Submitted by
VIJITHA M
Of
N. S. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
APRIL 2017
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
N. S. S. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
VIJITHA M
ABSTRACT
As part of M-tech course curriculum, fifteen days Industrial training was done on
Analysis and design of a multi-storied residential/commercial building, under the guidance of
Mr. Santhosh K, Design Spectrum,calicut Design Spectrum,calicut is one of the leading
Structural Consultancy in Kerala.. They undertake wide range of reinforced concrete
structures. The training was oriented towards assisting me in obtaining hands on experience
of the design and construction industry. As a part of the training a Commercial Building at
calicut analysed and designed according to the relevant Indian Standard Codes. The work was
completed in three stages. First stage was modelling and analysis of the proposed building.
Second stage was the design of different structural components. The final stage was the
detailing of different structural components.The structure was analysed in STAAD Pro and
the designs of the structural components were done manually. The detailing works were done
in AutoCAD 2014.
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Industrial training is an important component in the development of the
practical and
professional skills required by an engineer. The purpose of the Industrial training is to
achieve exposure on the Practical Engineering side. The fundamental objective of
Industrial Training is to prepare students for future employment in their chosen
engineering discipline. Industrial Training enhances the academic material studied at
University by allowing students to practice what they have learned and to develop key
professional attributes.
Detailed planning of the structure usually comes from several studies made by
town planners, investors, users, architects and other engineers. On that, a structural
engineer has the main influence on the overall structural design and an architect is
involved in aesthetic details.
The aims of mini project is to done the structural analysis and design of the
structure by using STAAD Pro and design and compares the result with manual design
and prepare structural drawing.
1
1.3 MULTI-STORIED BUILDINGS
In the present day scenario, due to scarcity of land and high population density,
multi storied buildings are becoming a necessity these days. Recently, there have been
a considerable increase in the number of tall buildings, both residential and
commercial and the modern trend is towards taller and taller structures. The
advancement in science and technology had made it possible to build high rise
structures in areas even susceptible to cyclones and earthquakes. Thus the effect of
lateral loads like wind loads and earthquake forces are gaining importance and almost
every designer is faced with problem of providing adequate strength and stability
against lateral load. These lateral forces can produce critical stresses in the structure,
set-up undesirable vibrations and in addition cause lateral sway of structure, which can
reach a stage of discomfort to occupants.
2
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
As the wind speed increases My, Mz values also increases according to the
category, opening as compare to Mz values My values increased more rapidly.
As the wind speed increases Fy, Fz values also increases according to
the category, opening as compare to Fz values Fy values increased more rapidly.
Displacement increases as the wind speed increases for various types of
opening, category.
Bimala Pillai, Priyabrata Guha (2015) The principle objective of this study is to
comparison between RCC and Steel Structure and design a multi-storeyed building
using STAAD Pro. The design involves load calculations and analyzing the whole
structure by STAAD Pro. The design methods used in STAAD Pro analysis are Limit
State Design conforming to Indian Standard Code of Practice. The Thesis involves
Staad Modeling, Analysis the members due to the effect of Wind & Seismic load &
3
Compare them for a 35 meter height Building with Concrete & Steel construction. The
proposal structure is a 10 storied building with 3.50 m as the height ofeach floor. The
overall plan dimension of the building is 30.0 m x 20.0m. They obtained following
conclusions
Dead Weight of the Steel framed structure is much lesser than RCC framed
structure.
Bending moment due to Wind force is increased in Steel structure for high rise
building. This could have been effect in the costing of the material.
Bending moment due to Seismic force is reduced in Steel structure for high
rise building. This could have been effect in the costing of the material.
Overall expense is much higher in steel structure than concrete structure in
multistoried building.
Concrete structure is durable & safe with respect to steel structure.
The quantity of steel requirement is 9.25% less for the design of G+10 multi-
storied building using ETABS compared with the STAAD analysis.
The quantity of concrete requirement is same for the design of the G+10 multi-
storied building using both STAAD and ETABS analysis.
By the intensive study of “Comparative study on Analysis and Design of G+10 multi-
storied building by both STAAD and ETABS software’s” the “economical sections”
was developed by ETABS software
4
Chapter 3
STAAD Pro
The commercial version STAAD.Pro is one of the most widely used structural
analysis and design software. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design
codes.
