Chem 126 Lab

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

Apparatus
Check each piece of apparatus, which you find in your locker from the duplicate list
furnished to you by your instructor. Sign your name and submit to your instructor.
The instructor signs the checklists and gives one copy to you for your safekeeping.
Provide your locker with reliable padlock. You are responsible for all the
apparatus issued to you. Towards the end of the semester you have to
replace or give a deposit for any piece which you have lost or broken. If you
have partners, each of you will share equally any loss or breakage of
apparatus kept in your lockers and those borrowed from the stockroom.
General apparatus, e.g., Bunsen burner, thermometer, iron stand, clamps,
etc. and special apparatus may be borrowed from the laboratory attendant.
Borrowing of apparatus from the stockroom should be done during the first
30 minutes of the laboratory period.

Materials and Other Requirements

You have to provide yourself with the following materials and supplies
besides the apparatus in the laboratory locker and the stockroom:

Group Individual
Padlock with keys Tissue paper Pot holder Lab notebook
Masking/paper Rags Medicine dropper (3-5 pcs) Lab manual
tape
Aspirator Marking pens Rubber tubing (2 ft) Lab gown
Wire gauze Filter paper Marking pen Hand towel
Wash bottle Tray Pair of scissors Mask
Liquid detergent Match Goggles
Stirring rod Test tube holder
Assessment:
Evaluation of the students’ progress will be based on performance laboratory experiments;
written reports of laboratory work and exams. The distribution is as follows:

Exams (written and oral presentation) 50%

Performance/ Attendance 10%
Laboratory Note book 10%
Written Laboratory report 30%

Laboratory Course Policies:

1. Arrive on time. The overview and description of the lab exercise, and the questions
you need to answer in your written reports are usually given at the start of each
session. These could be valuable to the success of you laboratory course.
2. Note all laboratory safety policies at all times. You are required to wear lab
coats and safety glasses while in the lab. You must wear your protective
gear at all times that any lab work is underway. Failure to observe safety
precautions may result in your being dismissed from the laboratory class.
3. Request all chemicals and materials that you may need from the stock room at
least one meeting ahead of the scheduled experiment. At this stage in your
studies, you are expected to be able to work independently and responsibly.
4. Written reports of laboratory work are due at the start of the following lab
session. Reports that are late will be penalized for each day of late submission.
5. Laboratory techniques, including your preparedness and participation in
each laboratory activity, good note-keeping and ability to work well with your
partner will be graded accordingly.
6. Read and plan you work before every laboratory class. During the conduct of
the experiment, record all your raw data in the same notebook.
7. Written Reports should be written on a short-sized bond paper and will have
the following components: Abstract, Name of Laboratory partner/s,
Introduction, Discussion of Results ( including answers to Question/s)
Conclusion/s. Sample calculation should be placed in the appendix.

Safety Reminders
1. All students are required to wear a lab gown during each experiment. This will
be strictly enforced to avoid accidents caused by chemical spills and the like.
2. Safety glasses, goggles or eye shields must be worn during the experiment.
Contact lenses should not be worn.
3. Shorts, skirts, sandals, slippers are not allowed in the laboratory. Secure long hair.
4. Never taste, smell, or touch a chemical solution unless specifically directed
to do so. Individual allergic or sensitivity responses to chemicals cannot be
anticipated. If any chemical comes in contact with any other parts of your
body or clothes, wash thoroughly with plenty of water.
5. Procedures involving the liberation of volatile or toxic flammable materials
shall be performed in a fume hood (e.g., H2S, HCN).
6. Never heat a flask or apparatus that is not opened to the atmosphere.
7. Always pour waste acid, used KMnO4, organic solvents and solutions of
heavy metals into their respective disposal jars, never into the sink.
 8. Replace the cover of every container immediately after removal of reagent.
Deposit insoluble refuse such as pieces of paper, wood, glass cork in the
waste basket, never into the sink or on the floor
9. All accidents, injuries, breakages and spillages, no matter how minor, must
be reported immediately to the instructor.
10.Eating, drinking, smoking and playing inside the laboratory are strictly
prohibited. Your hands may be contaminated with “unsafe” chemicals.
11. Unauthorized experiments, including variations of those in the laboratory
manual, are strictly prohibited. If your chemical intuition suggests further
experimentation, consult with your instructor first.
12.Unauthorized person(s) shall not be allowed in the laboratory.
13.Maintain a wholesome, businesslike attitude. Horseplay and other careless
acts are prohibited.
14.The tabletop must be cleared of unnecessary materials. Put all bags and
books in designated areas.
15.Solids, water and other liquids spilled on your tabletop must be cleaned up
as soon as possible
16.No electronic equipment (laptops, ipod, mp3s, cellphone, etc.) will be
switched on while working in the lab.
17. It is imperative that you keep the balance and the immediate area around the balance clean!
Clean-up all chemical spills and excess chemical after each use of the balance. Do not leave
old crumpled papers on the balance table. When the balances are not in use, the balance
should be always turned-off and in the case of the substitution balances the beam arrested,
all weights on zero and the doors closed.

