of cogeneration system
p = 12 [bar]
• •
E PH
10 = m10 [(i10 − i0 ) − T0 (s10 − s0 )]
1
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
Point No 10:
check of dimensions:
___
• • p kg kJ
⋅ K = = [MW ]
R kJ kmol
E PH
= m10 ⋅ ⋅ T0 ⋅ ln 10
p0 s K ⋅ kmol kg
10
M s
physical exergy of methane for state 10:
___
• •
⋅ ln⋅ T0 ⋅ 10 = (1.6419) ⋅ ⋅ (298.15) ⋅ ln
R p 8.314 12
E PH
10 = m10 ⋅ =
M p0 16.034 1.013
= 627[kW ] = 0.627[MW ]
2
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
T9 = 485.57 [K]
p9 = 20 [bar]
3
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
Assumptions:
- combustion is complete
- N2 is inert
- ideal – gas mixture principles apply for the air and combustion
products
- kinetic and potential energies of both products and reactants are
neglected
- heat transfer from combustion chamber is 2 % of LHV of fuel
molar flow rates of fuel and combustion products are related by:
• •
___ ___
nF nP
•
=λ •
= 1+ λ (S.1)
na na
where:
•
nF - molar flow rate of fuel
•
na - molar flow rate of air
•
nP - molar flow rate of combustion products
___
λ - fuel – air ratio
4
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
(S.2)
+ [0.7748 ⋅ N 2 + 0.2059 ⋅ O2 + 0.0003 ⋅ CO2 + 0.019 H 2O ] =
___
= [1 + λ ] ⋅ [ xN 2 ⋅ N 2 + xO2 ⋅ O2 + xCO2 ⋅ CO2 + xH 2 O ⋅ H 2O]
•
• nP ___ • ___
na = 1 = 1+ λ nP = 1 + λ
1
___
0.7748 ⋅ ( N 2 ) = 1 + λ ⋅ x N 2 ⋅ ( N 2 )
0.7748
xN 2 = ___ (S.3.a)
1+ λ
5
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
___
__ __
__ __
λ ⋅ CH 4 → λ ⋅ C + λ ⋅ O2 + λ ⋅ H 4 + λ ⋅ O2
___ ___
___
− λ ⋅ O2 − λ ⋅ O2 + 0.2059 ⋅ O2 = 1 + λ ⋅ xO2 ⋅ O2
___
0.2059 − 2 ⋅ λ (S.3.b)
xO2 = ___
1+ λ
___
___
λ ⋅ CO2 + 0.0003 ⋅ CO2 = 1 + λ ⋅ xCO2 ⋅ CO2
___
0.0003 + λ
xCO2 = ___
(S.3.c)
1+ λ
6
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
___
___
2 ⋅ λ ⋅ H 2O + 0.019 ⋅ H 2O = 1 + λ ⋅ xHO ⋅ H 2O
___
0.019 + 2 ⋅ λ (S.3.d)
xH 2O = ___
1+ λ
energy balance (see Eq. 6.5 from p.4 of the lecture):
• • 1 •
0 = QCV − WCV + ∑ mi (ii + Vi 2 + g ⋅ zi ) +
i 2
• 1 (6.5)
− ∑ me (ie + Ve2 + g ⋅ z )
e 2
neglecting kinetic and potential energies (see assumptions):
• • • • • • • •
0 = QCV − WCV + nF ⋅ iF + na ⋅ ia − nP ⋅ iP (S.4)
7
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
introducing Eqs. (S.5.a) and (S.5.b) into Eq. (S.4) and making use of
Eq. (S.1):
•
___ _______
• ___ ___ • ___ • ___ ___
0 = na ⋅ − 0.02 ⋅ λ ⋅ LHV + na ⋅ λ iF + na ⋅ ia − na ⋅ 1 + λ ⋅ iP
and after some algebra:
___ _______
___ ___
___ ___ ___
0 = −0.02 ⋅ λ ⋅ LHV + λ iF + ia − 1 + λ ⋅ iP (S.6)
from Table C.1 (since we assume perfect gas and data are given per
kmole, then the data are taken for p= 1 [bar] instead for p=12[bar]):
___
iF = - 74 872 [kJ/kmol] (S.7.a)
8
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
introducing Eqs. S.7.a – S.7.d into Eq. S.6 and solving for fuel–air
ratio:
___ ___ ___ ___
___ 0.7748 ⋅ ∆ iN 2 + 0.2059 ⋅ ∆ iO2 + 0.0003 ⋅ ∆iCO2 + 0.019 ⋅ ∆ iH 2 O
λ = ___
________ ___ ___ ___
iF − 0.02 ⋅ LHV − − 2 ⋅ iO2 + iCO2 + 2 ⋅ iH 2 O ⋅ T4
(S.8)
Table S.1
component i850K i1520K ∆i
[kJ/kmol] [kJ/kmol] [kJ/kmol]
N2 17 072 39 349 22 277
O2 17 540 41 138 23 598
CO2 - 367 121 - 330 159 36 962
H2O - 221 321 - 192 283 - 29 038
inserting data from Table S.1 into Eq. S.8 one obtains the fuel – air
ratio:
___
λ = 0.0321 (S.9)
that allows to solve Eqs. S.3.a – S.3.d and gives chemical composition
of flue gases at the outlet from combustion chamber, i.e.
