Scribd Logo
Unggah

Selamat datang di Scribd!

  • (Adrian Akmajian Richard A. Demers Ann K. Farmer

    Diunggah oleh

    imam_santosa_5
    9 tayangan309 halaman
    adrian akmajin

    Judul Asli

    [Adrian Akmajian; Richard a. Demers; Ann K. Farmer(BookSee.org)

    Hak Cipta

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Format Tersedia

    PDF atau baca online dari Scribd

    Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

    Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

    Laporkan Dokumen Ini
    adrian akmajin

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    9 tayangan309 halaman

    (Adrian Akmajian Richard A. Demers Ann K. Farmer

    Diunggah oleh

    imam_santosa_5
    adrian akmajin

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
    Tandai sebagai konten tidak pantas
    dari 309
    LINGUISTICS [AN INTRODUCTION TO LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION Fit Baton ‘Adrian Akmajan Richard A. Demers Ann K. Farmer Rent Me Harsh Contig, Mess 8 es moe Ne et ofthis gee iy Lac ae SRSA ete ns ot at pn on a net 5 ar 21 Nee Se Horgan Ces 24 tl yes Deva Magy 42 “he Meng Cn Wo Mopnge tn 8 Pera Pe Tenciin Conon it Cm Span Ego 00 Fs Mh Sey Sl See 9 4 Wh gst A Seid Tope = 18 ie Won Tone Con of E10 51 Sime uty Comets SA Mor oma Aco of Sine They? Se Spoil Toe 2 Roques 2b Site Soca Apes 288 St Te Sy nae Meng 27 The So 64 Spi Tee 8 sean nd Confers 81 1 Lage Se Lange Dik 215 1 Sime Budge Comets 315 £2 he Renan of Evora. Rta of Lanse Che, 1 Te Lip Hay fait 3) 95 Sec Toes eine Sig lige 97 Se Rete 8 Phy fang: pm tn Cmein 101 Pyeipinie Canna, PerominsndAcition 17 pee a Ce Ca tame 4 ‘The Preto Rayo aly Cams 96 CGonctonis Mos of Lexa Aces Lt Hespion 0 1A" Sime Baden Cons 7 12 thea Language Astin Dev"? 0 {13 gan i Cy ie a ies UUs Spel Te 6 122 How Das nn Eas ad Dan Spach an angus? 58 12h Spal Tp 6 PUT an MRL Imgag 6 Jupne Onoprsty Gap pick St Aeknowledgmens se ate tt a am wh We have lees. We ull abo He peso fecal thks legs a te Unies of Avra lat the Stas Unvenity of New York at Aly. We woul! sec TM meno Ke An. Ante Bars. Lav Bike, Aan Bre sot Ken For, Bre Pe Merl Gat, Ke ll, Sa acs, ‘hse Jes Anta Tran an Fra Vein, Fil. as Mepha O'Donel rp ah hen Nowe to the Teacher “Tit on of a texte ee or contig olson a ccing naey Ingusis athe Unversy of Anns, Class ‘apne, at el aera feac am sean cokes ‘eet wa) wich the mara fe the ah ee ede Finer ingen Tok he oth i, iso id ps. Pat Tk vt he stars nese pts of ag tpl. > cpg, spn sans tao and cane Pa I sin red an nas eas co aati, yc ot Tg ngage sen, snl nae andthe ba, nt en mot hon fave ee evil alo pa, Ney ha ade iene spi eps ricer ere wh ‘Sof a te ea Be cpr that te ow of dhe ee Shera The new cre gtr 2. "Meri." es he {sean apt ot BeshYrsblay Tor yesuly of an ‘eet ae) The pny wagon ssi wal baer "Phones and Phoneme Tanision" ocd thougot the bk snow he craton Pence Apa. ne sto chap {Sperone Be con al a tol ows a ie ein ste fos GCS Wl pot a todos he pas fa ad ale Yowci gsh e ca Swirly wre ny rule ey” tw 1. pon (Caper 5." chpr 6. “Sorat chaper 9, "Pra ‘hap, Languages Acquistion Chie amd skp. “Lan ‘aps he Brain ie Hon rover nl apn We ne alo Sk “Furtber Rew soca the end Chaps 212 al Speeds Wo as hese ee mere abot he tps tea nde ut, BSPIE thse sms, consi xe of he et main ung Ty i ear 0 te lpr on my apes Be {hearer pont ant png, Thowgh tint eae PooMr ores We have Ha desl Wo as Fin tees no todas stk th ars il of isis by viaae of ilmason ena hats AN acon weds and hie properties aswel sant ay hat os {Bu het popes ay ete Secor ye mst emphaze nee aga cu crc wih Anping basic conceal owns of ngs a te teh of rpm ‘ui, esa an Ryde eng wine ea nm) ts in ena to Bea comple sane of he fs o puss rs hat ve scape eas et Sars On the contri. me ‘ane cen aso tof guste concep hat we unos be amg the © famed i th fel ath bee: an he ria tase cmp we he sted a tow ose eh feiuc yp B) alg wih 2 reac) sal mands pes fn dei stn can