1 . Properties of Ion- Exchange Resins

1.a Cation exchange resin

Objective: To determine the exchange or acid capacity of cation-exchange resin.

Chemical/Reagents:

0.3 M NaCl
0.1 M Fe(NO3)3.6H2O
1.0 M HCl
Cation exchange resin (Dowex 50)
Phenolphthalein solution
Standard 0.1 N NaOH

Procedure:

Preparation of Resin and Column:

Mix 10.0 g of cation exchange in 50.0 mL of deionized water and allow it to

stand for 15 minutes. Place a wad of glass wool or absorbent cotton at the bottom of a 25-
mL burette and pour it into the column. If the resin cannot be poured all at once,
allow some to settle, remove the supernatant liquid with a pipette and pour in the
rest of the resin. If the column is stored between laboratory periods, it should be
upright, capped, and contain water above the level of the resin. (Do not allow the
level of water to fall below the top of the resin at any time.)

Analysis:
(1) +
Generate the H saturated resin by passing about 100 mL of 1 M HCl

through the column at rate of 15 mL per minute. Apply the liquid solution to the
glass wall so as not to disturb the resin. Wash the column free of acid with about
150 mL of water. Use the first few millimeters to wash the glass walls and allow the
water to soak into the resin before continuing the washing.
Pour in 10.0 mL of 0.3 M NaCl and after the solution has soaked in, wash it through with 100 mL
of water at a rate of 3 mL per minute, collecting all eluate. Add 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator to
the eluate and titrate with standard 0.1 N NaOH. Calculate the theoretical volume of NaOH needed for
the tiration and compare this with your own result. Calculate also milliequivalents of exchangeable
anion per gram of dry resin. Write the exchange equilibrium established between the solid phase and
the solution.
(2) Repeat the second paragraph of (1) using 10.0 mL of 0.1 M Fe(NO 3)3
instead of 0.3 M NaCl.
(3) Pass 10.0 mL of 0.10 M NaOH through the column as in (1) and
analyze the eluate. Explain what you observe.

1.b Ion Exchange Separation and Titrimetric Determination of Nickel (II) and Zinc (II)

Objective: To illustrate the separation of cations by ion-exchange method using

Strong-base exchanger.

Chemicals/Reagents:
2 M HCl
Strong-base anion exchange resin such as amberlite CG 400 or its equivalent
6 M NH3
Conc. HCl
Standard 0.01 M EDTA solution

PH-10 buffer (Dilute 57 mL of concentrated NH3 and 7.0g NH4Cl in sufficient

distilled water to give 100 mL of solution)

Eriochrome Black T Indicator

Bromopyrogallal Indicator (Dissolved 0.5 g of the solid indicator in 100ml of 50% (v/v)
ethanol.)
Murexide Indicator. (The solid is approximately 0.2% indicator by weight in NaCl)

