Informe de Laboratorio: Resistencias
Semiconductoras
Jose Luis Coronación Sedano
Facultad de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
2018 Lima, Perú
Abstract This report is about the
characteristics nonlinear of the
semiconductor resistors, in addition, it bring to
the lector an information about the differences
between resistors linear and nonlinear. The
differences will be shown by graphics “R vs
V”; because these graphs depend on certain
parameters like temperature, light intensity,
etc.
I. INTRODUCTION
Semiconductors and their applications represent
one of the technological revolutions of greatest
impact in our society. The semiconductor
industry has changed to world and continues to
perform tasks of paramount importance for
everyday life, in a quick and simple way, being
an example of this “the transistors”, these are
the biggest technological application of this
industry in the market global, that’s why is
important to study the semiconductors.
II. FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO
A. SEMICONDUCTOR
Semiconductors are a group of materials
having conductivities between those of
metals and insulators. One fundamental
characteristic of semiconductor materials is
that their conductivity can be varied over
several orders of magnitude if we add
controlled amounts of impurity atoms. To
increase conductivity, controlled quantities
of materials known as “impurities” are
1
introduced into pure semiconductors,
creating free electrons or holes.
These electrons and holes are referred to as
carriers, electrons are negatively charged
particles and A hole is the absence of an
electron in a covalent bond and is like an
independent positive charge. The electrons
and holes flow in opposite directions, and
the direction of the holes is the direction of
the conventional current flow.
 Intrinsic Material
A pure semiconductor is called an
intrinsic material in which the
concentrations of electrons and holes
are equal. The currents induced in pure
semiconductors are very small.
The process of adding carefully controlled
amounts of impurities to pure
semiconductors is known as doping. A
semiconductor to which impurities have
been added is referred to as extrinsic. Two
types of impurities are normally used: n-type
from Group V, such as antimony,
phosphorus, and arsenic, and p-type from
Group III, such as boron, gallium, and indium.
 n-type Materials
The n-type impurities are pentavalent
materials, it ad a small amount of
energy, to the donor electron. With a
sufficient amount of energy, the donor
electrons can be elevated to the
 conduction band, making them free to
move within the crystal.
 p-type Materials
The p-type impurities have three
valence electrons in the outer shell of
each atom. The addition of a p-type
impurity causes a vacancy for one
electron in the vicinity of the impurity
atom. A vacancy for an electron is like a
hole, which is equivalent to a positive
charge e+.
B. RESISTENCIA DEL FILAMENTO EN EL
FOCO
Incandescent light bulb is an electric light
with a wire filament heated to such a high
temperature that it glows with visible light
(incandescence).The filament, heated by
passing an electric current through it.
Fig. 1 Diagram Of Incandescent Light
The tungsten filament of an incandescent
lamp is formed by an extremely thin end, much
more than that of any cable, in order for the
total length of the filament to occupy as little
space as possible, the wire is reduced by means
of a double wound.
The actual resistance of the filament is
temperature dependent. The cold resistance of
tungsten-filament lamps is about 1/15 the hot-
filament resistance when the lamp is operating.
2
But in the case of carbon filament bulbs have
the opposite characteristic. The resistance of a
carbon filament is higher when it is cold than
when it is operating.
C. RESISTENCIA SEMICONDUCTORA
LDR
A photoresistor (or light-dependent resistor,
LDR, or photoconductivecell) is a light-
controlled variable resistor. The resistance of a
photoresistor decreases with increasing incident
light intensity, a photoresistor is made of a high
resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a
photoresistor can have a resistance as high as
several megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a
photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a
few hundred ohms.
Fig. 2 Photoresistor
Applications
Photoresistors can be placed in streetlights
to control when the light is on. Ambient light
falling on the photoresistor causes the
streetlight to turn off. Thus energy is saved by
ensuring the light is only on during hours of
darkness.
PTC
PTC stands for “Positive Temperature
Coefficient”. PTC thermistors are resistors with
a positive temperature coefficient, which means
that the resistance increases with increasing
temperature.

