Mat

*MAT
*MAT
LS-DYNA has historically referenced each material model by a number. As shown below, a
three digit numerical designation can still be used, e.g., *MAT_001, and is equivalent to a
corresponding descriptive designation, e.g., *MAT_ELASTIC. The two equivalent com-
mands for each material model, one numerical and the other descriptive, are listed below.
The numbers in square brackets (see key below) identify the element formulations for
which the material model is implemented. The number in the curly brackets, {n}, indicates
the default number of history variables per element integration point that are stored in
addition to the 7 history variables which are stored by default. For the type 16 fully inte-
grated shell elements with 2 integration points through the thickness, the total number of
history variables is 8 × (n + 7). For the Belytschko-Tsay type 2 element the number is
2 × (n + 7).
TITLE may be appended to a *MAT keyword in which case an additional line is read in
80a format which can be used to describe the material. At present, LS-DYNA does not
make use of the title. Inclusion of titles simply gives greater clarity to input decks.
Key to numbers in square brackets

0 - Solids
1H - Hughes-Liu beam
1B - Belytschko resultant beam
1I - Belytschko integrated solid and tubular beams
1T - Truss
1D - Discrete beam
1SW - Spotweld beam
2 - Shells
3a - Thick shell formulation 1
3b - Thick shell formulation 2
3c - Thick shell formulation 3
3d - Thick shell formulation 5
4 - Special airbag element
5 - SPH element
6 - Acoustic solid
7 - Cohesive solid
8A - Multi-material ALE solid (validated)
8B - Multi-material ALE solid (implemented but not validated1)
9 - Membrane element
1 Error associated with advection inherently leads to state variables that may be inconsistent with nonlinear
constitutive routines and thus may lead to nonphysical results, nonconservation of energy, and even numeri-
cal instability in some cases. Caution is advised, particularly when using the 2nd tier of material models
implemented for ALE multi-material solids (designated by [8B]) which are largely untested as ALE materials.
LS-DYNA R7.1 2-1 (MAT)
*MAT
*MAT_ADD_COHESIVE [7] {see associated material model}
*MAT_ADD_EROSION2
*MAT_ADD_PERMEABILTY
*MAT_ADD_PORE_AIR
*MAT_ADD_THERMAL_EXPANSION2
*MAT_NONLOCAL2
*MAT_001: *MAT_ELASTIC [0,1H,1B,1I,1T,2,3abcd,5,8A] {0}

*MAT_001_FLUID: *MAT_ELASTIC_FLUID [0,8A] {0}
*MAT_002: *MAT_{OPTION}TROPIC_ELASTIC [0,2,3abc] {15}
*MAT_003: *MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC [0,1H,1I,1T,2,3abcd,5,8A] {5}
*MAT_004: *MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_THERMAL [0,1H,1T,2,3abcd,5,8B] {3}
*MAT_005: *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM [0,5,3cd,8A] {0}
*MAT_006: *MAT_VISCOELASTIC [0,1H,2,3abcd,5,8B] {19}
*MAT_007: *MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER [0,2,3abc,8B] {9}
*MAT_008: *MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN [0,5,3cd,8A] {4}
*MAT_009: *MAT_NULL [0,1,2,3cd,5,8A] {3}
*MAT_010: *MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO_{OPTION} [0,3cd,5,8B] {4}
*MAT_011: *MAT_STEINBERG [0,3cd,5,8B] {5}
*MAT_011_LUND: *MAT_STEINBERG_LUND [0,3cd,5,8B] {5}
*MAT_012: *MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {0}
*MAT_013: *MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_FAILURE [0,3cd,5,8B] {1}
