Application of CRGO & CRNGO

Grain oriented Electrical Steel CRGO is undoubtedly the most important soft magnetic
material in use today. Wheather in small transformer, distribution transformer or in large
transformer & generator, grain oriented electrical steel CRGO is a must for the production
of energy saving electrical machines.
Grain oriented Electrical Steels are iron-silicon alloys that provide low core loss and high
permeability needed for more efficient and economical electrical transformers. CRGO
Grain oriented grades of electrical steel are typically used for transformer cores and large
generators.
Non-oriented Electrical steel CRNGO fully processed steels are iron-silicon alloys with
varying silicon contents and have similar magnetic properties in all directions in plan of
the sheet. Non-oriented Electrical steel are principally used for motors, generators,
alternators, ballasts, small Transformers and a variety of other electromagnetic
applications.
The earliest soft magnetic material was iron, which contained many impurities.
Researchers found that the addition of silicon increased resistivity, decreased hysteresis
loss, increased permeability, and virtually eliminated aging.
Substantial quantities of Grain oriented Electrical steel CRGO are used, mainly in power
and distribution transformers. However, it has not supplanted non-oriented Electrical
steel, which is used extensively where a low-cost, low-loss material is needed,
particularly in rotating equipment. Mention should also be made of the relay steels, used
widely in relays, armatures, and solenoids. Relay steels contain 1.25 to 2.5% Si, and are
used in direct current applications because of better permeability, lower coercive force,
and freedom from aging.

Technical details of c.r.g.o.

C.R.G.O.or Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Steel is available in various grades (generally
called M3, M4, M5 & M6, Major international standards such as Japanese (JIS),
American (ASTM), German (DIN), Russian (GOST) and British Standards (BS-601) and
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) which distingush c.r.g.o. grades. Some of the CRGO &
CRNGO manufacturing companies of the world are Nippon Steel Corporation, Nlmk & Viz
Stal, A K Steel, Thyseen krupp, Posco, Stahl Product, Cogent, China Steel Corporation,
Steel Authority of India.
Conventional c.r.g.o. grades generally M3, M4, M5, and M6 are used regularly for
Lamination cores in Transformers. However recently due to environmental protection,
energy savings are becoming a must. Nippon Steel Corporation & Nlmk & A K Steel &
Thyseenkrupp and other c.r.g.o. producing mills has come out with low loss Hi-B
materials, which guarantee low Watt Losses at 1.7 Tesla flux density. Such materials are
called Hi-B materials.
Below given table indicates magnetic properties of Hi-B material.
Popular c.r.g.o. Hi-B grades are 23 MOH & 27 MOH ZDKH, ZDMH/HPDR, TCH.
Manufacturing mills of c.r.g.o. Steel guarantee the core loss figure at flue density of 1.5
Tesla in case of c.r.g.o. conventional grain oriented steel and at 1.7 Tesla in case of
c.r.g.o. Hi-B Steel and c.r.g.o. Hi-B-LS Steel.

Important Electrical Properties of CRGO & Hi - B

CRGO Grades
Core Loss details of popularly used CRGO steel Manufacturing mills of CRGO Steel
guarantee the core loss figure at flux density of 1.5 Tesla in case of CRGO conventional
grain oriented steel and at 1.7 Tesla in case of CRGO HI-B-Steel and CRGO HI-B-LS
Steel.