Procedure:
1. Preparation of Ion-Exchange Column.
Insert a wad of glass wool or absorbent cotton at the bottom of a 25-ml burette to retain
the resin particles. Then introduce sufficient strong-base anion-exchange resin to give
a 10 to 15 cm column. Wash the column with about 6 M of NH3, followed by 100 ml of
water and 100 ml of 2 M HCl. At the end of this cycle, the flow should be stopped so
that the liquid level remains about 1 cm above the resin column. At no time should the
liquid level be allowed to drop below the top of the resin.
2. Separation of Nickel (II) and Zinc (II)
2+ 2+
Obtain the unknown, which should contain between 2 and 4 mmol of Ni and Zn , in
a clean 100-ml volumetric flask. Add 16 ml of 12 M HCl, dilute to the mark with distilled
water, and mix well. The resulting solution is approximately 2 M in acid. Transfer 10.00
ml of the diluted unknown onto the column. Place 250-mL conical flask beneath the
column, and slowly drain until the liquid level is nearly above the resin. Rinse the
interior of the column with several 2 to 3-mL portions of the 2 M HCl; lower the liquid
level to just above the resin surface after each washing. Elute the nickel with about 50-
mL of 2 M HCl at a flow rate of 2 to 3 mL per minute. After elution is complete
evaporate the collected liquid just to dryness on a hotplate or steam bath.
Elute the Zn (II) by passing about 100 mL of water through the column, using the
same flow rate; collect the liquid in a 500-mL conical flask.
3. The Titration of Nickel and Zinc with EDTA
(a) Titration of nickel. Evaporate the solution containing the nickel to dryness to
eliminate excess HCl. Avoid overheating; the residual NiCl2 must not be permitted to
decompose to NiO. Dissolve the residue in 100 mL of distilled water, and add 10 to 20 mL
of pH-10 buffer. Add 15 drops of bromopyrogallol indicator or 0.2 g of murexide. Titrate to
the color change (blue to purple for bromopyrogallol, yellow to purple for murexide).
Calculate the weight in milligrams of nickel in the unknown.
(b) Titration of zinc. Add 10 to 20 mL of pH-10 buffer and 1 to 2 drops of
Eriochrome Black T to the eluate. Titrate with standard EDTA solution to a color
change from red to blue.
Calculate the weight in milligrams of zinc in the unknown.
 2+
2. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF Fe IONS USING 1, 10-
PHENANTHROLINE (External calibration method)

Objectives:

• explain the principle underlying spectrophotometric determination of an

element like iron at low concentrations
• make absorbance measurements on a spectrophotometer and draw the
UV-VIS spectrum of a substance
• determine the wavelength of maximum absorption and compute the
corresponding molar absorption coefficient
• create an external calibration curve using standard solutions of the analyte
• determine the following calibration curve parameters: Pearson’s
correlation coefficient, r; Slope, m; y-intercept, b
• determine the concentration of iron in an unknown sample using the calibration plot

Materials:

Apparatus Chemicals
Spectrophotometer/ Filter photometer Ferrous ammonium sulphate hexahdrate
Matched cuvette 1, 10-Phenanthroline
Volumetric flasks (1 L) Hydroxylamine hydrochloride
Volumetric flasks (50 mL) Hydrochloric acid
Graduated pipette, 10 mL Sulfuric acid
Pipettes (5, 10 mL) Acetic acid
Sodium acetate

Preparation of solutions:

1. Standard ferrous solution (10 ppm, 10 mg/ L)

• Weigh 0.0702 g of analytical grade ferrous ammonium sulphate
hexahydrate, [Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2.6H2O].
• Quantitatively transfer the weighed sample to a volumetric flask of 1 L
capacity and add sufficient distilled water to dissolve it.
• Add 2.5 mL of concentrated sulphuric acid and make up the solution to the mark.

2. 1, 10-phenanthroline- prepared by dissolving 100 mg of the reagent in 100 mL

of distilled water.
3. Hydroxylamine hydrochloride- prepared by dissolving 10 g of
hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 100 mL of distilled water.
4. Sodium acetate (0.1M)- prepared by dissolving 10 g of sodium acetate in 100 mL of water.
5. Acetic acid (0.1M); prepared by diluting about 6 mL of glacial acetic acid to 100mL.
6. Acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer (pH = 4.5)- prepared by mixing 65 mL of 0.1
M acetic acid and 35 mL of 0.1 M sodium acetate in a 100 mL flask. Prepare the
buffer whenever required

Procedure:
Sample preparation

Obtain a vitamin supplement containing 325 mg Ferrous Sulfate [actually

Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2] and place it in a 100 mL beaker. Add about 25 mL of concentrated 6
M HCl. Warm gently in the fume hood for 15 minutes in order to dissolve the tablet.
Slowly add about 20 mL of water from a wash bottle. Using a funnel and a piece of
filter paper, transfer the dissolved tablet to a 100 mL volumetric flask. Wash the filter
paper repeatedly with water to ensure all of the iron was transferred to the flask. Dilute
the solution to the mark. Pipette out 5 mL from the above solution and dilute to 250 mL
using a volumetric flask. The resulting solution is used for analyses below.