*MAT_014: *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE [0,3cd,5,8B] {1}
*MAT_015: *MAT_JOHNSON_COOK [0,2,3abcd,5,8A] {6}
*MAT_016: *MAT_PSEUDO_TENSOR [0,3cd,5,8B] {6}
*MAT_017: *MAT_ORIENTED_CRACK [0,3cd] {10}
*MAT_018: *MAT_POWER_LAW_PLASTICITY [0,1H,2,3abcd,5,8B] {0}
*MAT_019: *MAT_STRAIN_RATE_DEPENDENT_PLASTICITY [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {6}
*MAT_020: *MAT_RIGID [0,1H,1B,1T,2,3ab] {0}
*MAT_021: *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_THERMAL [0,2,3abc] {29}
*MAT_022: *MAT_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE [0,2,3abcd,5] {12}
*MAT_023: *MAT_TEMPERATURE_DEPENDENT_ORTHOTROPIC [0,2,3abc] {19}
*MAT_024: *MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY [0,1H,2,3abcd,5,8A] {5}
*MAT_025: *MAT_GEOLOGIC_CAP_MODEL [0,3cd,5] {12}
*MAT_026: *MAT_HONEYCOMB [0,3cd] {20}
*MAT_027: *MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER [0,1T,2,3c,8B] {9}
*MAT_028: *MAT_RESULTANT_PLASTICITY [1B,2] {5}
*MAT_029: *MAT_FORCE_LIMITED [1B] {30}
*MAT_030: *MAT_SHAPE_MEMORY [0,1H,2,3abc,5] {23}
*MAT_031: *MAT_FRAZER_NASH_RUBBER_MODEL [0,3c,8B] {9}
*MAT_032: *MAT_LAMINATED_GLASS [2,3ab] {0}
*MAT_033: *MAT_BARLAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTICITY [0,2,3abcd] {9}
*MAT_033_96: *MAT_BARLAT_YLD96 [2,3ab] {9}
*MAT_034: *MAT_FABRIC [4] {17}
*MAT_035: *MAT_PLASTIC_GREEN-NAGHDI_RATE [0,3cd,5,8B] {22}
*MAT_036: *MAT_3-PARAMETER_BARLAT [2,3abcd] {7}
*MAT_037: *MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC [2,3ab] {9}
*MAT_038: *MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM [0,2,3c,8B] {9}
*MAT_039: *MAT_FLD_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC [2,3ab] {6}
*MAT_040: *MAT_NONLINEAR_ORTHOTROPIC [0,2,3c] {17}
2These three commands do not, by themselves, define a material model but rather can be used in certain
cases to supplement material models
2-2 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1
*MAT
*MAT_041-050: *MAT_USER_DEFINED_MATERIAL_MODELS [0,1H,1T,1D,2,3abcd,5,8B] {0}
*MAT_051: *MAT_BAMMAN [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {8}
*MAT_052: *MAT_BAMMAN_DAMAGE [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {10}
*MAT_053: *MAT_CLOSED_CELL_FOAM [0,3cd,8B] {0}
*MAT_054-055: *MAT_ENHANCED_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE [0,2,3cd] {20}
*MAT_057: *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM [0,3cd,5,8B] {26}
*MAT_058: *MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC [2,3ab] {15}
*MAT_059: *MAT_COMPOSITE_FAILURE_{OPTION}_MODEL [0,2,3cd,5] {22}
*MAT_060: *MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {8}
*MAT_060C: *MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY_CURVE [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {8}
*MAT_061: *MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC [0,3cd,5,8B] {14}
*MAT_062: *MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM [0,3cd,8B] {7}
*MAT_063: *MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM [0,3cd,5,8B] {8}
*MAT_064: *MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POWERLAW_PLASTICITY [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {30}
*MAT_065: *MAT_MODIFIED_ZERILLI_ARMSTRONG [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {6}
*MAT_066: *MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {8}
*MAT_067: *MAT_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {14}
