Paleobathymetry

Results of IODP Exp313: The History and Impact of
Sea-level Change Offshore New Jersey themed issue
Paleobathymetry and sequence stratigraphic interpretations

from benthic foraminifera: Insights on New Jersey
shelf architecture, IODP Expedition 313
Miriam E. Katz1, James V. Browning2, Kenneth G. Miller 2, Donald H. Monteverde2,3, Gregory S. Mountain2,
and Ross H. Williams1,*
1
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy New York 12180, USA
2
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
3
New Jersey Geological Survey, PO Box 427, Trenton New Jersey 07640, USA
ABSTRACT long-term trends, short-term variations in of Expedition 313 focused on several aspects of
paleowater depth are likely linked to global sea-level change, including amplitude, sedimen-
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program sea-level changes indicated by global oxygen tary response, and related sequence stratigraphy.
(IODP) Expedition 313 drilled three holes isotopic variations. Variations in global sea level (eustasy), tec-
(Sites M27, M28, and M29; 34–36 m present tonism, and sediment supply control the dis-
water depth) across a series of prograding INTRODUCTION tribution of sediments, stratal geometries, and
clinothems from the inner continental shelf stacking patterns within depositional sequences
of the New Jersey (USA) margin, a region The New Jersey (USA) margin (Figs. 1 and 2) on continental margins, especially on passive
that is sensitive to sea-level change. We exam- is an ideal setting for evaluating sequence strati- margins (Vail et al., 1977, 1991; Haq et al.,
ined 702 late Eocene to Miocene samples graphic principles and assumptions because it 1987; Weimer and Posamentier, 1993; Christie-
for benthic foraminiferal assemblages and provides: (1) a thick accumulation of seismi- Blick and Driscoll, 1995). Mitchum et al. (1977,
planktonic foraminiferal abundances. We cally imaged Oligocene to Holocene sediments p. 53) defined a depositional sequence as a
integrate our results with lithofacies to recon- (Poag, 1977; Schlee, 1981; Greenlee et al., 1988, “stratigraphic unit composed of a relatively con-
struct paleobathymetry. Biofacies at all three 1992; Monteverde et al., 2008) that were depos- formable succession of genetically related strata
sites indicate a long-term shallowing-upward ited during a time of glacioeustatic oscillations and bounded at its top and base by unconformi-
trend as clinothems built seaward and sedi- (see Miller and Mountain, 1994; Austin et al., ties or their correlative conformities.” The disci-
ment filled accommodation space. Patterns 1998); (2) a stable passive margin setting in a pline of sequence stratigraphy was pioneered by
in biofacies and lithofacies indicate shal- late stage of thermal cooling; (3) a mid-latitude Exxon Production Research Company (Exxon;
lowing- and deepening-upward successions location with excellent chronostratigraphic con- Vail et al., 1977; Haq et al., 1987; Posamentier
within individual sequences, providing the trol; and (4) a substantial body of existing data et al., 1988), which used it to extract eustatic
basis to recognize systems tracts, and there- ranging from seismic lines to wells to outcrops records from passive margin sequences and to
fore sequence stratigraphic relationships in (see Mountain et al., 2010, for background on predict the facies distributions that control fluid
early to early-middle Miocene sequences (ca. the transect). The New Jersey sea-level transect resources. Exxon focused on eustasy as the pri-
23–13 Ma). The clinothem bottomsets and was designed to unravel the complex relation- mary genetic control, although this has been
the lower portions of the foresets, which con- ships between eustatic change and passive con- controversial (e.g., Christie-Blick et al., 1990;
tain the thickest parts of clinothems, yield the tinental margin sedimentation. Studies from Miall, 1991) largely because distinguishing it
deepest water biofacies. Shallower biofacies Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 150 (con- from the many other processes that imprint con-
characterize the sequences in the upper por- tinental slope; Mountain et al., 1994) and 174A tinental margin records requires a wide range of
tions of the clinothem foresets and on the (outer continental shelf and slope; Austin et al., data. Several studies have supported the chro-
topsets. Topsets are characterized by trans- 1997) provided dates for the major sequence nology of the Exxon eustatic variations (e.g.,
gressive (TST) and highstand systems tracts boundaries on the outermost shelf and upper Miller et al., 1996; Eberli et al., 1997), but the
(HST). Foresets contain lowstand systems slope. Onshore coastal plain studies from ODP amplitude and shape of the Exxon curve have
tracts (LST), TSTs, and HSTs. Flooding sur- Legs 150X and 174AX provided substantial been shown to be incorrect (Christie-Blick
faces mark parasequence boundaries within detail of Late Cretaceous to Miocene sequences et al., 1990; Miall, 1991; Miller et al., 1998,
LSTs, TSTs, and HSTs. Superimposed on the and facies (e.g., Miller et al., 2003). Integrated 2005). Despite this, Exxon documented that
Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition depositional sequences can be used objectively
313 drilled a critical nearshore segment of the to partition the stratigraphic record. Exxon also
*Present address: Department of Earth, Atmos-
pheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute
transect from the region that is most sensitive provided several generations of depositional
of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, to sea-level change, the inner to middle conti- models for within-sequence facies variations,
Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA. nental shelf (Mountain et al., 2010). The goals such as the systems tracts of Posamentier et al.
Geosphere; December 2013; v. 9; no. 6; p. 1488–1513; doi:10.1130/GES00872.1; 18 figures; 3 supplemental tables.

Received 11 October 2012 ♦ Revision received 20 July 2013 ♦ Accepted 4 September 2013 ♦ Published online 11 October 2013
For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org

1488
© 2013 Geological Society of America
Paleobathymetry and sequence stratigraphy: Benthic foraminifera from IODP Expedition 313
77° 76° 75° 74° 73° 72°W

41°N
New Jersey Sea-Level Transect
Seismic Profiles
CH0698
Ew9009 op
cr
Oc270 o ut
Existing Drillsites ous
ce
ta
DSDP Cr
e op
e- u tcr Atlantic Ocean
+ Exploration pr so
e ou p
AMCOR ac ro
et tc
903 ODP Leg 150, 150X Cr ou Sea
ic
ozo Girt
1072 ODP Leg 174A, 174AX n
Ce
M27 IODP Leg 313 New Jersey 40°
Double Island
Medford Trouble Beach M27
6011 M28
Wilson Ancora
Lake
M29
Fort Mott Bass River 1071
+ 1072
Atlantic City 1073
Millville
++ +++
+
6020
+
Ocean
+ ++ +
View
+
Cape May Zoo + ++
6010
+ 906
39°
Cape May 6009 + 902
904
903
Delmarva
Peninsula 905
f
el
Sh
Bethany Beach
e
op
Sl
se
Ri
0m
m
20
00
m
10
00
00
20
30
38°
Figure 1. Generalized bathymetric location map of the New Jersey–Mid-Atlantic Margin sea-level transect showing three generations of
multichannel seismic data (R/V Ewing cruise Ew9009, R/V Oceanus cruise Oc270, R/V Cape Hatteras cruise Ch0698), onshore coreholes,
and offshore coreholes drilled by the Atlantic Margin Coring Program (AMCOR; Hathaway et al., 1979), Ocean Drilling Program (ODP),
Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP), and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Modified after Mountain et al. (2010).
(1988). These depositional models have wide topsets, foresets, and bottomsets (Fig. 2). Expe- Lithofacies variations can also provide a basis
applicability (e.g., Winn et al., 1995; Abreu dition 313 was designed to sample sequences in for interpreting paleoenvironmental changes;
and Haddad, 1998; West et al., 1998), although all three settings. for example, clays and silts tend to dominate
many aspects of the models remain controver- Paleobathymetric trends of shallowing and low-energy environments, whereas sands tend
sial or untested. deepening can be used to identify systems to characterize higher energy environments.
Many studies have applied the concept of tracts (Fig. 2, inset). Identifying the vertical However, lithofacies are rarely environmentally
systems tracts to sequence interpretations (e.g., succession of benthic foraminiferal biofacies unique, and thus paleoenvironmental interpreta-
Abbott and Carter, 1994; Kolla et al., 2000). and interpreting those changes with regard to tions based on lithofacies alone can be incorrect.
However, few studies of offshore marine sec- paleobathymetric changes (e.g., Natland, 1933; Nonetheless, Expedition 313 used an effective
tions have continuously cored and logged Bandy, 1960) is a critical component of recog- wave-dominated shoreline model for depths
sequences that display a classic clinothem nizing systems tracts. Planktonic foraminiferal <30 m that recognized upper shoreface (0–5 m),
geometry on a siliciclastic passive margin. abundance changes provide an additional proxy lower shoreface (5–10 m), shoreface-offshore
Clinothems are packages of sediment gener- for water depth variations (e.g., Grimsdale and transition (10 to 20–30 m), and offshore (>20–
ated by strata that prograde seaward into deeper van Morkhoven, 1955); higher abundances typi- 30 m) environments, with excellent paleodepth
water, and are bounded by surfaces (in this case cally indicate deeper waters, although this index resolution (±5 m) (summarized in Mountain
sequence boundaries) with distinct sigmoidal can be influenced by other effects (e.g., produc- et al., 2010). Lithofacies are usually insuffi-
(clinoform) shape. Clinothems have distinct tivity and dissolution). cient for estimating paleodepths deeper than
Geosphere, December 2013 1489

1490
Expedition 313
M27 M28 M29
NW SE
0 0
0 500cps 0 300cps 0 300cps
m4.1
m4.5
m5
200 m1 200
m5.2
m5.3
m3
m5.32
m5.4 m4
m5.6
400 400
m5.45
m5.8 m5.34
m5.47 m5.4
m5.33 m4.4 m4.1
m6
o1 o.5 m4.2
Depth, meters
m5.7
600 m4.5 m4.3 600
m5
Katz et al.
0 100 m5.2
Cumulative m5.6 m5.3
percent 0 100
Clinothem Model Cumulative
Topset Rollover percent
Geosphere, December 2013

800 800
MFS 0 100
HST Foreset Cumulative
SB percent
TST Bottomset
Toe of Slope
LST TS Distal
Arrow indicates Oc270 529
fining direction Toe 0 10 km
1000 1000
10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 cdp
Figure 2. Multichannel seismic line Oc270 529 (R/V Oceanus cruise Oc270) in the region of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition
313 collected along dip profile from northwest to southeast. Sites M27–M29 are located on this line (modified after Mountain et al., 2010).
Axes are depth in meters obtained using the revised velocity-depth function (Mountain and Monteverde, 2012) and common depth points
(cdp); approximate scale (in km) is given on lower right. Major seismic sequence boundaries and select intrasequence reflectors (o1, o.5,
m5.34-m5.32) are shown; all others are seismic sequence boundaries (m4.1 is a merged TS and sequence boundary in this area). The litho-
logic cumulative percentage plots (Miller et al., 2013a) and downhole gamma logs (in counts per second, cps) (Mountain et al., 2010) are
superimposed on the profile. Inset is a generalized clinothem model. TS—transgressive surface; TST—transgressive systems tract; LST—
lowstand systems tract; HST—highstand systems tract; MFS—maximum flooding surface; SB—sequence boundary.
shoreface-offshore transition facies (>30 m). The resolution samples (~4–10 cm intervals) were Miller et al., 1997; Pekar et al., 1997), and our
reliability of paleoenvironmental interpretations analyzed around some sequence boundaries and results are consistent with these studies. Each of
can be greatly improved by integrating biofacies lithology changes. the 3 sites was analyzed separately, and all sam-
and lithofacies analyses (Fig. 3), viewed within Foraminifera were picked from the >150 μm ples with at least 20 specimens were included in
the seismic stratigraphic framework. fraction because previous studies used for com- the factor analysis, which is lower than the 50
In this paper, we use IODP Expedition 313 parisons (e.g., Olsson et al., 1987; Miller et al., specimen cutoff used in Miller et al. (1997). The
drilling results (Mountain et al., 2010) from late 1997) were based on data sets that used the 20 specimens per sample cutoff is extremely
Eocene to Miocene sequences to link microfau- >150 μm fraction. The 63–150 μm fraction was low, even for high-dominance low-diversity
nal and sedimentologic data with prograding not quantitatively picked for this study, although assemblages typical of shelf assemblages (e.g.,
clinoform geometries on the inner continental it was observed that foraminifera typically were Murray, 1991; Miller et al., 1997). We note that
shelf of the New Jersey passive margin. Spe- rare or absent in the 63–150 μm fraction, which only 21 samples have 20–49 specimens (8 at
cifically, we document the benthic foraminiferal may indicate dissolution or winnowing. Using a Site M27, 4 at Site M28, and 9 at Site M29).
assemblages and planktonic foraminiferal abun- sample splitter, samples were split to a size that Of these 21 samples, only 2 yield factor analysis
dances at Sites M27, M28, and M29 (Figs. 1 targeted ~100 specimens per aliquot. Samples and abundance results that are inconsistent with
and 2). We integrate the foraminiferal data with with as few as 20 specimens were included surrounding samples. One of these samples con-
chronostratigraphy (Browning et al., 2013), in the multivariate analyses (see following). tains 100% Lenticulina spp. and is not used in
lithofacies, seismic stratigraphy, and downhole Some very large samples (>20 g) yielded sparse the paleobathymetric interpretation. The other
logs (Miller et al., 2013a; Inwood et al., 2013) benthic foraminifera (i.e., with too few speci- sample indicates a paleodepth change at Site
to produce paleobathymetric reconstructions mens to be included in multivariate analyses) M27 that is consistent with a well-constrained
within a seismic stratigraphic framework. We and very low diversity (or even monospecific) paleobathymetric change at Site M29 in the
integrate these studies to interpret systems tracts assemblages lacking depth-diagnostic taxa (e.g., same sequence (see Discussion), and therefore
and sequence stratigraphy. dominated by large Lenticulina spp.). In these is used in the paleobathymetric reconstruction.
cases, a split was picked, and then the rest of the Taxonomic concepts were drawn from mul-
METHODS sample was scanned to confirm the low diversity tiple references (Cushman and Cahill, 1933;
or monospecific nature of the sample, because Gibson, 1983; Schnitker, 1970; Boersma, 1984;
Biofacies picking that entire sample would not meaning- Snyder et al., 1988; Parker, 1948; Poag, 1988;
fully alter the result, but was time consuming. van Morkhoven et al., 1986; see these for taxo-
Samples were soaked overnight in a sodium We performed Q-mode varimax factor analy- nomic details and illustrations of species identi-
metaphosphate solution made with deionized ses on the relative abundance (percentage) fied in this study). In addition, Expedition 313
water (5.5 g/L) and then washed with tap water data using Systat Software (www.systat.com) specimens were compared with samples from
through a 63 μm sieve and oven-dried at ~50 °C SYSTAT version 5.2.1. The Q-mode varimax our previous studies (Miller et al., 1997; Katz
overnight. We analyzed a total of 702 samples factor program utilizes a cosine-theta matrix, et al., 2003a) and with type specimens archived
from the 3 Expedition 313 sites; 271 samples standardizing each sample to unit length. Sam- at the National Museum of Natural History
yielded benthic foraminifera, 427 samples were ples load onto a sample-defined vector in these (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.). To
barren, and 4 samples contained planktonic (but Q-mode analyses. We chose this method over supplement the detailed information provided in
no benthic) foraminifera. Sample resolution is other methods because it yielded useful results the preceding citations, we offer notes for iden-
typically 1–3 m (1–3 samples/3 m core). Higher in studies that we use for comparison (e.g., tifying certain species.
Integrated Biofacies - Lithofacies Paleodepth Model
Inner neritic (0-30 m) Middle neritic (30-100 m) Outer neritic (100–200 m)