It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static
analysis, 2nd order p-delta analysis, geometric non linear analysis or
a buckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from
modal extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis.
In recent years it has become part of integrated structural analysis and design solutions
mainly using an exposed API called Open STAAD to access and drive the program
using a VB macro system included in the application or other by including Open
STAAD functionality in applications that themselves include suitable programmable
macro systems. Additionally STAAD.Pro has added direct links to applications such
as RAM Connection and STAAD. Foundation to provide engineers working with
those applications which handle design post processing not handled by STAAD.Pro
itself. Another form of integration supported by STAAD.Pro is the analysis schema of
the CIM steel Integration Standard, version 2 commonly known as CIS/2 and used by
a number modeling and analysis applications. STAAD Pro
Staad pro is a large and comprehensive structural engineering tool used extensively by
civil engineers. Knowledge of staad language can be very useful in utilizing the large
numbers of facilities available in the program.
The graphical user interphase can be used to generate the input file for even the most
complex of structures. However, the user can easily make changes to the input data if
/she has good understanding of the command language and syntax of the input. It is a
general purpose programme for performing the analysis and design of wide variety
type of structures. The basic three activities which have to be carried out to achieve
that goal- a) model generation b) the calculation to obtain the analytical result c) result
verification – are all facilitated by tools containing the programs graphical
environment.
5
The benefits of using STTAD Pro are following
6
Chapter 4
AUTOCAD
Initially, AutoCAD was a two dimensional drawing system. However, now it supports
a full 3-dimensional database .The features of AutoCAD that supports two
dimensional drawing are fully self contained and can still be used as a two
dimensional system without considering the three dimensional aspect.
7
4.5 SPEED AND INTERGRITY OF DRAWING
It is important with any drafting system that the image displayed on the screen
is an accurate representation of the drawing that is stored in the computer. It is equally
important that the system respond quickly to the user in AutoCAD. The display
database allows very fast screen graphic interaction but needs to be regenerated from
time to time in order to maintain integrity of drawing thus we distinguish between
screen redraws and drawing regions.
8
Chapter 5
ANALYSIS OF BUILDING
5.1 GENERAL
Structural analysis is the determination of the effects of loads on physical structures
and their components. To perform an accurate analysis a structural engineer must
determine such information as structural loads, geometry, support conditions, and
materials properties. The results of such an analysis typically include support
reactions, stresses and displacements. This information is then compared to criteria
that indicate the conditions of failure.
In our project we are using STAAD Pro for the analysis of the building.
9
1.The first step in the STAAD pro was the forming the framed structure.
2. After forming the structure various material properties were assigned the properties
of the material areas follows.
10
Figure 5.2 Assigning of properties
11
ASSIGNING OF LOADS
Seismic load
Wind load
Dead load
Live load
Slab
Beam (sample)
12
13
Figure 5.4 Assigning of dead load
14
formulas and data given in the code. These loads are to be applied in both X and Y
horizontal directions .IS 1893 (Part1): 2002 recommends that dynamic analysis shall
be performed to obtain the design seismic force, and its distribution to different levels
along the height of the building and to the various lateral load resisting elements for
the following buildings.
Regular buildings – those greater than 40m in height in Zone IV and zone V, and
those
greater than 90m in height in Zone II and Zone III.
Irregular buildings- all framed buildings higher than 12m in height in Zones IV and
Zone V, and all those greater than 40m in height in Zone II and Zone III.
Since height of the commercial building under consideration is less than 40 m only
static
analysis is to be carried out. The building comes under zone III.
Wind is essentially large scale movement of free air.It plays an important role in
designing a building because it exerts load on the structure. Wind loads are calculated
according to IS875 part 3. Intensity of wind and exposure are applied in the direction
as required.
k3 = topography factor =1
Vb = Basic wind speed from table = 39 m/s
Vz = 38.86 m/s
15
Pz = 0.6 x Vz2
= 0.91kN/m2
16
Figure 5.7 Bending moment diagram
17
SAMPLE RESULT FROM STAAD Pro
18
SAMPLE COLUMN DESIGN
19
Chapter 6
DESIGNING OF BUILDING
6.1 GENERAL
When designing a structure, the design working life of the structure should be
specified, and
The following fundamental performance requirements (1) to (3) should be ensured for
the
Specified period.
(1) Safety of human life in and around the structure is ensured against foreseeable
actions
(Safety).