*MAT_068: *MAT_NONLINEAR_PLASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {25}
*MAT_069: *MAT_SID_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {13}
*MAT_070: *MAT_HYDRAULIC_GAS_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {8}
*MAT_071: *MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {8}
*MAT_072: *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE [0,3cd,5,8B] {6}
*MAT_072R3: *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_REL3 [0,3cd,5] {6}
*MAT_073: *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM [0,3cd,8B] {56}
*MAT_074: *MAT_ELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {8}
*MAT_075: *MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM [0,3cd,5,8B] {8}
*MAT_076: *MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {53}
*MAT_077_H: *MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER [0,2,3cd,5,8B] {54}
*MAT_077_O: *MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER [0,2,3cd,8B] {54}
*MAT_078: *MAT_SOIL_CONCRETE [0,3cd,5,8B] {3}
*MAT_079: *MAT_HYSTERETIC_SOIL [0,3cd,5,8B] {77}
*MAT_080: *MAT_RAMBERG-OSGOOD [0,3cd,8B] {18}
*MAT_081: *MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE [0,2,3abcd] {5}
*MAT_082(_RCDC): *MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE_ORTHO(_RCDC) [0,2,3abcd] {22}
*MAT_083: *MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM [0,3cd,5,8B] {54}
*MAT_084-085: *MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE [0] {54}
*MAT_086: *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC [2,3ab] {17}
*MAT_087: *MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER [0,3cd,5,8B] {19}
*MAT_088: *MAT_MTS [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {5}
*MAT_089: *MAT_PLASTICITY_POLYMER [0,2,3abcd] {45}
*MAT_090: *MAT_ACOUSTIC [6] {25}
*MAT_091: *MAT_SOFT_TISSUE [0,2] {16}
*MAT_092: *MAT_SOFT_TISSUE_VISCO [0,2] {58}
*MAT_093: *MAT_ELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {25}
*MAT_094: *MAT_INELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {9}
*MAT_095: *MAT_INELASTC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {25}
*MAT_096: *MAT_BRITTLE_DAMAGE [0,8B] {51}
*MAT_097: *MAT_GENERAL_JOINT_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {23}
*MAT_098: *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK [0,1H,1B,1T,2,3abcd] {6}
*MAT_099: *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK_ORTHOTROPIC_DAMAGE [0,2,3abcd] {22}
*MAT_100: *MAT_SPOTWELD_{OPTION} [0,1SW] {6}
*MAT_100_DA: *MAT_SPOTWELD_DAIMLERCHRYSLER [0] {6}
*MAT_101: *MAT_GEPLASTIC_SRATE_2000a [2,3ab] {15}
*MAT_102: *MAT_INV_HYPERBOLIC_SIN [0,3cd,8B] {15}
*MAT
*MAT_103: *MAT_ANISOTROPIC_VISCOPLASTIC [0,2,3abcd,5] {20}
*MAT_103_P: *MAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTIC [2,3abcd] {20}
*MAT_104: *MAT_DAMAGE_1 [0,2,3abcd] {11}
*MAT_105: *MAT_DAMAGE_2 [0,2,3abcd] {7}
*MAT_106: *MAT_ELASTIC_VISCOPLASTIC_THERMAL [0,2,3abcd,5] {20}
*MAT_107: *MAT_MODIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {15}
*MAT_108: *MAT_ORTHO_ELASTIC_PLASTIC [2,3ab] {15}
*MAT_110: *MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CERAMICS [0,3cd,5] {15}
*MAT_111: *MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CONCRETE [0,3cd,5] {25}
*MAT_112: *MAT_FINITE_ELASTIC_STRAIN_PLASTICITY [0,3c,5] {22}
*MAT_113: *MAT_TRIP [2,3ab] {5}
*MAT_114: *MAT_LAYERED_LINEAR_PLASTICITY [2,3ab] {13}
*MAT_115: *MAT_UNIFIED_CREEP [0,2,3abcd,5] {1}