gst a eg fr how work len at of agus S08 fur imductry come can koa ie ng fo she Felt wl ne at ste ‘Thi we habe dawn te nus examples i is ete. carro als cael nr, Once again we sb tha we reognze eget Imporses of syn language wives ‘an the Ines sin lethal compra ss) gee roca Hevesi ep Saba ps1 sks wh te nver as eg Be ajc i, ‘es cial hat hy sh ea da pt ngs ‘mos hc epi 1 mae sue ures teu nase, bah 1 foi ie ent nd i big exes Ts 6 re me eo ‘ek 1 sp as ov esas spss a eter eo ‘ater el ht scl that sas he 0 eva ot (Say or Eta at act or cso hey ep ts al an ase appa toward th subj ae CGD ha ‘jy our eal Mahe Spe OI Ean, Om Ho "Eglin exp pois fis that We el ar caw ek SE data fence gages Ove he al popes we cs st be apleae oallInages ad eacs uy wi em ie weal nd tongues dar hoe kee Sch aa LESSON 0 be fa a Langues Worook (by Arm K. Pater ‘Rin A. Dene alo pls by The MIF Pes PLANS: ‘We hae ani this eton ge acters mein esi in sping 2 yusis ruse eee Om and tht ers) ‘peed ee The il capers ae dese hers SD ‘Se ah a my a coe mari fle sso Fh ai onl ssp tc Bi ay. ean (Ga sped oly a sk a cra apr ane ale chen bus Saves, 0 ta ffens a esa he msi mo lea Toth parle coure—ia Soe the be cn e we ta ede fio. Wel tke p some pie exanples Fer cation wing in he quer seri fe canbe wa cau foes one-quarter tase oe case onl ward eto ‘el wpes Ingots. flowing apse Frm (ha ‘es pening on eae: Chap 2: Morphology (Caper 3: Pins and Phone Teson Chap # Posy (Capers Sn (Gap 7: npg Vion ‘Chae Lena Change ‘The tapes ced do et dp cay othe ees tha an Ben Spd or: ho, eR aa that el ve ext eau ne wih phan oa pyc. oe she same or amin sorrnicain, he lng pose tas cage 2: Moboley (haper§ Syme caper Serer. (Caper: Parnes (Caper It Langage Angina Chien (Caper: Langeage a th Bran ‘Teats weekig wi he smeser a o hig comNS tha ran wo gr he arr 9c) ol a ce Bo icity tee cera me ems fans rom Cone’ Mey fae notes Se ond anniynt Seed ns ome a a aoe oe Soe eae Oe et meno ee ene eae ee ee eae oe sotto Seas a cs Rome Soe ae cee = mer car Seer i, Caer oy ange Chae masse Cd Soca ans Jo shor, by varying the selection of chapters, subsections, and special onc mo ect chr re peepee erect poo eeu PART. HE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN LANGUAGE INTRODUCTION nis ston we il extn eats of ra angie, a hag so we wil zener ys ths iy compe. Bepenig st es gusts ae fn sre fl a Isis pe ems {ile te lang thet ope and ace rhe tae (awl th fc) eho ape, Wh oe ro plat? Spiga’ mane tage natal ah tts wk, ‘Sod ot wi get pda ae, Eten young chien cn do wi Tne cemcs eer From he someny come that ae fn ay ras of gramme and pronucaon fe snting he 0 plan abot hua neg But ts cu that hve a gra dw explain Ie “sep ca side guage ad ok tH asa jet be sed ahd ds lant enya wer om ct phe o an hens revi fen Tm png the sy of ie sci penis of bane gus, icis met t nae a eoemen theme that re toot Pa ‘rss ti of haa geass he sal os) ‘foe ut of vans sos aad) tad pines a pve te aye dice une cn De cid al SI he ens erp (char 2) cis hg 3) phoma (chap 4, {au nm hae 5 we wl ds th sie dr te a Tiss ane psa in he tly the sates of gusts. ‘ison oobi eras at mh on moran, pt ae ‘Et sys pes wel Be dca th my apc by ‘ti won ae fin cob a! ya, ym te str lode in as pas, abn wo dscsing the cr eof thology. pol, corn rd nti chap, we wil dacs tw bi of gu. "$9 at dai Poly tse cove eas, manly neagevaion (che 1 al intape can char 8 In es cages We il rte way wih nga vars oe inl spas ‘su det gry easly scaly al cl) a hw ‘ss vy an la exh cer Moly: Tn; ving kt fgets ue at re conbinon i hap 23 me ‘nen cumin ow sch sn a a ary lo mab “ineroee, ‘Tre SHAS end i aon 2-6 em caf wha a clascaly bon knw rare in prt he Ud Ses amt 1930 the BS abd dy comm omc hf ransom goer ngs, te hee engine ‘SC aby The lar das am hepa of Naat Choy = 85 wk Sot Smeets es ne ia che fi ‘Goan em Wess Eo ae apn an as ese ‘ce eval ale Earp coisa Asuming hare majory ef cur aks ae rte spake of gla we se daw the fngape daa so i iy ak alr xa) Han Engh Ge A Langs