Thickness CRGO Grade Assumed Maximum Core Loss Minimum

Induction
MM
at 800 A /
KG/DM3 At 1.5T At 1.7T mT

0.23 23ZDKH90 7.65 0.9 1.88

0.23 23ZH90 0.9 1.88

-0.009
23ZH95 0.95 1.88

M-0H 1 1.88

M-1 7.65 0.71 1.06 1.8

M-2 0.75 1.12 1.8

M-3 0.79 1.04 1.8

0.27 27ZDKH95 7.65 0.95 1.88

-0.0106
27ZH95 0.95 1.88

27ZH100 1 1.8

M-0H 1.03 1.88

M-1H 7.65 1.09 1.88

 M-3 0.83 1.21 1.8

M-4 0.89 1.27 1.8

0.3 30ZH100 1 1.88

-0.0118
M-0H 1.05 1.88

M-1H 1.11 1.88

M-2H 7.65 1.17 1.88

M-3 0.85 1.23 1.8

M-4 0.9 1.32 1.8

M-5 0.97 1.39 1.8

M-1H 1.16 1.88

M-2H 1.16 1.88

M-3H 1.28 1.88

M-5 1.01 1.45 1.8

M-6 1.11 1.57 1.8

Manufacturing Process in brief –

1 - Raw Material Receipt from Import or from Crgo Suppliers / Traders or direct from the
manufacturing Company / Mills.
2 - Physical inspection of the Grades and Dimensions of the material.
3 - Sorting & Grading according to the requirements.
4 - Testing of Core Losses / Magnetic Properties before using the Material
5 - Cutting as per the drawing on Shearing Machines.
6 - V-Notching and Holing in Power Press.
7 - Continuous Monitoring and Supervision of the Quality, Grade Thickness and
Dimensions.
8 - Ensuring Burr Free Edges in Cutting & Holing & Notching.
9 - Carefully Bundling & Checking the Weights of the finished product. Packing the
material for transport to the customer’s factory.
10 - Dispatch with Challan copy & Invoice copy to the transporter.

Technical Details of CRGO

CRGO or Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Steel is available in various grades (generally
called M3, M4, M5 & M6). Follow link below "more grades of CRGO" for Major
international standards such as Japanese (JIS), American (ASTM), German (DIN) and
British Standards which specify CRGO grade.

Important physical properties of CRGO

The magnetization property is affected by impurities, grain orientation, grain size and surface smoothness. It includes magnetostriction, saturation
induction, magneto crystalline anisotropy and Curie temperature. Higher resistivity reduces the core loss and magnetostriction reduces by adding Silicon.

Density gm/c3 7.65

Silicon content % 3.10

Resistivity micro Ohm-centimeter 48.00

Ultimate Tensile Strength 0° to Rolling Direction Kg/mm2 32.60

Ultimate Tensile Strength 90° to Rolling Direction Kg/mm2 38.20

Stacking factor % M4 (.27 mm) 96.00

Stacking factor % M5 (.30 mm) 96.50

Stacking factor % M6 (.35 mm) 97.00

Melting Point 1500 C

Standard Tolerance - Cut to Size Lamination

Sr. No Characteristics Acceptance Limit / Criteria

1 Width (mm) 0 to 100 (± 0.15)

100 to 130 (± 0.20)

230 to 380 (± 0.25)

 380 to 580 (± 0.40)

580 to Above (± 0.50)

2 Thickness (mm) ± 0.03 mm

Edge Burrs (Micron)

Thickness (mm)

3 Up to 0.23 15

0.27 to 0.30 15

0.35 20

Up to 350 (+0.00 / -0.30)

350 to 1000 (+0.00 / -0.60)

4 Length (mm)
1000 to 2000 (+0.00 / -1.00)

2000 and Above (+0.00 / -2.00)

For the material with a width greater than 150 mm,

5 Edge Chamber
edge chamber shall not exceed 0.8 mm for a length 1.5 meter

For a material of width greater than

Wave Factor
6 150 mm the deviation from flatness expressed as a percentage
(i.e. Deviation from Flatness)
shall not exceed 1.5%

7 Angle ± 5 Minutesw

Stack Thickness of individual

8 +1 -0 mm
stack except centre step unclamped

Building factor
After several years of experience and determination for providing high quality products to our valued customers, we have been able to bring down the building factor in our production process.
Building factor (BF) is a very important factor used in determining the No Load Losses of a transformer. It is an empirically derived value based on previous experiences. It ranges from 1.08 to
1.35 for three phases, three limb cores. Generally, BF is dependent on various important factors like core geometry, quality of workmanship of core and grade of material being used.
Reducing the BF is a measure that we have incorporated over time by taking precautionary step like proper handling, maintaining appropriate parameters within the processes and controlling
burr and edge camber levels.