*MAT_116: *MAT_COMPOSITE_LAYUP [2] {30}
*MAT_117: *MAT_COMPOSITE_MATRIX [2] {30}
*MAT_118: *MAT_COMPOSITE_DIRECT [2] {10}
*MAT_119: *MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_6DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {62}
*MAT_120: *MAT_GURSON [0,2,3abcd] {12}
*MAT_120_JC: *MAT_GURSON_JC [0,2] {12}
*MAT_120_RCDC: *MAT_GURSON_RCDC [0,2] {12}
*MAT_121: *MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_1DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {20}
*MAT_122: *MAT_HILL_3R [2,3ab] {8}
*MAT_123: *MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY [0,2,3abcd,5] {11}
*MAT_124: *MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION [0,1H,2,3abcd,5,8B] {7}
*MAT_125: *MAT_KINEMATIC_HARDENING_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC [0,2,3abcd] {11}
*MAT_126: *MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB [0,3cd] {20}
*MAT_127: *MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE_RUBBER [0,3cd,5] {49}
*MAT_128: *MAT_HEART_TISSUE [0,3c] {15}
*MAT_129: *MAT_LUNG_TISSUE [0,3cd] {49}
*MAT_130: *MAT_SPECIAL_ORTHOTROPIC [2] {35}
*MAT_131: *MAT_ISOTROPIC_SMEARED_CRACK [0,5,8B] {15}
*MAT_132: *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_SMEARED_CRACK [0] {61}
*MAT_133: *MAT_BARLAT_YLD2000 [2,3ab] {9}
*MAT_134: *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_FABRIC [9]
*MAT_135: *MAT_WTM_STM [2,3ab] {30}
*MAT_135_PLC: *MAT_WTM_STM_PLC [2,3ab] {30}
*MAT_136: *MAT_CORUS_VEGTER [2,3ab] {5}
*MAT_138: *MAT_COHESIVE_MIXED_MODE [7] {0}
*MAT_139: *MAT_MODIFIED_FORCE_LIMITED [1B] {35}
*MAT_140: *MAT_VACUUM [0,8A] {0}
*MAT_141: *MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POLYMER [0,3cd,8B] {6}
*MAT_142: *MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_CRUSHABLE_FOAM [0,3cd] {12}
*MAT_143: *MAT_WOOD_{OPTION} [0,3cd,5] {37}
*MAT_144: *MAT_PITZER_CRUSHABLEFOAM [0,3cd,8B] {7}
*MAT_145: *MAT_SCHWER_MURRAY_CAP_MODEL [0,5] {50}
*MAT_146: *MAT_1DOF_GENERALIZED_SPRING [1D] {1}
*MAT_147 *MAT_FHWA_SOIL [0,3cd,5,8B] {15}
*MAT_147_N: *MAT_FHWA_SOIL_NEBRASKA [0,3cd,5,8B] {15}
*MAT_148: *MAT_GAS_MIXTURE [0,8A] {14}
*MAT_151: *MAT_EMMI [0,3cd,5,8B] {23}
*MAT_153: *MAT_DAMAGE_3 [0,1H,2,3abcd]
*MAT_154: *MAT_DESHPANDE_FLECK_FOAM [0,3cd,8B] {10}
*MAT_155: *MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION_EOS [0,3cd,5,8B] {16}
*MAT_156: *MAT_MUSCLE [1T] {0}
*MAT
*MAT_157: *MAT_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC [2,3ab] {5}
*MAT_158: *MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_COMPOSITE_FABRIC [2,3ab] {54}
*MAT_159: *MAT_CSCM_{OPTION} [0,3cd,5] {22}
*MAT_160: * MAT_ALE_INCOMPRESSIBLE
*MAT_161: *MAT_COMPOSITE_MSC [0] {34}
*MAT_162: *MAT_COMPOSITE_DMG_MSC [0] {40}
*MAT_163 *MAT_MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM [0,3cd,8B] {10}
*MAT_164: *MAT_BRAIN_LINEAR_VISCOELASTIC [0] {14}
*MAT_165: *MAT_PLASTIC_NONLINEAR_KINEMATIC [0,2,3abcd,8B] {8}
*MAT_166: *MAT_MOMENT_CURVATURE_BEAM [1B] {54}
*MAT_167: *MAT_MCCORMICK [03cd,,8B] {8}
*MAT_168: *MAT_POLYMER [0,3c,8B] {60}
*MAT_169: *MAT_ARUP_ADHESIVE [0] {20}
*MAT_170: *MAT_RESULTANT_ANISOTROPIC [2,3ab] {67}
*MAT_171: *MAT_STEEL_CONCENTRIC_BRACE [1B] {33}
*MAT_172: *MAT_CONCRETE_EC2 [1H,2,3ab] {35}
*MAT_173: *MAT_MOHR_COULOMB [0,5] {31}
*MAT_174: *MAT_RC_BEAM [1H] {26}
*MAT_175: *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_THERMAL [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {86}