Wortaok 0 il By the MIT Pes. eres fsa over ngage). We err eu we yur tne Iguana or sets {nd yess pra at Yu et hyp sie hs impo apes of ie soe svesipate Ne sh abo tthe seal spect Ct ngs fameve. we deep ee ov hl! guage a et fo ye sitet a Insp an! we cours sot ik aon tr gags 3 ay ow ay sy De Eg xg. Chapter 1 What ts Linguistics? ‘ho ld of nus. he Scie sy fhm nate nae. {ming andes ae of say. wih a por tc {ene a cca ang, sooo. hg co tive peng. pksopy. compo ke, Neue aa Fl mine, ane th Tas, the fe ey ae ‘hing ic te ey comps ofthe empty fl fc The sons he tly set an ening tah cop posse. Hap of te inrance o eGeld igi, ty pre, een apy scalpel el yo hat sy hve eh ave of ‘thats aca. Sone he ta a Ingo apes ho Speaks sever lange Meni). Ot, tele ta ings a an ‘Reser wh can fp ede wher i sr TF fries me” Yet qe posse be apts st 22 cxslon one a) wat vay net a ngage ‘ut tg> aeyeetal a e UN, sl wit peasy one ‘an ene ngs ‘What sss, ta Fudan. he fell comer ah ‘he nawe ef lnaze angus) comune ti apern ak Pop fue ren xcs Wihlayiage anf corsmaninton fe hows of years, 9 ray ys eee Hg 1 ude Sin the cpl ate pest ren ek Wat ‘heme fgg? ce How decom we? me gn ‘tue ta ths quo fave mo sei ne ad ae ah raw te awed nad ay. Sel, gs sch 2s What ‘Sen? Wha mas? ear he aera 2 sip fasion, tn inked hectic Fe of ys an ate ans hem. Li nisi fo lout he el aa whe pe eo bk ao de tot eis aout enue of ngage an cc ‘fin io sme, ne matgeale qusons i We ca pe 1 ‘sce nt 0 diy eb een oa tht wen ac Sonn la oan the ge guesion. Uns we esto See inthe vay and Fee! rances to presen tmewers for Inge ke poze in neg i bo gusts hat hve fi rated people Reso hn A we WH Se the NCE 3 rps eval nego pc eal gape ab! Guna Par te xt coins apes dealing pana with he sine ‘ual cocoons gsc Chae 2 "Mampholog” is cer ‘whe popertis of word and wording. Chaper 3. Po In th pect of sph oun 2 wal ax une ah pone treet ses ta res reeset te sees gic (apc Tg sae eps pene el tne he aes he pec sed fe suet. Chae 3. "Sy Dates tay of i nnetne of seees sd ps. CRI 6 Suns suneys the popes of uni means Car 7, “Langage Varin” des wt the ways spetton and Bop of pean en ir fam cach ett orm of he fe gue thar Mey we Chaner &"Langyage Chae” earns he ages anges a om Ings cafe sly aving cxaninl cain snc popes of hana agua pea, we tim t fcr poets par. Chanter 9. “a. Fate” capes sane of te Resch dace urn AE ‘macakn an popes co cammucna sas tha foe {5 when Oey fk cach ete Caper.“ of Lan aot "bani tow ingage pdb aM vadenion, CH .Lagnage Aeon in Chien sade te sas ave! in langage asi y hos wth nama a aon aN S| fe eke fr poi a scaly uote "Latenage Aegan Devi" Filly char 12 "Langage al he Bra.” dss wt fom Inga et and pos the at “To tm ow fm th att he seal what ome of he tock! avenging ae whe they ly Kp? Fag eet mnporantesdamenl acu tht ba age al es (psp) gered Evy kon ange as systematic mle eeming puns wor oman a ‘sleet Farber the a whi mnie ee asad with price os lnguge traced by roel rly, tse of ingug commana goer by pena seni tar can be eps as. The wt mea hap. tee Fee fom 9 dese a aot fee tur cone. Teacher 7. "Lanage Varin” se at con seal cata sh» pene by some eas ceapesiie ae. At is poi we ms a an mp gut 0 wha we have Jit sai. That we ae wig tbe as ean rae governed te psa may ht nis eth. Thi ag oe fe he Hygena ene oem Itc at me Eg sori nis of garni, whit we Noe il ae ne ‘pak and wa “rely res mh "Do nto a sara wh 2 repo oe "Don ano Nera a fine Res sot cls prec ar ht thy pes, ‘tat ewer way the lage pe ml be men foro kre th sake appear Sot oe ob. Pre: Spe mls owl yf ser a nas fran In sharp cma, whe nguyen eine ‘o pespve es fen gna Boks. Rater. ns 10 ‘late desrpe ras we yaa lags, aks ht die {he al nme fee soap fap wl ot ome yp Ingge ar spare “ould” we. Dacre nl exe pn ‘as and eplaisssbout ynes spo age. wh ‘Nes that ngage lego we eal ie tha te Sty ‘of man langage has ved. mince gern aot and ‘ples the rae an fatten kage. Exch coh kn fags pore by st pins eke kts ei ‘Snonlletswnbowadl acype, May tha