0m ~10 m ~25 m ~50 m ~75-80 m ~100 m
0–10 m 10–25 m 25–50 m 50–80 m 75–100 m >100 m high diversity,
Elphidium spp. Hanzawaia hughesi Pseudononion pizarrensis Bulimina gracilis Uvigerina spp. & low dominance assemblages
& Bolivina paula Bolivina floridana (e.g., Cibicidoides pachyderma
Cibicidoides primulus
Upper Lower Hanzwaia mantaensis
shoreface shoreface Oridorsalis umbonatus)
Mean fairweather wave base

Shoreface (0–10 m)
Large-scale high-angle Mean storm wave base
stratified sand and
small-scale wave-ripple
cross-stratification Shoreface-offshore
transition (10 to 20–30 m)
Dominated by amalgamated
HCS vf-f sand with Offshore (20–30 to 100 m) Maximum wave base
shells and gravel Sand and silt laminae
and bioturbated mud Offshore (>100 m)
Bioturbated mud
Figure 3. Integrated biofacies and lithofacies paleodepth model. Major benthic foraminiferal species from this study are added to the biofacies
model of Miller et al. (1997) and lithofacies model of Mountain et al. (2010). HCS—hummocky cross-stratification; vf—very fine; f—fine.

Katz et al.
The holotype of Bulimina gracilis is elon- etry. Different benthic foraminiferal species used successfully for New Jersey coastal plain
gated with an overall twist in the test. B. elon- typically colonize certain water depth ranges, sequences of different ages (e.g., Browning
gata is essentially the same as B. gracilis but with key depth-indicator species providing an et al., 1997; Pekar et al., 1997), and is based
without the twist, and with a small curvature. invaluable tool for reconstructing paleobathym- on Walther’s Law (lateral biofacies variations
Paratypes of B. gracilis vary in the degree of etry (e.g., Olsson et al., 1987; Browning et al., are also expressed as vertical variations). This
elongation and of twist; in fact, some com- 1997; Miller et al., 1997; Pekar et al., 1997; method uses a paleoslope of 1:1000, calcu-
pletely lack a twist. The holotype of B. elongata Katz et al. 2003a). Therefore, the paleodepth lated using two-dimensional (2-D) backstrip-
is missing, so a direct comparison to B. gracilis history of a site can be determined by docu- ping (Steckler et al., 1999), and equivalent to
could not be made. Some specimens from Expe- menting benthic foraminiferal changes through the modern slope in New Jersey. Boreholes
dition 313 samples display the two end-member time. In addition, higher planktonic forami- are projected along strike to place them on a
morphologies of B. gracilis and B. elongata, but niferal abundances typically indicate deeper common dip line, vertical offsets among the
most range from elongated to short, and vary waters (Grimsdale and van Morkhoven, 1955). boreholes are determined, and biofacies differ-
in degree of twist and curvature, with no clear Patterns in foraminiferal data indicate shallow- ences are documented for the same age samples
dividing line between the two species morphol- ing- and deepening-upward successions within at the different boreholes. This allows coeval
ogies. They tend to co-occur, and do not appear a sequence. In addition, lithologic trends are biofacies to be linked within sequences. Litho-
to indicate different environments; therefore, we important in reconstructing paleodepth his- facies models place additional constraints on
combine them under the name B. gracilis. tory. The Expedition 313 sedimentologists shallower biofacies. For example, inner neritic
Buliminella curta is distinct from B. gracilis. produced visual core descriptions and differen- (<30 m) environments recognized using bio-
The chamber length to width ratio is consis- tiated clay, silt, and various sand fractions visu- facies can be further subdivided into foreshore
tently higher in B. curta, resulting in vertically ally and using smear slides (Mountain et al., (<5 m), upper shoreface (~5–10 m), and lower
elongated chambers compared to the cham- 2010). In Miller et al. (2013a), quantitative and shoreface to shoreface–offshore transition (10
bers of B. gracilis; this distinction places the qualitative lithology data were added; weight to 20–30 m) environments (Mountain et al.,
two species in different genera. The sutures percent mud (<63 μm), fine to very fine sand 2010). We compare our results to distance
between chambers are slightly more depressed (63–250 μm), and medium sand and coarser from shoreline estimates that are based on the
in B. gracilis, giving the chambers a somewhat sediment (>250 μm) were measured, and abundances of marine versus terrestrial palyno-
puffier look than in B. curta. B. curta tests are semiquantitative estimates made of the abun- morphs (McCarthy et al., 2013). In addition to
distinctively twisted, without the variability dances of glauconite, shells, and mica in the variations in sea surface productivity, terres-
seen in Bulimina gracilis/elongata. The combi- sand fraction. Water depth trends determined trial and marine palynomorph abundances are
nation of the test twist, longer chambers, and the from foraminifera (e.g., deepening-upward related mechanisms that transport pollen and
smoother, flatter transition between chambers transgressive and shallowing-upward regres- embryophyte spores offshore, including wind,
gives B. curta a morphology that is distinct from sive successions) combined with water depth rivers, ocean currents, and downslope trans-
Bulimina gracilis/elongata. trends inferred from sedimentology (grain-size port, most of which are related to distance from
Several species of Uvigerina are abundant in changes and facies analysis) can be used to shoreline.
many of the Expedition 313 samples. Holotypes infer systems tracts and hence sequence strati- Bathymetric zones are defined as inner neritic
and paratypes of species named in studies of the graphic relationships (see inset, Fig. 2). (0–30 m), middle neritic (30–100 m), and outer
eastern U.S. continental margin were examined At the Expedition 313 sites, paleobathy- neritic (100–200 m) (van Morkhoven et al.,
at the Smithsonian, including U. subperegrina, metric ranges were based primarily on benthic 1986). In Miller et al. (1997), these zones were
U. calvertensis, U. juncea, and U. modeloen- foraminiferal biofacies determined from fac- subdivided on the New Jersey margin when
sis. U. subperegrina is entirely costate, with tor analysis, with the highest loading factor they interpreted Elphidium-dominated bio-
relatively large costae. Compared to U. subpere- taking precedence; a broader depth range was facies as upper inner neritic (<10 m), Hanza-
grina, U. calvertensis and U. juncea have finer assigned when the two highest factors yielded waia hughesi–dominated biofacies as mid-inner
costae, more elongate tests, and final chambers approximately the same loadings. Within this neritic (10–25 m), Pseudononion pizarrensis–
that are sometimes finely hispid with or without framework, paleodepths were fine-tuned using dominated biofacies as lower inner neritic to
fine costae, or even nearly smooth. U. modelo- abundances of key depth-indicator taxa, supple- upper middle neritic (25–50 m), B. gracilis–
ensis is nearly entirely smooth, with very faint mented by planktonic foraminiferal relative dominated biofacies as middle middle neritic
striae sometimes visible. Some specimens abundances. We note that species abundances (50–80 m), and Uvigerina-dominated biofacies
display the end-member morphologies of the in samples with few specimens were not used as outer middle neritic (>75 m). The absence of
various Uvigerina species in Expedition 313 to fine-tune factor analysis results. In general, Elphidium in our samples may indicate a differ-
samples, but many show intermediate morphol- the low-diversity and high-dominance benthic ent paleoenvironmental setting than in the Miller
ogies that are not readily distinguishable, with foraminiferal assemblages in the Expedition et al. (1997) study, or dissolution in the shallow-
no clear dividing line among the different spe- 313 boreholes are marked by biofacies that are est water environments (<10 m) at the Expedi-
cies. Therefore, we combined them for the fac- dominated by 1–3 species or genera; this is typi- tion 313 sites. Alternatively, Elphidium may be
tor analyses and abundance plots. cal of shallow-water shelf environments (e.g., present in interbeds of mud in shoreface sedi-
Murray, 1991; Miller et al., 1997). ments that were not sampled.
Paleobathymetry A paleobathymetric calibration for ben- We build on the paleobathymetric calibra-
thic foraminiferal biofacies was established tions for benthic foraminiferal biofacies estab-
Benthic foraminifera are the only seafloor- in Miller et al. (1997), using the paleoslope lished using the paleoslope method for New
dwelling microfossils that occur consistently model of Olsson et al. (1987) for Miocene Jersey coastal plain Miocene sequences (Miller
in Expedition 313 marine facies, providing sequences drilled on the New Jersey coastal et al., 1997) as follows (Fig. 3). Lenticulina spp.
the best means to reconstruct paleobathym- plain. The paleoslope model method has been (and/or the related Astacolus dubius) is common
1492 Geosphere, December 2013