(2) The functions of the structure are adequately ensured against foreseeable actions
acting on
Structures (Serviceability).
(3) If required, continued use of the structure is feasible against foreseeable actions by
Restoration using technologies available within reasonable ranges of cost and time
(Restorability).
20
structure should collapse or become unstable under any combination of expected
overloads.
Limit state of serviceability deals with deflection and cracking of structures
under service loads, durability under working environment during their anticipated
exposure conditions during service, stability of structures as a whole, fire resistance
etc.
All relevant limit states have to be considered in the design to ensure adequate degree
of safety and serviceability. The structure shall be designed on the basis of the most
critical limit state and shall be checked for other limit states.
The limit state method is based on a stochastic process where the design parameters
are determined from observations taken over a period of time. The concept of separate
partial safety factors for loads and material strengths are based on statistical and
probabilistic grounds. These partial safety factors for the material strengths are
determined on the basis of reliability of preparations of concrete and reinforcement.
The overloading of structure has been kept in mind while specifying the partial safety
factors of loads.
The stress block of structures or parts of structure designed on the basis of limit state
method subjected to the designed loads or collapse loads represents the stress-strain
diagram at the defined states of collapse and satisfies the requirements of strength and
stability. Simultaneous checking of these structures or parts of them for the limit state
of serviceability ensures the deflection and cracking to remain within their limits.
Thus, this method is more rational and scientific.
The notations adopted throughout the work are as per IS456-2000. Partial safety factor
for material in accordance with the clause 36.4.2 IS 456-2000 is taken as 1.5 for
concrete. Loads and moments are taken after the analysis using STAAD.
21
Chapter 7
SLAB DESIGN
7.1 GENERAL
A concrete slab is common structural element of modern buildings. Horizontal
slabs of steel reinforced concrete, typically between 4 and 20 inches (100 and 500
millimeters) thick, are most often used to construct floors and ceilings, while thinner
slabs are also used for exterior paving.
Design of slab
Slabs are generally designed on the assumption that they consists of a number
of beams of breadth ‘one meter’. The effective span of a simply supported slab shall
be taken as the lesser of distance between the centers of bearings and Clear span plus
effective depth.
Reinforcement
Distribution bars are running at right angles to the main reinforcement and the pitch
shall not exceed.
22
Cover of Reinforcement
The minimum cover to outside of main bars shall not be less than 15 mm and
Diameter of the main bar.
Assume 8 mm bars.
LOADS
MOMENT
𝑤𝑙2
Maximum moment,Mu = 8
= 9.75x1.5962/8
=3.10kNm
23
𝑀𝑈
Effective depth required,dreq=√ 𝑅𝑏
3.10x10^6
=√.138x30x1000
Hence Safe.
Reinforcement required
Spacing of bar
= π/4x82 x1000/144
= 349 06 mm
(b)Distributers required
= 0.12/100x1000x120 = 144mm2
Spacing of bar
Area of one bar
Spacing a bar = X1000
Astmin
24
= π/4x82x1000/144
= 349.06mm
As per SP-16,
M1 = 0.87fy.Ast.d (1-Ast.fy/bd.fck)
Area of one bar
Astprovided = x1000
Spacing
1000
Astprovided = π/4x82x 250
= 201.06 mm2
M1 = 0.87fy.Ast.d (1-Ast.fy/bd.fck)
= 6.66x106Nmm
= 6.66 kNm
𝑊𝑢𝑙
Factored SF,Vu = 2
= 9.75x1.598/2 = 7.79 kN
Ld < 1.3xM1/Vu
Hence Safe.
25
Basic value of span up to 10m α1 = 26
Value span up up to 10 m α2 =1
144
Fs = 0.58x415x
201
= 172.44
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% of steel, Pt = x100
𝑏𝑑
201
Pt = x100
1000𝑥96
= 0.209%
α3 = 1.5
= 26x1x1.5 = 39
𝑙
Basic value actual = 𝑑
3600
= =37.5
96
Hence Safe.