Dimension:
All Size Area In: MM

SR. SIZE A B C D E F G H I

NO. Hole Size

1 1 NO 28.6 22 4.76 4.76 9.53 4.76 4.76 28.6

2 17 NO 36.1 25.4 6.35 6.35 12.7 6.35 6.35 36.1

3 17 SPL 41.5 27.5 6.35 8 12.7 6.35 6.35 41.5

4 12 NO 48.1 31.75 8.02 8.02 16.04 8 8 48.1

5 23 NO 57.15 38.1 9.52 9.52 19.05

 6 30 NO 60 40 10 10 20

7 45 NO 67.5 44.45 11.25 11.25 22.5 3

8 15 NO 76.2 50.8 12.7 12.7 25.4 12.7 12.7 76.2

9 33 NO 94 56 14 14 28 14 14 84 6.75

10 3 NO 96.25 63.5 16.04 16.04 32.06 16.04 16.04 96.25 6.75

11 4 NO OR 16 114.3 76.2 19.05 19.05 38.1 19.05 19.05 114.3 6.75

12 6B 133.35 88.9 22.22 22.22 44.45 22.22 22.22 133.4 6.75

13 7 NO OR 43 152.4 101.6 25.4 25.4 51.8 25.4 25.4 152.4 6.75

14 7B 190.5 127 31.75 31.75 63.5 31.75 31.75 190.5 8

15 8 NO 184.15 146.05 25.4 41.5 50.8 25.4 25.4 184.2 8

16 8B 234.95 158.75 38.1 41.28 76.2 38.1 38.1 235 12

17 9 NO (9 X 12) 228.6 152.4 38.1 38.1 76.2 38.1 38.1 228.6 12.5

18 10 (101/2 X 14) 266.7 177.8 44.45 44.45 88.9 44.45 44.45 266.7 12.5

19 100 NO(12 X 16) 304.8 203.2 50.8 50.8 101.6 50.8 50.8 304.8 12.5

20 200 NO (15 X20) 381 254 63.5 63.5 127 63.5 63.5 381 12.5

Torodial core chart

Toroidal Cores and Toroidal Ring Cores offered by us have find usage in mains transformers and are wound from cold rolled grain oriented (CRGO) silicon steel strips to provide optimum
performance. These toroidal cores and ring cores are wound by automatic core winding machine and are annealed in high vacuum furnace under protection atmosphere or in continuous tunnel
furnace, which results in features like compact volume, light, low magnetic leakage and hum & high efficiency.
Specifications :
Sizes upto 1000 mm OD
In CRGO grades required by customer, duly wound and annealed in inert atmosphere
Guaranteed No load current (AT /Cm) as per B-H Curve of particular grade
In house testing facilities and 100% testing done on all Toroidal Cores at flux densities specified by customer

ATTRIBUTES ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

OVER mm UPTO mm TOLERANCE IN mm

40 mm 100 -0.0/+1 mm

OUTSIDE DIAMETER 100 mm 300 -0.0/+2 mm

Above 300 - -0.0/+3 mm

ID & OD tolerance can also be achieved as per customer requirements

INSIDE DIAMETER 0.0 mm / + 1 mm

UPTO 200 mm OD : -0.0/ + 1 mm

WIDTH / HEIGHT
OVER 200 mm OD : -0.0/ + 1.5 mm

SLIT BURR 20 Microns

WEIGHT - 0.0 / + 0.2% of Nominal Weight

Grade
M3 0.27 AT/CM at 1.5T/50Hz
MAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS M4 0.29 AT/CM at 1.5T/50Hz
M5 0.34 AT/CM at 1.5T/50Hz
M6 0.40 AT/CM at 1.5T/50Hz