he 0B {he Kindo ans th ca etd abo. How lineage adie th repr of fay (anes scp) aes in chaps 2 U5, “Morse” and "nee ‘ater Inport takpand asunyon that Mes eke ‘ha rou hman rags cose 3 ure phenomenon: gus ‘sume that spose sty man Iage gtr a hat {he sy of rir Ings evel eo ngage a ‘tivenal Wha do ne mam hy avn es fag? ert Soir we have ed he ems ona alan Hague witha sang ny sprigs uth as Eng oe Cho Sten tee enc pray Us genera se ofc angel ‘Som tt thse a al pete car Fesign nme ote eal. al th qe lps sh ‘anchor san serge man Inge apa fhe be so oat foo ca ert fn dk oar Sr how bags can eke gu enh wr Sah he. Alogi os ta spe angus Se et to tte sre, we ok coer we nd hat has et tp te sila oe ance al oom lente et sine of mpl and Ose spo ich hg pve bane fhe AI neues provide eas king gst. making ‘Repos making serosa on A or ig ht an Send moe guage Ba eet he expe ay er Ob uth os gage ay Fae om a a aN ngage, ATi shay pons wo ve a me xt Wy. fing we can magne ohn. we can expe ny ann ne ‘Tming 10 me ara peri. othe mad sie lugs a sl all oeges hve sees ae op of dlr pls wit thse unis cm ng mle wp of won, wih ae ‘Shes male wp of sense Sou A thse FEU of MED Tngugs ae 3 ves wt We ma al Sc ow suing ‘ht agus share he Ws gut se er lane a sal hanson language hy ae ein He et act {et a he eevee mays (ca el fncon doko coin weal pnp. "lat 1 we ae jest a bot tena pels, we shoal sre ance aa tst mos of he sae emp i Os eck ar du fe the Brg gue. Te Sod net mea os im sppsing th wht we sev ely © Engh. We wil fe ins fame ences gues. we Dee tt ese Fave fe aS w a ngage, We ane een Fgh exams thy a epicaly wel fost igus, yo coe tha ‘esos. pow a epee sat para Ia the sca pcs. Eyl che 5. Sy” 908 yy Bee twas he cer of he evn th ease hyped Former ‘atk tga! ‘esr having fowl the agua ine cape, om il in pan © cary cu Simeon pcos He GES tect aly, we ofr i bron about the mnt of nisi. To omy Ings ene i 0 Ings Sings {0 aetin! ow ngage el rate aH Fc ‘We he at recone sv unten mse! hut ngage il coospecigl need more ato te pss 3 bua thought nhs vw the sn of gg ulin he std the human in Ths gals peas est exes ty Noam Chas Iskcon on Langage (978 34 ‘Ny ay ng? The ey oe ey ig ce me Tibor, mum dpe ber een ary. One tay erp Sage ky ee ig nh {ahs or ery sh ty a agi ons oto ‘na sc ochaye One sen mney ungnge ane ne Fesonly a mt etn ctf cg ope ‘hat "unr at te a ‘lec ee pens ee yt rm nny 3 ‘Sign ne fcr thes he wa amen care ‘be man min om sng, me ot ns aby ‘Zab ngage uy cet Sint shat pn He te SO pi Se el yl tty ee EES sri i An i sop te ‘muse sg eps it yc fing cn ton ae ‘Sony moe of a ta sen que nk pep rw acy he hugh ge non et el {5 i pe Sgn Toe ccntt t edely tar Seca ee nce sah The pee ‘ie in! i cpa g's a haan Se ay Sater A oe eh oot sendy N15. fen an ange Now Ye Pe Bae Chapiee 2 Morphology: The Stay of the Structre of Words We esa our sy of human lnguge by eaminng on of he mest {il ear hat hs umber sense te oa i ini chap coupes Whee ink aout our mae Inge, exes of wos scone cos, AGT all bone ft he ating on mae fn gs We ea the wen Wed nega ed see eee troche PE neal amd by speces But ow BEERS yet ‘itntun sete tenon sand yu peng 8c rane ‘ht you te jet ina wo sy. Sey te ete wee Tong coms evs. Wh sig w aie paler of Beh oe Navajo, capa. a you ear «ur oS Yous 1 recognize wats jou hve eam only nt sper wea sb ‘ea ie hs cle op te fg), Jou wel ale to die coo nal we The py ity of ‘pooh that rte at he sal cot, ih wo eas Pa tewesn the wor. Per (958, T8140) mace We fae ‘Pele snp halon wor ands whim we each he ge of {sche oan that ches sme ey at ena Gon” ‘The ay to aren connate Som and ols lrg) tose wats etl wer) Ee a, oe Staonal pt fens comprehen Ge chapter 1. When Yon hive "astred” Ite, you ae se 10 ei nad ‘ford witht eon, This buy Wel ot be pose iyu dd et ‘ow ad ues many propres ase wih wer. What owe aoe wen ws Ka wo To patter my, wh atthe frat encod a ard ly col td we that word faced wah dio kde oon, In txsig tse types ef formato. we wi fat Be ering ech ‘He sable nisies