𝑊𝑢𝑙
Factored SF,Vu = 2
26
= 9.75 x1.598/2 = 7.79 kN
𝑉𝑢
Nominal shear stress = 𝑏𝑑
7.79𝑥1000
= = 0.083MPa
1000𝑥96
% of steel, Pt = 0.209%
For Pt = 0.15
SLAB S2(4.1X4.03)
Load calculation
Loads
Effective span;
Lx = 4.03+0.096 =4.126m
27
Ly = 4.10+0.096 = 4.196m
ly/ lx = 1.016< 2
At support At midspan
αx = 0.052 αx = 0.039
αy = 0.037 αy = 0.028
Moment
Mu = Qfckbd2
𝑀𝑢
Dmin = √( )
𝑄𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏
Q = 0.138
Mux= αxWulx2
Muy= αyWulx2
At midspan
At support
At support; Astx
28
7.214x106 = 0.87x415xAstx(96-(0.42x0.87x415xAstx/0.36x20x1000)
7.214x106 = 34660.8Astx-7.604Astx2
Astx = 218.62mm2
= 144mm2
𝜋𝑥8^2
Spacing of 8dia = 218.62 x1000 = 229.92 mm
Spacing = 220mm
5.064x106 = 0.87x415xAsty(96-(0.42x415x0.87xAsty)/(0.36x20x1000)
5.064x106 = 34660.8Asty-7.604Asty2
Asty = 151.11mm2>Astmin
Astmin= 144mm2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝜋𝑥8^2
Spacing of 8dia = x1000 = 332.64mm
151.11
Spacing = 280mm
At midspan
Astx
5.434x106 = 34660.8astx-7.604astx2
29
Astx = 162.574mm2 > Astmin
𝜋𝑥8^2
Spacing of 8dia = x1000 = 309.18mm
162.574
Spacing = 280mm
Asty
3.8329x10 6 = 34660.8asty-7.604asty2
Asty =113.404<Astmin
Astmin = 144mm2
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟
Spacing = x1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝜋𝑥8^2
Spacing of 8dia = x1000 = 349.06mm
144
Vu = (9x3.9/2) = 17.55N
τv <τc hence ok
1000 0.42𝑥0.87𝑥415𝑥1000𝑥50.265
M1 = 0.87x415x (2𝑥220 𝑥50.265)(96 − )
0.36𝑥20𝑥1000𝑥2𝑥220
M 1= 3.848kNm
1.3𝑥3.848𝑥10^6
+16x8 = 413.03, Ld<413.03 hence ok
17.4𝑥10^3
30
Value span up up to 10 m α2 =1
1000𝑥50.26
100 𝐴𝑠 𝑡 100𝑥
Pt = = 220
=0.237
𝑏𝑑 1000𝑥96
α3 = 1.58
3.9𝑥103
= 40.625<26x1x1.58
96
40.625<41.08 hence ok
= 0.75x144 = 108mm2
31
Chapter 8
BEAM DESIGN
8.1 GENERAL
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a
result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is
called a bending moment. Beams are characterized by their profile (shape of cross-
section), their length, and their material.Beam carries transverse external loads that
cause bending moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion.Concrete is strong in
compression and very weak in tension. Steel reinforcement is used to take up tensile
stresses in reinforced concrete beams. Mild steel bars or Deformed or High yield
strength deformed bars (HYSD) are used.
Minimum cover in beams must be 25 mm or shall not be less than the larger
diameter of bar for all steel reinforcement including links.
Nominal cover specified in Table 16 and 16A of IS456-2000 should be used to
satisfy the durability criteria.
32
Side face reinforcement in the web of the beam is provided when the depth of the web
in a beam exceeds 750 mm. (0.1% of the web area and shall be distributed equally on
two faces at a spacing not exceeding 300 mm or web thickness whichever is less).