in many samples and was delineated by factor coverage in these barren intervals is indicated recognized on seismic lines by classic criteria of
analysis at all three Expedition 313 sites. Len- in the figures and in Supplemental Table 1 (see onlap, toplap, downlap, and erosional truncation
ticulina spp. is found from the inner shelf to footnote 1), Supplemental Table 22, and Supple- (Mitchum et al., 1977). Sequence boundaries
the deep sea through the Cenozoic (e.g., Culver mental Table 33. are recognized in cores by the criteria outlined
and Buzas, 1980; Katz et al., 2003b; Miller and in Miller et al. (2013a). The transgressive sys-
Katz, 1987; Speijer et al., 1996; Tjalsma and Age Control and Sequence Boundaries tems tract (TST) is recognized by a deepening-
Lohmann, 1983), and therefore is not a useful upward facies succession that is bounded by a
depth indicator. Four isolated samples yielding Ages, sequence boundaries, and intrasequence transgressive surface (TS) below and a maxi-
several planktonic foraminifera, but no benthic surfaces used in this paper build on the work mum flooding surface (MFS) above (Posamen-
foraminifera, must have been deposited in a in Mountain et al. (2010). All ages provided in tier et al., 1988). MFSs are often identified as
marine setting, and were assigned a paleodepth this study are from the chronostratigraphy in downlap surfaces on seismic profiles and omis-
of at least 0–10 m, but were not used in the Browning et al. (2013), wherein latest Eocene to sion surfaces in cores; however, the placement
paleobathymetric interpretation (1 sample at middle Miocene sequences at Sites M27, M28, of a MFS is often ambiguous, using seismic or
Site M27, 1 sample at Site M28, and 2 samples and M29 were dated using integrated biostra- lithofacies criteria. Benthic foraminifera and
at Site M29) (Supplemental Table 11). tigraphy (primarily calcareous nannoplankton, abundances of planktonic foraminifera often
Based on factor analyses, we identify several diatoms, and dinocysts) and strontium isotopic provide the strongest evidence for the greatest
additional depth-diagnostic species that can stratigraphy. In general, the age resolution is water depths associated with MFSs landward
be used in paleobathymetric reconstructions. ±0.5 m.y., and is as good as ±0.25 m.y. in many of the rollover, although often these are zones
Bolivina paula is associated with B. gracilis, sequences. rather than distinct surfaces (Loutit et al., 1988).
indicating 50–80 m paleodepths in this region All identifications of sequence boundaries Changes from deepening-upward (retrograda-
(see following discussion of Site M29). Simi- and intrasequence surfaces are from Miller et al. tional) to shallowing-upward (progradational)
larly, B. floridana is associated with Uvigerina (2013a), based on an integrated study of core successions are used to identify MFSs (Fig. 2,
spp., and therefore is also is indicative of surfaces, lithostratigraphy and process sedi- inset; Posamentier and Vail, 1988; Neal and
75–100 m paleodepths in this region (see follow- mentology (grain size, mineralogy, facies, and Abreu, 2011; Miller et al., 2013b). MFSs
ing discussion of Site M28). paleoenvironments), facies successions, stack- normally mark the deepest water depths in a
For deeper biofacies not recovered by Miller ing patterns, benthic foraminiferal water depths, sequence and are associated with peaks in per-
et al. (1997), we use key taxa (e.g., Cibicidoides downhole logs, core gamma logs, and chrono- cent planktonic foraminifera, heavy bioturba-
pachyderma, Cibicidoides primulus, H. man- stratigraphic ages. The sequence boundaries tion, and, in some cases, authigenic deposits (in
taensis, Oridorsalis umbonatus) often found in and surfaces are identified based on integration situ glauconite and phosphorites; Loutit et al.,
high-diversity, low-dominance assemblages that of seismic profiles, core surfaces, lithostratigra- 1988). Seaward of this, deep-water benthic
indicate outer neritic paleodepths (100–200 m; phy (grain size, mineralogy, facies, and paleo- foraminifera occur on the bottomsets, but often
e.g., Katz et al., 2003a; Parker, 1948; Poag, environments), facies and biofacies successions, display no clear trends and identification of the
1981; van Morkhoven et al., 1986). Because downhole and core gamma logs, and chrono- MFS is not possible.
changes from the Uvigerina spp. biofacies to stratigraphic ages. The highstand systems tract (HST) overlies
the deeper biofacies occur gradually within the MFS and shallows upward to the overlying
sequences, we infer that the maximum water Paleobathymetric Reconstructions and sequence boundary (Posamentier et al., 1988).
depths are in the shallower part of the outer Sequence Stratigraphy In our interpretations, for example, an intra-
neritic zone (~120 m). sequence succession of shallowing-upward
Paleobathymetric reconstructions in paleo- We use benthic and planktonic foraminif- foraminifera overlain by deepening-upward
shelf settings (such as drilled by Expedition eral evidence, integrated with lithologic and foraminifera indicates lowstand systems tract
313) can be hampered by samples dominated by seismic evidence, to delineate shallowing- and (LST) deposits transitioning to, or overlain by,
coarse sediment that are devoid of foraminifera. deepening-upward successions as our primary TST deposits. Sedimentological criteria typi-
These barren sediments may be in situ mid-shelf means of recognizing systems tracts. Each sys- cally support water depth inferences derived
sands, in situ extremely shallow-water deposits, tems tract is marked at its base and its top by a from foraminifera; for example, LSTs tend to
or transported shallow-water and/or terrigenous key surface that is defined by its stratal (seismic, coarsen upsection, TSTs tend to fine upsection,
sediments. Alternatively, all foraminifera may log, and core) character. By placing these sur- and HSTs tend to coarsen upsection (Fig. 2,
have been dissolved out of the barren intervals, faces with a seismic resolution of 5 m, we can inset). This integrated approach has been used
typically in prodelta shoreface, river-influenced then interpret facies changes within sequences in previous studies of the New Jersey margin
offshore, and bottom-of-slope coarse-grained and more accurately locate these important transect from the coastal plain to the conti-
sediments (see following). Because we cannot stratal boundaries. Sequences are separated by nental slope (e.g., Olsson et al., 1987; Miller
distinguish among these possibilities, barren sequence boundaries. Sequence boundaries are et al., 1997; Pekar et al., 1997; Browning
intervals of ~10 m or greater are left blank in et al., 1997; Katz et al., 2003a). An important
2
the paleobathymetric reconstruction figures, and Supplemental Table 2. Site M28 foraminiferal additional step is to integrate stratal architec-
no paleodepth estimate is made for isolated bar- data. If you are viewing the PDF of this paper or read- ture with the biofacies and lithofacies of the
ing it offline, please visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1130
ren samples or thin barren intervals. The sample /GES00872.S2 or the full-text article on www.gsapubs
Expedition 313 sections, a task attempted for
.org to view Supplemental Table 2. sequences m5.8, m5.4, and m5.2 in Miller et al.
1
Supplemental Table 1. Site M27 foraminiferal 3
Supplemental Table 3. Site M29 foraminiferal (2013b); sequences m5.8 and m5.2 appear to be
data. If you are viewing the PDF of this paper or read- data. If you are viewing the PDF of this paper or read-
ing it offline, please visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1130
single million-year-scale sequences, whereas
ing it offline, please visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1130 sequence m5.4 is a composite of three higher
/GES00872.S1 or the full-text article on www.gsapubs /GES00872.S3 or the full-text article on www.gsapubs
.org to view Supplemental Table 1. .org to view Supplemental Table 3. frequency sequences.

Katz et al.
The LST can be recognized as a regressive tracts, providing constraints on the prograding ance) is characterized by Lenticulina spp. Factor
deposit between a sequence boundary and an clinothems sampled at each site. This is done to 3 (20.52% of the total variance) is characterized
overlying TS (Posamentier et al., 1988) typically the fullest extent that we are able to do with- by P. pizarrensis (25–50 m), Hanzawaia sp. 1,
preserved on a foreset (Fig. 2, inset; Miller et al., out conducting: (1) 1-D backstripping, a tech- and H. hughesi (10–25 m). Factor 4 (10.43% of
2013b), but LSTs are more difficult to recognize nique used to account for compaction, loading, the total variance) is characterized by C. primu-
in shelf boreholes using paleontological criteria and thermal subsidence (Kominz et al., 2008); lus and Gyroidinoides spp. (>100 m). Factor 5
alone (Katz et al., 2003a). LST sediments often and (2) 2-D backstripping, a technique that also accounts for 14.85% of the total variance, and
consist of reworked coarse sediments contain- accounts for flexural rigidity between locations is characterized by Uvigerina spp. (U. calver-
ing transported shallow-water foraminifera. It and provides an estimate of paleotopography tensis, U. juncea, U. modeloensis, and U. sub-
can be difficult to differentiate shallow-water (Steckler et al., 1999). peregrina) and Gyroidinoides spp. (75–100 m).
in situ foraminifera from shallow-water trans- Factor analysis indicates that there is an overall
ported foraminifera. Although usually depos- RESULTS paleobathymetric shallowing upsection (Fig. 6),
ited in deeper water, LST deposits can resemble from 100 to 120 m (~630–620 m composite
shoreface sands. We rely on the presence of Site by Site Biofacies depth, mcd), to 75–100 m (~600–500 mcd), to
deeper water indicators or abundant reworked 50–80 m (~470–420 mcd), to 25–50 m with spo-
(damaged) specimens to differentiate shallow- Site M27 radic deeper facies (~335–200 mcd). Within this
from deep-water sands. In general, LSTs should We examined 206 samples from Site M27 long-term trend, there are depth variations within
shallow upward due to progradation or show (Figs. 4–6; Supplemental Table 1 [see footnote the sequences that are discussed in the following
relatively constant water depths during aggrada- 1]). Q-mode analysis was based on 75 taxa sections.
tion (Posamentier et al., 1988). and 72 samples, with 83.34% of the variance
We use integrated benthic and planktonic explained by 5 factors (Fig. 4). Factor 1 accounts Site M28
foraminiferal biofacies, lithofacies, and seismic for 18.28% of the total variance and is charac- We examined 224 samples from Site M28
evidence as the primary basis for reconstruct- terized by B. gracilis, indicating paleodepths of (Figs. 7–9; Supplemental Table 2 [see foot-
ing paleobathymetry and recognizing systems ~50–80 m. Factor 2 (19.26% of the total vari- note 2]). Many samples below ~400 mcd were
samples
lithology
(cumulative Site M27
percent)
0 50 100
200 200 m4.1 200
m4.5
m5
m5.2
250 250 m5.3 250
m5.33
m5.34/m5.4
300 300 300
m5.45
Depth in core (mcd)
350 350 m5.47 350

m5.7
400 400 400
450 450 450
m5.8
500 500 500
m6
O6
550 550 550
600 600 600

O3
O1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Factor 1 (18.28%) Factor 2 (19.26%) Factor 3 (20.52%) Factor 4 (10.43%) Factor 5 (14.85%)
Bulimina gracilis 8.381 Lenticulina spp. 8.338 Pseudononion pizarrensis 7.92 Cibicidoides primulus 7.402 Uvigerina spp. 7.849
Hanzawaia sp. 1 2.36 Gyroidinoides spp. 3.464 Gyroidinoides spp. 2.069
Hanzawaia hughesi 1.608
Figure 4. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Site M27 factors within the sequence stratigraphic framework (mcd—meters
composite depth). Samples examined for benthic foraminifera are indicated in the samples column. Species that characterize each factor
are shown with the factor scores, along with the variance explained by each factor. The cumulative percentage plot shows lithology (Miller
et al., 2013a). Brown—mud; light yellow—fine quartz sand; dark yellow—medium-coarse quartz sand; green—glauconite sand; blue—car-
bonate (shells and foraminifera).

lithology
(cumulative
percent) Site M27
0 50 100
200 m4.1 200
m4.5
m5
m5.2
250 m5.3 250
m5.33
m5.34/m5.4
300 300
m5.45
Depth in core (mcd)
350 m5.47 350

m5.7
400 400
450 450
m5.8
500 500
m6
O6
550 550
600 600
O3
O1
0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 80
Lenticulina spp. Hanzawaia hughesi Hanzawaia sp. 1 Pseudononion pizarrensis Bulimina gracilis
lithology
(cumulative
percent) Site M27
0 50 100
200 m4.1 200
m4.5
m5
m5.2
250 m5.3 250
m5.33
m5.34/m5.4
300 300
m5.45
Depth in core (mcd)
350 m5.47 350

m5.7
400 400
450 450
m5.8
500 500
m6
O6
550 550
600 O3 600
O1
0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15 0 20 40 60 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100
Uvigerina spp. Cibicidoides pachyderma Cibicidoides primulus Gyroidinoides spp. planktonic foraminifera
Figure 5. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Site M27 relative abundances (percentages) of dominant species delineated
by factor analysis, along with percentage of planktonic foraminifera, shown within the sequence stratigraphic framework (mcd—meters
composite depth). Samples examined for benthic foraminifera are indicated in the samples column. The cumulative percentage plot shows
lithology (Miller et al., 2013a). Brown—mud; light yellow—fine quartz sand; dark yellow—medium-coarse quartz sand; green—glauconite
sand; blue—carbonate (shells and foraminifera).

Katz et al.
lithology
samples
systems
tracts
percent)
0 50 100
200 m4.1 200
?
m4.5 TST
m5 HST
TST
m5.2
250 TST 250
m5.3
HST
TST
m5.33
HST
m5.34/m5.4 TST
300 300
HST
TST
m5.45 LST
Depth in core (mcd)
350 m5.47 ? 350

m5.7
400 400
HST
450 450
TST
m5.8 LST
500 500
m6
O6
550 550
?
600 600
O3
O1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Paleodepth (m)
Figure 6. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Site M27 paleodepths are estimated from benthic
foraminifera and shown within the sequence stratigraphic framework (mcd—meters composite depth). Shaded
swath is best estimate; black envelope indicates possible paleodepth range. Systems tracts interpretations are
shown. TST—transgressive systems tract; LST—lowstand systems tract; HST—highstand systems tract. The
cumulative percentage plot shows lithology (Miller et al., 2013a). Brown—mud; light yellow—fine quartz sand;
dark yellow—medium-coarse quartz sand; green—glauconite sand; blue—carbonate (shells and foraminifera).
barren; below ~500 mcd, nearly all samples (U. calvertensis, U. juncea, U. modeloensis, and tion (Fig. 9), from 75 to 100 m (~500–
were barren. Q-mode analysis was based on 45 U. subperegrina) and B. floridana (75–100 m). 475 mcd), to 50–60 m (~430 mcd), to 0–25 m
taxa and 34 samples, with 96.53% of the vari- Factor 4 accounts for 12.50% of the total vari- (~390–270 mcd).
ance explained by 5 factors (Fig. 7–9). Factor 1 ance, and is characterized by A. dubius and Len-
accounts for 35.51% of the total variance, and is ticulina spp. Factor 5 accounts for 7.58% of the Site M29
characterized by H. hughesi (10–25 m). Factor total variance, and is characterized by P. pizar- We examined 272 samples from Site M29
2 (30.60% of the total variance) is characterized rensis (25–50 m) and B. gracilis (50–80 m). (Figs. 10–12; Supplemental Table 3 [see foot-
by Lenticulina spp. Factor 3 (10.18% of the total Factor analysis indicates that there is an note 3]). Q-mode analysis was based on 60
variance) is characterized by Uvigerina spp. overall paleobathymetric shallowing upsec- taxa and 121 samples, with 89.91% of the

lithology Site M28
(cumulative
percent)
samples
0 50 100
250 250
m4.5
m5
300 300
m5.2
350 350
m5.3
m5.32
400 m5.33 400
Depth in core (mcd)

450

450
m5.34
m5.35
500 m5.37 500
m5.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 10 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Hanzawaia hughesi 6.082 Lenticulina spp. 6.053 Uvigerina spp. 5.837 Astacolus dubius 5.988 Pseudononion pizarrensis 5.580
Bolivina floridana 1.239 Lenticulina spp. 0.960 Bulimina gracilis 2.071
1497
Katz et al.
lithology
percent)
0 50 100
250 250
m4.5
m5
300 300
m5.2
350 m5.3 350
m5.32
Depth in core (mcd)
400 400
m5.33
450 450
m5.34
m5.35
500 500
m5.4
m5.45
m5.47
550 550
m5.6
600 600
m5.7
650 m5.8 650
0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
planktonic foraminifera Lenticulina spp. Astacolus dubius Hanzawaia hughesi
lithology
percent)
0 50 100
250 250
m4.5
m5
300 300
m5.2
350 350
m5.3
m5.32
Depth in core (mcd)
400 m5.33 400
450 450
m5.34
m5.35
500 m5.37 500
m5.4
m5.45
m5.47
550 550
m5.6
600 600
m5.7
650 m5.8 650
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25
Pseudononion pizarrensis Bulimina gracilis Uvigerina spp. Bolivina floridana
Figure 8. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Site M28 relative abundances (percentages) of dominant
species delineated by factor analysis, along with percentage of planktonic foraminifera, shown within the sequence strati-
graphic framework (mcd—meters composite depth). Samples examined for benthic foraminifera are indicated in the sam-
ples column. The cumulative percentage plot shows lithology (Miller et al., 2013a). Brown—mud; light yellow—fine quartz
sand; dark yellow—medium-coarse quartz sand; green—glauconite sand; blue—carbonate (shells and foraminifera).