Comparative Chart
Toroidal core & C.T manufacturers need to know the B-H values of CRGO Materials after annealing over a wide range of Flux densities ranging from 100 Gauss to 19000 Gauss. We give below
the actual values obtained on a core of size 150 mm OD x 100 mm ID x 25 mm HT with a stacking factor of 95% and a frequency of 50Hz.
Comparative 8-h Curves Tabulated Values For Different Grades Of CRGO Toroidal Core of Size 150mm Od X 100 mm Id X 25 mm Ht

TESLA M-4GRADE 23 MOH GRADE LASER SCRIBED SUITABLE 30 MOH SUITABLE

FOR METERING CORES FOR P. S. CLASS CORES

 AT/CM AT/CM AT/CM AT/CM

0.01 0.013 0.0035 0.003 0.0038

0.02 0.017 0.0058 0.0043 0.0061

0.03 0.021 0.0081 0.0058 0.0076

0.04 0.023 0.01 0.0071 0.0094

0.05 0.026 0.012 0.0086 0.01

0.06 0.03 0.015 0.01 0.012

0.07 0.032 0.017 0.011 0.014

0.08 0.035 0.018 0.0117 0.015

0.09 0.037 0.021 0.013 0.02

0.1 0.041 0.023 0.014 0.022

0.2 0.057 0.041 0.026 0.039

0.3 0.07 0.057 0.038 0.053

0.4 0.086 0.07 0.048 0.064

0.5 0.099 0.082 0.060 0.076

0.6 0.111 0.093 0.066 0.086

0.7 0.123 0.103 0.075 0.094

0.8 0.132 0.112 0.083 0.104

0.9 0.145 0.122 0.091 0.113

1 0.16 0.131 0.1 0.122

1.1 0.165 0.137 0.104 0.13

1.2 0.175 0.145 0.114 0.137

1.3 0.201 0.155 0.122 0.147

1.4 0.224 0.175 0.13 0.16

1.5 0.252 0.193 0.14 0.173

1.6 0.3 0.216 0.162 0.19

1.7 0.351 0.259 0.185 0.21

1.75 0.42 0.295 0.21 0.23

1.8 0.483 0.397 0.26 0.262

1.85 0.6 0.544 0.36 0.338

1.9 0.942 1.22 0.79 0.62

1.95 -- -- -- 1.35

Dimensions and Tolerances of CRGO

0.18 mm (0.0071 in. )

0.20 mm (0.0079 in.), 0.23 mm (0.0091 in. )

Thickness
0.27 mm (0.0106 in.), 0.30 mm (0.0118 in. )
CRGO
0.35 mm (0.0138 in.)
COILS
914 mm (36 in.), and 1000 mm (39 in. )
Width
(Standard width available with range)
from 50 mm(2 in.), to 1.050mm (41 in. )

Inside Coil Diameter 508 mm (20 in. )

Thickness 0.30 mm (0.0118 in.), 0.35 mm (0.0138 in. )

Sheets Width 914 mm (36 in.), and 1000 mm (39 in. )

Length Length will be available according to negotiation

CRGO Tolerances in Dimensions & Shape of CRGO
conform to JIS C 2553.

TOLERANCE

Width Camber in any 2

Thickness mm Deviation of thickness
mm Width metres Shear Burr
Thickness mm in transverse direction
mm (Slit Products) mm
mm
mm

0.18 +0.02
0.20 +0.02
150 0.23 +0.02
0.02 or under +0.20
or under 0.27 +0.03
0.30 +0.03
0.35 +0.03

0.18
+0.02 +0.02
0.20
+0.02
over 150 0.23 0.02
+0.03 +0.30
to 400 0.27 or under
+0.03
0.30
+0.03
0.35
0.04
1.0 or under
or under
0.18 +0.02
0.20 +0.02
over 400 0.23 +0.02 0.03
+0.50
to 750 0.27 +0.03 or under
0.30 +0.03
0.35 +0.03

0.18 +0.02
0.20 +0.02
0.23 +0.02 0.03 +0.6
over 750
0.27 +0.03 or under 0
0.30 +0.03
0.35 +0.03

Note : Stipulation of camber shall be applied only for the steel strips (width 75mm over).