𝑀𝑢 = 253𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 225.12 𝑘𝑁
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 𝑄𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚
= 95.67 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 ]
132.535 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 [450 − 0.42 × 0.48 × 450]
33
95.675 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 × (450 − 50)
= 1540.5622 𝑚𝑚²
Provide 5, 20 dia bars
𝑑′
𝐸𝑠𝑐 = 0.0035 [1 − ]
0.48𝑑
50
= 0.0035 [1 − ]
0.48 × 520
= 0.002755
𝑉𝑢 = 225.12 𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 225.12 × 10ᵌ
𝜏𝑣 = = = 2.297 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚²
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
For 𝜏𝑐 from IS 456
100𝐴𝑠 100 × (5 × 100𝜋)
= = 1.6
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
𝜏𝑐 = 0.732 < 𝜏𝑣
34
Or 0.75𝑑 = 337.5 or 300𝑚𝑚
0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.87 × 415 × 2 × 16𝜋
𝑆𝑣 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = = 453.7 𝑚𝑚
0.4𝑏 0.4 × 300
3.05 × 71.736
𝑥= = 0.97
225.12
Hence provide 8Ø, 2 legged stirrups at 110mm c/c up to 2.07 mfrom support
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀1 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 ]
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
𝑉 = 225.12 𝑘𝑁
Hence ok
𝛼3
𝛼4
35
100𝐴𝑠𝑐 100 × (2 × 100𝜋)
= = 0.64
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
𝛼4 = 1.18
𝛼5 = 1
Hence ok
𝑀𝑢 = 269.65 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 203.83 𝑘𝑁
𝑙0 = 5.5 𝑚
𝑙0
Effective flange width,𝑏𝑓 = 6
+ 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝐷𝑓
5.5 × 103
𝑏𝑓 = + 230 + 6 × 120 = 1836.67 𝑚𝑚 < 𝑏
6
Ok
Hence ok
0.85𝑏𝑑 0.85 × 300 × 450
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖 = = = 200.72 𝑚𝑚 2 < 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑦 415
36
Provide 5, 20 dia bars
𝑉𝑢 203.83 × 10ᵌ
𝜏𝑣 = = = 2.08 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚²
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
For 𝜏𝑐 from IS 456
100𝐴𝑠 100 × (5 × 100𝜋)
= = 1.6
𝑏𝑑 300 × 450
𝜏𝑐 = 0.732 < 𝜏𝑣
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀1 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 ]
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
𝑉 = 203.83 𝑘𝑁
Hence ok
37
Chapter 9
DESIGN OF COLUMN
9.1 GENERAL
A column is defined as a compression member, the effective length of which exceeds
three times the least lateral dimension. Compression members, whose lengths do not
exceed three times the least lateral dimension, may be made of plain concrete.
6 in circular column.
Spacing of longitudinal bars measures along the periphery of a column should
The diameter of the lateral ties should not be less than 1/4th of the diameter of
300mm
38
9.2 DESIGN OF AXIALLY LOADED COLUMN WITH BIAXIAL BENDING
Material Constant:
Effective length:
Unsupported length l0 = 3m
39
Factored axial load on column loadPu = 3264.44kN
Slenderness Ratio
lex 1.95
= = 2.44<12
D 0.8
ley 1.95
= = 6.5<12
D 0.30
Applied eccentricities
Mux 295.25×103
ex = = = 90.44 mm
Pu 3264.44
Muy 25.46×103
ex = = = 7.799 mm
Pu 3264.44
Minimum eccentricities
l D 3000 800
ex min = + = + = 32.66 mm
500 30 500 30
l D 3000 300
ey min = + = + = 16 mm < 20mm
500 30 500 30
Referring to chart 44
40
Corresponding to P/fck = 2/30 =0.067 we find And Pu/fck Bd =0.45
Mu /fck b D^2 = 0.08
Mux1=0.08fck b D2= 460.8k Nm
Muy1 = 0.08fck D b2 = 172.8 k Nm
41
Chapter 10
DESIGN OF STAIR-CASE
10.1 GENERAL
Stairs consist of steps arranged in a series for purpose of giving access to different
floors of a building. Since a stair is often the only means of communication between
the various floors of a building, the location of the stair requires good and careful
consideration. In a residential house, the staircase may be provided near the main
entrance. In a public building, the stairs must be from the main entrance itself and
located centrally, to provide quick accessibility to the principal apartments. All
staircases should be adequately lighted and properly ventilated.
These stairs are supported at each side by walls. Stringer beams or at one side by wall
or at the other side by a beam.