lithology Site M28
samples
systems
(cumulative
tracts
percent)
0 50 100
250 250
m4.5 HST
m5
300 HST 300
m5.2 TST?
HST
350 350
m5.3
HST
Figure 9. Integrated Ocean Drilling Pro-
m5.32
gram Expedition 313 Site M28 paleodepths TST
are estimated from benthic foraminifera 400 m5.33 LST 400
Depth in core (mcd)
and shown within the sequence stratigraphic

framework (mcd—meters composite depth).
HST
Shaded swath is best estimate; black enve-
lope indicates possible paleodepth range.
450 450
Systems tracts interpretations are shown.
TST
TST—transgressive systems tract; LST—
lowstand systems tract; HST—highstand m5.34 LST
systems tract. The cumulative percentage m5.35 HST
plot shows lithology (Miller et al., 2013a). 500 m5.37 TST 500
Brown—mud; light yellow—fine quartz m5.4 LST
sand; dark yellow—medium-coarse quartz
sand; green—glauconite sand; blue—car- m5.45
bonate (shells and foraminifera). m5.47
550 550
m5.6
?
600 600
m5.7
650 650
m5.8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Paleodepth (m)
variance explained by 5 factors (Fig. 10). Fac- (12.68% of the total variance) is characterized Within-Sequence Trends
tor 1 accounts for 35.68% of the total vari- by P. pizarrensis (25–50 m).
ance and is characterized by Uvigerina spp. Factor analysis indicates that there is an Eocene Sequence
(U. calvertensis, U. juncea, U. modeloensis, overall paleobathymetric shallowing upsection, At Site M27, the only sample (630.17
and U. subperegrina; 75–100 m). Factor 2 with short-term variations superimposed on mcd) examined from a fine-grained Eocene
(20.45% of the total variance) is characterized the long-term trend (Fig. 12). From ~750–490 sequence (625.83 mcd to base of hole, 631.15
by Lenticulina spp. Factor 3 (11.53% of the mcd, paleodepths are ~75–100 m, and some- mcd) deposited in offshore environments
total variance) is characterized by B. gracilis times as deep as 120 m or as shallow as 25 m. (Mountain et al., 2010) is characterized by a
(50–80 m), B. paula, and Hanzawaia sp. 1. From ~330 to 490 mcd, paleodepths are cen- diverse, deeper shelf benthic foraminiferal
Factor 4 (9.57% of the total variance) is char- tered around 50–80 m, with variations from 10 assemblage (e.g., Alabamina midwayensis, C.
acterized by H. hughesi (10–25 m). Factor 5 to 100 m. pachyderma, Trifarina wilcoxensis, Siphonina

Katz et al.
samples
lithology
(cumulative
percent) Site M29
0 50 100
300 300
m4.1
m4.2
m4.3
400 400
m4.4
Depth in core (mcd)
m4.5
500 m5 500
600 m5.2 600
m5.3
m5.4
m5.45
m5.47 m5.45 alt
700 m5.47 alt 700
m5.6
m5.7
m5.8
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Uvigerina spp. 7.541 Lenticulina spp. 7.571 Bulimina gracilis 7.089 Hanzawaia hughesi 7.110 Pseudononion pizarrensis 7.451
Bolivina paula 2.106
Hanzawaia sp. 1 1.224
claibornensis ) and abundant planktonic indicate variability within outer middle neritic sequence. These paleodepth variations may
foraminifera (47.9%), indicating ~100–120 m depths (75–100 m) throughout this section (Figs. indicate flooding surfaces associated with para-
paleodepth (Figs. 4–6). 4–6). Planktonic foraminiferal abundances are sequence boundaries (Figs. 4–6).
~0%–2%; this is lower than expected for this
Sequence O1 water depth (Grimsdale and van Morkhoven, Sequence O6
Sequence O1 was found only at Site M27 1955), but there is no evidence of dissolution Uppermost Oligocene sequence O6 is found
(625.83–617 mcd, ca. 32.3–32.2 Ma), where of the planktonic foraminifera in these samples. only at Site M27 (538.68 to 509 or 515 mcd;
it consists of glauconitic clay. The sample The dominance of the Uvigerina spp.–Gyroidi- 23.5–23.0 Ma), where it is dominated by
(618.02 mcd) examined from this sequence is noides spp. biofacies (factor 5), together with clayey, slightly glauconitic fine quartz sand.
characterized by a diverse, deeper shelf benthic the lack of B. gracilis, indicates paleodepths of The entire sequence (11 samples examined) is
foraminiferal assemblage (e.g., A. midwayensis, 80–100 m from ~601.35 to 593.41 mcd (Figs. characterized by the Uvigerina spp.–Gyroidi-
C. pachyderma, Hoeglundina elegans, S. clai- 4–6). Above this, an increase in taxa such as C. noides spp. biofacies (factor 5), indicating
bornensis, Sphaeroidina bulloides), indicating pachyderma, Gyroidinoides spp., and Melonis 75–100 m paleodepth from ~538.56 to 513.31
~100–120 m paleodepth (Figs. 4–6). pompilioides indicates a slight deepening to mcd (Figs. 4–6). Elevated abundances of
90–100 m (592.07–589.10 mcd). A slight deep- B. gracilis and higher loadings on factor 1 at
Sequence O3 ening to ~100 m is indicated by a shift to the 531.09 mcd indicate a shallowing to the upper
Sequence O3 was found only at Site M27 C. primulus–Gyroidinoides spp. biofacies (fac- end of the depth range for this sample, to ~75–
(617–538.68 mcd, 29.3–28.2 Ma), where it was tor 4), and higher abundances of C. pachyderma 80 m paleodepth.
deposited on a bottomset (Fig. 2). The lithology in many samples (570.73–549.04 mcd). A shift
consists of a basal glauconitic-quartzose sandy back to the factor 5 Uvigerina spp.–Gyroidi- Sequence m6
clay, a glauconite clay, and glauconitic quartz- noides spp. biofacies indicates 75–100 m Sequence m6 was fully recovered only at Site
ose clay–clayey glauconitic quartz sand (Miller paleodepth at the top of this sequence (543.30– M27 (509/515–494.87 mcd, 20.9–20.7 Ma),
et al., 2013a). We examined 23 samples in this 540.21 mcd). The Lenticulina spp. biofacies where it consists of clayey glauconite-quartz
sequence. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages (factor 2) occurs intermittently throughout the sands deposited in a bottomset. Two samples

samples
lithology
percent)
0 50 100
300 300
m4.1
m4.2
m4.3
400 400
m4.4
Depth in core (mcd)
m4.5
500 m5 500
600 m5.2 600
m5.3
m5.4
m5.45
m5.45 alt m5.47
700 m5.47 alt 700
m5.6
m5.7
m5.8
0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 0 20 40 60 80 0 20 40 60 80 100
Lenticulina spp. Hanzawaia hughesi Hanzawaia sp. 1 Pseudononion pizarrensis Bulimina gracilis
samples
lithology
percent)
0 50 100
300 300
m4.1
m4.2
m4.3
400 400
m4.4
Depth in core (mcd)
m4.5
500 m5 500
600 m5.2 600
m5.3
m5.4
m5.45
m5.45 alt m5.47
700 m5.47 alt 700
m5.6
m5.7
m5.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 0 10 20 30 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 20 40 60 80 100
Bolivina paula Uvigerina spp. Cibicidoides pachyderma Bulimina mexicana planktonic foraminifera
Figure 11. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Site M29, relative abundances (percentages) of dominant species delineated
by factor analysis, along with percentage of planktonic foraminifera, shown within the sequence stratigraphic framework (mcd—meters
composite depth). Samples examined for benthic foraminifera are indicated in the samples column. The cumulative percentage plot shows
lithology (Miller et al., 2013a). Brown—mud; light yellow—fine quartz sand; dark yellow—medium-coarse quartz sand; green—glauconite
sand; blue—carbonate (shells and foraminifera).

Katz et al.
samples
systems
lithology
tracts
(cumulative percent) Site M29
0 50 100
300 300
HST
m4.1 TST
LST
m4.2
m4.3
?
400 400
m4.4
HST
Depth in core (mcd)
TST
m4.5 LST
?
500 m5 500
HST
TST
600 m5.2 LST 600
m5.3
m5.4
m5.45 ?
m5.45 alt
m5.47
700 m5.47 alt 700
m5.6
m5.7
m5.8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Paleodepth (m)
Figure 12. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Site M29 paleodepths are estimated from benthic
foraminifera and shown within the sequence stratigraphic framework (mcd—meters composite depth). Shaded
swath is best estimate; black envelope indicates possible paleodepth range. Systems tracts interpretations are
shown. TST—transgressive systems tract; LST—lowstand systems tract; HST—highstand systems tract. The
cumulative percentage plot shows lithology (Miller et al., 2013a). Brown—mud; light yellow—fine quartz sand;
dark yellow—medium-coarse quartz sand; green—glauconite sand; blue—carbonate (shells and foraminifera).
yielded depth-diagnostic benthic foraminifera; Sequence m5.8 influenced offshore environment (Mountain
most samples (5) were either barren or did not The foreset of sequence m5.8 was cored at et al., 2010) (Figs. 6 and 13). A fining-upward
yield depth-diagnostic foraminifera. The lower- Site M27 (494.87–361.28 mcd; 20.1–19.2 Ma) succession from 477.52 to 460 mcd indicates
most sample (508.87 mcd) is characterized by near where the sequence reaches its maximum a deepening above the TS. A deeper water
the Uvigerina spp.–Gyroidinoides spp. fauna thickness and appears stratigraphically most section (50–80 m paleodepth; 467.01–421.31
(factor 5), indicating ~75–100 m paleodepth complete. We examined 61 samples for bio- mcd) at Site M27 is indicated by the B. gracilis
(Figs. 4–6). A shallowing within the middle facies. Benthic foraminifera are absent from biofacies (factor 1). Within this section, varia-
neritic zone from ~75–100 m water depth at the all 24 samples in the lower part of the sequence tions in water depth are interpreted based on
base of the sequence to 50–80 m paleodepth in (494.77–469.895 mcd; Figs. 4–6 and 13). Two changing abundances of secondary taxa, with
the middle of the sequence (500.60 mcd) is indi- coarsening-upward successions in the lower higher abundances of P. pizarrensis (factor 3)
cated by an increase in B. gracilis. part of the sequence (494.87–485; 485–477.52 indicating shallowing to ~50–60 m, and higher
At Site M28, the 3 samples examined in the mcd) were deposited on a bottomset and are abundances of Uvigerina spp. indicating deeper
partially recovered m6 sequence (below 662.98 interpreted as an LST (Miller et al., 2013b). The water (~75–80 m; Figs. 4–6 and 13). High load-
mcd) yielded too few foraminifera to make TS is placed at the change from regressive to ings on both factor 1 (B. gracilis) and factor 5
a firm paleodepth estimate, although sparse transgressive sedimentary facies at 477.52 mcd, (Uvigerina spp. and Gyroidinoides spp.), along
benthic foraminifera at 664.22 mcd may indi- marking the top of the LST. with high planktonic foraminiferal abundances,
cate 50–80 m paleodepth, based on B. gracilis The LST is overlain by a fined-grained indicate 75–80 m paleodepth in two sam-
abundance. succession to ~415 mcd, deposited in a river- ples (463.865, 460.96 mcd). The paleodepth

Sequence m5.8
M27
Benthic
Core Cumulative Foraminiferal
recovery Lithology Lithology (%) Paleodepth (m)
Environment
Benthic
Biofacies
Integrated
Waterdepth
Systems
Tract
Reflector
Depth (mcd)
Age (Ma)
Sand
c s vf m vcg 0 50 100 60 80
360 XXXXXX
127R
5
m5.7 361.28
128R 19.2
129R
XXXXXX
370 130R
131R
132R
133R
SF
134R
380
135R 10 M28
136R
137R wd wd
390 138R
Paleodepth (m)
139R
140R HST
400 141R
Benthic
142R wd Core Cumulative Foraminiferal
143R recovery Lithology Lithology (%) Paleodepth (m)
Sand
Evironment
Integrated
Waterdepth
410 144R cs vf m vcg 50 100
River-influenced SOT
g g g
60 80
145R 147R g
30 600
146R 148R
147R wd
149R 75
420
148R 50-80 m 150R wd
M29
151R 18.8
Toe slope
149R 50-80 m
610
152R g m5.7 611.6
75 wd
150R 50-80 m 153R 25 19.5 Cumulative
430 Core
151R 50-60 m 154R Lithology (%) Benthic
recovery Lithology
Depth (mcd)
152R 50-60 m 620 wd p
155R Foraminiferal
153R 50-60 m 156R
Reflector
Depth (mcd)
Age (Ma)
p Paleodepth (m)
Sand
Environment
Benthic
Biofacies
Integrated
Waterdepth
440 154R 50-80 m p cs vf m vcg 0

50 100
75 157R
?MFS Seismic wd 60 80 100
155R 50-80 m 442 158R g g
630 207R xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
x 18.8
156R wd 50-80 m x wd
159R p x 208R
m5.7 728.56
730 50-80 m 75 20.0
157R 75-80 m x x
450 160R 209R
Lithology X
158R 50-80 m ?MFS 451.36 161R X X
offshore
210R
River-influenced OFF
640 ?HST
159R 50-60 m
Maximum
162R 211R X
Flooding Zone
River-influenced
50-80 m ?MFS 740
Depth (mcd)
160R 457.78 Foram 163R X
212R xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
75-100 m ?MFS 742
460 161R 75-80 m 164R 213R ?LST
g 75 650
162R 75-80 m 214R g
Dysoxic prodelta
165R wd XXXXXXXXXX /TST