at wi be ak wih as os one Plonlopeat oration. Fee er we KAO me have ke a rommcacon. Pat of kaowsng Ue werd LA ‘Sin sunds~more pec, cri sags esos. Pheer tn ploriogy re be sie igus Ht stay he sete ad ‘soa pasting cue man ging se pea), 2: esi ucre formation. For vty wad we have lem, We invely An someting about ts eral sry. For exap.o inition x ht the wd ree cant be eka ay ‘Seusogt po, incon the wor rom Pe ae op of ‘net de werd ie pls nation eset owe th pe ing) Morphology he ed bat hat ms he ta "ce of words and he leis among wa. B Nats 2. Stace information, Fer ey word We le. we ear Hw 5m the vel sacar sec fn wtch cm Rew ‘ante. we bw dt the wel ead an be ol i ses He ‘Mark read th boa, ah we rade al he wo et) tan be ol ina enka Me The ook eadables We ny on {ht ead ele sth tt veda fecal a tb ne Inucely kw mv sal. how 1 se hee we Ac im of seme. Spr ct ae! ac that sae ‘ral cine of ecco fe elope tong ral ar (cha. “4. Soma normaton, Fr vital erry wo we kom We fe lem a msrng ce seven mans. Foca, © Bh wd Dreher a Kaw tha hs etn ning (eet oa sibling Ioan. we yo yo I cen end as of he wor in Jb 0 nya heigl ea regular Deer wo me Soman hes Ings ht sae he ratio he meng of nil wo athe rng wo, rape i c e soacces chaper 6) ‘Pragmatic nformation Fer eary wom we em, a ey ‘conven, For se wl rather cn be we oy ‘22 b amc sblng bt ao a comes! exlanaton.a a "Oh br! What amc” In sare newark se 9 ‘mening ash For esa he wor el we 0 ae et ‘Seon inne so meaning Pd tht pra ee. Progr ee ‘SHEL of fut tht taste ee won nd pl do ‘cs inte aca cotet of dace chap 9. "aon w ee conamed ih wat We kw on we A 2 ort igus fe ised developing Myotis tha csi Plmsblerpecnitne ofthe Klee. Ae 8 arg pm om {uk anki ober I New Riverside Donor a ge een tae a eaters koe wins, Do the tory ee ne {St what we tz abou word? Po exes he ty fre word Dara god presentation of at we kn abut hat woe? Comer ‘he eine Steyn Dae ok ha) ke aking 1 cook esp. in anon dy Bea 2a ac andy in or ifn an ove ake psy) nA ec ‘otra ich kd fo ee ake sper? seem pur cam tel you that a gore is one who gar.” Weber, thee, ceaaat act fr he scope of wha ans ale 8 re. hig now won or anayring sig ones sides the pes of nfrmation gue Bere—~inforaton that we assume any sate speaker must fe tml abou 2 woe ia er 1 om tthe are ter nyt of wo tigi 0). which my rmay aot he knowa w alive speakers. For exe. wor a he ies are subject 0 vain aes groups of speakers. Tn Amen Engl the won! bumne can be ml er 0a ype of hati Bish Engh ican Be wat ean el the nd fa cr, Won and uss ae ao sac 1 arto over ie For example, the Eg ‘wor der mas once the ger wo mang. "sn" But pow ies tse to fer ony a particle poses of animal. Tse fits abou ‘ord variation and strc chage ay nt be Kaw 10 rest mae speakees—evn fr gly ede spake, the sey at daca ‘arian oft rd nmin abecate—bor sich fo form the sje ‘mater of aber iaporune sible Of haga, ume, tng ‘action a guage sang, whch we sil explo nchapes 7a, ‘We have sea tat wor socncd wi 4 wide vag oot ‘in and that each pe oF isforaca fobs important area of foes suelo inguics Ia this caper we WE Be coed Wh the ‘sbi nova sn romboogy. Fr we wi nme cera ee c= eps of morphology Then we will eas bow ew weds af cet, ‘nd ully 36 will mexvte the pstlaton of rasan pipes of ‘on rates tat wal ads the pele dacs above wh ‘pst 10 the iméoqiies orcomigs) ofthe dona as 0 Sena a speakers knowl of word. cove Base Quests of Mortiogy ‘Wisin the 53 of momplogy, te pmsl pene aay guestins sou the ature ef Cots, ba ng the mere een queso have een the fling: : ‘Wat ae he base tlie Hoc ia the formsion of oles wort? Tow ae more ples words ul wp fm sien? Hom the meaning of 4 comple Weal ell he meaning oft pans? ' Hom ar iviual wor of language 81 ee words ofthe + lenges 22 Meaney Theta all fic queso, a Engi sing spy ane ot ge avd at conte sscrry aww tayo them, Once tre begin to conn! plnuble awe, we uly dicover that ner ‘Sting and sue new problems arse, which eas us 10 revise thse ‘Ws em eo this proces