Loads
Dead load of a step = ½ x T x R x 25
Dead load of waist slab = b x t x 25
42
10.2 DESIGN OF STAIR-CASE
Calculation of Load
1) Flight
Consider 1m length of step
Rise = 15cm
Tread = 30cm
Unit weight of concrete = 25kN/m3
1
Weight of step/m length = × (0.15×0.3×25)
2
= 0.5625 kN/m
= 0.45 kN/m
Total load = 2.2685 kN/m for 1 step
1
Dead load in 1m = 2.2685×
3
= 7.56kNm²
2) Landing
Dead load = 1×1×0.15×25
= 3.75 kN/m²
Floor finish = 1 kN/m²
43
Total dead load = 4.75kN/m²
Total dead load/ 1.25m width of stair =1.25×4.75 =5.94 kN/m
Factored load = 8.91 kN/m
Factored Live load = 1.5×1.25×4 = 7.5kN/m
Rᴃ = 60.92 kN
Rᴀ = 65.83kN
BM is maximum where SF = 0
65.83-12.3075-26×(x-0.75) =0
65.83-12.3075-26x+19.5 =0
X = 2.81 m from A
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑄𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑 2
99.85 × 10⁶
𝑑=√ = 126.8𝑚𝑚 > 𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
0.138 × 30 × 1500
Hence ok
Area of steel
44
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [𝑑 − 0.42 ]
0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏
0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
99.85 × 10⁶ = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [155 − 0.42 ]
0.36 × 30 × 1500
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2237.89𝑚𝑚²
64𝜋
Spacing of 16 mm dia = 2237.89 × 1500
= 232 mm or 5d or 400
𝑉𝑢 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 6092𝑘𝑁
𝑉𝑢 60.92 × 10ᵌ
𝜏𝑣 = = = 0.262 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚²
𝑏𝑑 1500 × 155
For 𝜏𝑐 from IS 456
100𝐴𝑠
𝑏𝑑
𝜏𝑐 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.28 > 𝜏𝑣
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑘
Design of landing
Effective span = 3.2+0.2 =3.4m
16.41
Total load at landing = 65.83 ×2 (3.2×0.75+0.75×0.2) × 1.5
=159.557kN
45
𝑤𝑙
Mu at mid span of loading = 8
159.557×3.3
= 8
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1338.4𝑚𝑚²
36𝜋
Spacing of 12 mm dia = 1338.4 × 1500
= 126.7 or 3d or 300 mm
Provide 12 mm dia @ 120 mm c/c
46
Chapter 11
SITE VISITS
As a part of industrial training, the construction sites of the following sites are visited.
White School
Hilite Mall Phase -2
Nexzone- Residential Apartment
WHITE SCHOOL
47
Fig no 11.2 Hi lite mall phase 2 construction site piling process
48
Chapter 12
CONCLUSION
The industrial training, taken through a period of one month allowed me to gain ample
exposure to various field practices in the analysis and design of multi storied buildings and
also in various construction techniques used in the industry. The analysis was done using the
software package STAAD Pro and the drawing details in AutoCAD 2014.In the training
both software and manual calculations are used, that gave an overall idea of handling
building design. Though the use of the software offers saving in time, the calculations are
not appropriate. It takes value on safer side than manual work. Hence manual design was
adopted. The analysis and design was done according to standard specifications to the
possible extend.The various difficulties encountered in the design process and the various
constraints faced by the structural engineer in designing up to the architectural drawing was
also well understood. This training helped to understand and analyse the structural problem
faced by the construction industry. The training also gave the awareness of the construction
sequence of a building project. Site visits also gave me an exposure to the industry.
49
REFERENCE
2. Asohk K. Jain, Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, Nem Chand & Bros, Civil
Lines, 7 th Edition (2012)
3. B.C Punmia,A.k.Jain, R.C.C Designs, Lakshmi Publications (P)limited (2016)
4. IS 456-2000(PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE-CODE OF PRACTICE),
Fourth edition
5. IS 875-Part I-1987(Dead Load), Second revision
6. IS 875-Part II-1987,(Live Load)Second revision
7. IS-875-Part III-1987(Wind Loads),Second revision
8. Kerala Building Rules-2004
9. Manicka Selvam .V.K , Bindu .K.R.,(2012) ,Distribution Of Shear To The Columns
Of Short Multistory Building Frames Subjected To Lateral Loads , International Journal
Of Civil And Structural Engineering.
10. Pillai.B., Guha.P.,(2015),Comparison Between Rcc And Steel With Wind And
Earthquake Effect Using Staad Pro ,International Journal Of Applied Research.
11. Ramamrutham,Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Dhanpath Rai Publishing
company (2003)
12. Ramya .D.,Saikumar. A.V.S .,(2015) , Comparative Study On Design And Analysis
Of Multistoreyed Building (G+10) By Staad Pro And ETABS Software’s , International
Journal Of Engineering Science & Research Technology.
50