity risk management process 9
1.4. Liquidity requirement in Banks 9
1.4.1. Liquidity Ratio in Banks 9
1.4.2. Limits on Cumulative Cash Flow Mismatches 10
1.5. Liquidity performance 10
1.5.1. Liquidity performance effect 11

Chapter 2: Liquidity Risks in Banks 12

2.1. What is risk 12 2.2. Types of Risk 12

I
 2.2.1. Credit Risk 13

2.2.2. Market Risk 13

2.2.3. Interest Risk 13
2.2.4. Operational Risk 14
2.2.5. Country Risk 14
2.2.6. Liquidity Risk 15
2.3. Liquidity Risk in Banks 15
2.3.1. Manifest of Liquidity Risk 15
2.3.2. Liquidity Gaps and Liquidity risk 16
2.3.3. Liquidity Gaps and Maturity Mismatch 16
2.3.4. Cash Matching 17
2.3.5. The Benefit of Cash matching 17
Chapter 3: Role of the Central Bank of Syria in Banks Liquidity Management. 18
3.1. Introduction of Central Bank of Syria 18
3.2. Introduction the Credit and Monetary Council (CMC) 18
3.3. Liquidity regulation of credit and monetary policy-588 20
3.3.1. Liquidity and maturity of liquidity IN CBOS 20
3.3.2. Liquidity Ratios in CBOS 20
3.3.3. Elements of liquidity IN CBOS 21
3.3.4. Measuring Liquidity Ratios in CBOS 26
3.3.5. Fines on low liquidity Ratios in CBOS 26
Chapter 4: Liquidity Management in Bank Kotak Mahindra 27
4.1. Introduction of Bank Kotak Mahindra 27
4.1.1. Bank object 27
4.1.2.Bank Kotak Mahindra 's capital structure 27
4.1.3.Strategy of Bank Kotak Mahindra 28
4.1.4.Services of Bank Kotak Mahindra : commercial, treasury, Retail and
Private banking 29
4.2. Finance Department 31
4.2.1. Accounting division 32

II
 4.2.2. Budget and financial control 32
4.3. The liquidity report at Bank Kotak Mahindra 33
4.4. Reasons behind the drop in liquidity ratios in Bank Kotak Mahindra 37
4.5. Policy for increasing the liquidity ratio in Bank Kotak Mahindra . 37
4.6. The downside of the bank’s current solutions. 38
Conclusions 39
Recommended Solutions 40
References 42

Appendix Lists
of Figures:
Discretion Page
Number
Figure 1 Liquidity Ratio at Bank Kotak Mahindra in Syrian Pound 35

Figure 2 Liquidity Ratio at Bank Kotak Mahindra in Foreign Currency 36

Figure 3 Liquidity Ratio at Bank Kotak Mahindra in Global Currency 36

Lists of Tables:
Discretion Page
Number
Table 1 Maturity of Over Draft (facilities) 23

Table 2 Maturity of Current and Saving Accounts 24

Table 3 Maturity of other Liabilities 25

Maximum percentage of negative cumulative gap in all

Table 4 currencies 25

Table 5 Authorized liquidity ratios in Syrian Banks 34

III
Introduction
The topic of liquidity is of utmost importance in all companies, where liquidity occupies the

highest attention in bank management, it has been crucial what is the minimum limit bank

should have in order to maintain its operations smoothly and efficiently.

As a result Credit Monetary Council issued so far two decrees to regulate banks liquidity. By

doing that, the Credit Monetary Council makes sure that the banks are able to maintain

specific ratio of liquidity so that any financial crisis that could arise from fake figures of

liquidity is avoided. (like what happened in 2008 world’s financial crisis).

The CMC obliged banks to send liquidity reports on a regular basis (daily, weekly and

monthly) in order to observe and control how much liquidity a bank has.

From here, the idea of this study has emerged to explain more about liquidity in general and

liquidity regulations for banks in Syria where a case study about Bank Kotak Mahindra has

been presented to better understand the study problem statement.

1
Problem Statement:
The problem statement discusses the role of banks in managing their liquidity ratios as drawn

by Central Bank of Syria , and to what extent the banks abide by Credit and Monitory Council

regulations. Moreover, the study shows what benefits the banks incur in dealing with liquidity

ratio and how effective they are facing any deteriorations happen to that ratio.

Finally, the effects of liquidity on maintaining high profitability.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to show how the Central Bank of Syria through Credit and

Monitory Council specifies the liquidity ratios in Syrian banks and how banks manage

liquidity and study the risk incurred by liquidity drop. Moreover, Bank Kotak Mahindra is

taken as a case study to examine more the liquidity reports done by the bank on daily, weekly

and monthly bases. In addition, the study identifies the procedure taken by Bank Kotak

Mahindra to maintain the liquidity ratios under the authorized limits drawn by the Credit and

Monitory Council.

Methodology:
This study is based on both qualitative and quantitative methods. The qualitative part explain

and analyzes the instructions given by Central Bank of Syria to manage the liquidity ratios

and how banks respond to them. In addition this paper show the last researches that studied

the liquidity management. The quantitative part shows in figures and numbers how Bank Al-

Sharq handle the liquidity ratio to keep it under the authorized limits specified by Credit and

Monitory Council.
Chapter 1: Liquidity Management in traditional Banks

1.1. What is Liquidity

There are many definitions about liquidity:

2
Bodie1define liquidity as “the speed and ease with which asset can be converted to cash.”

They add that liquidity is the” relation between the time dimension ( how long it will take to

sell) and the price dimension ( the discount from fair market price) of an investment asst.”

Mishkin2defines the liquidity as how quickly an asset can be converted into cash at low costs.

the demand for an asset is affected by the degree to which an asset or security can be bought

or sold in the market without affecting the asset's price. Liquidity is characterized by a high

level of trading activity. Assets that can be easily bought or sold are known as liquid

assets.

It is safer to invest in liquid assets than illiquid ones because it is easier for an investor to get

his/her money out of the investment. Examples of assets that are easily converted into cash

include blue chip and money market securities.

Liquidity is the amount of capital that is available for investment and spending. Most of the

capital is credit rather than cash. That's because the large financial institutions that do most

investments prefer using borrowed money. Even consumers have traditionally preferred credit

cards to debit cards, checks or cash. High liquidity means there is a lot of capital. That usually

happens when interest rates are low, and so capital is easily available. Low interest rates mean

credit is cheap, which reduces the risk of borrowing. That's because the return only has to be

higher than the interest rate, so more investments look good.

A liquidity surplus develops when there is too much capital looking for too few investments.

This can lead to inflation. As cheap money chases fewer and fewer good investments, whether

they are houses, gold, or high tech companies, then the prices of those assets increase. This

leads to "irrational exuberance." Investors only think that the prices will rise, and everyone

wants to buy more now so they don't miss any profit.

1
Bodie,Z. Essentials of Investments. 2007
2
Mishkin,S. The Economic of Money, Banking and Financial Market. 2009

3
Eventually, a liquidity surplus means more of this capital becomes invested in bad projects.

As the ventures do not pay out their promised return, investors are left holding worthless

assets. Panic follows, resulting in a withdrawal of investment money. Prices go down, as

investors want madly to sell before prices drop further. This is what happened with

mortgagebacked securities during the Subprime Mortgage Crisis. This phase of the business

cycle, known as contraction, usually leads to a recession.

1.1.1. Liquidity Management

Bessis3define the liquidity management “is the continuous process of raising new funds, in

case of deficit , or investing excess resources when there are excesses of funds. The

Benchmark remains the cash matching case, when both asset and liabilities amortize in

parallel.”

1.1.2. Liquidity Ratios

A class of financial metrics that is used to determine a company's ability to pay off its

shortterms debts obligations. Generally, the higher the value of the ratio, the larger the margin

of safety that the company possesses to cover short-term debts.

The three most important liquidity ratios are:

1. Current Ratio: current assets divided by its current liabilities. A ratio representing the

ability of the firm to pay off its current liabilities by liquidation current asset

2. Quick Ratio: The current asset excluding inventories divided current liability. The

business can't count its inventory or prepaid expenses that can' be easily sold.

3. Cash Ratio: A company’s receivables are less liquid than its holding of cash and

marketable securities. Ratio of cash and marketable securities to current liabilities.

3
Bessis, J. Risk Management in Banking. 2002

4
These ratios means the firm’s ability to pay bills coming due with its most liquid asset.

1.2 Bank Liquidity4

The ability to fund all contractual obligations of the bank, notably lending and investment

commitments and deposit withdrawals and liability maturates, that is the ability to fund

increases in assets and meet obligations as they come due.

Liquidity for a bank means the ability to meet its financial obligations as they come due. Bank

lending finances investments in relatively illiquid assets, but it funds its loans with mostly

short term liabilities. Thus one of the main challenges to a bank is ensuring its own liquidity

under all reasonable conditions.

1.2.1. Asset Management Baking

Commercial banks differ widely in how they manage liquidity. A small bank derives its funds

primarily from customer deposits, normally a fairly stable source in the aggregate. Its assets

are mostly loans to small firms and households, and it usually has more deposits than it can

find creditworthy borrowers for. Excess funds are typically invested in assets that will provide

it with liquidity such as government securities. The holding of assets that can readily be

turned into cash when needed, is known as asset management banking.

1.2.2. Liability Management Banking

In contrast, large banks generally lack sufficient deposits to fund their main business dealing

with large companies, governments, other financial institutions, and wealthy individuals.

Most borrow the funds they need from other major lenders in the form of short term liabilities

which must be continually rolled over. This is known as liability management, a much riskier

4
Web site: http://wfhummel.cnchost.com/

5
method than asset management. A small bank will lose potential income if gets its asset

management wrong. A large bank that gets its liability management wrong may fail.