*MAT_176: *MAT_QUASILINEAR_VISCOELASTIC [0,2,3abcd,5,8B] {81}
*MAT_177: *MAT_HILL_FOAM [0,3cd] {12}
*MAT_178: *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_HILL_FOAM [0,3cd] {92}
*MAT_179: *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM_{OPTION} [0,3cd] {77}
*MAT_181: *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM_{OPTION} [0,2,3cd] {39}
*MAT_183: *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER_WITH_DAMAGE [0,2,3cd] {44}
*MAT_184: *MAT_COHESIVE_ELASTIC [7] {0}
*MAT_185: *MAT_COHESIVE_TH [7] {0}
*MAT_186: *MAT_COHESIVE_GENERAL [7] {6}
*MAT_187: *MAT_SAMP-1 [0,2,3abcd] {38}
*MAT_188: *MAT_THERMO_ELASTO_VISCOPLASTIC_CREEP [0,2,3abcd] {27}
*MAT_189: *MAT_ANISOTROPIC_THERMOELASTIC [0,3c,8B] {21}
*MAT_190: *MAT_FLD_3-PARAMETER_BARLAT [2,3ab] {36}
*MAT_191: *MAT_SEISMIC_BEAM [1B] {36}
*MAT_192: *MAT_SOIL_BRICK [0,3cd] {71}
*MAT_193: *MAT_DRUCKER_PRAGER [0,3cd] {74}
*MAT_194: *MAT_RC_SHEAR_WALL [2,3ab] {36}
*MAT_195: *MAT_CONCRETE_BEAM [1H] {5}
*MAT_196: *MAT_GENERAL_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D] {25}
*MAT_197: *MAT_SEISMIC_ISOLATOR [1D] {10}
*MAT_198: *MAT_JOINTED_ROCK [0] {31}
*MAT_202: *MAT_STEEL_EC3 [1H]
*MAT_214: *MAT_DRY_FABRIC [9]
*MAT_219: *MAT_CODAM2 [0,2,3abcd]
*MAT_220: *MAT_RIGID_DISCRETE [0,2]
*MAT_221: *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_SIMPLIFIED_DAMAGE [0,3cd,5] {17}
*MAT_224: *MAT_TABULATED_JOHNSON_COOK [0,2,3abcd,,5] {11}
*MAT_225: *MAT_VISCOPLASTIC_MIXED_HARDENING [0,2,3abcd,5]
*MAT_226: *MAT_KINEMATIC_HARDENING_BARLAT89 [2,3ab]
*MAT_230: *MAT_PML_ELASTIC [0] {24}
*MAT_231: *MAT_PML_ACOUSTIC [6] {35}
*MAT_232: *MAT_BIOT_HYSTERETIC [0,2,3ab] {30}
*MAT_233: *MAT_CAZACU_BARLAT [2,3ab]
*MAT_234: *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_LOOSE_FABRIC [2,3a]
*MAT_235: *MAT_MICROMECHANICS_DRY_FABRIC [2,3a]
*MAT
*MAT_236: *MAT_SCC_ON_RCC [2,3ab]
*MAT_237: *MAT_PML_HYSTERETIC [0] {54}
*MAT_238: *MAT_PERT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY [0,1H,2,3,5,8A]
*MAT_240: *MAT_COHESIVE_MIXED_MODE_ELASTOPLASTIC_RATE [0]
*MAT_241: *MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_JH1 [0,3cd,5]
*MAT_242: *MAT_KINEMATIC_HARDENING_BARLAT2000 [2,3ab]
*MAT_243: *MAT_HILL_90 [2,3ab]
*MAT_244: *MAT_UHS_STEEL [0,2,3abcd,5]
*MAT_245: *MAT_PML_{OPTION}TROPIC_ELASTIC [0] {30}
*MAT_246: *MAT_PML_NULL [0] {27}
*MAT_251: *MAT_TAILORED_PROPERTIES [2] {6}
*MAT_252: *MAT_TOUGHENED_ADHESIVE_POLYMER [0,7] {10}
*MAT_255: *MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTIC_THERMAL [0,2,3abcd]
*MAT_256: *MAT_AMORPHOUS_SOLIDS_FINITE_STRAIN [0]
*MAT_261: *MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO [0,2,3abcd]
*MAT_262: *MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO [0,2,3abcd]
*MAT_266: *MAT_TISSUE_DISPERSED [0]
*MAT_267: *MAT_EIGHT_CHAIN_RUBBER [0,5]
*MAT_269: *MAT_BERGSTROM_BOYCE_RUBBER [0,5]
*MAT_270: *MAT_CWM [0,5]
*MAT_271: *MAT_POWDER [0,5]
*MAT_272: *MAT_RHT [0,5]
*MAT_273: *MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL [0]
*MAT_276: *MAT_CHRONOLOGICAL_VISCOELASTIC [2,3abcd]
For the discrete (type 6) beam elements, which are used to model complicated dampers and
multi-dimensional spring-damper combinations, the following material types are available:
*MAT_066: *MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]