Fig. 3 PTC thermistor
Application
- Liquid level sensing
These applications rely on the change in the
dissipation constant when the conduction and
convection heat transfer are increased. An
increase in the dissipation constant, resulting
from the contact between the device and a
liquid or an increased air flow over the device
will lower the thermistor’s operating
temperature and increase the amount of power
needed to maintain a given body temperature,
also in lithium battery protection circuits.
NTC
Negative temperature coefficient of
resistance thermistors, or NTC thermistors for
short, reduce or decrease their resistive value as
the operating temperature around them
increases. Generally, NTC thermistors are the
most commonly used type of temperature
sensors as they can be used in virtually any type
of equipment where temperature plays a role.
3
Fig. 4 NTC thermistor
Aplicaciones
As an inrush current limiter device in power
supply circuits, they present a higher resistance
initially, which prevents large currents from
flowing at turn-on, and then heat up and
become much lower resistance to allow higher
current flow during normal operation. These
thermistors are usually much larger than
measuring type thermistors, and are purposely
designed for this application. Also To monitor
the temperature of an incubator.
D. MOC AND OPTOELECTRONIC
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
MOC
An optocoupler is a device that bases its
operation on the use of a beam of light radiation
to pass signals from one circuit to another
without electrical connection. These are very
useful when using for example PIC
microcontrollers and / or PICAXE if we want to
protect our microcontroller this device is a good
choice. In general they can replace the relays
since they have a greater switching speed, as
well as, the absence of rebounds. The great
advantage of an optocoupler lies in the
electrical insulation that can be established
between the input and output circuits. A moc is
an optocoupler. Inside its package has an
infrared led and a phototransistor, the purpose
of this is to isolate the control circuit with the
load.
Fig. 5 MOC
Fundamentally this device consists of a
light emitting source, and a silicon photosensor,
which adapts to the spectral sensitivity of the
light emitter, all these elements are inside an
encapsulation that is usually of the DIP type.

OPTOELECTRONIC INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS

Optoelectronics is the link between optical

systems and electronic systems. Optoelectronic
components are those whose operation is
directly related to light.

A. CIRCUITO FOCO EN SERIE CON

RESISTENCIA

Voltaje foco vs resistencia

40
35
30
25
20
15
Fig 6. Optoelectronic Products 10
5
Optoelectronic systems are becoming more and 0
more fashionable. Today it seems impossible to 0 1 2 3 4 5
look at any electrical appliance and not see a
panel full of lights or more or less spectacular Se puede apreciar un incremento casi lineal .
digits. For example, most walkmans have a red
LED (red LED) warning us that the batteries
have run out and need to be replaced. Cathode
ray tubes with which analog oscilloscopes and
televisions work, liquid crystal displays, and
modern fiber optic communications systems.
ptoelectronic devices are called opto isolators or
optical coupling devices. Optoelectronics is
simply dedicated to any object or thing that is
related to light, such as mobile phones,
electronic devices, etc.

III. GRÁFICAS DE FUNCIONAMIENTO

4
 Voltaje foco vs Voltaje foco vs Corriente
corriente(mA) NTC(mA)
140 12.185
12.18
120
12.175
100 12.17
80 12.165
12.16
60 12.155
40 12.15
12.145
20 12.14
0 12.135
0 1 2 3 4 0 5 10 15

C. CIRCUITO DEL LDR CON EL FOCO

Voltaje foco vs Resistencia

LDR(kΩ)
B. CIRCUITO DEL NTC CON EL FOCO 200

150
Voltaje foco vs
Resistencia NTC(Ω) 100

14
50
12
10
0
8 0 5 10 15
6
4
2
0
0 2 4 6 8

5
 que el NTC utilizado tiene muy poco
Voltaje foco vs resistencia.

corriente LDR(mA)  En el grafico 3 si se puede apreciar

8 correctamente la no linealidad del circuito,
ya que el valor de la resistencia inicial esta
7
en kΩ. Pero en el gráfico de la corriente
6 observamos que presenta ciertas “fallas” al
5 final del grafico, que se puede deber a la
4 imprecisión de los instrumentos
3
 Debido a la poca variación de los
2 parámetros de temperatura e intensidad
1 luminosa, no se pudieron ver grandes
0 efectos de variación de las resistencias
0 5 10 15 semiconductoras

 Las resistencias semiconductoras tienen un

IV. APRECIACIONES Y CONCLUSIONES
 Se puede apreciar que si la curva “voltaje
vs resistencia” exponencial entonces la
curva “voltaje vs corriente” es logarítmica.
 En los gráficos no se puede apreciar muy
bien la no linealidad de los
semiconductores esto debido a que
posiblemente los instrumentos no sean
precisos.
 Se realizó un gráfico adicional de la
corriente para tratar de ver la no linealidad
de los sistemas.
 El el primer esquema “Curva característica
del foco filamento” Se puede apreciar que
la curva “voltaje vs resistencia” es casi
lineal, sin embargo en la grafica “voltaje vs
corriente” se aprecia en la primera parte la
no linealidad.
 Al igual que el primer caso se el el grafico
n°2 “Curva característica de un NTC” no se
llega apreciar correctamente esto debido a
comportamiento exponencial que dependen
de parámetros como temperatura o
intensidad luminosa.
REFERENCIAS
[1] Muhammad H. Rashid, Microelectronic
Circuits: Analysis Design, 2nd edition.
[2] http://materias.fi.uba.ar/6625/Clases/Dispos
itivos_Optoelectronicos.pdf
[3] http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12
n18p65
[4] http://www.electronics-
tutorials.ws/io/thermistors.html
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoresistor#
Applications
[6] http://www.electronicafacil.net/tutoriales/R
esistencias-no-lineales.php
[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_
light_bulb#Current_and_resistance
[8] Manual de laboratorio de electrónica 1 de la
FIEE-UNI

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