1.2.3. Key to Liability Management

The key to liability management is always being able to borrow. Therefore, a bank's most vital

asset is its creditworthiness. If there is any doubt about its credit, lenders can easily switch to

another bank. The rate a bank must pay to borrow will go up rapidly with the slightest

suspicion of trouble. If there is serious doubt, it will be unable to borrow at any rate, and will

go under. In recent years, large banks have been making increasing use of asset management

in order to enhance liquidity, holding a larger part of their assets as securities as well as

monitoring their loans to recycle borrowed funds.

1.2.4. Liquidity measurement5

Liquidity measurement is quite a difficult task and can be measured through stock or cash

flow approaches. The key ratios, adopted across the banking system are

• Loans to Total Assets,

• Loans to Core Deposits,

• Large Liabilities (minus) Temporary Investments to Earning Assets (minus)

Temporary Investments,

• Purchased Funds to Total Assets,

• Loan Losses/Net Loans,

Thus, analysis of liquidity involves tracking of cash flow mismatches. For measuring and

managing net funding requirements, the use of maturity ladder and calculation of cumulative

surplus or deficit of funds at selected maturity dates is recommended as a standard tool.

5
Web Site: International Institute for Science, Technology and Education. Research Journal of Finance and
Accounting. 2011.

6
1.3. Principals’ of liquidity management

The following principles, from Publication No. 69, dated February 2000, of the Bank for

International Settlements’ Basel Committee on Banking Supervision, details the key elements

for effectively managing liquidity. Banks should formally adopt and implement these

principles for use in the overall liquidity management process.

1.3.1. Banks must develop a structure for liquidity management.6

1. Each bank should have an agreed strategy for day-to-day liquidity management.

Thisstrategy should be communicated throughout the organization.

2. A bank Governing Board should approve the strategy and significant policies related

toliquidity management. The Governing Board should also ensure that senior management of

the bank takes the steps necessary to monitor and control liquidity risk. The Governing Board

should be informed regularly of the liquidity situation of the bank and immediately if there

are any material changes in the bank current or prospective liquidity position.

3. Each bank should have a management structure in place to effectively execute the

liquiditystrategy. This structure should include the ongoing involvement of members of senior

management. Senior management must ensure that liquidity is effectively managed, and that

appropriate policies and procedures are established to control and limit liquidity risk. Banks

should set and regularly review limits on the size of their liquidity positions over particular

time horizons.

4. Banks must have adequate information systems for measuring, monitoring, controlling

andreporting liquidity risk. Reports should be provided on a timely basis to the banks

Governing Board, senior management and other appropriate personnel, and to the CPO as

required by

6
Web site: Central Bank of Timor-Leste

7
this instruction.

1.3.2. Banks must measure and monitor net funding requirements 7.

1. Each bank should establish a process for the ongoing measurement and monitoring of

netfunding requirements.

2. Banks should analyze liquidity utilizing a variety of what if scenarios.

3. Banks should frequently review the assumptions utilized in managing liquidity to determine

that they continue to be valid.

1.3.3. Banks should manage market access.

Each bank should periodically review its efforts to establish and maintain relationships with

liability holders, to maintain the diversification of liabilities, and aim to ensure its capacity to

sell assets.

1.3.4. Banks should have contingency plans.

In place that address the strategy for handling liquidity crises and which include procedures

for making up cash flow shortfalls in emergency situations.

1.3.5. Banks should manage their foreign currency liquidity.

1. Each bank should have a measurement, monitoring and control system for its

liquiditypositions in the major currencies in which it is active. In addition to assessing its

aggregate foreign currency liquidity needs and the acceptable mismatch in combination with

its domestic currency commitments, a bank should also undertake separate analysis of its

strategy for each currency individually.

2. A bank should, where appropriate, set and regularly review limits on the size of its

cash flow mismatches over particular time horizons for foreign currencies in aggregate and

for each significant individual currency in which the bank operates.

7
Web Site: Reserve Bank of Fiji. 1995

8
1.3.6. Each bank must have an adequate system of internal controls over its liquidity risk

management process.

A fundamental component of the internal control system involves regular independent

reviews and evaluations of the effectiveness of the system and, where necessary, ensuring that

appropriate revisions or enhancements to internal controls are made.

Finally, each bank should have in place a mechanism for ensuring that there is an adequate

level of disclosure of information about the bank in order to manage public perception of the

organization and its soundness.

1.4. Liquidity requirement in Banks

1.4.1. Liquidity Ratio in Banks

1. Banks must maintain a Liquidity Ratio of at least 15%, calculated as follows:

_______Highly Liquid Assets __ x 100

Total Liabilities not including equity

2. Highly Liquid Assets eligible for inclusion in the numerator of the ratio include

thefollowing unencumbered assets:

a. Vault Cash

b. Precious metals (Gold)

c. Deposits with the CPO

d. Deposits in other financial institutions

e. Readily Marketable securities

f. Net inter-bank lending and borrowing with a remaining maturity period of up to one month.

9
1.4.2. Limits on Cumulative Cash Flow Mismatches.8

Each bank should stick to the limits established by its Governing Board on the cumulative

cash flow mismatches, that is the cumulative net funding requirement as a percentage of total

liabilities, over the following periods: next day, up to seven days, 8 days to one month.

Reporting

Each bank shall submit to the Central Bank a report as of each month-end in the format

prescribed by the Central Bank of Syria(CBOS) showing the calculation of the Short-Term

Liquidity Ratio and the cumulative cash flow mismatches in accordance with this Instruction.

In Syria, The public and private Banks should be reporting to (CBOS) and Credit and

Monetary Council.

1.5. Liquidity performance.9

The liquidity performance analysis that an increase in the money supply will lower interest

rate. This conclusion has important policy implications because it has frequently caused

politicians to call for a more rapid growth of the money supply in an effort to drive down

interest rates.

An important criticism of the conclusion that an increase in the money supply lower s interest

rate was raised by Milton Friedman, a Nobel laureate in economics. He acknowledged that the

liquidity performance analysis was correct and called the result-that an increase in the money

supply lower interest rate-the liquidity effect. However, he viewed the liquidity effect as

merely part of the story: An increase in the money supply might not leave " everything else

equal" and will have other effects on the economy that may make interest rate rise. If these

8
Bodie, Z. and Kane, A. and Marcus, A. Essentials of Investments. 2007
9
Mishkin, S. The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets. 2009

10
effects are substantial, it is entirely possible that when the money supply increases, interest

rate may also increase.

1.5.1. Liquidity performance effect.10

1- Income effect: the income effect of an increase in the money supply is a rise in interest

rates in response to the higher level of income

2- Price-level effect: the price level effect from an increase in the money supply is a rise

in interest rates in response to the rise in the price level.

3- Expected-inflation effect: The expected-inflation effect of an increase in the money

supply is a rise in interest rates in response to the rise in the expected inflation rate.

11
10
Cornett, S. Financial Market and Institutions. 2007
Chapter 2: Liquidity Risks in Banks
2.1. What is Risk.

General Definition: effect of uncertainty on objectives. Uncertainties include events that may

or not happen and uncertainties caused by a lack of information or doubt.

Financial Definition: The probability that certain return on an investment will be lower than

expected.

“Due to regulated environment, banks could not afford to take risks. But of late, banks are

exposed to same competition and hence are complied to encounter various types of financial

and non-financial risks.”10Risks and uncertainties form an integral part of banking which by

nature entails taking risks. There are five main categories of risks; Credit Risk, Market Risk,

Liquidity Risk, Operational Risk, and Country Risk.

2.2. Types of Risk

There are many different ways how to define and classify the Banking risks but as this study

we focuses on liquidity risk.

Banking Risk:

 Credit risk

 Market risk

 Interest rate risk

 Operation risk

 Country risk

 Liquidity risk

10
Dorfman, M. Risk Management and Insurance. 2006

12
2.2.1. Credit Risk.11

Credit Risk is the potential that a bank borrower/counter party fails to meet the obligations on

agreed terms. There is always scope for the borrower to default from his commitments for one

or the other reason resulting in crystallization of credit risk to the bank. These losses could

take the form outright default or alternatively, losses from changes in portfolio value arising

from actual or perceived weakening in credit quality that is short of default. Credit risk is

inherent to the business of lending funds to the operations linked closely to market risk

variables. The objective of credit risk management is to minimize the risk and maximize

bank’s risk adjusted rate of return by assuming and maintaining credit exposure within the

acceptable parameters.

2.2.2. Market Risk.12

Market Risk may be defined as the possibility of loss to bank caused by the changes in the

market variables. It is the risk that the value of on-/off-balance sheet positions will be

adversely affected by movements in equity and interest rate markets, currency exchange rates

and commodity prices. Market risk is the risk to the bank’s earnings and capital due to

changes in the market level of interest rates or prices of securities, foreign exchange and

equities, as well as the volatilities, of those prices.

2.2.3. Interest Rate Risk.13

That banks are in the business of turning deposit liabilities into loan asset, the two sides of

their balance sheet do not match up. One important difference between the two sides is that

bank’s liabilities tend to be short term, while its assets tend to be long term. This mismatch

between the maturities of the two sides of the balance sheet creates interest rate risk.

11
Raghavan, R.S. Risk Management In Bank. 2003
12
Raghavan, R.S. Risk Management In Bank. 2003
13
Dorfman, M. Risk Management and Insurance. 2006

13
2.2.4. Operational Risk.14

Operational risk involves breakdown in internal controls and corporate governance leading to

error, fraud, performance failure, compromise on the interest of the bank resulting in financial

loss. Putting in place proper corporate governance practices by itself would serve as an

effective risk management tool. Bank should strive to promote a shared understanding of

operational risk within the organization, especially since operational risk is often inter-wined

with market or credit risk and it is difficult to isolate.

