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Homework Title / No. : ____1_______________________Course Code : _CAP301________

Course Instructor : _Mr. Satinder Saini Course Tutor (if applicable) :_Mr Satinder Saini__________

Date of Allotment : _____27-08-2010_____ Date of submission : __08-09-2010__________

Student͛s Roll No.___ RD3002B64______ Section No. : ___D3002___________


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I declare that this assignment is my individual work. I have not copied from any other student͛s work
or from any other source except where due acknowledgment is made explicitly in the text, nor has
any part been written for me by another person.

Student͛s Signature : Chimi Dorji__

Evaluator͛s comments:
_____________________________________________________________________

Marks obtained : ___________ out of ______________________

 
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ß 1:->Discuss the problems that are caused by data redundancies? Can data redundancies be
completely eliminated when the database approach is used? Why or why not?

 

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Data redundancies are the repetition of a date more than once in a storage device. This same piece
of data or information could be stored in two or more files. A good example of this could be- a
student͛s information may be stored in two or more files. Some of those information may keep
altering, such as address, fees paid or due etc. There is a possibility that while the address is in the
master file for one application has been changed or updated the address in the master file for
another application may have not been. To find out as to how many files the repeating items such as
address if occurring is not very easy.

To avoid such data redundancy a centralized control of data could be used .Database approach curbs
this problem, having data stored in a single place physically and it being accessible to all application
from there itself will reduce the problem tremendously. It avoids unnecessary duplication which will
give some free spaces in the total amount of data in a large mass of data. Even inconsistencies which
crop up when data redundancies prevail is also eliminated. So in my view an database approach can
and would completely eliminate data redundancies.

ß2:-> why is data important to an enterprise? How does an enterprise that has better control of its
data have competitive edge over other organizations? What are the various areas and benefits
where the DBMS can be use?

 

c

Data is very important to an enterprise because with their kind of undertaking they will always have
enormous information which would be a necessity for them to maintain.

Having a competitive edge means possessing an advantage over your competition. To posses that
advantage one needs to be organised and maintain a flawless data source. For that a DBMS or a
database management system should be implemented and a good one for that matter. Once you
have developed a competitive edge, maintaining it will be a daily challenge. Although database
management system (DBMS) technology continues to advance by the minute, the performance,
availability, and security should be maintained. Terabyte-size transactional databases are harder to
manage, increases costs for hardware capacity. So having a good DBMS is the key to having the
competitive edge over other organisation.
ß3:-> list four responsibilities of a database management system. For each responsibility, explain
the problems that would arise if the responsibility were not discharged?

 

c

Some of the responsibilities of a database would be:

a)c Security: In case of a big organization or an enterprise data they have could be confidential
and need to be secured. No organisation would go for a database which is unsecured and
open for access. So to have a good database management system the security issue should
be looked into, or else problem may arise.

b)c Retrieval (query and reporting): This is a vital part of database management in the sense that
without retrieval who could access the information stored. It would be like storing some
grain in the store and not using, it would both be a waste of resource. So without this
responsibility you might not be able to capture the full potential of the database.

c)c Backup, fault tolerance etc: Very database management system must keep in provisions for
backups. They also should be fault tolerance, if in some instance some damage occurs to the
data that should not be the end of it. A backup system should be in place to retrieve the lost
date in that case. An Organisation who spends millions into their database would be at loss if
an loss of data occurs and no back up is maintained. Thus a good database management
system should have a good backup mechanism and fault tolerance in them.

d)c DB revision and restructuring: Sometimes the database has to be reviewed and revised to
have it perform well. It͛s like having your car tune up at times to have it running in a good
condition for a longer duration. These revisions might follow some reconstruction works
which might help the performance or security of the database.

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ß1:-> Consider the application program for the support of an automatic teller machine? How does
such a program communicate with the user and the database?

 

c

A brief background on ATM should make things easy to understand. An automatic teller machine is
considered a data terminal with two inputs (card reader & keypad) and four output devices (speaker,
screen, printer and a safe cash dispensing mechanism).

An application program for the support of an ATM (automatic Teller machine) communicates with
the user and the database through the internet (BASE). Now if we see in detail with regards to the
database and the user. The bank where a user has an account with will issue an identification code
and a card (will also maintain some record in the database). This when used the application program
will check in the database of that particular bank and see if that user has and account there? And if
he does has an account and then it would further check the code which could be a unique key for
that particular user when authenticated the application program intimated the machine about it and
the users is able to access and when a withdraw is requested the application once again checks in
the database on the user and check for his available balance and if there is enough balance he is
allowed to withdraw else the ATM machine prints out and error massage on the screen and on a
paper. All this happens so quick that the time taken doesn͛t seem much to a normal user. If in some
case a user enters the wrong code, the application program once again check in the database his
details and his code and return saying that it is incorrect and denies him access forward.

ß2:-Discuss the characteristics of relations that make them different from ordinary tables and files?

 

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Ordinary tables and files where there is no relation the tables and file are static where as in a
relational database the data or information are dependent on the data that is inputted in the rows
that are related to that attributes. In a ordinary file one can enter whatever an user likes as it doesn
hamper any other file in the process whereas in an relationship database one entry could also alter
many other files in the process. Some examples of a relation would be, one to one, one to many any
and many to many relationships.

ß3:-> :-> Discuss various integrity constraints and explain how they are beneficial in managing the
accurate database?

 

c

As we know that a constraint is a assigned property to a column or set of columns in a table which
prevents certain data inconsistency in the column. And while doing so maintains the data integrity of
the table or data. This keeps the database more accurate and reliable.

To see how the benefits of managing the accurate database let us discuss some the five integrity
constraints in Oracle.

Primary key: The primary key constraints can only be one in a particular table. It enables users or
manager to easily identify and point out the information for a particular data.

Unique key: this constraint will not allow duplicate values into the column which in turn reduces
redundancy and maintains a accurate database

Check: This constraint ensures a minimum requirement for a value in a column. An insert trigger can
be used for more complicated entries.

There are also two more constraints, NotNull and a Foreign Key, The NotNull Constraint tells that the
column can͛t be null as its default value is null to begin with and the foreign key. The foreign Key also
referred to as a referential integrity constraint enables to find the primary key of another table is
found by the value of the current table.

Summing all things up all this constraints helps in the managing a accurate database.