Calibration and sample determination

1. Pipette out 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mL of the standard ferrous ion solution into a series of
100mL standard flasks labeled from 1 to 7.
2. In another flask, labeled ‘Sample’, take 10 mL of the unknown sample. (Make
2+
sure the approximate Fe concentration is within the calibration curve)
3. To another 100 mL standard flask, labeled ‘Blank’, add about 20 mL of distilled
water to prepare the blank solution.
4. To each of the above flasks (standards, sample and blank) add 1 mL of
hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 5 mL of 1, 10-phenanthroline.
5. Buffer each solution by adding 8 mL of acetic acid / sodium acetate buffer.
6. Allow at least 15 minutes after the addition of the reagents for full color
development (The color once developed is stable for hours).
7. Dilute each solution exactly to 100 mL mark with distilled water and mix well.
8. The standard solutions so obtained correspond to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5
and 2.0 ppm respectively.
9. Record the absorption spectrum for the 2.0 ppm standard solution against the
reagent blank in the range of 400 – 700 nm.
10. Select the wavelength which gives maximum absorbance ( maxλ ).
11. Calculate the molar absorption coefficient ( ε ) of the complex from the
molar concentration and path length of the cuvette. Use the relation A = εbc.
12. Measure the absorbance for all the standard solutions at the wavelength of
maximum absorption and record the readings. Determine the calibration curve.
13. Measure and record the absorbance for the ‘Sample.’ Determine the
concentration of the sample solution. Calculate the standard deviation for results
obtained from the calibration curve (a)using your sample and (b) the mean of all
measurement done by the whole class.
14. Calculate the mg Iron present in the tablet by accounting for the dilution factor.
3. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF Fe2+ IONS USING 1, 10-
PHENANTHROLINE (Standard addition method)
Objectives:

• explain the principle underlying spectrophotometric determination of an

element like iron at low concentrations
• make absorbance measurements on a spectrophotometer and draw the
UV-VIS spectrum of a substance
• create an standard addition calibration curve
• determine the following calibration curve parameters: Pearson’s
correlation coefficient, r; Slope, m; y-intercept, b; x-intercept
• determine the concentration of iron in an unknown sample using the
standard addition calibration plot

Materials : Same as in experiment 1

Preparation of solutions: Same as in experiment 1

Procedure:

Sample preparation: Same as in experiment 1

Calibration and sample determination

1. Pipette out 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mL of the standard ferrous ion solution

into a series of 100 mL standard flasks labeled from 0 to 7. To each of the flask
add 10 mL of the unknown sample.
2. To another 100 mL standard flask, labeled ‘Blank’, add about 20 mL of distilled
water to prepare the blank solution.
3.To each of the above flasks (standards, sample and blank) add 1 mL of
hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 5 mL of 1, 10-phenanthroline.
4. Buffer each solution by adding 8 mL of acetic acid / sodium acetate buffer.
5. Allow at least 15 minutes after the addition of the reagents for full color
development (The color once developed is stable for hours).
6. Dilute each solution exactly to 100 mL mark with distilled water and mix well.
7. The standard solutions so added correspond to 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5
and 2.0 ppm respectively.
8. Measure the absorbance for all the standard solutions at the wavelength of
maximum absorption and record the readings.
9. Graph concentration of added standard versus absorbance and
determine the x-intercept.
10. Calculate the mg Iron present in the tablet by accounting for the dilution factor.
11. Compare results obtained from external calibration method in experiment 1.
4. Analysis of a Permanganate-Dichromate Mixture

Objective: To illustrate the measurement of the amount of the constituents present

in a two-component mixture using spectrophotometry in the visible region.