2.2.5. Country Risk.15

This is the risk that arises due to cross border transactions that are growing dramatically in the

recent years owing to economic liberalization and globalization. It is the possibility that a

country will be unable to service or repay debts to foreign lenders in time. It comprises of

Transfer Risk arising on account of possibility of losses due to restrictions on external

remittances; Sovereign Risk associated with lending to government of a sovereign nation or

taking government guarantees; Political Risk when political environment or legislative

process of country leads to government taking over the assets of the financial entity (like

nationalization, etc) and preventing discharge of liabilities in a manner that had been agreed to

earlier; Cross border risk arising on account of the borrower being a resident of a country

other than the country where the cross border asset is booked; Currency Risk, a possibility

that exchange rate change, will alter the expected amount of principal and return on the

lending or

investment.

The liquidity Risk is important in the firms specially in the banks, in this case we will discuss

liquidity risk importance.

14
Cecchetti, S. Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. 2006
15
Dorfman, M. Risk Management and Insurance. 2006

14
2.2.6. Liquidity Risk.16

Liquidity Risk that asset owner unable to recover full value of asset when sale desired (or for

borrower, that credit is not rolled over).

Cecchetti says that all financial institutions face the liquidity risk that their liabilities holders

(depositors) will seek to cash in their claims. The holder of a checking account can always

walk into the bank and ask for the balance in cash. This risk of as sudden demand for liquid

fund. Bank face liquidity on both sides of their balance sheets. Deposit withdrawal is a

liquidity-side risk, but there is an asset-side risk as well.

2.3. Liquidity Risk in Banks.

Liquidity risk is the potential inability to meet the liabilities as they become due. It arises

when the banks are unable to generate cash to cope with a decline in deposits or increase in

assets.17It originates from the mismatches in the maturity pattern of assets and liabilities. Bank

Deposits generally have a much shorter contractual maturity than loans and liquidity

management needs to provide a cushion to cover anticipated deposit withdrawals. Liquidity is

the ability to efficiently accommodate deposit as also reduction in liabilities and to fund the

loan growth and possible funding of the off-balance sheet claims. The cash flows are placed in

different time buckets based on future likely behavior of assets, liabilities and off-balance

sheet items.18

2.3.1. Liquidity risk in Bank manifest in different dimension.

a) Funding Risk: It is the need to replace net out flows due

to unanticipated

withdrawal/nonrenewal of deposit (whole sale and retail)

16
Cecchetti, S. Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. 2006
17
Web Site: AllBankingSolutions.com
18
Web Site: Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco

15
 b) Time risk: It is the need to compensate for non-receipt of expected inflows of funds,

i.e. performing assets turning into nonperforming assets.

c) Call risk: It happens on account of crystallization of contingent liabilities and inability to

undertake profitable business opportunities when desired.

2.3.2. Liquidity Gaps and Liquidity risk.19

When liabilities exceed assets, there is an excess of fund.. such excesses generate interest risk

rate since the revenue from the investment of these excess assets are uncertain.

When assets exceed liabilities, there is a deficit. This means that the bank has long-run

commitments, which existing recourses do not fund entirely. There is a liquidity risk

generated by raising funds in the future to match the size of assets. The bank faces the risk of

not being able to obtain the liquidity on the markets, and the risk of paying higher than normal

costs to meet this requirement.

In addition, it has exposure to interest rate risk. Liquidity gaps generate funding requirement,

or investments of excess funds. In the future, such financial transaction occur in the future, at

interest rates not yet known, unless hedging them today. Liquidity gaps generate interest rate

because of the uncertainty in interest revenue or costs generated by these transactions.

2.3.3. Liquidity Gaps and Maturity Mismatch

An alternative view of the liquidity gap in the gap between the average maturity dates of

assets and liabilities. If all assets and liabilities have matching maturities, the difference in

average maturity dates would be zero. If there is a time mismatch, the average dates differ.

For instance, if asset amortize slower than liabilities, their average maturity is higher than that

of liabilities, and vise versa. The average maturity date calculation weights maturity with the

book value of outstanding balances of assets and liabilities.

2.3.4. Cash Matching20.

19
Bessis (R.Man.in Ban.)book

16
Cash matching is a basic concept for the management of liquidity and interest rate risks. It

implies that the time profiles of amortization of assets and liabilities are identical. The nature

of on interest applicable to asset and maturities might also match: fixed rates with fixed rate,

floating rates revised periodically with floating rates revised at the same dates using the same

reference rate. Any deviation from the cash matching benchmark generates interest rate risk,

unless setting up hedges.

2.3.5. The Benefit of Cash matching.21

With cash matching, liquidity gap s are equal t zero. When the balance sheet amortizes over

time, it does not generate any deficit or excess of funds. If, in addition, the interest rate resets,

on both sides, the interest margin cannot change over time. Full matching of both cash and

interest rates locks in the interest income.

Cask matching is only a reference. In general, deposits do not match loans. Both result from

the customers’ behavior. However, it is feasible to structure the financial dept in order to

replicate the assets’ time profile, given the amortization schedule of the portfolio of

commercial assets and liabilities.

Chapter 3: Role of the Central Bank of Syria in Banks Liquidity Management.

3.1. Introduction of Central Bank of Syria22

The Central Bank of Syria is the supreme monetary authority in Syria. It is responsible for

issuing the Syrian Pound and for implementing the nationwide monetary policy.

The Central Bank has embarked on implementing a new strategy that comprises of several

new developmental plans aimed at updating the bank laws and regulations and modernizing

current operating methods.

20
Bessis, J. Risk Management in Banking. 2002
21
Bessis, J. Risk Management in Banking. 2002
22
The Central Bank of Syria official web site

17
The Central Bank of Syria announced its commitment to ensure financial stability and defend

the stability and strength of the exchange rate of Syrian pound, and secure favorable financial

and monetary climate to attract investment and promote economic growth.

3.2. The Credit and Monetary Council23

The Credit And Monetary Council (CMC) is the monetary authority which has the

responsibility for conducting the monetary policy and overseeing on the implantation it with

accordance to the macroeconomic policies in Syria.

The Credit and Monetary Council shall undertake the task of organizing the credit and

monetary institutions in the Syrian Arab Republic and coordinating their activities to fulfill

the below stated objectives within the limits of its prerogatives and within the state public

economic inclinations decided by the cabinet:

A- Development of the monetary and financial market and the organization according to the

national economy needs .

B- Maintain the purchasing power of the Syrian currency.

C- Realize stability of the foreign exchange rate of the Syrian currency and secure free

exchange to other currencies.

D- Expand possibility of utilizing resources and potentials and work towards the development

of national income.

E- Follow up on the banking apparatus, discuss all issues relevant to banking work, activities

of relevance and take appropriate decisions through the Central Bank of Syria .

F- Supervise banking profession and direct its activities.

G- The government shall consult it regarding the measures and matters related to the

financial, monetary and banking situation of the S.A.R.

23
The Central Bank of Syria official web site

18
In October 27th 2002 the Central Bank of Syria under the approval of the Syrian President and

the Syrian Parliament issued legislative decree n° 23. Legislation n° 23 of 2002 is the basic

monetary order of Syria which included all the rules and legislations that governs the Syrian

monetary policy and the regulation of the Syrian public and private banking sector.

One of the main articles of this legislative decree was the creation of the Credit and Monetary

Council, by this law this council was given the highest legislative and executive authorities to

govern and regulate the banking industry in Syria.

The Credit and Monetary Council has the exclusive supervision authority on banks in Syria

through daily and monthly reports sent by banks in Syria, By These reports the CMC studies

and scrutinizes the operations of deposit and withdrawals that the place in the banks as well as

interest rate and liquidity ratios.

The main focus of this study is the liquidity management. Therefore, we will take a closer

look at the liquidity operations.

3.3. Liquidity regulation of Credit and Monetary policy24-588

On November 11th 2009 the Monetary and Credit Council of the Central Bank of Syria issued

circular n° 588 that applies to all operating banks in Syria. The legislation addresses the

operating banks’ liquidity management issues. All banks should maintain an adequate level of

liquidity to insure safety of its financial position.

This legislation presented a tool to measure the banks’ ability to pay their financial obligations

when matured. The legislation defined liquidity as the bank’s ability to meet its obligations

and to finance its assets increase without having to liquidate its assets with unfair values and

without using a higher cost financial resources. Under this legislation all banks are obligated

to have a liquidity ratio above 20% at all times. The liquidity ratio is calculated by dividing

24
Credit and Monetary Council, circular n° 588. 2009

19
the sum of liquid assets (current assets) by the sum of the liquid liabilities (clients’ deposits

and other financial obligations). If the liquidity ratio slipped below 20% the bank is fined a

daily penalty on every day it spends below the minimum level.

Demand from all banks operating in the Syrian Arab Republic comply with the instructions of

liquidity ratio and maturity gap set out below:

3.3.1. Liquidity and maturity of liquidity in CBOS a-Liquidity: The extent of the bank's

ability to fulfill the liabilities and finance the increase in the asset side, without having to

liquidate assets at unfair prices at high cost.

b – Maturity table: A method for measuring liquidity, based on a comparison of future

cash inflows and future cash outflows during certain time periods.

3.3.2. Liquidity Ratios in CBOS

Each bank that keeps every working day by liquidity in all currencies of not less than 30% not

be less than the proportion of liquidity in Syrian pounds for 20%, calculated by dividing the

cash and cash equivalent on deposits and other liabilities and off balance sheet, as shown

below:

Numerator and denominator includes liquidity ratio the following elements: a-

Numerator elements:

Numerator elements include cash and cash equivalent in central bank and current account and

deposit in public, private, correspondent, and sister banks. All these elements in assets side in

balance sheet25. b-Denominator elements:

Denominator elements include all deposits in central banks, public, private, correspondent,

and sister banks other liabilities (current accounts, savings, term deposits block accounts). All

theses element in liabilities side in balance sheet26.