Besides the Watt Losses at specific flux densities of 1.5 T and 1.7 T CRGO
manufacturers also give curves of indicating Watt Losses ad A.C. Magnetization at
various flux densities. These curves are of immense help to Transformer designers, and
available on request.
Conventional CRGO materials (M4, M5, M6) are used regularly for cores in Transformers.
However recently due to environmental protection, energy savings are becoming a very
important factor and minimizing care loss in Transformers is becoming a must. Nippon
Steel Corporation has come out with low loss Hi-B materials, which guarantee low Watt
Losses at 1.5 Tesla flux density. Such materials are called Hi-B materials. Table 3 gives
magnetic properties of Hi-B material. Popular Hi-B grades used in India are 23 MOH & 27
MOH Watt.

Hi - B CRGO MATERIALS :
Core Loss Lamination Factor
Thickness
Max. Typical Typical Typical
Grade
W W W W
mm mil W (W/Kg) B (T) %
(W/Kg) (W/Kg) (W/Kg) (W/Kg)

23ZDKH85 0.85 0.57 0.78 0.34 0.46 1.91

97.5
23ZDKH90 0.90 0.58 0.80 0.35 0.48 1.91

23ZDMH85 0.85 0.57 0.78 0.34 0.46 1.91

97.4
0.23 9 23ZDMH90 0.90 0.59 0.81 0.35 0.48 1.91

23ZH90 0.90 0.63 0.87 0.37 0.51 1.92

23ZH95 0.95 0.64 0.90 0.38 0.53 1.92 97.7

23M-OH 1.00 0.66 0.93 0.39 0.54 1.92

0.27 11 27ZDKH90 0.90 0.62 0.84 0.38 0.53 1.92

98.0
27ZDKH95 0.95 0.65 0.88 0.39 0.52 1.91

27ZDMH90 0.90 0.62 0.84 0.38 0.53 1.91

97.9
27ZDMH95 0.95 0.65 0.88 0.39 0.53 1.91

27ZH95 0.95 0.69 0.93 0.41 0.55 1.91 98.1

 27M-OH 1.03 0.72 0.99 0.43 0.59 1.91

27M-1H 1.09 0.74 1.03 0.44 0.61 1.91

30ZH100 1.00 0.73 0.98 0.44 0.58 1.92

0.30 12 98.3
30M-OH 1.05 0.74 1.01 0.44 0.60 1.91

0.35 11 35M-1H 1.16 0.85 1.13 0.52 0.68 1.92 98.5

Important Electrical Properties of CRNGO

Core Loss details of popularly used CRNGO steel. Manufacturing mills of CRNGO steel guarantee the core loss figure at flux density of 1.5 Tesla.

Specific Cores Loss W/kg. At.

Magnetic Induction
Thickness Grade Hardness (VPN)
At 5000 AT/m(T)
1.0 T 50 Hz 1.5T 50 Hz

0.50 mm (0.020) M-36 1.84 3.57 1.60 160-180

M-43 1.70 4.01 1.61 160-180

M-45 2.30 5.31 1.64 130-150

M-47 4.00 6.98 1.68 130-150

0.65 mm M-36 2.16 4.18 1.60 160-180

(0.026)
M-43 2.52 4.70 1.60 150-170

M-45 3.03 6.27 1.64 130-150

Applications
Non oriented fully processed steels are iron-silicon alloys with varying silicon contents and have similar magnetic properties in all directions in the plan of the sheet. They are principally used for
motors, generators, alternators, ballasts, small transformers and a variety of other electromagnetic applications.