consenting ad fing eves king ower gueston, Wha ate word? To begin to ane thi question seme tha the wed rotor complex pate aso es ‘dha ena eating ("ne sibing" Tee no necessary eon hy should mean what dos In Frene, Tohono O'acas (a Native Ame. team ngage of suthor Aigna sal nomen Meio), sl Jaane. the sound epesemed bythe words, wera. an tat, epee tne sound that dictates what the meaning ought 1 be: bees te pais ‘onanscnomarpocte wont Le. wos Wipe soud nat oi ‘ound ate wort bow! mes, bowen plas, ban hal, eash, {26} Butsuch words fom a vey nid sabe ofthe wets ay en suru. Thus, ft defn, we might ty that werd a a Iron pag afsound and meni. Honever here ae att tno reatons wy this defiiion isi mequte Fir i docs ot diningesh between words and pres oF Semooss which ae abo (seave)) ira pags of ound teaming, Soon, wor sac an a seen ch ring Ba to meaning The word is sigly puesto othe sujet positon of the semeee, Therefore; aoe all sound sequences are ore 9¢ Sound segs that we speakers oul Mealy 8 work Have mening. Wea inition about wha and is ot x won im ve mse langage uta ye we do ot have an aque detaon fre em Tn the next seton we wl oni inal answers 1 he cond on the Gs What ar he hast using boc e foraton of complex wos? COMPLEX WORDS AND MORPHEMES Te sng eon reogized that wos mst Be cla a te 0 siege snp comsiez Asuna wo sch ree scams Bet 16 Caper? he ste he ound tht eats at the manning ought 1 ‘ene tpi ofsond aed meaning al beara Ts every Ianguage coma comatopocic wor (ie. wars Whe sare mite min snd nh wa abot mr, Bom {plsh bag hot eho Bsc weds om a ey ed act ke wos o'any gen Engage fo the vas apn won th Soundsnap ary Ths 53 is tn, we gh sy tata wot isa arirary pained and mean Howser, tse ae at kato reasons wy this ito ie jet. Fi des not dng ween wo td plan en ‘Sw. ahaa (Gane) bey ping of sou an ‘Dein Seconda wor Sch ti asec sah snowing an no mening. The ds serpy plese he sates posto tbe semen Tel. ntl dnd Syncs ae wots ae et {oun sone tht mane sper el Mey Node hve mring, We hn ition bat mf and et a word ar ‘ve pugs, am et eB) a a aga den Tn th ct stn we wl cin avers othe sco ec th Tt Wha th big chs Toman of came wor? 2 COMPLEX WORDS AND MORPHEMES thas 8 ben regi that wets st be asd a as m0 ates simple comple. sane meshes ee scans es nal ai trem to Be ny ae rea SO Tuo st) sgl ts. On he tr al the wd eer po part he no re athe pl ade, hs be. The doing ss of Esher ‘am be tached nouns seer Noun Pal rm (= bey bys fnke ae i Ie te Monon Not cur unin Enh fs is pain si: fo xe, the plo of ehidv chien ot ene However once ‘hee aI) and ae i ag las, may a px a fen (ach ab esa up of sine mn sch 8 re towed bythe pul cigs, The be ute o's compe werd isthe dot Bang Docks tht mat ware cle morphanes. Eich of ral puns Hse in (fade wp oo mae: 8 dette oc oy oF tek apd ‘Sache the te mone Ths cig fe pla em 0) a combating, sae inte ee, of he ing Nase meee sid he mening ofthe lal meee tn ne «cs opeme may nt ave ah eae mening. For example “Senin the word rete des nthe genic mening and Jee se msogmble 2 wt exer inher ne pre, fomerive dese stot, we wily a rpms ema ‘sis of word iting neg: thy camo be kn down ay ‘us no egies pas ‘The cs of dtnshing th mpm nh cies sear scant cr sancies el wn nv mbes aaj. One xa ‘fra ims the lemon ol he indie ase feos 2 1 fcr psf Eh the nal em cach fhe ans eth ‘etwas oct) ined he lf teins A Snr ess mabe aking plate aa but he oe wy ound For uae hve yu ea fas een sid someting ke “Tha Sle bale” ‘Anode exp of als ivohcs the Spi wont some (n cosines lal Enh Speakec—appig wha hy Ke shout Engh ple Toman, In seene eae the ngs “male, The lr in Sis ck oma very meresting novel ana cames fom Seah, iving the Engh expen eeu "ee se” Ky room te Sail hc he ve aah Kp al reer a can 8 at ‘ven he Hide Oe rod ney part oth wed you Gt down ty EP moans “re tele.” AN imporin cheer ‘soma fr te Swap entig “wate Mrybemes a centred ino two deme mrp sod ‘ome as tr eamge te pl mores nih ly Pome ate Hrown fer (sername (ees