x N 2 = 0.7507
x CO2 = 0.0314
(S.10)
x O2 = 0.1373
x H 2 O = 0.0806
9
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
nυ
pυ H2O = ⋅ pa (S.11)
0.7507 N 2 + 0.1373O2 + 0.0314CO2 + nυ
1 − 0.0806 = 0.9194
inserting numerical values:
nυ
0.0317 = ⋅1.013
0.9194 + nυ
solving for nυ gives:
nυ = 0.0297[kmol ]
10
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
x H 2O ( l ) = 0.051
∑ = 1.000
finally:
x N' 2 = 0.791 xO' 2 = 0.1446 '
xCO2
= 0.0331
(S.12)
xH' 2 O ( g ) = 0.0313 x H 2O ( l ) = 0.051
__ CH __ CH __
e = ∑ xk e k + R T0 ∑ xk ln xk (7.4)
__ CH __ CH __
e = ∑ xk e k + R T0 ∑ xk' ln xk'
' (S.13)
g
11
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
__ CH __ CH __
e = ∑ xk e k + R T0 ∑ xk' ln xk' =
'
g
= 0.791 ⋅ 639 + 0.791 ⋅ ln(0.791) + gas
+ 0.1446 ⋅ 3951 + 0.1446 ⋅ ln(0.1446) + phase
=
+ 0.0331 ⋅14176 + 0.0331 ⋅ ln(0.0331) + 0.949
+ 0.0313 ⋅ 8636 + 0.0313 ⋅ ln(0.0313) =
kJ
= 115
kmol
• CH
kJ
e 4 = 0.949 ⋅115 + 0.051 ⋅ 45 = 111.43 (S.14.a)
kmol
12
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
___ kJ
i4 = 9304.5 (S.16.a)
M kmol
Notice: subscript M for mixture
___
i0 = 0.7507 ⋅ (0) + 0.1372 ⋅ (0) + 0.0314 ⋅ (−393521) +
M
+ 0.02971 ⋅ (−241856) + 0.051 ⋅ (−285829) =
kJ
= −34117
kmol
(S.16.b)
___
s0 = 0.7507 ⋅ (193.452) + 0.1372 ⋅ (221.115)
M
+ 0.0314 ⋅ (242.022) + 0.02971⋅ (217.53)
kJ
+ 0.051 ⋅ (69.948) = 193.17 (S.16.c)
kmol
13
Calculation of exergy values in sample points
of cogeneration system
xN' 2 ⋅ p0
( )
___ ___ ___
s N 2 T0 ; x N' 2 ; p0 = s 0
N2 (T0 ) − R ⋅ ln =
pref
0.791 ⋅1.013 kJ
= 191.61 − 8.314 ⋅ ln = 193.452
1 kmol
introducing Eqs. S.16.a – S.16.c into Eq. S.15 we obtain the physical
exergy of combustion products at Point N04:
___ ___ ___ ___
• •
i4 − i0 − T0 ⋅ s4 − s0
E4PH = m4 ⋅ =
M
[9304.5 − (−34117)] − 298.15 ⋅ [235.7 − 193.17]
= 92.92 ⋅ =
28.254
= 101.1[MW ] (S.17)
summation of Eqs. S.14.b and S.17 gives the total exergy rate of
combustion products at Point N04:
• • •
E4 = E CH
4 +E PH
4 = 0.3665 + 101.1 = 101.4665[MW ]
14