215R g
Depth (mcd)
50-80 m ?MFS 654 75-100 m

163R 60 TST 166R 750 75
wd 216R
470 OFF 50-80 m 746/ 20.2
164R 167R 217R XXXXXXXXXX 75-100 m m5.8
wd
XXXXXXXXXX 50-80 m 75
165R 660 168R 50 20.0 753.80 20.5
166R 169R xxxxxxxxx m5.8 662.98 760
35 TS 477.52 River-
480 167R g g 170R xxxxxxx influenced 50 ?20.5
g g
171R offshore
apron
168R g
g 670
169R g g g
Toe-of-slope
LST
g g g
170R
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
490 XXXXXXX
171R XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX
172R XXXXXXX
XXXXXXX 50
173R XXXXXXX 20.1
XXXXXXX

XXXXXXX
174R g g
m5.8 494.87
g g g g
20.7
175R
500
Foreset Prodelta bottomset Prodelta bottomset

Figure 13. Sequence m5.8 comparisons among Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Sites M27, M28, and M29 showing
detailed paleobathymetry and systems tracts based on foraminiferal and lithologic interpretations. Core depths are in meters composite
depth (mcd); also shown are core number (R—rotary), and core recovery (gray—recovered, white—gap). Components of figure that are
taken from Miller et al. (2013b): cumulative lithology (brown—mud; light yellow—fine quartz sand; dark yellow—medium-coarse quartz
sand; green—glauconite sand; blue—carbonate [shells and foraminifera]; pink—mica), lithology (after Mountain et al., 2010; c—clay;
s—silt; vf—very fine sand; m—medium sand; vc—very coarse sand; g—gravel and/or pebbles), environmental interpretation based in
lithofacies (SF—shoreface; SOT—shoreface-offshore transition; LS—lower shoreface; OFF—offshore), integrated water depth in meters
based on benthic foraminiferal biofacies and lithofacies, reflectors (horizontal lines: red—sequence boundary, blue—transgressive surface
[TS], green—maximum flooding surface [MFS]), and depths to reflectors. TST—transgressive systems tract; LST—lowstand systems tract;
HST—highstand systems tract.
1503
Katz et al.
fluctuations in this section are also evident in Sequence m5.7 Sequence m5.47
palynomorph distance from shoreline estimates At Site M27, seismic profiles show the thin At Site M27, sequence m5.47 (355.53–
(McCarthy et al., 2013), and may indicate (5.75 m) sequence m5.7 (361.28–355.53 mcd) as 336.06 mcd) consists of glauconitic sands that
flooding surfaces associated with parasequence a remnant immediately landward of the rollover are interpreted as channel-fill deposits and that
boundaries. (Fig. 2). No foraminifera were found in the two cannot be dated (Mountain et al., 2010). It is
Peak planktonic abundances at 457.78 mcd samples examined in this sequence, consistent devoid of foraminifera (5 samples examined).
suggest that this may be the MFS. Another with the interpretation of shallow-water (shore- At Site M28, this sequence (545.5–533.59 mcd)
peak in the B. gracilis and Uvigerina spp.– face) deposits (Mountain et al., 2010) (Figs. consists of glauconite-quartz sands deposited on
Gyroidinoides spp. biofacies (factors 1 and 5) 4–6 and 14). The sequence coarsens upsection, a bottomset that is devoid of foraminifera (10
at ~448.42 mcd may be an FS, although ben- likely reflecting an HST. At Site M28, sequence samples examined).
thic foraminiferal abundances are low in this m5.7 (611.6–567.5 mcd; 18.8–18.6 Ma) coars- At Site M29, both the upper and lower
sample. Uniform, very slightly sandy, silty ens upsection to uniform medium sands (~595 boundaries that mark sequence m5.47 are
clay from 460 to 440 mcd does not contain a mcd) devoid of foraminifera (32 samples exam- uncertain (695.65 or 687.87 to 681 or 673.81
single discrete surface that can be identified ined), deposited on a bottomset (Figs. 4–6 and mcd; 18.0–17.9 Ma; 6–13 samples examined).
as the MFS. Lithologic criteria suggest that 14). Sequence m5.7 at Site M29 (728.56 to 710 Samples from 683.46, 684.81, and 685.75 mcd
the MFS occurs at 451.36 mcd or 448 mcd or 707.56 mcd; ca. 18.8–18.6 Ma) is a basal are barren. The top of sequence m5.47 may be
where mica, laminations, and percent sand glauconitic quartz sand that fines upward to a at 681 or 673.81 mcd. Two samples within this
reach a minimum (Fig. 13). A major downlap fine to coarse sand, and then to an offshore clay, interval yield benthic foraminifera (680.32 and
surface appears to tie to 442 mcd at Site M27 all deposited on a bottomset. We examined 11 677.29 mcd). For 680.32 mcd, the Uvigerina
and is the best seismic candidate for an MFS. samples in this sequence. The lowermost 3 sam- spp. biofacies (factor 1) and ~21% C. pachy-
The slight differences in placement based on ples are barren (728.46–726.16 mcd). Above derma indicate a paleodepth of ~90–110 m,
seismic, lithologic, and benthic foraminiferal this, the Uvigerina spp. biofacies (factor 1) indi- with a downslope transport component indi-
criteria illustrate that picking an unequivocal cates paleodepths of 75–100 m in this sequence cated by ~23% H. hughesi. Similarly, the sam-
MFS is complicated. Therefore, we conclude (721.08–712.31 mcd). A dramatic increase in ple at 677.29 mcd is characterized by factor 4
that instead of a distinct MFS, there is a zone of the abundance of C. pachyderma at 714.94 mcd (Hanzawaia biofacies with ~46% H. hughesi)
maximum flooding from 460 to 440 mcd (see indicates a deeper paleodepth (90–110 m; Figs. and contains common B. gracilis (~14%) and
Loutit et al., 1988). 10–12 and 14). Uvigerina spp. (~6%), indicating 25–80 m
Offshore silts continue to characterize the paleodepth with possible downslope transport;
sediments up to ~435 mcd. Above this, fine Sequence m5.6 based on the species abundances and ~59%
sands deposited in shoreface-offshore transi- Sequence m5.6 is absent from Site M27. At planktonic foraminifera, we narrow this esti-
tion environments are overlain by medium- to Site M28, sequence m5.6 (567.5–545.5 mcd) mate to 50–80 m paleodepth with downslope
coarse-grained sands deposited in shoreface is a bottomset sand devoid of foraminifera (13 transport (Figs. 10–12).
environments. The transition to the sand-domi- samples examined). At Site M29, sequence
nated lithofacies that begins at ~435 mcd sug- m5.6 (710 or 707.56 to 695.65 or 687.87 mcd; Sequence m5.45
gests that the section above this is part of the 18.3–18.1 Ma; 11–17 samples examined) is At Site M27, sequence m5.45 (336.06–295.01
HST. Samples in most of the HST are barren barren in the lower section (710–700.08 mcd; mcd; 18.0–17.7 Ma; 28 samples examined)
(above 420 mcd; Figs. 4–6). Figs. 10–12). Benthic foraminiferal biofacies shows two distinct coarsening-upward para-
At Site M28, there were no benthic forami- from 698.58 to 686.54 mcd (which encom- sequences (336–323 and 323–309 mcd) within
nifera in 37 samples examined from sequence passes the uncertain zone of the sequence an otherwise fine-grained unit (Miller et al.,
m5.8 (662.98–611.60 mcd; 20–19.5 Ma; Figs. m6-m5.47 transition) indicate that the entire 2013a). The lowermost two samples (335.85
7–9 and 13). section was deposited in relatively deep water and 332.79 mcd) are barren (Figs. 4–6), and may
In sequence m5.8 at Site M29 (753.80/746– (75–120 m), likely with fluctuations within this be either LST or transported sediments within
728.56 mcd; 20.2–20 Ma), 14 samples were paleodepth range (Figs. 10–12). Two samples a TST (as interpreted in Miller et al., 2013a).
examined for biofacies. The lowermost sam- (698.58, 697.07 mcd) within sequence m5.6 The factor 3 biofacies (P. pizarrensis, Hanza-
ples are dominated by the Uvigerina spp. have high loadings on the factor 1 biofacies waia sp. 1, and H. hughesi) indicates paleo-
biofacies (factor 1) that indicates paleodepths (Uvigerina spp.), indicating paleodepths of water depths of ~25–50 m for 329.81 mcd and
of 75–100 m, or by the B. gracilis–B. paula– 75–100 m. However, deeper paleodepths are 318.81–311.46 mcd; based on moderate abun-
Hanzawaia sp. 1 biofacies (factor 2) that indi- indicated by high abundances of C. pachy- dances of B. gracilis and Uvigerina spp., and
cates paleodepths of 50–80 m (Figs. 10–13). derma (~20%) in both samples, coupled with abundant planktonic foraminifera (~7%–43%),
This is overlain by barren samples. A single the disappearance of shallower water taxa we narrow this paleodepth estimate to 40–50 m
sample near the top of sequence m5.8 is char- (B. gracilis) especially in the upper sample; for most of the section, possibly shallowing to
acterized by the factor 2 biofacies, indicating therefore, we place 698.58 mcd at 90–110 m 25–50 m toward the top. We tentatively place the
50–80 m paleodepths. paleodepth, and 697.10 mcd at 100–120 m MFS at the highest peak in planktonic foramin-
Paleodepths indicated by the biofacies in paleodepth (Figs. 10–12). Similarly, the ifera (~43%) and a secondary mud peak (329.81
sequence m5.8 are 50–80 m in a foreset at Site Uvigerina spp. biofacies (factor 1), low abun- mcd). A sample at the upper sequence boundary
M27, with 50–60 m or 75–80 m indicated in dances of B. gracilis, and moderate to high (295.01 mcd) has an estimated paleodepth of
some samples (Figs. 6 and 13). Situated in a abundances of C. pachyderma (~6%–42%) in ~25 m paleodepth (Figs. 4–6 and 15). The shal-
prodelta bottomset at Site M29, biofacies indi- all samples from 695.60 to 686.54 mcd indi- lowing indicated by the biofacies, overlain by
cate overall deeper paleodepths, ranging from cate paleodepths ranging from 80 to 100 m to barren samples, is consistent with the upper part
50–80 m to 75–100 m (Figs. 12 and 13). 100–120 m within this section. of the sequence interpreted as an HST.

20.0
18.6
18.8
707.56 18.3
At Sites M28 and M29, samples from
Age (Ma)
m5.7 728.56
sequence m5.45, deposited as bottomsets, were
/710
Depth (mcd)
devoid of foraminifera (13 samples examined at
m5.6
Reflector
60 80 100 120
Site M28; 10 samples examined at Site M29).
Paleodepth (m)
Foraminiferal
Benthic
Bottomset
Sequence m5.4
detailed paleobathymetry and systems tracts based on foraminiferal and lithologic interpretations (see Fig. 13 caption for details and
Analysis of seismic profiles, core data, and
75
75
75
75
Waterdepth
Integrated
log stacking patterns of the section between
90-110 m
90-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
50-100 m
Biofacies
Benthic
sequence m5.4 and m5.3 reflectors led to the
conclusion (Miller et al., 2013b) that sequence
OFF
Environment
100
m5.4 is actually a composite of three higher
Lithology (%) order (100 to 400 k.y. scale) sequences called
Cumulative
50
m5.4–1 (the sequence that directly overlies
surface m5.4), m5.34, and m5.33. All three
cs vf m vcg 0
sequences are found at Site M28, which was

Sand
recovery Lithology
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
g
drilled through the foreset. At Site M27,
X
g
M29
X
g
x
g
X
sequences m5.34 and m5.33 are found at
198R
199R
200R
201R
202R
203R
204R
205R
206R
207R
208R
209R
210R
211R
Core
700
710
720
730
740
Depth (mcd) the topset, but sequence m5.4–1 apparently
is eroded. At Site M29, drilled on a bottom-
set, the seismic resolution did not permit the
18.6
18.8
19.5
Age (Ma)
?
higher order sequences to be defined and

567.5
611.6
Depth (mcd)
the section there is referred to as m5.4 (Miller
et al., 2013b).
m5.6
m5.7
Reflector
At Site M27, sequence m5.34 (295.01–271.23

Paleodepth (m)
Foraminiferal
barren
mcd; 17.0–16.9 Ma; 19 samples examined) was

Benthic
deposited on a topset (Figs. 2 and 16). A sample

Bottomset
Waterdepth (295.01 mcd) at the base of sequence m5.34

75
25
Integrated
contains ~29% H. hughesi, ~17% P. pizarrensis,
10-25 m?
Biofacies
Benthic
Environment Toe slope apron OFF

and ~51% Lenticulina spp., indicating ~25 m
paleodepth. Samples at 294.71 and 294.12 mcd
100
are characterized by the P. pizarrensis biofacies

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
(factor 3), indicating ~25–50 m water depth; we

50
narrow this depth estimate to 40–50 m, based

on ~14%–15% Uvigerina spp. in these two
cs vf m vcg 0
Sand
xxxxxxx
recovery Lithology
samples, and place it within the TST (Figs. 4–6

g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
xxxxxxx
g
g
g
g
wd
g
g
g
wd
g
g
M28
wd
and 16). Barren samples extend from 293.18 up

g
Core
152R
153R
154R
133R
134R
135R
136R
138R
139R
140R
141R
142R
143R
144R
145R
146R
147R
148R
149R
150R
151R
131R
132R
137R
to 268.84 mcd, consistent with HST deposition

560
570
580
590
600
610
620
Depth (mcd)
(Miller et al., 2013b).
The m5.33 sequence at Site M27 (271.23–
cutoff
m5.6
Age (Ma) 256.19 mcd; 16.9–16.8 Ma; 13 samples exam-

19.2
?
?
?
ined) was deposited on a topset. Barren sam-

361.28
355.53
Depth (mcd)
ples are interspersed with occasional samples
m5.47
m5.7
Reflector
(265.74, 264.56, 261.09 mcd) that yield the
P. pizarrensis biofacies (factor 3), indicating
Paleodepth (m)
Foraminiferal
barren
~25–50 m paleodepth (Figs. 4–6 and 16). One

Benthic
of these samples (264.56 mcd) also has ~14%

Eroded clinoform
Tract Uvigerina spp., indicating a paleodepth at the

HST
deep end of this range (35–50 m). Facies trends

Systems
Waterdepth
10
5
Integrated
above m5.33 are unclear, but the ~35–50 m
abbreviations).
Biofacies
Benthic paleodepth at 264.56 mcd is consistent with a
Sequence m5.7
major downlap surface (263 mcd) identified in

SF
SF
Environment
100
Miller et al. (2013b) as the MFS. The overlying

Lithology (%)
HST (9 samples examined) is mostly devoid of

Cumulative
50
foraminifera, with the exception of 261.09 mcd,

which is characterized by the P. pizarrensis
c s vf m vcg 0
biofacies (factor 3), indicating ~25–50 m (Figs.