Chemical /Reagents:
KMnO4 0.25 H2SO4

K2Cr2O7
Procedure:

(a) Permanganate Standards

Prepare and standardize a 0.01 M solution of KMnO 4. Then using a measuring pipette,
place 0.5-, 1.00-, 3.00-, and 4.00-mL portions into five 100-mL volumetric flasks numbered
1to 5. Dilute the solution in each flask to the mark with 0.25 M H2SO4.

(b) Dichromate Standards

Prepare 100 mL of about 0.02 M K2Cr2O7 by weighing 0.55 to 0.60 g of the

reagent-grade substance on the analytical balance, dissolving in water and diluting
to 100 mL in a volumetric flask. Then, using a measuring pipette, place 2.00-,
4.00-, 8.00- and 10.00-mL portions into five 100-mL volumetric flasks numbered
from 1 to 5. Dilute the solution in each flask to the mark with 0.25 M H2SO4.

(c) Determination of Absorption Maxima

Using one of the permanganate solutions of intermediate concentration, measure the

absorbance over the wavelength interval 350 to 650 nm using 0.25 M H2SO4 solution as
the reference. Read the absorbance at 20-nm intervals except in the vicinity of the maxima
and minima in the spectrum, where the readings should be taken every 5 nm. Plot
absorbance vs. wavelength. Repeat the procedure for one of the dichromate solutions.
Select two wavelengths of the determination. Then measure the absorbances
of the standard solutions at each wavelength. Plot absorbance vs.
concentration for each ion at the two wavelengths and calculate the molar
absorptivity for each substance at each wavelength.

(d) Calibration Curve Preparation

Using the wavelengths that give the maximum absorption as obtained from (c),
measure the absorbances of the standard solutions at each wavelength. Plot
absorbance vs. concentration for each ion at the two wavelengths and calculate
the molar absorptivity for each substance at each wavelength. If the pathlength id
not known, simply calculate b for each wavelength.
(e) Analysis of the Mixture
Mix a known amount of KMnO 4 and K2Cr2O7 in a 100 ml volumetric flask.
Measure the absorbance at the chosen wavelengths. Calculate the concentration
2-
of MnO4- and the Cr2O7 in this solution. Using t-test, determine if the measured
concentration does not differ from the known value.
5. Analysis of Ethanol in

Rum Objective:

• perform quantitative measurements of these samples using the

attenuated total reflectance (ATR) cell on the FTIR
• create an external calibration curve using standard solutions of the analyte
vs peak height or peak area

Materials:

Apparatus Chemicals
FTIR with ATR accessory Unknown solution: Vodka sample
Volumetric flasks (10 mL) (~40% ethanol by volume)
Pipettes (1, 2, 5 mL) Pure ethanol (100%, 200-proof)

Procedure:

1. Pipette out 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 mL of pure ethanol into a series of 10 mL

standard flasks labelled from 1 to 7.
2. Dilute each solution exactly to 10 mL mark with distilled water and mix well.
3. Place the ethanol standard solution on the ATR plate and scan at the 4000 to
400 cm-1 region using absorbance mode.
4. Determine peak height (intensity) and peak area for the signal at ~1044 cm-1
for each spectrum.
5. Determine the calibration curve by graphing concentration vs peak height or peak area.
6. Note the description of the rum sample you analyzed (name, reported alcohol
content, etc.).
7. Place the sample on the ATR plate and scan at the 4000 to 400 cm-1
region using absorbance mode.
7. Determine the concentration of the sample solution using peak height and peak
area. Calculate the standard deviation for results obtained from the calibration curve
(a)using your sample and (b) the mean of all measurement done by the whole class.
6. Chemical Interferences in Atomic Absorption Spectrophometric

measurements Objective:

1. To illustrate the problems seen with chemical interferences and means of

reducing the effects.
2. To illustrate the use of calibration curve in calculating the analyte
concentration in the sample

Materials:

Calcium standards:

0, 1, 2, 3, 5 mg/L calcium standards

0, 1, 2, 3, 5 mg/L calcium standards each with 2000mg/L Cesium Chloride

Samples:

3 mg/L Ca solution
3mg/L Ca solution with 10mg/L P
3mg/L Ca solution with 10 mg/L P, 2000 mg/L Cs
3mg/L Ca solution with 10mg/L P, 2000mg/L Cs,
2000mg/L LaCl3 3 mg/L Ca solution with 100 mg/L Al
3mg/L Ca solution with 100 mg Al/L, 2000mg/L EDTA

Procedure:

1. Determine the absorbance of the calcium standards and samples using the
following schemes.

Scheme 1: Analyze calcium standards using Air /Acetylene Flame.

