Usual load: 300 kN to 500 kN Steel-and-concrete piles consist of a lower portion of steel
and an upper portion of cast-in place concrete.
Advantages:
This type of pile is used when the length of the pile required
a. Initially economical for adequate bearing exceeds the capacity of simple cast-in-
b. Can be finished at any elevation place concrete piles.
Disadvantages:
a. Voids may be created if concrete is placed rapidly
b. Difficult to splice after concreting
c. In soft soils, the sides of the hole may cave in,
squeezing the concrete
CLASSIFICATION OF PILES BASED ON If, instead of bedrock, a fairly compact and hard stratum
THE NATURE OF THEIR PLACEMENT of soil is encountered at a reasonable depth, piles can be
extended a few meters into the hard stratum.
1. Displacement Piles
The ultimate pile load may be
Driven piles are displacement piles, because they move some
expressed as :
soil laterally; hence, there is a tendency for densification of
soil surrounding them. Q =Q +Q
Concrete piles and closed-ended pipe piles are high- where:
displacement piles. Qp = load carried at the pile
2. Non-displacement Piles point
Bored piles are non-displacement piles because their Qs = load carried by skin friction
placement causes very little change in the state of stress in developed at the side of
the soil. the pile (caused by
shearing resistance
between the soil and the
pile)
Q
Q =
FS
where:
Qall = allowable load-carrying capacity for each pile
FS = factor of safety (generally used ranges from 2.5 to 4, depending on the
uncertainties surrounding the calculation of ultimate load)
For piles in saturated clays under undrained conditions (ϕ = 0), the net ultimate
load can be given as:
Q ≈ A c N∗ = 9A c
where: cu = undrained cohesion of the soil below the tip of the pile
Table 16. Bearing Capacity Factors N*σ Based on the Theory of Expansion of Cavities
According to Vesic’s theory,
N∗ = f (I ) (Table 16)
Where: Irr = reduced rigidity index for the soil.
I
I =
1+I ∆
where:
Ir = rigidity index of the soil = =
O’ Neill and Reese (1999) suggested the following approximate relationships c. The method of Coyle and Castello
for Ir and the undrained cohesion, cu. 2. A 20-m-long concrete pile is shown in
- the preceding values can be approximated as: Figure. Estimate the ultimate point load
Table 18. Approximate
Qp by
Relationship for Ir and cu
I = 347 − 33 ≤ 300
a. Meyerhof’s method
b. Vesic’s method (Use m = 600)
c. The method of Coyle and Castello
a. Meyerhof’s method
b. Vesic’s method
EXAMPLE:
1. Following is the variation of N60
with depth in a granular soil
deposit. A concrete pile 9 m
long (460 mm x460 mm in cross
section) is driven into the sand
and fully embedded in the sand.
Estimate the value of Qp.
2. Consider a pile in a sandy soil
deposit 10 m long with a
diameter of 0.45 m. Following is
the variation of standard
penetration resistance values
(N60) with depth. Estimate the
value of Qp.