Flux Density v/s Losses :
These values are for reference only. All values are in Watt/kg @ 50 Hz. After manufacturing the watts
losses of finished product increases by 10% to 20% Approx
Digital Iron Loss Tester VDW 2065
Introduction
We at Sun Power Enterprise, use Veer manufactured Digital Iron Loss Tester VDW-2065
is portable & easy to use instrument which is very useful to find Watt loss of electrical
steel immediately. Internationally accepted standard method of testing is Epstein Frame
method but that method needs 30mm x 305 mm size & min. 250g weight of material.
Stamping, Laminations can not be tested on Epstein frame because of size.So, we have
designed a direct reading type Single Sheet Tester called Digital Iron Loss Tester VDW-
2065 which providers very fast testing of final products like Stamping, EI & Other
Laminations etc.
Theory of operation
The Probe is provided with two coils. One coil is for for excitation & second one is for
detection of magnetic flux. When you put Probe on test specimen, it completes magnetic
path. Watt meter measures iron loss if specimen & you can see iron Loss (Watt/Kg or
Watt/lb) immediately on Seven Segment Red digital on front panel. You can set
Thickness up to 0.65mm & Induction up 1.8 Tesla (18000 Gauss) using respective setting
knob.
Application
Transformer Lamination & Motor Stamping Manufacturer, Traders, suppliers, users etc.
Educational Institutes for Electrical/Metallurgy Department, Electrical Laboratories etc.
Transformer, Motor, Pump, Ups, Inverter, Battery Charger, Choke manufactures.
Specifications
Parameters VDW-2055 VDW-
(Standard) 2065E(Economy)

Measuring Range 0.2 to 19 watt/kg(Watt/Ib available on

request)

Test specimen Thickness 0.2 mm to 0.65mm

Flux Density 1.0 to 1.8 tesla 1.5 Tesla only

Accuracy + 5% rdg + 0.3% rng(for 10 sample Avg

reading )@ 1.5 T For standard sample

Material to be Test CRNO, CRGO, HR, CRC etc

Power Supply AC 20V+10%@50 Hz Or AC

110V + 10% @ 60 Hz (on request)

Power Consumption Less than 20 VA approx.

The size of Specimen 25mm X 70mm min.(Probe core size

20mm X 63mm approx)

Size of instrument(WxDxH) 253mm X 300 mm X123 mm approx

 Weight of Instrument 4.5 kg approx

Warranty 1 Year against manufacturing defects &

Extended optional, No Warranty for
accessories

Flux Density M3 M4 M5 M6
23PHD85 27ZDKH90 27ZDKH95 23 MOH 27 MOH 30 MOH
(Tesla) 0.23 0.27 0.30 0.35

1.30 0.46 0.51 0.48 0.53 0.57 0.57 0.49 0.64 0.68 0.73

1.35 0.49 0.55 0.51 0.57 0.60 0.62 0.53 0.68 0.74 0.79

1.40 0.53 0.59 0.57 0.61 0.66 0.65 0.58 0.74 0.80 0.86

1.45 0.57 0.63 0.61 0.66 0.70 0.70 0.64 0.78 0.87 0.94

1.46 0.58 0.64 0.62 0.67 0.71 0.71 0.65 0.80 0.88 0.97

1.48 0.60 0.66 0.64 0.66 0.73 0.74 0.67 0.82 0.91 1.03

1.50 0.61 0.67 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.76 0.70 0.84 0.94 1.11

1.52 0.63 0.69 0.68 0.72 0.76 0.78 0.72 0.88 0.97 1.14

1.54 0.65 0.71 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.80 0.75 0.90 1.01 1.18

1.56 0.67 0.73 0.72 0.76 0.81 0.83 0.78 0.93 1.04 1.22

1.58 0.69 0.75 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.85 0.81 0.96 1.08 1.26

1.60 0.71 0.77 0.76 0.80 0.85 0.87 0.85 1.00 1.12 1.30

1.62 0.73 0.79 0.79 0.83 0.89 0.90 0.89 1.03 1.16 1.35

1.64 0.75 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.91 0.93 0.93 1.07 1.20 1.40

1.66 0.78 0.84 0.87 0.88 0.94 0.96 0.98 1.10 1.25 1.45

1.68 0.81 0.87 0.91 0.93 0.96 1.00 1.03 1.15 1.30 1.51

1.70 0.84 0.90 0.95 0.95 1.00 1.05 1.09 1.20 1.36 1.57

1.72 0.86 0.93 1.01 0.98 1.02 1.07 1.15 1.24 1.42 1.64