con) fer te iar opie hen he ace ‘ew red) efi wc ey oe atahed he cl ‘ote monensin wore chs mami, ‘rer Toe orp wih ane ached ees (om) rorpteme Ate phone may be (it ee ne bth ‘Cerin languages ao uve aft koown a fle, wih te sind witt ote nopheme For ample In Bot Iso. # Tignes othe Pallas he ini dt idee he pt Of scampi scion apr 192) Tang the Mor kaya ne 2 en sin gh ns 9 Moby Sf nthe he morpeme Aya eit eh te mmempook mening “Twi ane hla” ie mh a ‘rpms gn the ta a" mety flowing he are tis o¢ hou ts Foe xaBpe In Engh crn words have ‘mo cere mn lpedent pod and mat Bechet he pe Coline wend ps (a ney The Be who few ay ren ‘tc fm ae a Ih hye poe he conta form To um ap en, Me ten thal wont al nto gene lai: be bran ot rer io oe mesg pr Corl ‘rset or re moti cobicaa ach werd flog os grammer. Ror exenp dei « toon, ear int wih fina bm sea bs Reponton and (nay eon ade word sch taf brs vos pee ‘inthe word sk For example th lal a cn acd Io Seo hone wor ofr Rel fan ss, Tali scat tam tn es re me, ° sete Pi Se pon She waits They walk ets ein aso the te ss i akan a ling. sethn en ely wh emis and ao Me ee (Goatfmie Bol mo teal termed 20 ste yt abon of wi iy. For eae the ‘She uch ane coovne Is an ater hy egy fm ‘ty an iy pir oh a= ere fou fociny, ‘Seis svicw ele the ab ay ety cles cone in ng tat an ead In Agta to: wns onl man “epost 3 pine mag i eh simple. Hower, gus gesnlynssome ha crain “major” eal resin parca, nue and vetoed mes, mt alan la ui ei os gen ngage or sal oe of ngage wich eis Eni oun, ebony cemot be wad a 2 geal de gs te lr it onus te eg German Aran “wore” “sre "memes" a eggs hve spl a fies citer anges he pla! orm ir mont ered by 2 ps nn edi tp hich psc prt of sng Om web Sige tw dete plaintive anor We thm ali ome Tigges hei wo mero seat of a oon Ke mos inate Ingest pal imple need ym ae we hy rtulaion aoe ter way In sr, In tem fo ive "Though maybe te hat ow, tal anaes sae he cat Siecle ae amt ie ngage bt mt whe For eae in, Dagens bss char id rps town rare wih hoe soc ch tps hm fends" ea the book he parc gens Je tcon ohne of he nee oka” neon the bj hat wich "ues" the acon) he yond "ed" Els hsm sch pct neal Set ante ach eae nts eid tS 8 wont rk. The st of an Bh sence iy pcs th ‘an thet ype ows sin ead he ak ‘Comedy. re a rental eae ot ad Jes For cuampl, Engh fa cs of woe Known a aie, lag ‘hehe sil Sta tsk) we. he scale tin), inte Gok ra bok, Als te ot dpi be ‘Scab how on srs. Tso om wey Perle 0 ing eet fron). fH cane DY 20 Imphemss equivalent he Els als. Tis mt 10 5 tt Tapas sates emo exes the eee in ening ween He ‘nok tte amb spe a oot inte and ene) Sse ene is ern by th eet bo tte sealing) of th sens Fe exp cin be an, bn Inston! n vow duns, spr oye inet Ja Iwo Jona a ei" a he book” rate han "Soba = tek. "To sm wp, wht or mot ngage shar ain pao spech execs ne move eg fal up eth iy ‘iho inpuge tha sha sia granted ropes. To cu Iris simi. we hypotece tht wor shine Seniica rop ois al lng fo ese eat, Sach ens a racy Is cn vera oct we mat ern pen he oy Car. Ths eof purea ees ae shy a Ws fa guage ap oe ranom sR 5 ted Jno pileup of wor the Yas rma ee znes pr eras CC Wort Tn decwosne shoe wor, 4 dsincon is somties mad ewcen penlas worden clon words Gametime 98 en ‘ond nifncton words, spc). Examples open ors ‘le he pw ror rt, uly Ts ela we ae the telmging the mace profs las non. vet, esis. and adhe, whch ty neue ed te que ge Sh “opens” hf ed tbr of ew wots ane Cred a al 0 cess grrr Tn conn tnsle wor e te Homg rabi. ‘taco cess Gach we denervation, Comoe ‘en, a epost. wich eat gue tcl oe sal umber of alkenes. Fron won in Engh inhi cnn {hoes ond 7 artes ie) dmemrates os. a, gees {al mor some, ow nl pos (fom wh Take one ‘pec comin The cn ote fe neo ‘Pat fincices granu w camo won al pes San inte cin fteu pas the woman and he mn. Anyang in membership of sich as happens ot ey sv ner ces) andi soa rset. Ts ask Elisha al ecu