25
Appendix 1-1 CBOS report (form of liquidity).
26
Appendix 1-2 CBOS report (form of liquidity).

20
Other elements in denominator include off balance sheet (letter of credit import, acceptances

import, letter of guarantees clients and unutilized lines of credit)27.

3.3.3. Elements of liquidity in CBOS.

The cash inflows classified according to the maturity of assets. The cash outflows classified

according to maturity of liabilities. Assets and liabilities banks should be included in maturity

table, and within this table its calculated the difference between cash inflows and cash

outflows whether this difference is a surplus or a deficit. The difference is called inadequate

benefits assets and liabilities, and in accordance with the following time periods:

- Category I : up to 7 days.

- Category II: more than 7 days to a month.

-Category III: more than a month to 3 months.

-Category IV: more than 3 months to 6 months.

-Category Fifth: more than 6 months to 9 months.

-Category Six: more than 9 months to a year.

-Category Seven: more than a year

Maturity tables measured at three levels:

1. Total currency.

2. Syrian pounds.

3. Foreign currency.

The distribution of assets and liabilities according maturity table:

Assets28:

-Assets are stated at their net, after excluding special provision constituent of these assets. -

Excluded from the above assets:

27
Appendix 1-3 CBOS report (form of liquidity).
28
Appendix 3-1 CBOS report (form of liquidity).

21
Nonperforming loans, interest and provision. Any item of assets can not be liquefied when the

need for being locked up or conditional or restricted for any reason -Assets are distributed as

follows:

The included in the first category of each of the following items:

• Cash balances with the Central Bank, including cash reserve on deposits and current

accounts with financial institutions.

• Treasury bills and bonds and instruments of the Syrian government with the exception

of public bonds on the state (excess liquidity and the budget surplus), which are

included within the period of more than a year and included revenue only by the

remaining period to maturity.

• Securities that available for trading that the bank can be liquidated when you need it at

a reasonable price as follows:

1. Certificates of deposit for trading and available-for-sale and held to maturity

by weighting 95%

2. Shares traded by weighting 75%

3. Instruments and bonds held for trading classified degree of investment (by

companies international rating) by weighting 90%

4. Instruments and available-for-sale bonds or seed to maturity investment degree

after weighting the following proportions:

• 85% If the maturity date one year or less.

• 80% if the maturity date more than a year for up to 5 years.

• 70% if the maturity date more than 5 years.

Including within the category of more than one year:

22
 • Net equity contributions to the banks and financial institutions and fixed

investment in the companies’ capital.

• Values and assets to meet for doubtful debts collected by weighting 60%

• Net assets under investment (except assets of the bank in fulfillment of its

debt) by weighting 90%

• General on the state bonds (excess liquidity and the budget surplus).

The facilities based on the remaining periods to maturity except for the overdraft where

periods distributed as follows:

Table 1 29
Till 7 More than More than More than More than More than More than
Days seven till one three six month nine one year
one month month till month till till nine month till
three six month month one year
month

Over 0% 5% 8% 12% 15% 20% 40%

Draft

The rest of the assets included based on the remaining periods to maturity.

Liabilities30:

A - Include all liabilities that can be an obligation to pay the bank in a certain period of

time,either direct or indirect.

B - Liabilities distributed as follows:

Distribution of deposits by the remaining period to maturity except demand

deposits and savings deposits distributed as follows:

29
Source: Credit and Monetary Council, circular n° 588. 2009
30
Appendix 3-2 CBOS report (form of liquidity).

23
 Table 2 31

Till 7 More More than More than More than More than More than
Days than one three six month nine one year
seven till month till month till till nine month till
one three six month month one year
month month

Current 20% 15% 15% 15% 15% 10% 10%

Account and
Saving
Account

• The liabilities that have a specified maturity date such as cash margins within

the periods by the due date.

• The liabilities that do not have a specific maturity date and is expected to be an

outflow from the bank (such as proposed dividends, and tax provision, and

provision for indemnity) within the expected period during which payment of

these liabilities.

• Other Liabilities (such as direct facilities granted non-used and noncancellable)

is distributed as follows (refer to Appendix 3-3):

Table 3 32

Till 7 Days More than seven More than one More than three
till one month month till three month till six
month month

Other 40% 30% 20% 10%

liabilities

The rest of account in off balance sheet for which information is available with

the bank that will result in an obligation to pay within the appropriate

category34.

31
Credit and Monetary Council, circular n° 588. 2009
32
Web site: Central Bank of Syria. Credit and Monetary Council, circular n° 588. 2009
34
Appendix 3-3 CBOS report (form of liquidity).

24
 C- The maximum limits of non-alignment benefits assets and liabilities: 1. Financing gap

is measured between cash inflows and cash outflows for each period and then on a

cumulative basis for periods of time.

2. Cumulative gap is measured for each period as a percentage of total

liabilitiesaccumulated during the same period.

3. Banks must verify compatibility between the maturities of assets and liabilities

andavoid gaps between these maturities, and must not exceed the cumulative gap

negative in all currencies for each period the following limits.

Table 4 33

Time period Maximum percentage of negative

cumulative gap in all currencies

Till 7 Days 10%

More than seven till one month 20%

More than one month till three month 30%

More than one month till three month 40%

More than three month till six month 50%

3.3.4. Measuring Liquidity Ratios.

1- The liquidity ratio of banks is measured daily and models 1 and 2 are sent to the

Central Bank of Syria (Directorate of the Office of the Government) at the end of each

month. In case of violation of the bank liquidity ratio by the banks has to send models

on a daily basis to insure the bank’s commitment to the prescribed minimum limits34.

2- The bank’s table maturity is measured monthly and models 3, 4 and 5 are sent to the

Central Bank of Syria (Directorate of the Office of the government) at the end of each

33
Web site: Central Bank of Syria. Credit and Monetary Council, circular n° 588. 2009
34
Appendix 2-1, 2-2 CBOS report (form of liquidity).

25
 month. In case of violation of a bank it has to send models on a weekly basis to make

sure of the bank's commitment to the ceilings prescribed.

3- Send all the forms mentioned in the appendix to the Directorate of the Office of

Government attached models cyclical conditions in a maximum period of the seventh

day of the month following the month in which organizes about these models

accompanied by a CD-ROM containing their own information.

3.3.5 Fines on low liquidity Ratios in CBOS.

1- In the event of decrease in specified liquidity ratios, CMC imposes a fine of lack of

value for each day that the shortage continues to be a minimum of / on the bank at a

rate of 100,000, and restrict the fine on the bank account with the Central Bank of

Syria.

2- In addition to the stated in the previous item entitled to the Central Bank of Syria on

the proposal of the Directorate of the Office of the Government to take action it deems

appropriate against the offending bank, especially in the case of repeated

overtaking
Chapter 4: Liquidity Management in Bank Kotak Mahindra

4.1. Introduction of Bank Kotak Mahindra 35

Decree no. 26/ dated 10/4/2008 issued by the Syrian Prime Ministry, granted Bank Kotak

Mahindra founders the license to establish Bank Kotak Mahindra as a Syrian Joint Stock

Company with a total share capital of SYP 2.5 billion, consisting of 2.5 million equity shares

of SYP 1,000 each.

35
Bank Al-Sharq official Web Site.

26
4.1.1. Bank object

Bank Kotak Mahindra 's main object is to receive and invest deposits, and to undertake all

types of banking and financial activities for its own account or on behalf of others, in line with

applicable Syrian laws and regulations.

Bank Kotak Mahindra 's affiliation to Banque Libano-Française Group constitutes one of its

main key strengths as it furnishes it with deeply rooted and well established experience of the

Syrian market and its associated risks together with close ties with the commercial and

industrial sectors of the Syrian economy as well as with prominent Syrian businessmen.

Moreover, Bank Kotak Mahindra stands to benefit from Banque SBA SA and its

management's extensive activity and strong ties with both the private and public economic

sectors of the Syrian Arab Republic.

4.1.2. Bank Kotak Mahindra 's capital structure

Bank Kotak Mahindra 's capital structure is as follows:

• Banque Libano-Française SAL: 49% (major shareholder),

• Syrian investors: 30.5%, Initial Public Offering: 20.5%.

4.1.3. Strategy of Bank Kotak Mahindra

Bank Kotak Mahindra 's main strategy and objectives are summarized by the following:

• Achieve financial strength and growth, including expanded market share, and to

generate income for its shareholders through continued profitability.

• Contribute to rooting the banking culture in the Syrian market through strengthening

trust and partnership with our customers and an on-going focus on providing

professional and quality customer service.

• Hire, retain local qualified personnel, and continually develop their skills and expertise

to provide banking services and manage operational risks in line with industry best

27
 practices. Apply equal opportunity employment principle to encourage performing

personnel to grow within the bank.

• Invest in a large branch network in order to cover the banking needs of the different

Syrian regions and sectors to gain both market share and optimize asset quality.

• Invest in technologies that reduce operational risks and promote the implementation of

best practices in the industry.

• Create and develop new banking products and services, inspired from Banque

LibanoFrançaise Group line of products and services, which are responsive to the

Syrian markets needs and conform to Syrian banking and monetary laws and

regulations.

• Contribute actively to Syrian economy growth through attracting foreign investment,

financing investment projects in Syria and promoting foreign trade with the Syrian

Arab Republic.

• Promote sustainable development in Syria through continuous corporate sponsoring of

social activities.
4.1.4. Services of Bank Kotak Mahindra 36

Our commercial Division offers a wide and complete range of products and services to help

small, medium-sized enterprises as well as a large corporate entities manage the demands of a

growing business. Our commercial banking services and products include the following:

• Cash Management services, these include traditional services such as:

 Account services (account sweeping, pooling, interest management, etc).