Scheme 2: Analyzed calcium standards with CsCl using Air/ Acetylene Flame
Scheme 3: Analyze calcium standards using N 2O /Acetylene Flame
Scheme 4: Analyzed calcium standards with CsCl using N2O / Acetylene Flame

2. Create a calibration curved for each scheme.

3. Determine the absorbance of each sample using Air/ Acetylene and N 2O

/Acetylene Flame. Calculate the concentration of Ca in the samples using the
calibration curve from scheme 1 to 4.

Data and Results:

1. Absorbance reading of the standard

Air /Acetylene Flame N2O / Acetylene Flame

Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3 Scheme 4

Ca Standard
1 mg/L
2 mg/L
3 mg/L
5 mg/L

Ca standard+ Cs
1 mg/L
2 mg/L
3 mg/L
5 mg/L

3. Absorbance reading of the sample

Sample Air /Acetylene Flame N2O / Acetylene Flame

3 mg/L Ca
3 mg/L Ca + P
3 mg/L Ca + P + Cs
3 mg/L Ca + P + Cs + La
3 mg/L Ca + Al
3 mg/L Ca + Al + EDTA
4. Concentration of Ca in the sample

Air /Acetylene Flame N2O / Acetylene Flame

Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3 Scheme 4
3 mg/L Ca
3 mg/L Ca + P
3 mg/L Ca + P + Cs
3 mg/L Ca + P + Cs + La
3 mg/L Ca + Al
3 mg/L Ca + Al + EDTA

Discussion:

1. Discuss the difference in the calibration curvature?

2. What types of interferences are shown? How can these interferences be remedied?
3. Discuss the differences in the results when nitrous oxide/ acetylene are used
relevant to air/ acetylene?
7. Potentiometric Titration

Objectives:
1. To illustrate the types of titration curves obtained with a strong acid and
weak acid against a strong base.
2. To determine the equivalence point of an acid-base titration by graphical methods.
3. To determine the pKa of a weak acid
Chemical/Apparatus:
Approximately 0.1 M HCl
Approximately 0.1 M NaOH
Potassium acid phthalate (KHP)
Burette (50 mL)
Beakers (250 mL)
pH-meter
Magnetic stirrer
Procedure:

(a) Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration

Pipette a 25.00 mL of about 0.1 N HCl into 250-mL beaker and dilute the solution to
about 100 mL with distilled water. Place the beaker with solution and spin bar on
magnetic stir plate. Insert and adjust the electrodes into the solution, being sure that
they dip about ½ inch below the surface and the spin bar rotates uniformly without hitting
them. Set up a burette containing about 0.1 NaOH with the tip touching the side of the
beaker to avoid spattering. Measure and record the pH of the solution before the
addition of the titrant. Then add from the burette about 5 mL of the base solution and
again measure the pH. Record this value as well as the burette reading at this point.

Proceed in this manner to record the pH and burette readings after the addition of about 10, 15, and
20 mL of titrant. Then add the titrant in about 1-mL intervals until the equivalent point is almost
reached. Then add the titrant in 0.1-ml intervals until the equivalence point is passed. It will be
evident when this point is reached because of the large change in pH that occurs. Finally, record two
additional readings at about 5 and 10 mL of excess titrant.

Make the following plots of data:

(1) pH vs. mL of NaOH
(2) ΔpH/ ΔV vs. mL of NaOH
2 2
(3) pH/ ΔV vs. mL of NaOH
(4) Gran Plot
(b) Weak Acid-Strong Base Titration

Weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg, approximately 0.60 g of standard potassium acid phthalate.
Dissolve the sample in about 100-mL of distilled water and titrate with the sodium hydroxide
solution. Measure the pH at different increments of titrant as in part (a).

Plot the titration data in the same manner as above and compare the curves
obtained for the weak acid and with those obtained for the strong acid. Justify
the selection of the phenolphthalein as the indicator in titrimetric method of
analysis. Determine the pKa of KHP.
8. Ion-Selective Electrode Determination of Fluoride Ion