    2 exing ‘sr Far ep posal he ran es a tha ogee he bck ofthe ead. whe pom. he vr, sw the Cs faking 2 POM em tng pope ane nis of gow word dots act doe ft te Sesing of te prvly ‘ing word te Bae whch ny oo nea ce) Monty bs on ascii tht nam, To Houde one exe, To ner ees the nar Mes Mephal Hstanon Metaporcaenson yet anther way in ‘id te mining ef eng mor me tho ing Ie cota puns salen ean eg ot eet ‘mening a eo ay. The gu ds nga 4 We sete brine a wars eng ed wa. te nas hs ‘en men as though 2m wed al ech sl. To ke me ‘ale neti ote tha peers of aps hve ayss ‘ly eg tr fm he ee foo map me ad, ‘bouts cxlorioe,Fr acs, we te he wed hp 1 lo Spec wicks swell 1 on-gne vows we ak oa ep detig wi aot 04 ay aed ea an cage HP kes: we speak of aigsion nb pes anspor we eld ‘eri ek oa seep sang oh ae cen Ig Wd teak ae med we pk crn te fn me 2 ship Doing on ate spe capiin sl 3 tre exh Ha fsa: sd we have amd ees up pct Sth ud cai ah ada ast sn bs) de hs ‘tk thts tha asl dive fa he sted epch of wd! orfed ean igen ave Wh great ee fe extended no the Fe of pce rian Te etc he 0 elms is ily lee, Yt we aparece enh sires we areal ‘xking termi tw way wo sce hem psa, Th fe mptt fic. fo ish the ceed Gans os sey wil co nocesuy rl a te alin of previa one ord i unguieInke.spaes fall bums ngs si {esa rath an smapve pore in exeing he xen asi cw eam experts Js nk few th ans eld gh extol camp. you a "gat he Anat nse ei the metal exes of wks fen the psa eno fo ad cn to the mil ea of Ws ner citys ofan. Prva, omer he oun tigger sound ang in he veo em Rise on eine ction imvesiante—nvsion ermine cenclaion sorccine —gpccation ‘Two changes re king pace. The ad in he ate wont r= ones aod inthe eoespving ion wor tm er sor the main sto (emp) Hol ate ate wor, vay “ne sus able ngs anther eins charge when i ls © ‘wor Note tt whan sable acs #0 verbs eng wo ets (nce cn yon 6 Th tol nas en efi. ely“ m0 0m That 8 te changes se or wth ie ° 4. atonal change (oun ange) 1S Cacao change sar speech chan) © auc lange nein tangs) ter fats wa tha he ae cena esses he eof For etampl ie si 0 expe he i at an moa We nt ‘ay Mon tact “acar abe ogo we neve canna isso ion an Mary tale wr. hey ae le eae 2 to mpi tape ha thes ero exp tao ase pst ones th i gut. Bu ne cme the column in 3 Benraacin emer eek © va 2 sp rend wt ‘ie we say valk ‘The srs nthe ft aeons hy ac wih abet son prs), whe herbs oth ah a name ey doe wh bisa, For empl: mo 2 Pata te pao (rad he Tt th bt 1 Ty a sb ranstve verb ober seth bse nm was I sah het » 1 at i (died = inane vert with fing ob) Tey we © Joe ct ess 0 ets hale atc elt se vers, me ins rts, Nevers st lon the Bt (hee ape 1 he sae coumerexapls. Wht abot alate ani Cop ‘er exam (0 9) 2c tale 1 era uate . 1 i tr cot hat sw a ely apparent countess, Ht ‘ns, Not tht ho le mdr ve Bh tnt ae! 1 ob i wat ‘Seen sri Soe ‘Now rors ca ye ala hy Flows masta nr ‘peo evan pocecs. Fi the ot fat, he creo ah re an akealyexstg word whch ete war as cat be {aks vn hse ls ade Wl cs & of he Tn the dicesko © flor, we wil that compostonly (he rropery why the meaning oa whe expression fe dent by theming or) ey uly hl ana mores ‘Typ te new won oma y He poe ave 8 me ‘ncn ti x ee fe te sneer Conpoands a Compounding ‘n-ne sn my ier gag) me wot cat fr fe cay eusing wert Dy 8 poss ow ws compound Which india verse ned Yoga compovnd wor hse in ble 22. Fer example mum pecan fe ie he ‘ut man fate cnn eu apeman: he ans et be Jolt the nou ram Io Ke the compan ta tro the ‘ete red in be one ith he ate oe the cpa ete reo (Forex er ps cops ann Ens ble 22), ier Nivr Nose Aste Saat Rapin Resa = Roe ined ah ia een wat tea “rion ‘omit ot oe iat Goealy seeing. he pr of ph fhe whe compound i he same ashe yr of spec oe unos ember of he comand Fee ee NOP Sap Rk Sha RE Sl ‘hai: hee whole cop highchair ao anon Te ‘tnt ber fh cop oerdo er he ed: ‘ol cepound aso. ‘Conga a id 010 woh, a sn by expec baron te ask comma eee ance omni nde, the pros of ompeuning som nine a aging with 3 eta he en aly cont cnn aes Tem wh wean uma aos nine dee, iin

    Anda mungkin juga menyukai