36
Bank Al-Sharq official Web Site.

28
  Local and international payment and collection services (remittances, bank

drafts issuance, and collection).

 Liquidity management.

• Trade Finance and Working Capital Financing services, these include:

 Import / export letters of credit.

 Bonds and letters of guarantee.

 Documentary collection (including import/export documentary

credits and

bills).

 Working capital lines of credit.

• Corporate Finance and Investment Banking:

 Medium and long term loans.

 Project financing.

 Structured finance.

 Loan syndication.
Treasury services:

Bank Kotak Mahindra will offer its individual and corporate clients Treasury services and

solutions designed to help minimize foreign exchange risks and capitalize on opportunities in

the currencies and bonds market.

Retail banking:

Retail banking constitutes one of the main activities of Bank Kotak Mahindra and a launch

pad for developing its banking operations. Accordingly, and as of operations start, the bank

29
intends to launch the following set of Retail banking products to cover the personal financial

needs of 20 million customers across Syria.

• Bank accounts:

Current accounts, checking accounts, sight saving accounts term deposit

accounts.

• Consumer loans:

Depending on the different happenings in your life, a personal loan from Bank

AlSharq's will give you the extra funds you need to cover your credit needs and make

the most of life's opportunities and experiences. Our offer will include:

 Personal loans designed as per specific individual needs.

 Housing loans.

 Car loans.

• Domiciliation and payment services:

 Payroll domiciliation.

 Bills domiciliation.
• E-payment:

Credit cards (Visa, MasterCard) including internet cards in local and foreign currencies within

the local regulations.

• ATM services across the Syrian territory.

• Phone Banking services through a dedicated call center.

• E-banking.

30
 • SMS banking.

Private banking:

• In order to maximize service benefits to its clientele, Bank Kotak Mahindra S.A.S

will launch investment advisory services whereby a dedicated private banker will help

clients to manage their wealth and plan for the future. Such services are:

• Fixed income products, including capital guarantee investments.

• Derivative products.

• Structured products.

• Brokerage services for the purchase of stocks and bonds.

• Funds management

4.2. Finance department:

The finance department in Bank Kotak Mahindra includes two divisions:

1- Accounting division.

2- Budget and financial control.

4.2.1. Accounting Division:

Accounting is the collection and recording of information on all financial transactions of an

entity, the results of those transactions and interpreting those results. The main function of

accounting department in Bank Kotak Mahindra is reporting the daily, weekly and monthly

reports required by Central Bank of Syria (Directorate of the Office of the Government). Also,

reporting to general management, and preparing the financial statements (Balance Sheet,

income statement, Cash Flow, Statement of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity). In addition,

Reconciling NOSTRO accounts, assessing any risk that may result from a suspense and

notifying the relevant departments for its liquidation.

31
Under the decision of the Prime Minister No. 4844 dated 05-08-2012, the Central Bank of

Syria requires the banks to provide the credit and monetary council with periodic reports

which reflect the financial position the reports contains the following main issues:

• Daily report: Withdrawal and deposit for clients and Banks

• Weekly report: Obligatory Reserve on deposits

• Monthly report: Samples of asset, liabilities and off balance sheet.

Balance sheet and Income statement..

Statistical report.

Risk of Banks Concentration.

Interest rate risk.

Liquidity Reports (this study explains liquidity reports)

4.2.2. Budget and financial control:

Budget and financial control is the function of managing and analyzing the financial

operations, including decisions on methods of obtaining funds, evaluating the acquisition of

assets, budgeting and managing financial investments.

Moreover, the budget and financial control division is responsible for:

• Financial Management reporting to the General Management and Board of Directors.

• The annual budget of the bank and following it up.

• The profitability of the bank’s services.

• Consolidation and assistance to subsidiaries.

• Financial consultant / Helpdesk to different entities of the bank.

The finance function depends on the information produced by the accounting department.

After having a closer look at the finance department, we move on to study the preparation of

liquidity report at Bank Kotak Mahindra .

4.3. Liquidity report at Bank Kotak Mahindra .

32
The accounting department prepares the daily report to general management, this report shows

the movements of withdrawals and deposits for clients and banks. Also, it shows daily

liquidity ratio calculated by this formula:

Cash & Semi Cash

Daily Liquidity=
In balance sheet commitments + off balance sheet commitments)

• Cash & Semi Cash:

a) Cash in hand.

b) Current accounts with bank.

c) Short term placements with banks In Balance Sheet commitments:

a) Current account from banks.

b) Term deposits from banks.

c) Clients deposits (cash margin is not considered as deposits).

d) Payment orders in process.

e) Certified cheques and bank cheques.

f) Commitments to suppliers.

g) Commitments to lawyers, auditor, taxes, stamp fee, dividends etc.

Off Balance Sheet commitments:

a) Confirmed letters of credit.

b) Letters of guarantee.

c) Acceptances.

33
 d) Unutilized lines of credits.

According to Credit and Monetary Council decree No.588 mentioned in chapter 3, the

liquidity ratios should not be less than the below percentages:

Table 5 37

Currencies Authorized liquidity ratios

Syrian pounds (SYP) 20%

Foreign currencies (FC) 30%

Global (SYP+FC) 30%

The finance department monitors the liquidity ratios on a daily basis. Therefore, If the ratio

declined to the minimum authorized level, the finance department informs the general

management and proposes a suitable solution to raise the liquidity ratio.

In quarter three 2010 the liquidity ratio in Syrian Pounds at Bank Kotak Mahindra has

dropped down to 30% (refer Figure1).

Bank Kotak Mahindra responded toward hedging the gap by borrowing (placement) from

other banks on long term maturity. This decision supported the bank to raise the liquidity ratio

to 33% in quarter four 2010 and 35% in quarter one 2011.

37
Credit and Monetary Council, circular n° 588. 2009

34
 Figure 1 38

In quarter two 2011, the liquidity ratio in foreign currency was 32%, knowing that, the

authorized limit 30%. The General manager instructed to branch management to collect as

much term deposit in foreign currency as possible, and due to high paid interest in tern

deposits accounts, it resulted to easing the process for attracting new term deposits clients.

Consequently, in quarter three 2011(Figure 2), the liquidity ratio went up to 53%, and it

continued to raise to around 70% from quarter four 2011 until the end of quarter two 2012.

Figure 2 39

38
Prepared by researcher
39
Prepared by researcher

35
If we take a look over global liquidity ratio which represents the combination between the

previous SYP and FC ratios, we see in Figure 3, this ratio dropped down to 32% in quarter

two 2011. When the bank took the action in collecting new term deposits, it resulted in raising

the ratio.

Figure 3 40

4.4. Reasons behind the drop in liquidity ratios in Bank Kotak Mahindra .

There are many factors that affect the bank liquidity. Those factors have different impact on

the matching between funding and investments,. As discussed earlier, the bank liquidity is

affected by the following factors:

• Bank’s available working capital (current assets-current liabilities) Mismatch

between short term deposits versus long term loans.

• Customers preference for the short term deposits instead of long term deposits.

• The ratio of loans in Syrian pounds exceeds 80% of total clients’ deposits in SYP.

As a result of the current crises, the value of Syrian pounds dropped by 50% against US

Dollar as lots of clients transferred their deposits to foreign currencies which led to a decline

in total deposits in Syrian pound which in turn, led the bank liquidity to decline in reaching

28%. Simultaneously, a lot of businessmen went off market or moved abroad; therefore, a lot

40
Source: Bank Al-Sharq official web site

36
of debtors’ failed to meet their obligations forcing banks to constitute provisions which

declined Profits and in turn affected liquidity of the Bank.

4.5. Policy for increasing the liquidity ratio in Bank Kotak Mahindra .

The general management has adopted many steps in order to control failing liquidity rate as

the followings:

• Increase the interest rate on term deposits especially the deposits that have long term

maturity. Where the interest rates reached 10% on the Syrian Pound for amounts

exceed 100 million.

• At the same time, and in order to minimize the cost of risk resulted from liquidity, the

bank engaged in relatively long term inter-bank borrowings at reasonable interest rates

(between 4.5%-6.5%).
• The bank started to widen its loans maturities’ distribution by focusing on loans

matured between one to three years in order to hedge the liquidity gap resulted from

deposits-loans mismatch.

• Another decision was taken in 2012 where loans portfolio are to be limited to

corporate clients rather than retail, owing to this segment relative low risk and high

financial capacity which decreased the risk of writing off.

4.6. The downside of the bank’s current solutions.

When liquidity ratio drops down, the bank must take steps as mentioned to recover the ratio,

and for not paying penalty fees to Central Bank of Syria as well as avoiding any risks incurred

on the bank operations as discussed in chapter three. This issue forces the bank to borrow with

high interest rates and/or give its depositors high interest rates to attract sources of funding.

These solutions affect the interest spread and in turn decrease the bank profitability. Although

these solutions maintain the bank liquidity ratio, they decrease the bank profitability due to

37
higher interest rates. Moreover, this crises has affected all sectors in the country and banks are

no exception and although the bank has never reached the minimum authorized liquidity

ration from CBOS, it is crucial to take precautionary measures to immediately deal with any

further risk that might happen in future.

Conclusion:
To sum up, this study examines the importance of liquidity in banks operations. First, it

discussed liquidity management in conventional banks and five liquidity management

principles. Then, it shows the types of risks in a bank in general and expands on liquidity risk

in specific. Afterwards, the study has an overview about the role of Central Bank of Syria in

bank liquidity management and the role of Credit of Monitory Council in regulating and

monitoring the liquidity ratios in Syrian banks. Finally, and most importantly, the case study

discusses Bank Kotak Mahindra liquidity management, liquidity reports, bank policies for

facing the possible drop in liquidity ratio, and the downsides of the bank’s current solutions

regarding

liquidity.