XXXXXX
Sand
XXXXXX
XXXXXX
recovery Lithology
M27
g
g
6 and 16).
g
g
g
Site M28 cored composite sequence m5.4

Core
123R
124R
125R
126R
127R
128R
129R
130R
(512.33–361 mcd; 17.7–16.6 Ma; 80 samples

350
360
370
Depth (mcd)
examined) on the foreset where the sequence

Katz et al.
17.7
17.7
17.8
17.9
is thickest (Figs. 2, 7–9, and 16). Higher order
Age (Ma)
m5.4 662.37
m5.45 673.71
sequences m5.4–1 (512.33 mcd), m5.34 (479
681
Depth (mcd)
mcd), and m5.33 (405 mcd) were identified in
m5.45
Reflector
40 60 80 100 120
Miller et al. (2013b) based on seismic, core,
Paleodepth (m)
Foraminifera
and stacking patterns. Within sequence m5.4–1
Benthic
(512.33–479 mcd), barren samples characterize
detailed paleobathymetry and systems tracts (FS—flooding surface) based on foraminiferal and lithologic interpretations (see Fig. 13 cap-
Bottomset
Waterdepth
the LST, with sparse benthic foraminifera mark-
75
85
75
75
90
Integrated
Tract
ing the TS at ~501 mcd at the beginning of a
?
Systems
90-100 m
75-100 m
Toe 75-100 m
50-80 m
Biofacies
Benthic
fining-upward section (Figs. 7–9 and 16).
An intrasequence reflection (m5.35, 494
Toe
Environment
100
mcd) at Site M28 corresponds to the contact
between a thin sand bed over a clayey silt,
Lithology (%)
Cumulative
which coincides with a transition to forami-

50
niferal assemblages (factor 3, Uvigerina spp.

and B. floridana; factor 5, P. pizarrensis and
cs vf m vcg 0
XXXXXXXXXX
recovery Lithology
Sand
M29
wd
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
B. gracilis; factor 1, H. hughesi; factor 2,

XXXXX
XXXXX
wd
g
g
g
Lenticulina spp.) that indicate ~50–100 m

190R
181R
680 191R
660 182R
183R
184R
185R
670 187R
186R
188R
189R
192R
Core
Depth (mcd) paleodepth (493.77–485.335 mcd). We inter-

pret this contact as the MFS, with the HST
above. Variability of species abundances and
17.7
17.9
18.0
Age (Ma)
factor-defined biofacies within this interval
512.33
m5.45 533.59
Depth (mcd)
(493.77–485.335 mcd) indicate paleodepth fluc-
m5.4
Reflector
tuations, with higher abundances of Uvigerina
spp. (493.77, 485.335 mcd) indicating 75–100
Paleodepth (m)
Foraminifera
barren
m, and higher abundances of H. hughesi and

Benthic
Bottomset
P. pizarrensis (492.26, 489.20, 486.17 mcd)

Paleodepth
indicating 50–75 m paleodepth (Figs. 7–9 and
50
75
Integrated
Tract 16). Abundant planktonic foraminifera (to 76%)
?
Systems
Environment apron
Toe slope
apron
Toe slope
fill
Channel
support the deep-water setting indicated by the
biofacies in this section. These samples are
100
in the lower portion of a coarsening-upward,

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
regressive package from m5.35 (494 mcd) to

50
m5.34 (479 mcd), associated with shoreface-

offshore transition and offshore deposits. The
cs vf m vcg 0
XXXXXX
Sand
recovery Lithology
middle portion yields barren samples (484.37–

XXXXXX
wd
g
g
wd
g
g
wd
g
482.5 mcd). The upper portion (481.4–477.07

M28
Core
107R
108R
109R
110R
111R
112R
113R
114R
115R
116R
117R
118R
119R
120R
121R
mcd) is characterized by the factor 3 biofacies

500
510
520
530
Depth (mcd)
(Uvigerina spp. and B. floridana) that indicates
Age (Ma) ~75–100 paleodepth; an upsection decrease in
17.0
17.7
18.0
?
Uvigerina spp. and increases in H. hughesi and

m5.34/ 295.01
336.06
Depth (mcd)
P. pizarrensis indicates somewhat shallower

merged
m5.45
m5.4
Reflector
depths in the upper samples (50–75 paleodepth),
tion for details and abbreviations).
50
consistent with the upsection lithologic coarsen-

Paleodepth (m)
40
Foraminifera
ing (Figs. 7–9 and 16) and interpretation of the

30
Benthic
section from 494 to 479 as an HST.

20
Reflector m5.34 (479 mcd) is interpreted as

10
HST HST
(M)FS
(M)FS/
TS
LST LST
FS
Tract
a sequence boundary. Coarsening (479–475
HST
Systems
TST
Topset
Waterdepth
mcd) and fining (475–449 mcd) upward suc-
25
50
50
35
50
50
35
40
25
40
Integrated
cessions are interpreted as an LST and a TST,
40-50 m
40-50 m
40-50 m
40-50 m
25-50 m
Biofacies
25 m
25 m
Benthic respectively, but are devoid of foraminifera. A

coarsening-upward, regressive HST package
OFF
OFF
Lag
Environment
Sequence 5.45
100
(449–415 mcd) is associated with a shift from

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
offshore to shoreface-offshore transition depos-

50
its. Samples in this section are barren up through

395.12 mcd, with 2 exceptions. The P. pizar-
0 c s vf m vcg
rensis–B. gracilis biofacies (factor 5) indicates

Sand
recovery Lithology
M27
g
g
g
25–80 m paleodepth, which we refine based on

g
g
*
g
*
g
*
abundances of shallow versus deep secondary

Core
102R
103R
104R
105R
106R
107R
108R
109R
110R
111R
112R
113R
114R
115R
116R
117R
118R
119R
taxa, at 430.99 mcd (50–60 m paleodepth) and

300
310
320
330
340
Depth (mcd)
417.13 mcd (25–50 m paleodepth; Figs. 7–9 and

16.0
17.6
17.7
17.7
16). This supports the shallowing-upward inter-
Age (Ma)
m5.3 643.19
m5.4 662.37
pretation derived from lithofacies.
Depth (mcd)
Reflector m5.33 (405 mcd) tentatively is

Reflector
100
Paleodepth (m)
interpreted as a sequence boundary, whereas
Foraminiferal
80
reflector m5.32 (391 mcd) is a major down-
Benthic
60
lap surface that is an MFS overlain by an HST
Bottomset
detailed paleobathymetry and systems tracts based on foraminiferal and lithologic interpretations (see Fig. 13 caption for details and
70
75
75
75
Waterdepth
Integrated
(m5.32-m5.3; 391–361 mcd). Samples from
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
70-80 m
Biofacies
Benthic 391.2 to 361 mcd contain the H. hughesi bio-
facies (factor 1), indicating 10–25 m paleodepth.
Toe
Toe
Environment
Samples straddling reflector m5.32 (389 mcd)
100
contain common Uvigerina spp. and planktonic
Lithology (%)
Cumulative
50
foraminifera (Fig. 8), consistent with this being
an MFS and regressive HST above.
cs vf m vcg 0
At Site M29, sequence m5.4 (662.37–643.19
recovery Lithology
Sand
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
wd
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX
g
xxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxx
g
mcd; 17.7–17.6 Ma; 8 samples examined) con-
g
g
g
wd
g
M29
175R
176R
177R
181R
178R
179R
180R
182R
183R
184R
Core
sists primarily of silt with floating granules and
640
650
660
coarse quartz sand deposited on a bottomset and
Depth (mcd)
es
ag n
do
ges dated at this site with no discernible gap at its
se
on a
Ba
base. The entire sequence is characterized by
ased B
outer middle neritic (75–100 m) foraminiferal

assemblages, characterized by the Uvigerina
16.9/
16.9/
16.3
16.6
17.6
17.6
17.7
17.9
Age (Ma)
16.7
16.7
16.7
17.4
m5.4 512.33
spp. biofacies (factor 1; Figs. 10–12 and 16). No
475
361
391
393
405
449
Depth (mcd)
479
494
501
m5.33
m5.34
m5.35
m5.32
obvious water depth trends are discernible.

m5.3
Reflector
80 100
Paleodepth (m)
Foraminiferal
Sequence m5.3
60
Benthic
The placement of the basal sequence bound-

40
Foreset
20
ary of m5.3 is equivocal at Site M27, either at

0
tracts
TS
MFS
MFS
HST
HST
TST
LST
HST
TST
LST
LST
MFS
TS
TS
Systems
Waterdepth 256.19 or 249.76 mcd (Miller et al. 2013a); we
15
10
25
10
25
30
50
50
50
75
50
75
50
follow the level favored in Miller et al. (2013a),

Integrated
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
50-100 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
50-75 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
50-60 m
50-75 m
50-75 m
25-50 m
Biofacies
Benthic
SF SOT OFF SOT apron
with m5.3 at 256.19 mcd based on the litho-
OFF
facies. Sequence m5.3 (256.19–236.15 mcd;

Environment
SF
River-influenced River-influenced River-influenced River-influenced Toe slope

100
15.8–15.6 Ma; 13 samples examined) was drilled

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
on a topset consisting of either one or two fining-

50
upward successions (depending on placement

of the sequence boundary). The lowest sample
cs vf m vcg0
recovery Lithology
Sand
g
g
wd
wd
g
wd
examined in this sequence (255.06 mcd), within

wd
wd
wd
x
wd
g
wd
xxxxxxx
wd
g
g
wd
wd
wd
g
g
wd
wd
wd
g
g
g
wd
wd
wd
wd
g
C.D.
C.D.
the first fining-upward succession, has high

?
?
?
Core
M28
100R
101R
102R
103R
104R
105R
106R
107R
108R
109R
110R
111R
112R
56R
57R
58R
59R
60R
61R
62R
63R
64R
65R
66R
67R
68R
69R
70R
71R
72R
73R
76R
74R
77R
78R
79R
80R
81R
82R
83R
84R
85R
86R
87R
88R
89R
90R
91R
92R
93R
94R
95R
96R
97R
98R
99R
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
Depth (mcd)
abundances of P. pizarrensis, H. hughesi, and
Hanzawaia sp. 1, indicating ~25 m paleodepth
(Figs. 5, 6, and 17). An upsection increase in
abundance of Uvigerina spp. indicates ~75 m
Age (Ma) paleodepth in 2 samples (250.46 and 245.88
15.8
16.8
16.9
16.9
15.8
16.5
17.0
17.7
mcd), consistent with ~39% planktonic foramin-

271.23
249.76
256.19
m5.34/ 295.01
Depth (mcd)
ifera; an intervening sample dominated by Len-

merged
m5.33
m5.3
m5.3
m5.4
Reflector
ticulina spp. (~73%) may contain transported

80 100
Paleodepth (m)
shallow-water specimens. We interpret this as a

Foraminiferal
60
TST with an MFS near the top of the sequence

Benthic
40
(Figs. 6 and 17).