38
Recommended Solutions.
In order to maintain the liquidity limits authorized by regulation and to keep the bank

profitable, I highly recommend to apply the following alternative solutions:

 The Asset Liability Management should be enhanced to study the maturity of loans

and deposits in order not to create a maturity gap. For example, the bank should give

loans on short term, not over three years, to assure the money will be paid off quickly.

By doing that, the bank makes sure the cash inflows and outflows are kept balanced.

In other words, the current policy of the bank is to give loans due after 5-7 years, and

the long-term deposits are for just one year. This creates a gap in liquidity. It is true

that the bank may get a higher interest rate during 5-7 years, but for immediate

solution, it is better to shorten the loan terms and decrease the interest rate. In this

way, the bank would be better prepared to face any financial turmoil that might

happen because of the crisis.

 Bank Kotak Mahindra could offer a new product for clients. One suggested product is

to focus on deposit terms and benefits. The maximum term deposit in the bank now is

for one year with 9% interest rate. To keep the liquidity ratio stable, and if possible

higher, Bank Kotak Mahindra gives a two-year term deposits with 10-11% interest

rate, this percentage is reasonable. On the other hand, Bank Kotak Mahindra ensures

that the client would keep their money in the bank for one more year and that keeps

the liquidity high in return.

 The main depositors at Bank Kotak Mahindra are corporate in Syria where they

account for more than 85% of the bank deposits. The bank should diversify the

segments of depositors. In other word, the bank should encourage retail depositors to

keep on the safe side. The bank especially during this crisis, might face a major loss if

corporate depositors choose to withdraw or liquidate part of their deposits. Moreover,

39
 the bank pays high interest rate to encourage big corporations to deposit in the Bank

(around 9%) which puts the bank under higher pressure to pay for their interest. That

means, the bank would collect less profit and liquidity ratio would suffer.

That leads us to the diversification solution. As said earlier, the bank could concentrate

more on retail clients because that would save the bank more money (the suggested

interest rate for retailers is around 6-7%) due to less payments on interest rate and, at

the same time, eliminate the deposits’ concentration.

 The main loan target in the bank is corporate business that comprises 96.5% of total

loans distributed as follow industrial 32%, services 30%real estate 5% and commercial

29.5%. small-medium enterprises (SME) 3.06% and retail or individual 0.44%. Even

though dealing with corporate has been financially safer to the bank, but because of

this crisis many factories and plants have been destroyed which make it impossible for

them to meet their obligations. Even though bank has substantial guarantees presented

by them, it is difficult now to collect them. As said for deposits, the bank should

attract retail clients to take loans from Bank Kotak Mahindra by offering them

personal loan guaranteed by their companies (where they work) and how much salary

they take.

References:

• Bessis, J. (2002), “Risk Management in Banking” , Second Edition, John Wiley &

Sons Ltd.

• Bodie, Z. and Kane, A. and Marcus, A. (2007), “Essentials of Investments” , Sixth

Edition, The McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

• Cecchetti, S. (2006), “Money, Banking, and Financial Markets” , The McGraw-

Hill/Irwin.

40
 • Cornett, S. (2007), “ Financial Market and Institutions” , Third

Edition, The McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

• Dorfman, M. (2006), “ Risk Management and Insurance” , Ninth Edition, Person

Prentice Hall.

• Mishkin, S. (2009), “ The Economics of Money, Banking and Financial Markets” ,

Ninth Edition, Person Prentice Hall.

• Raghavan, R.S. (2003), “Risk Management In Bank”, Chartered Accountant.

Web site:

• The Central Bank of Syria: http://www.banquecentrale.gov.sy/

• Bank Kotak Mahindra : http://www.bankalsharq.com/

• AllBankingSolutions.com: http://www.allbankingsolutions.com/

• Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco: http://www.frbsf.org/

• Banco Central De Timor-Leste: http://www.frbsf.org/publications/

• http://wfhummel.cnchost.com/bankliquidity.html

Research:

• R.S. Raghavan, 2003.”Risk Management In Bank”. Chartered Accountant.

• Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. 2011. International Institute for Science,

Technology and Education. http://www.iiste.org/

• Liquidity Risk Management Requirements for Bank. 1995. Reserve Bank of Fiji

41
 ‫مجلس النقد والتسلیف‪Apendix 1-1‬‬
‫مدیریة مفوضیة الحكومة‬
‫قسم الرقابة المكتبیة‬
‫مبالغ واستحقاقات‬ ‫نموذج ‪1-1‬‬

‫السیولةاألموال‬
‫بتاریخ‬ ‫الجاھزة‬
‫‪.../.../...‬‬
‫القیم بآالف اللیرات السوریة‬ ‫اسم المصرف‬

‫بالعمالت االجنبیة‬ ‫باللیرات السوریة‬ ‫المجموع‬ ‫رمز الحساب‬ ‫األموال الجاھزة‬

‫األموال الجاھزة‬

‫‪10100‬‬ ‫الصندوق‬

‫‪10200‬‬ ‫نقد في الطریق‬

‫‪10380-10350-10330-10300‬‬ ‫مصرف سوریة المركزي‬

‫‪10400‬‬ ‫غرفة التقاص‬

‫‪20400-10580-10520-10510-10500‬‬ ‫سندات على الدولة وأذونات خزینة مطروحا منھا التزامات عملیات شھادات االستثمار‬

‫‪10680-10660-10650-10600‬‬ ‫المصارف العامة التجاریة‬

‫‪10780-10760-10750-10700‬‬ ‫المصارف الخاصة التجاریة‬

‫‪10880-10860-10850-10800‬‬ ‫المصارف العامة المتخصصة‬

‫‪10980-10960-10950-10900‬‬ ‫المصارف الخاصة المتخصصة‬

‫‪11080-11060-11050-11000‬‬ ‫المصارف والمراسلون في الخارج‬

‫‪11180-11160-11150-11100‬‬ ‫المؤسسة األم والمصارف الشقیقة والتابعة‬

 ‫نموذج رقم (‪*)8-1‬‬ ‫التسھیالت االئتمانیة القابلة للتجھیز لدى مصرف سورسة المركزي‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫أ ‪ -‬مجموع صافي األموال الجاھزة **‬

‫* مبلغ التسھیالت القابلة للتجھیز لدى المصرف المركزي وفق االنظمة المتبعة والمصرح عنھا في النموذج (‪ )8-1‬من نماذج الموجودات‬
‫** تستثنى شھادات اإلیداع غیر القابلة للتداول من بسط النسبة‬

‫** تستثنى الموجودات المحجوزة أو المرھونة أو المقیدة ألي سبب من بسط النسبة‬

‫ختم المصرف ‪............................ :‬‬ ‫توقیع الشخص المسؤول ‪................................... :‬‬ ‫أعد بتاریخ ‪.................................‬‬
‫مجلس النقد والتسلیف‪Apendix 1-2‬‬
‫مدیریة مفوضیة الحكومة‬
‫قسم الرقابة المكتبیة‬
‫مبالغ واستحقاقات السیولة‬ ‫نموذج ‪2-1‬‬

‫الودائع وااللتزامات األخرىبتاریخ‬

‫‪.../.../...‬‬
‫القیم بآالف اللیرات السوریة‬ ‫اسم المصرف‬

‫بالعمالت االجنبیة‬ ‫باللیرات السوریة‬ ‫المجموع‬ ‫رمز الحساب‬ ‫المطالیب‬

‫التزامات تجاه المصارف‬

‫‪20100‬‬ ‫مصرف سوریة المركزي‬
‫‪20500‬‬ ‫غرفة التقاص‬

‫‪20600‬‬ ‫المصارف العامة التجاریة‬

‫‪20700‬‬ ‫المصارف الخاصة التجاریة‬

‫‪20800‬‬ ‫المصارف العامة المتخصصة‬

‫‪20900‬‬ ‫المصارف الخاصة المتخصصة‬

‫‪21000‬‬ ‫المصارف والمراسلون في الخارج‬

‫‪21100‬‬ ‫المؤسسة األم والمصارف والمؤسسات الشقیقة والتابعة‬

 ‫الودائع وااللتزامات األخرى‬
‫‪21600‬‬ ‫القطاع المالي غیر المصرفي‬

‫‪21910‬‬ ‫ودائع تحت الطلب‬

‫‪21920‬‬ ‫ودائع ألجل‬

‫‪21930‬‬ ‫ودائع التوفیر‬

‫‪21940‬‬ ‫ودائع االدخار السكني والصناعي‬

‫‪21952‬‬ ‫حسابات مجمدة أخرى‬

‫حسابات المساھمین وأعضاء مجلس االدارة وكبار‬

‫‪21970‬‬
‫الموظفین *‬
‫‪22000‬‬ ‫شھادات إیداع‬

‫‪22500‬‬ ‫القیم برسم الدفع ألجل قصیر‬

‫‪22700‬‬ ‫دائنون مختلفون‬

‫‪23000‬‬ ‫األموال المقترضة‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ب ‪ -‬مجموع مطالیب المصارف الودائع وااللتزامات األخرى‬

‫* تستثنى الحسابات المجمدة لقاء تسلیفات من حسابات المساھمین وأعضاء مجلس االدارة‬

‫ختم المصرف ‪............................ :‬‬ ‫توقیع الشخص المسؤول ‪................................... :‬‬ ‫أعد بتاریخ ‪.................................‬‬
‫مجلس النقد والتسليف‪Apendix 1-3‬‬

‫مديرية مفوضية الحكومة‬

‫قسم الرقابة المكتبية‬

‫نموذج ‪3-1‬‬

‫ز‬
‫المتانيةبتاري خ ‪.../.../...‬‬ ‫ز‬
‫االلتامات خارج‬ ‫مبالغ واستحقاقات السيولة‬
‫الليات السورية‬
‫القيم بآالف ر‬ ‫اسم المرصف‬
‫بالعمالت االجنبية‬ ‫باللتات السورية‬ ‫المبلغ اإلجمال‬ ‫رمز الحساب‬ ‫ز‬
‫المتانية‬ ‫ز‬
‫االلتامات خارج‬

‫الكفاالت والتعهدات الصادرة عدا الكفاالت المؤقتة وكفاالت حسن‬

‫‪30210-22351‬‬ ‫التنفیذ بعد تنزیل التأمینات‬
 ‫الكفاالت المؤقتة وكفاالت حسن التنفيذ بعد تنزیل التأمینات *‬

‫نسبة ر‬
‫التجيح (التثقيل)‬
‫‪15%‬‬ ‫‪15%‬‬ ‫‪15%‬‬

‫المبلغ بعد ر‬
‫التجيح (التثقيل)‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫مجموع الكفاالت والتعهدات الصادرة بعد ز ز‬

‫تتيل التأمينات‬

‫‪30220-22352‬‬ ‫القبوالت بعد ز ز‬

‫تتيل التأمينات‬

‫‪30512-22311‬‬ ‫لالستتاد بعد ز ز‬

‫تتيل التأمينات‬ ‫ر‬ ‫االعتمادات المستندية المثبتة‬

‫‪30700-22353‬‬ ‫عمليات القطع ألمد **‬

‫نسبة ر‬
‫التجيح (التثقل)‬
‫‪3%‬‬ ‫‪3%‬‬ ‫‪3%‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫المبلغ بعد ر‬

‫التجيح (التثقيل)‬

‫ر‬
‫المباشة الممنوحة وغیر المستغلة‬ ‫التسهيالت‬
‫وغیر القابلة لإللغاء‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫اليامات خارج ر ز‬

‫الميانية‬ ‫ج‪ -‬ز‬

‫‪!DIV/0#‬‬ ‫‪!DIV/0#‬‬ ‫‪!DIV/0#‬‬ ‫نسبة السيولة (أ‪(/‬ب‪+‬ج))‬

‫تدرج الكفاالت المؤقتة وكفاالت حسن التنفیذ مثقلة بنسبة ‪ %15‬بعد استبعاد قیمة التأمینات النقدیة مقابلھا‬ ‫*‬
‫** تدرج عملیات القطع ألمد مثقلة بنسبة ‪ %3‬بعد استبعاد قیمة الھوامش النقدیة مقابلھا‬

‫ختم المصرف ‪...................... :‬‬ ‫توقیع الشخص المسؤول ‪................................... :‬‬ ‫أعد بتاریخ ‪.................................‬‬
‫مجلس النقد والتسليف ‪Apendix 2-1‬‬
‫مديرية مفوضية الحكومة‬
‫قسم الرقابة المكتبية‬
‫نس ب السيولة اليوميةبكافة العمالتعن شهر‬
‫نموذج رقم ‪1-2‬‬
‫المرصف‬ ‫اسم‬
‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬
‫ف‬ ‫النقص‬ ‫مبلغ‬ ‫مبلغ صاف السيولة المتوجب‬ ‫وااللتامات األخرى وحسابات‬ ‫مبالغ الودائع‬ ‫االموال‬ ‫صاف‬ ‫مبلغ‬ ‫نسبة السيولة المحتسبة‬
‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫تاري خ أيام العمل خالل‬
‫السيولةف كل يوم‬ ‫ز‬ ‫المتانية المرجحة ف كل يوم عمل‬ ‫خارج‬ ‫الجاهزةف كل يوم عمل‬ ‫ف كل يوم عمل‬
‫اإلحتفاظ به ف كل يوم عمل‬ ‫الشهر‬
‫عمل‬
‫‪( 5- 3 ) = 6‬‬ ‫‪( %30 × 4 ) = 5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0
 ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‬ ‫التوقيع‬ ‫االسم‬

‫مجلس النقد والتسليف ‪Apendix 2-2‬‬
‫مديرية مفوضية الحكومة‬
‫قسم الرقابة المكتبية‬
‫ب السيولة اليوميةباللتات السوريةعن‬ ‫نس‬
‫نموذج رقم ‪2-2‬‬
‫شهر‬
‫اسم المرصف‬
‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬
‫وااللتامات األخرى‬ ‫مبالغ الودائع‬
‫ف‬ ‫النقص‬ ‫مبلغ صاف السيولة المتوجب مبلغ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ز‬
‫ز‬ ‫ز‬ ‫وحسابات‬ ‫مبلغ صاف االموال الجاهزةف‬ ‫تاري خ أيام العمل خالل نسبة السيولة المحتسبة‬
‫السيولةف كل يوم‬ ‫اإلحتفاظ به ف كل يوم‬ ‫ز‬
‫ز‬ ‫كل يوم عمل‬ ‫ف كل يوم عمل‬ ‫الشهر‬
‫عمل‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫المتانية المرجحة ف كل يوم عمل‬‫ز‬ ‫خارج‬
‫‪( 5-3) = 6‬‬ ‫‪( %20 × 4 ) = 5‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‬ ‫التوقيع‬ ‫االسم‬

 ‫مجلس النقد والتسلیف‬
‫مفوضیة الحكومة لدى المصارف‬
‫‪Apendix‬‬ ‫‪3-‬‬
‫بتاریخاسم المصرف‬ ‫‪1‬قسم الرقابة المكتبیةتوزیع الموجودات حسب المدد الباقیة الستحقاقاتھا بكافة العمالت‬
‫السوریة‬ ‫نموذج رقم ‪1-3‬‬ ‫القیم بآالف اللیرات‬

‫ر‬
‫أكت من ‪ 9‬أشهر إل‬ ‫ر‬
‫أكت من ‪ 6‬أشهر إل‬ ‫ر‬
‫أكت من ‪ 3‬أشهر إل‬ ‫ر‬
‫أكت من شهر إل‬
‫ر‬ ‫سنة‬ ‫‪9‬أشهر‬ ‫‪6‬أشهر‬ ‫‪3‬أشهر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رمز الحساب في وضع‬
‫أكت من سنة‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 7‬أيام إل شهر‬ ‫حت ‪ 7‬أيام فأقل‬ ‫ودات‬ ‫الموج‬
‫الموجودات‬

‫أ الصندوق‬ ‫‪10100‬‬

‫ز‬
‫ب نقد ف الطريق‬ ‫‪10200‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ج مرصف سورية المركزي‬ ‫‪10300‬‬
‫ـ الحساب الجاري‬ ‫‪10310‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ـ االحتياطيات ‪:‬‬ ‫‪10320‬‬
‫ام النقدي عىل الودائع‬
‫االحتياط اإللز ي‬
‫ي‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫‪10321‬‬

‫ـ االحتياطيات األخرى‬ ‫‪10329‬‬

‫االستتاد‬
‫ر‬ ‫ـ تأمينات االعتمادات المستندية وإجازات‬ ‫‪10330‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ـ شهادات إيداع ر‬

‫مشتاة من المرصف المركزي ‪:‬‬ ‫‪10340‬‬
‫ـ مدرجة بالقيمة العادلة من خالل بيان الدخل‬ ‫‪10341‬‬

‫ـ متوفرة للبيع‬ ‫‪10342‬‬

‫ـ محتفظ بها لتاريـ ــخ االستحقاق‬ ‫‪10343‬‬

‫ـ حسابات اتفاقات المدفوعات‬ ‫‪10350‬‬

‫ـ قروض‬ ‫‪10360‬‬

‫غت مستحقة القبض‬

‫ـ فوائد وعموالت محققة ر‬ ‫‪10380‬‬

‫د غرفة التقاص‬ ‫‪10400‬‬

‫سندات عىل الدولة واذونات خزينة‬ ‫‪10500‬‬

‫المصارف المحلية (باستثناء شهادات اإليداع)‬

‫ز‬
‫المؤسسات المالية ف الخارج والمؤسسة األم للمرصف والمؤسسات التابعة والزميلة والشقيقة‬
‫(باستثناء شهادات اإليداع)‬

‫شهادات اإليداع المحلية‬

‫شهادات اإليداع الخارجية‬

‫ز‬
‫المديرية العامة والفروع ف سورية والخارج‬ ‫‪11500‬‬

‫‪Page 6 of 10‬‬
 ‫الشيكات والسحوبات ووثائق الشحن المشتاة‬ ‫‪11800‬‬

‫مجلس النقد والتسلیف‬

‫مفوضیة الحكومة لدى المصارف‬
‫‪Apendix‬‬ ‫‪3-‬‬
‫بتاریخاسم المصرف‬ ‫‪ 1‬قسم الرقابة المكتبیةتوزیع الموجودات حسب المدد الباقیة الستحقاقاتھا بكافة العمالت‬
‫نموذج رقم ‪1-3‬‬

‫ر‬
‫أكت من ‪ 9‬أشهر إل‬ ‫ر‬
‫أكت من ‪ 6‬أشهر إل‬ ‫ر‬
‫أكت من ‪ 3‬أشهر إل‬ ‫ر‬
‫أكت من شهر إل‬
‫ر‬ ‫سنة‬ ‫‪9‬أشهر‬ ‫‪6‬أشهر‬ ‫‪3‬أشهر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رمز الحساب في وضع‬
‫أكت من سنة‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 7‬أيام إل شهر‬ ‫حت ‪ 7‬أيام فأقل‬ ‫ودات‬ ‫الموج‬
‫الموجودات‬

‫ز‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫استثمارات ف أدوات مالية ‪:‬‬ ‫‪11900‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ـ أدوات مالية مدرجة بالقيمة العادلة من خالل بيان الدخل‬ ‫‪11910‬‬