20
?TS
tracts
MFS
HST
HST
TST
TST
MFS
Systems
At Site M28, sequence m5.3 (361–323.23
abbreviations).
Waterdepth
Topset
35
75
30
45
30
15
40
40
50
Integrated
mcd; 16.3–15.7 Ma; 12 samples examined)
25-50 m
25-50 m
OFF 35-50 m
25-50 m
40-50 m
Biofacies
25 m
75 m
25 m
75 m
was recovered immediately landward of the

Sequence m5.4
Benthic
SOT
SOT
OFF
SF
Environment
foreset (Fig. 2). This sequence consists of a
100
thick pile of coarse slightly glauconitic quartz

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
sand deposited in shoreface environments and

50
capped by a channel (Fig. 17). Foraminiferal

assemblages are dominated by Lenticulina spp.
0 c s vf m vcg
recovery Lithology
Sand
M27
and A. dubius (Factors 2 and 4), which are not

g
*
*
g
*
useful depth indicators (Fig. 7). Based on abun-

Core
101R
102R
103R
104R
100R
87R
88R
89R
90R
91R
92R
93R
94R
95R
96R
97R
98R
99R
dance of H. hughesi, we interpret paleodepths

250
260
270
280
290
300
Depth (mcd)
of 10–25 m for 358.37–346.26 mcd and a single

Katz et al.
15.6
15.8
16.0
17.6
Age (Ma)
sample at 324.42 mcd (Figs. 7–9 and 17). Two Sequence m5.2 at Site M28 (323.23–276.81
m5.2 602.25
m5.3 643.19
Depth (mcd)
samples (345.81 and 336.07 mcd) with few mcd; 15.1–14.8 Ma; 21 samples examined)
Reflector
foraminifera, dominated by Lenticulina spp., was drilled immediately landward of the fore-
120
may indicate dissolution, winnowing, and/or set. Barren samples (321.38–313.41, 306.16–
(m)
Paleodepth (m)
Paleodepth
100
downslope transport. The shallow-water bio- 298.92, 297.07, 276.75 mcd) interspersed with
Bottomset
facies and barren samples are consistent with shallow-water assemblages (10–25 m) char-
Figure 17. Sequence m5.3 comparisons among Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Sites M27, M28, and M29 showing detailed
80
paleobathymetry and systems tracts based on foraminiferal and lithologic interpretations (see Fig. 13 caption for details and abbreviations).
?LST
Tract
deposition in shallow water for this sequence. acterize sequence m5.2 (Figs. 7–9 and 18).
?
Systems
100
100
100
Waterdepth
75
75
85
95
70
75
75
Integrated At Site M29, sequence m5.3 (643.19–602.25 Samples with 100% Lenticulina spp. (312.06–
100-120 m
100-120 m
mcd; 16.0–15.8 Ma) was deposited on a bottom- 307.71, 297.88 mcd) may indicate dissolution,
75-100 m
Biofacies
75-100 m
85-100 m
95-100 m
75-80 m
100 m
Benthic
set with two coarsening-upward successions winnowing, and/or downslope transport. Sam-
OFF
Environment Toeset
separated by a silt unit. Despite the abundant ples characterized by the H. hughesi biofacies
100
coarse sands in this sequence, benthic forami- (factor 1) indicate 10–25 m paleodepth (290.83,
Lithology (%)
Cumulative
nifera indicate relatively deep water throughout, 287.40, 281.62, 278.64 mcd) at the top of the
50
based on 19 samples examined. We note com- sequence. We use a qualitative assessment of the
M29
fine fraction (63–150 μm) to tentatively estimate

cs vf m vcg 0
mon specimens of transported Lenticulina spp.

recovery Lithology
S and
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
g wd g
g
g
g
g
g
xxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxx
g
g
g
and H. hughesi along with deep-water taxa. We paleodepths in several samples. (1) At 319.46
g
g
g
wd
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
Core
interpret this as an excellent example of trans- mcd, P. pizarrensis, Uvigerina spp., H. hughesi,
160R
161R
163R
173R
162R
630 170R
171R
175R
176R
610 164R
165R
174R
177R
172R
166R
620 167R
168R
169R
600
640
650
Depth (mcd) ported shallow-water material mixed with in and Lenticulina spp. possibly indicate ~50 m
situ deep-water biofacies on a bottomset. The paleodepth, and (2) at 313.72 mcd, H. hughesi,
lowermost sample examined in this sequence Lenticulina spp., and planktonic foraminifera
(642.29 mcd) contains abundant B. gracilis possibly indicate 10–25 m paleodepth. We place
15.0
15.7
16.3
16.6
Age (Ma)
(34%) and Uvigerina spp. (20%), indicating the MFS at a distinct burrowed surface at 320.55
m5.2 323.23
361
Depth (mcd)
75–80 m paleodepth (Figs. 10–11 and 17). mcd near a sample with the deepest biofacies at
m5.3
Reflector
Above this, samples through 633.13 mcd are 319.72 mcd. The coarsening-upward sediments
Paleodepth (m)
barren. From 631.61 to 602.62 mcd, assem- above ~310 mcd indicate shallowing upsection
20
Foraminiferal
Benthic
blages indicate water depth variations ranging from offshore to shoreface-offshore transition
Rollover
from ~75 to 120 m. Samples with abundant to channel fill, indicating HST sediments. The
0
HST
HST
?TST
Tract
Systems
Waterdepth Uvigerina spp. indicate deposition in the shal- barren samples interspersed with shallow-water
15
15
Integrated
lower depth of this range, whereas samples with assemblages (10–25 m) support this inter-
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
Biofacies
Benthic
more abundant C. pachyderma are interpreted pretation.
Rollover
Channel
SOT
SF
fill
Environment
to be deeper, 100–120 m paleodepth (631.61, Site M29 sampled sequence m5.2 (602.25–
100
616.36, 610.26 mcd). 502.01 mcd; 15.6–14.6 Ma; 50 samples exam-

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
Portions of the TST and HST were preserved ined) on a foreset just seaward of its maximum
50
in the topset of sequence m5.3 at Site M27, thickness, with the facies consisting primarily
cs vf m vcg0
with sparse foraminifera indicating paleodepths of fine sandy silt. The Uvigerina spp. biofacies
Lithology
Sand
(factor 1) characterizes much of this sequence

g
ranging from 25 to 75 m (Fig. 17). At Site

g
g
g
g
g
M28
g
g
recovery
Core
M28, the shallower (0–25 m) HST sediments (594.94–517.47 mcd) and indicates 75–100 m
53R
54R
55R
56R
57R
58R
38R
39R
40R
41R
49R
50R
51R
52R
320
330
340
350
360
Depth (mcd) are preserved. Paleodepths in the bottomset at paleodepth; sporadic barren samples or sam-
Site M29 vary from 75–100 m to 100–120 m, ples with shallow-water species likely indicate
consistent with the deeper bottomset environ- downslope transport (Figs. 10–12 and 17).
ment expected for the seismic geometry (Figs. Two barren samples in the lowest part of the
Age (Ma) 2 and 17). sequence occur in a coarsening-upward pack-
15.8
16.8
15.0
15.6
15.8
16.8
age (602–593 mcd) that is tentatively inter-

236.15
249.76
256.19
Depth (mcd)
Sequence m5.2 preted as the LST. The MFS is placed at peaks

m5.3
m5.3
m5.2
Reflector
At Site M27, 3 samples were examined from in planktonic foraminifera and mud at ~582
100
Paleodepth (m)
sequence m5.2 (236.15–225.45 mcd; 15.0– mcd. The section above this coarsens upward
80
Foraminiferal
60
14.8 Ma; Figs. 4–6), which was deposited on a in general, and is interpreted as an HST with
Benthic
40
topset (Fig. 2). The lower 2 samples were barren four parasequences bounded by FSs. A decrease
20
0
MFS
Tract
(233.14 and 232.19 mcd). A sample near the top in Uvigerina spp. abundances coupled with an
TST
TST
Topset
Systems
Waterdepth
of the sequence (227.27 mcd) yielded an assem- increase in the factor 3 biofacies (B. gracilis,
10
35
75
35
75
30
45
Integrated
Sequence m5.3
25-50 m
25-50 m
Biofacies
blage dominated by Lenticulina spp. (58%); a B. paula, and Hanzawaia sp. 1) in the upper part
75 m
25 m
75 m
Benthic
paleodepth estimate of 75 m is inferred from 21% of the sequence (512.83–501.73 mcd) indicates
SOT
OFF
SF
Environment
100
Uvigerina spp., together with very few shallow- somewhat shallower paleodepths within the
Lithology (%)
Cumulative
water indicators (Figs. 4–6). We interpret the middle neritic zone (50–80 m).
50
Lenticulina spp. as transported. We interpret the The biofacies in the topset of sequence m5.2
M27
upsection facies change from a basal quartz sand at Site M27 indicate 75–80 paleodepth in the
c s vf m vcg 0
recovery Lithology
Sand
to a medial clay yielding deeper water foraminif- TST and lower HST (Fig. 18). If the TST inter-
era (~75 m paleodepth) to an upper quartz sand pretation is correct and the recovered sections
Core
81R
82R
83R
84R
85R
86R
87R
88R
89R
90R
91R
as reflecting a thin TST, MFS, and thin truncated are coeval, then the shallower paleodepths (25–
230
240
250
260
Depth (mcd)
HST (Figs. 6 and 18). 50 m) at Site M28 are unexpectedly shallow.

13.7
14.6
15.6
15.8
Age (Ma)
This may be explained by the fact that the off-
502.01
m5.2 602.25
581
593
Depth (mcd)
shore (>30 m paleodepth) clay and silty clays of
cores 36 and 37 at Site M28 lack foraminifera
m5
Reflector
>150 μm due to preservation. The foreset of
80 100
Paleodepth (m)
Foraminiferal
sequence m5.2 at Site M29 is dominated by
60
Benthic
40
biofacies that indicate 75–100 m, with some
Figure 18. Sequence m5.2 among Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 313 Sites M27, M28, and M29 showing detailed paleo-
MFS
FS
FS
FS
FS
Tract
TS
HST
TST
LST
Systems
variation.
Foreset
bathymetry and systems tracts based on foraminiferal and lithologic interpretations (see Fig. 13 caption for details and abbreviations).
Waterdepth
50
80
90
75
75
75
75
75
Integrated
75-100 m (10-25? m)
50-60 m (50-80 m)
50-60 m (50-80 m)
??25-50 m
Sequence m5
75-100 m
75-100 m
90-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
75-100 m
Biofacies
50-80 m
75 m
Benthic
At Site M27, sequence m5 (225.45–218.39

OFF
OFF
Environment
mcd; 13.7–13.6 Ma) is thin, truncated, and

100
fines upsection, deepening from shoreface to

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
offshore, and is interpreted as a TST. Benthic

50
foraminiferal assemblages are characterized

cs vf m vcg0
by P. pizarrensis, indicating that paleodepths

recovery Lithology
Sand
M29
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
wd
wd
g
g
g g
g
g
g
wd
wd
X
were ~25–50 m in the 4 samples examined
g
g wd
wd
g
wd
g
wd
wd
g
g
wd
wd
g
g
g
g
g
Core
580 154R
510 129R
130R
600 160R
161R
155R
590 157R
158R
151R
152R
159R
153R
156R
126R
127R
128R
131R
520 132R
133R
134R
135R
530 136R
137R
138R
139R
540 140R
141R
142R
550 143R
144R
145R
146R
560 147R
148R
149R
150R
162R
(Figs. 4–6).
500
570
Depth (mbsf)
At Site M28, sequence m5 (276.81–254.13
mcd; 13.7–13.5 Ma) was deposited on a top-
set and coarsens upsection. This is interpreted
as an HST, with the MFS/TS merged with
the sequence boundary (Miller et al., 2013a).
276.81 13.7
14.8
15.1
15.7
Age (Ma)
m5.2 323.23
Depth (mcd)
Foraminifera were examined only near the base
Reflector
of the sequence (3 samples), and indicate ~10–
m5
25 m paleodepth based on high abundances of

Paleodepth (m)
60
Foraminiferal
H. hughesi (Figs. 7–9).

40
Benthic
Behind rollover
20
Sequence m5 at Site M29 (502.01–478.61

FS
FS
FS
TST?
MFS
Tract
HST
Systems
Waterdepth
consists of two coarsening-upward successions
25
10
25
50
30
30
25
15
Integrated
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
10-25 m
SOT 10-25 m
Rollover 10-25 m
deposited on the lower foreset to bottomset.

50 m
Biofacies
Benthic
Channel
The lowermost sample examined (501.73 mcd)

Channel
SOT
OFF
OFF
SOT
fill
fill
Environment River-influenced
100
is dominated by the shallow-water indicator

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
H. hughesi (indicating 10–25 m), but the pres-

50
ence of deeper water taxa (B. gracilis ~9.5%,

C. pachyderma 7%) in the same sample indicate
Sand 0
recovery Lithology
cs vf m vcg
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
deposition at a greater paleodepth (~50–60 m)

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxx g xxxxg xxxxx
g
g
wd
g
wd
g
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
wd
wd
p
g
M28
g
g
g
g
with downslope transport (Figs. 10–12). The

Core
21R
22R
23R
24R
25R
26R
27R
28R
29R
30R
31R
32R
33R
34R
35R
36R
37R
38R
39R
40R
factor 1 biofacies (Uvigerina spp.) characterizes

280
290
300
310
320
330
Depth (mcd)
most of sequence m5, with both the shallower
water H. hughesi and the deeper water C. pachy-
derma occurring in relatively high abundances
Age (Ma) in several of these samples, indicating ~75–
13.7
14.8
15.0
15.6
100 m paleodepth. There are barren samples

236.15
225.45
Depth (mcd)
scattered through this sequence. There is little

m5.2
Reflector
m5
indication of variation in paleodepth, so systems

100
Paleodepth (m)
Foraminiferal
80
tracts interpretations were not made.

60
Benthic
40
20
Tract
Sequence m4.5
TST
HST
TST
MFS
Topset
Systems
Waterdepth Sequence m4.5 at Site M27 (218.39–209
20
75
10
35
35
30

Integrated
10-50 m
25-50 m
Biofacies
25 m
75 m
Sequence m5.2
was deposited on a topset and fines upsection

Benthic
OFF
OFF
SF
SF
Environment
to ~217 mcd in a TST and coarsens above in
100
an HST. It is characterized by the factor 3 bio-

Lithology (%)
Cumulative
facies (P. pizarrensis, Hanzawaia sp. 1, and

50
H. hughesi), indicating paleowater depths of

10–50 m (Figs. 4–6). Based on higher abun-
0
recovery Lithology
c s vf m vcg
M27
Sand
dances of Hanzawaia sp. 1 and H. hughesi,

213.86 and 212.66 mcd are interpreted as ~25 m
Core
79R
80R
81R
82R
83R
84R
76X
77X
78X
paleodepth; the absence of these two species,

220
230
240
Depth (mcd)
and the abundant P. pizarrensis (46%) indicate

Katz et al.
25–50 m at 210.665 mcd. There are also barren from 442.56 to 433.29 mcd were barren or ening-upward successions that appear to be
samples in this sequence. yielded too few specimens to provide a paleo- parasequences within the LST. The lower para-
At Site M29, sequence m4.5 (478.61–408.65 bathymetric estimate. sequence (9 samples from 364.70 to 350.99
mcd; 13.6–13.3 Ma; 42 samples examined) Benthic foraminifera indicate that most of mcd, excluding 2 barren samples) is character-
was deposited at very high sedimentation rates the remainder of the HST in sequence m4.5 was ized by the P. pizarrensis biofacies (factor 5),
(>200 m/m.y.) on a truncated foreset (Fig. 2). deposited in the middle-middle neritic zone, indicating 25–50 m paleodepth; the lowermost
It consists of a lower coarsening-upward regres- with varying abundances of B. gracilis and sample (364.70 mcd) may be slightly shallower,
sive LST succession to 470 mcd. This section B. paula indicating 50–80 m paleodepth (Figs. as indicated by H. hughesi and P. pizarrensis,
yields 2 barren samples near the base (477.08 10–12). This section includes sporadic barren indicating 10–50 m paleodepth (Figs. 10–12).
and 475.58 mcd), overlain by the shallow- samples, and a section of barren samples from The higher abundance of Uvigerina spp. (9%) at
water H. hughesi biofacies (factor 4; 10–25 m 419.60 to 415.07 mcd. In contrast, abundant for- 353.71 mcd may indicate deposition toward the
paleodepth; 474.38 mcd; Figs. 10–12). Sam- aminifera from 413.50 to 410.80 mcd support a lower end of this depth range (50 m). Samples
ples at 473.01 and 470.99 mcd are slightly 50–80 m paleodepth in the HST, suggesting an in the upper parasequence are barren (344.12–
deeper, characterized by both the H. hughesi FS at ~430 mcd. 349.62 mcd).
and P. pizarrensis biofacies (factors 4 and 5), The m4.1 surface (343.81 mcd; 13.0 Ma) is
likely indicating ~25 m paleodepth (within the Sequence m4.4 most likely a merged sequence boundary–TS
10–50 m range indicated by the combination of Sequence m4.4 at Site M29 (409.27–377.15 (36 samples were examined above m4.1). Ben-
the two biofacies). We place a TS at 470 mcd mcd; 13.3–13.2 Ma; 23 samples examined) thic foraminiferal assemblages support this
at the top of the regressive succession, based on sampled a highly truncated foreset that consists interpretation, with the Uvigerina spp. biofacies
lithology and foraminifera, with a paleodepth of silt and silty clay capped by a few sand beds, (factor 1) indicating paleodepths of 75–100 m
estimate of 50–75 m for 469.91 mcd based deposited at very high sedimentation rates (>300 above reflector m4.1 (338.81–335.76 mcd;
on high abundances of P. pizarrensis (21%) m/m.y.). A shallowing to 25–50 m paleodepth in Figs. 10–12). This section is interpreted as a
and Uvigerina spp. (21%), along with 11% the lowermost portion of the sequence (408.90 thin TST, with the MFS at ~340–335 mcd. Two
B. gracilis (Figs. 10–12). The Lenticulina spp. mcd) is indicated by the P. pizarrensis bio- samples that overlie the TST yield foraminifera
biofacies (factor 2) that characterizes several facies (factor 5; Figs. 10–12); this is consistent that indicate shallower depths, consistent with
samples (473.01 and 466.86 mcd) may indicate with the interpretation that these sediments this section being the base of a regressive HST
downslope transport. Foraminifera are sparse were deposited at the shallowest depths of the (Figs. 10–12). At 334.23 mcd, the paleodepth is
in the three overlying samples (468.36, 466.86, offshore zone (Mountain et al., 2010). Similar estimated at 40–60 m, reflecting the abundances
463.86 mcd), and no paleodepth determination to the upper portion (HST) of the underlying of P. pizarrensis (25%) and Uvigerina spp.
was made (Figs. 10–12). Above this (460.79, m4.5 sequence, much of sequence m4.4 is char- (17.5%). At 332.71 mcd, an increase in P. pizar-
459.21, and 457.71 mcd), high loadings on the acterized by the factor 3 biofacies (B. gracilis, rensis (65%) indicates a shallower paleodepth
factor 5 biofacies (P. pizarrensis) and factor B. paula, and Hanzawaia sp. 1), indicating (25–50 m). The remainder of the HST yields
3 biofacies (B. gracilis, B. paula, and Hanza- 50–80 m paleodepth (Figs. 10–12). Two closely only barren samples. Estimates of distance from
waia sp. 1) indicate paleodepths near the tran- spaced samples in the lower part of the sequence shoreline based on palynomorphs are consistent
sition between the two biofacies. We assign a (404.35 and 404.32 mcd) may indicate slightly with the detailed paleobathymetric variations in
paleodepth of 40–50 m to 460.79 mcd based on shallower paleodepths (25–80 m), as indicated m4.4–m4.1 (McCarthy et al., 2013).
the absence of Uvigerina spp. from this sample. high abundances of P. pizarrensis (67%–69%), Sequences m4.4, m4.3, m4.2, and m4.1
The presence of Uvigerina spp. (~6%–9%) indi- in addition to B. gracilis (8%–17%); however, merge landward of Site M29, and the m4.1-
cates slightly deeper paleodepths at 459.21 and this paleodepth estimate is not well constrained 4.4 concatenated sequence boundary occurs at
457.71 mcd (40–60 m). because the samples yielded sparse foraminifera 209 mcd at Site M27. Nearly all the samples
The deepest paleodepths (75–100 m) in (10–17 specimens). This sequence includes spo- examined for foraminifera above this sequence
sequence m4.5 at Site M29 are recorded in 4 radic barren samples. boundary were barren (8 samples from 208.99
samples from 455.57 to 451.65 mcd, as indi- to 195.62 mcd). A single sample (204.13 mcd)
cated by high loadings on the factor 1 biofacies Sequence m4.3 yields an assemblage (11.4% P. pizarrensis,
(Uvigerina spp.; Figs. 10–12). The MFS is Sequence m4.3 (377.15–364.86 mcd; 13.2– 14.3% B. gracilis, 54.3% Buliminella curta)
placed at 448 mcd. Together, the TS and MFS 13.1 Ma; 8 samples examined) at Site M29 is that indicates 25–80 m paleodepth; we tenta-
bracket a fining-upward TST (470–448 mcd) highly truncated. The B. gracilis biofacies (fac- tively narrow this estimate to 50–80 m, based on
with the deepest water biofacies of the sequence. tor 3) indicates that the lower portion of this the abundance of Buliminella (Figs. 4–6).
Much of the thick silty HST at Site M29 sequence was deposited at 50–80 m paleodepth
yields few or no benthic foraminifera below (376.76–372.36 mcd; Figs. 10–12). The remain- DISCUSSION
413.50 mcd; nonetheless, paleobathymetric esti- ing samples in this sequence yield rare benthic
mates can be determined for some of the sam- (B. gracilis or Lenticulina spp., 1–3 speci- Our Expedition 313 samples yield pre-
ples. Overlying the MFS (448 mcd), a sample mens) and/or rare planktonic (1–5 specimens) dominantly in situ biofacies, although there
at 447.32 mcd is dominated by Lenticulina spp. foraminifera, providing insufficient basis for a are several excellent examples of mixing of
(63.5%); based on 6%–14% each of P. pizar- paleobathymetric estimate. downslope-transported specimens within deep-
rensis, B. gracilis, B. floridana, and Uvigerina water (75–120 m) deposits. Examples include
spp., we estimate 25–75 m paleodepth for this Sequence m4.2-4.1 sequence m5.4–1 at Site M28, and sequences
sample (Figs. 10–12). Similarly, a sample with At Site M29, sequence m4.2 (364.86–342.81 m5.47, m5.3, m5.2, and m5 at Site M29.
Lenticulina spp. (86%) and P. pizarrensis (14%) mcd; 13.1–13.0 Ma; 16 samples examined) Downslope transport is most prevalent at Site
is estimated as 10–50 m paleodepth. Samples is heavily eroded, and consists of two coars- M29, which primarily sampled bottomsets older

than sequence m5 (older than 14.6 Ma) and upper parts of sequences m4.5 and m4.4, with during Mi4, when extensive bypassing and sedi-
truncated foresets younger than sequence m5 further shallowing to 25–50 m in sequences ment starvation above sequence m4.1 (Kara-
(younger than 13.7 Ma). At Site M29, Sr isotope m4.3 and m4.2. The exception to this shoaling- kaya, 2012) resulted in increased water depths.
analyses also indicate extensive reworking and upward trend is sequence m4.1 at Sites M27 We used our paleobathymetric reconstruc-
downslope transport in sediments younger than and M29, which yield biofacies that indicate tions in a sequence stratigraphic framework to
ca. 15 Ma; however, sediments older than 15 Ma water depths of 50–80 m and 75–100 m, respec- evaluate systems tracts within several early
show less pervasive reworking, according to Sr tively; this is ~50 deeper than the underlying to early-middle Miocene (ca. 23–13 Ma) pro-
isotope analyses (Browning et al., 2013). sequences, and suggests that a regional flooding grading clinothems sampled at the Expedition
The deepest water in situ biofacies at the event occurred at this time. The event was brief, 313 sites. Sites M27 and M28 are dominated by
Expedition 313 sites occur in bottomsets of with biofacies indicating a return to shallower TST and HST deposits, with limited LST sedi-
the clinothems and the lower portions of the fore- depths in sequence m4.1 (25–50 m at M29; bar- ments. Foresets contain all three systems tracts,
sets. At Site M27, the Eocene–earliest Oligo- ren samples at M27). The sequence m4.1 bound- but tend to be dominated by TST and HST
cene bottomsets (>617 mcd) yield the deepest ary correlates with the Miocene isotope event deposition at all three sites. Flooding surfaces
water biofacies (100–120 m; Figs. 2 and 6). Mi4 δ18O increase (Browning et al., 2013), an associated with parasequence boundaries occur
The overlying bottomset sequences are slightly ~40 m glacioeustatic lowering based on Mg/Ca in all systems tracts. Topsets are characterized
shallower, but are still relatively deep (75–100 and δ18O (Westerhold et al., 2005). Sea level by TSTs and HSTs.
m for 617–509 mcd; 50–80 m for 500.06 mcd). rose rapidly (0.1–0.2 m.y.) following Mi4, but
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sequence m5.8 was sampled on the foreset in only by ~25 m (Westerhold et al., 2005). There-
the thickest part of the clinothem at Site M27 fore, the regional flooding event must be due to We thank the drillers and scientists of Integrated
(beneath the m5.7 rollover; Fig. 2), with a zone either regional subsidence (unlikely, because the Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 313 for
of maximum flooding (467.01–421.31 mcd) event was so rapid) or a decrease in sedimenta- their enthusiastic collaboration, the Bremen IODP
characterized by biofacies indicating 50–80 m tion rate. Seismic profiles show that extensive Core Repository for hosting our studies, and B. King,
paleodepth. The deepest water biofacies at Site bypassing occurred at Sites M27–M29 above K. Monahan, and H. Smith for laboratory work. Fund-
ing was supplied by the U.S. Science Support Pro-
M28 occurs within the thick foreset of sequence sequence m4.1 (Karakaya, 2012), suggesting gram Consortium for Ocean Leadership and samples
m5.4 (Figs. 2 and 9) and on bottomsets. At Site that the increased water depths were due to sedi- were provided by the IODP and the International Con-
M29, the deepest water biofacies also occur in ment starvation. tinental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP). We thank
the bottomsets and/or foresets, in and below the Similar brief paleodepth changes are indi- Jean-Noel Proust, Robert Speijer, and an anonymous
reviewer for comments that helped to improve this
lower portion of sequence m4.5 (Figs. 2 and cated by shallow biofacies punctuating sections manuscript.
12). Above these paleodepth maxima, the long- otherwise characterized by deeper biofacies.
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Results of IODP Exp313: The History and Impact of

Sea-level Change Offshore New Jersey themed issue

Paleobathymetry and sequence stratigraphic interpretations

Geosphere; December 2013; v. 9; no. 6; p. 1488–1513; doi:10.1130/GES00872.1; 18 figures; 3 supplemental tables.

For permission to copy, contact editing@geosociety.org

77° 76° 75° 74° 73° 72°W

Geosphere, December 2013 1489

Geosphere, December 2013

Integrated Biofacies - Lithofacies Paleodepth Model

Inner neritic (0-30 m) Middle neritic (30-100 m) Outer neritic (100–200 m)

Mean fairweather wave base

Geosphere, December 2013 1491

1492 Geosphere, December 2013

Geosphere, December 2013 1493

350 350 m5.47 350

400 400 400

450 450 450

600 600 600

1494 Geosphere, December 2013

350 m5.47 350

350 m5.47 350

Geosphere, December 2013 1495

350 m5.47 ? 350

1496 Geosphere, December 2013

Depth in core (mcd)

Geosphere, December 2013

Bolivina floridana 1.239 Lenticulina spp. 0.960 Bulimina gracilis 2.071

350 m5.3 350

650 m5.8 650

400 m5.33 400

650 m5.8 650

1498 Geosphere, December 2013

lithology Site M28

300 HST 300

and shown within the sequence stratigraphic

Geosphere, December 2013 1499

600 m5.2 600

1500 Geosphere, December 2013

600 m5.2 600

600 m5.2 600

Geosphere, December 2013 1501

1502 Geosphere, December 2013

440 154R 50-80 m p cs vf m vcg 0

165R wd XXXXXXXXXX /TST

50-80 m ?MFS 654 75-100 m

Geosphere, December 2013

Foreset Prodelta bottomset Prodelta bottomset

1504 Geosphere, December 2013

devoid of foraminifera (13 samples examined at

sequences are found at Site M28, which was

higher order sequences to be defined and

At Site M27, sequence m5.34 (295.01–271.23

mcd; 17.0–16.9 Ma; 19 samples examined) was

deposited on a topset (Figs. 2 and 16). A sample

Waterdepth (295.01 mcd) at the base of sequence m5.34

Environment Toe slope apron OFF

are characterized by the P. pizarrensis biofacies

(factor 3), indicating ~25–50 m water depth; we

narrow this depth estimate to 40–50 m, based

samples, and place it within the TST (Figs. 4–6

and 16). Barren samples extend from 293.18 up

to 268.84 mcd, consistent with HST deposition

Age (Ma) 256.19 mcd; 16.9–16.8 Ma; 13 samples exam-

ined) was deposited on a topset. Barren sam-