‫ـ أسهم‬ ‫‪11911‬‬

‫ـ سندات‬ ‫‪11912‬‬

‫ـ مشتقات مالية‬ ‫‪11913‬‬

‫ـ أدوات مالية أخرى مدرجة بالقيمة العادلة من خالل بيان الدخل‬ ‫‪11915‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ـ أدوات مالية متوفرة للبيع ‪:‬‬ ‫‪11920‬‬

‫ـ أسهم‬ ‫‪11921‬‬

‫ـ سندات‬ ‫‪11922‬‬

‫ـ أدوات مالية أخرى متوفرة للبيع‬ ‫‪11925‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ـ أدوات مالية محتفظ بها لتاريـ ــخ االستحقاق ‪:‬‬ ‫‪11930‬‬

‫ـ سندات‬ ‫‪11931‬‬

‫استثمارات مسجلة بالقيمة المستهلكة ( المطفأة)‬ ‫‪11935‬‬

‫غت مستحقة القبض ‪:‬‬

‫ـ فوائد وعموالت محققة ر‬ ‫‪11980‬‬

‫ـ ناقص ‪ :‬مؤونة تدن قيمة االستثمارات ف األدوات المالة‬ ‫‪11990‬‬

‫ز‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫صاف التسهيالت االئتمانية المنتجة‬

‫أ ـ محفظة السندات المحسومة‬ ‫‪12100‬‬

‫ب ـ القروض والسلف‬ ‫‪12200‬‬

‫ج ـ الحسابات الجارية المدينة‬ ‫‪12300‬‬

‫تمويىل‬
‫ي‬ ‫د ـ قروض إيجار‬ ‫‪12500‬‬

‫مدينون مختلفون‬ ‫‪13000‬‬

‫دفعات مقدمة عىل أرباح المصارف العامة لصالح صندوق الدين العام ( فائض الموازنة )‬ ‫‪13100‬‬

‫‪Page 7 of 10‬‬
 ‫األقساط المكتتب بها غت المسددة‬ ‫‪13500‬‬ ‫القیم بآالف‬
‫سوریة‬
‫تال‬
‫الیر‬

‫ز‬ ‫ز‬
‫صاف األسهم والمساهمات ف المصارف والمؤسسات المالية‬ ‫‪13700‬‬

‫القيم العينية المعدة للبيع‬ ‫‪14200‬‬

‫موجودات مختلفة‬ ‫‪19500‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫المجموع‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪---------:‬التوقيع ‪---------:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫التوقيع ‪---------:‬‬
‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫‪Page 8 of 10‬‬
 ‫مجلس النقد والتسليف مفوضية الحكومة لدى المصارف ‪Apendix 3-2‬‬
‫قسم الرقابة المكتبية‬
‫نموذج رقم ‪2-3‬‬

‫توزي ع المطاليب حسب المدد الباقية الستحقاقاتها بكافة‬

‫العمالتبتاري خ‬
‫القيم بآالف اللتات السورية‬ ‫اسم المرصف‬
‫ز‬
‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫رمز الحساب ف وضع‬
‫أكت من سنة‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 9‬أشهر إل سنة‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 6‬أشهر إل ‪ 9‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 3‬أشهر إل ‪ 6‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من شهر إل ‪ 3‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 7‬أيام إل شهر‬ ‫حت ‪ 7‬أيام فأقل‬ ‫اليب‬ ‫المط‬
‫المطاليب‬

‫مرصف سورية المركزي‬ ‫‪20100‬‬

‫عمليات شهادات االستثمار‬ ‫‪20400‬‬

‫غرفة التقاص‬ ‫‪20500‬‬

‫المصارف المحلية‬

‫ز‬
‫المؤسسات المالية ف الخارج والمؤسسة األم للمرصف‬
‫والمؤسسات التابعة والزميلة والشقيقة‬
‫ز‬
‫المديرية العامة والفروع ف سورية والخارج‬ ‫‪21500‬‬

‫ز‬
‫القطاع المال غت المرصف‬ ‫‪21600‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫الودائ ع ‪:‬‬ ‫‪21900‬‬
‫أ ‪ -‬ودائع تحت الطلب‬ ‫‪21910‬‬

‫ب ‪ -‬ودائع ألجل‬ ‫‪21920‬‬

‫ج ـ ‪ -‬ودائع التوفي‬ ‫‪21930‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫د ‪ -‬ودائع االدخار السكن والصناع‬ ‫‪21940‬‬
‫ز‬
‫السكن‬ ‫ـ ودائع االدخار‬ ‫‪21941‬‬
‫ي‬

‫الصناع‬
‫ي‬ ‫ـ ودائع االدخار‬ ‫‪21942‬‬

‫ه ـ ‪ -‬الحسابات المجمدة‬ ‫‪21950‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫رز‬

‫الموظفي ‪:‬‬ ‫رز‬
‫مساهمي وأعضاء مجلس االدارة وكبار‬ ‫و ‪ -‬حسابات ال‬ ‫‪21970‬‬
‫م ـ حسابات تحت الطلب‬ ‫‪21971‬‬

‫م ـ حسابات ألجل‬ ‫‪21972‬‬

‫توفت‬
‫م ـ حسابات ر‬ ‫‪21973‬‬

‫م ـ حسابات مجمدة‬ ‫‪21974‬‬

‫م ـ حسابات أخرى‬ ‫‪21975‬‬

‫غت مستحقة الدفع عىل حسابات الودائع‬

‫ز ـ فوائد محققة ر‬ ‫‪21980‬‬

‫شهادات إيداع‬ ‫‪22000‬‬

‫‪Page 9 of 10‬‬
 ‫التأمينات المقبوضة‬ ‫‪22300‬‬

‫القيم برسم الدفع ألجل قصت‬ ‫‪22500‬‬

‫دائنون مختلفون‬ ‫‪22700‬‬

‫عمليات عىل أدوات مالية‬ ‫‪22800‬‬

‫األموال المقتضة‬ ‫‪23000‬‬

‫مؤونات متنوعة‬ ‫‪23700‬‬

‫الحسابات االنتقالية‬ ‫‪23800‬‬

‫األموال الخاصة المساندة‬ ‫‪29600‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫المجموع‬

‫تدرج الوديعة المربوطة حسب تاريـ ــخ استحقاق الدين الذي يقابلها‬
‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪--------- :‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪--------- :‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪--------- :‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫مجلس النقد والتسليف مديرية مفوضية الحكومة ‪Apendix 3-3‬‬
‫قسم الرقابة المكتبية‬
‫نموذج رقم ‪3-3‬‬

‫ز‬
‫المتانية حسب المدد الباقية الستحقاقاتها بكافة‬ ‫ز‬
‫االلتامات خارج‬ ‫توزي ع‬

‫العمالتبتاري خ‬

‫القيم بآالف اللتات السورية‬ ‫اسم المرصف‬

‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬

‫أكت من سنة‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 9‬أشهر إل سنة‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 6‬أشهر إل ‪ 9‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 3‬أشهر إل ‪ 6‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من شهر إل ‪ 3‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 7‬أيام إل شهر‬ ‫حت ‪ 7‬أيام فأقل‬ ‫البند‬ ‫رمز الحساب‬

‫ر‬
‫المباشة الممنوحة وغت‬ ‫التسهيالت‬
‫المستغلةوغت القابلة لإللغاء‬

‫الكفاالت والتعهدات الصادرة‬ ‫‪30210- 22351‬‬

‫عمليات القطع ألمد‬ ‫‪30710-30720-22353‬‬

‫االعتمادات المستندية المثبتة لالستتاد‬ ‫‪30512- 22311‬‬

‫القبوالت الصادرة‬ ‫‪30220- 22352‬‬

‫ز‬
‫االلتامات االخرى‬

‫‪Page 10 of 10‬‬
 ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫االليامات خارج ر ز‬
‫الميانية‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ج ‪ -‬مجموع‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪---------:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪---------:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪---------:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫مجلس النقد والتسليف مديرية مفوضية الحكومة ‪Apendix 3-4‬‬

‫قسم الرقابة المكتبية‬
‫نموذج رقم ‪4- 3‬‬

‫نسبة فجوة االستحقاق بكافة‬

‫العمالتبتاري خ‬
‫القيم بآالف اللتات السورية‬ ‫اسم المرصف‬

‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ر‬

‫أكت من سنة‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 9‬أشهر إل سنة‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 6‬أشهر إل ‪ 9‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 3‬أشهر إل ‪ 6‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من شهر إل ‪ 3‬أشهر‬ ‫أكت من ‪ 7‬أيام إل شهر‬ ‫حت ‪ 7‬أيام فأقل‬ ‫البند‬ ‫رمز الحساب‬

‫مجموع الموجودات‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ز‬
‫المتانية‬ ‫ز‬
‫وااللتامات خارج‬ ‫مجموع المطاليب‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ز‬
‫الفجوة ف كل فتة‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ز‬
‫وااللتامات االخرى‬ ‫نسبة الفجوة ال المطاليب‬
‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬

‫الفجوة التاكمية‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ز‬
‫المتانية‬ ‫ز‬
‫وااللتامات خارج‬ ‫المجموع التاكم للمطاليب‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫ز‬
‫المتانية المتاكمة‬ ‫ز‬
‫وااللتامات خارج‬ ‫نسبة الفجوة المتاكمة ال المطلوبات‬
‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬ ‫!‪#DIV/0‬‬

‫الحد االقىص المفروض للنسبة‬

‫‪-40%‬‬ ‫‪-30%‬‬ ‫‪-20%‬‬ ‫‪-10%‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪---------:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪---------:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫ختم المرصف‪:‬‬ ‫التوقيع ‪---------:‬‬ ‫االسم‪:‬‬

‫‪Page 11 of 10‬‬