*MAT_067: *MAT_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_068: *MAT_NONLINEAR_PLASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_069: *MAT_SID_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_070: *MAT_HYDRAULIC_GAS_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_071: *MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_074: *MAT_ELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_093: *MAT_ELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_094: *MAT_INELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_095: *MAT_INELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_119: *MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_6DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_121: *MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_1DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_146: *MAT_1DOF_GENERALIZED_SPRING [1D]
*MAT_196: *MAT_GENERAL_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]
*MAT_197: *MAT_SEISMIC_ISOLATOR [1D]
*MAT_208: *MAT_BOLT_BEAM [1D]
For the discrete springs and dampers the following material types are available
*MAT_S01: *MAT_SPRING_ELASTIC
*MAT_S02: *MAT_DAMPER_VISCOUS
*MAT_S03: *MAT_SPRING_ELASTOPLASTIC
*MAT_S04: *MAT_SPRING_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC
*MAT_S05: *MAT_DAMPER_NONLINEAR_VISCOUS
*MAT_S06: *MAT_SPRING_GENERAL_NONLINEAR

*MAT
*MAT_S07: *MAT_SPRING_MAXWELL
*MAT_S08: *MAT_SPRING_INELASTIC
*MAT_S13: *MAT_SPRING_TRILINEAR_DEGRADING
*MAT_S14: *MAT_SPRING_SQUAT_SHEARWALL
*MAT_S15: *MAT_SPRING_MUSCLE
For ALE solids the following material types are available:
*MAT_ALE_01: *MAT_ALE_VACUUM (same as *MAT_140)

*MAT_ALE_02: *MAT_ALE_GAS_MIXTURE (same as *MAT_148)
*MAT_ALE_03: *MAT_ALE_VISCOUS (same as *MAT_009)
*MAT_ALE_04: *MAT_ALE_MIXING_LENGTH (same as *MAT_149)
*MAT_ALE_05: *MAT_ALE_INCOMPRESSIBLE (same as *MAT_160)
*MAT_ALE_06: *MAT_ALE_HERSCHEL
For the seatbelts one material is available.
*MAT_B01: *MAT_SEATBELT
For thermal materials in a coupled structural/thermal or thermal only analysis, six materi-
als are available. These materials are related to the structural material via the *PART card.
Thermal materials are defined only for solid and shell elements.
*MAT_T01: *MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC
*MAT_T02: *MAT_THERMAL_ORTHOTROPIC
*MAT_T03: *MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_TD
*MAT_T04: *MAT_THERMAL_ORTHOTROPIC_TD
*MAT_T05: *MAT_THERMAL_DISCRETE_BEAM
*MAT_T07: *MAT_THERMAL_CWM
*MAT_T08 *MAT_THERMAL_ORTHOTROPIC_TD_LC
*MAT_T09 *MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_PHASE_CHANGE
*MAT_T10 *MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_TD_LC
*MAT_T11-T15: *MAT_THERMAL_USER_DEFINED DEFINED
Remarks:
Curves and tables are sometimes defined for the purpose of defining material properties.
An example would be a curve of effective stress vs. effective plastic strain defined using the
command *DEFINE_CURVE. In general , the following can be said about curves and
tables that are referenced by material models:
1. Curves are internally rediscretized using equal increments along the x-axis.
2. Curve data is interpolated between rediscretized data points within the defined
range of the curve and extrapolated as needed beyond the defined range of the
curve.
3. Extrapolation is not employed for table values (*DEFINE_TABLE…). See com-
ments under *DEFINE_TABLE for further details.

*MAT *MATERIAL MODEL REFERENCE TABLES
MATERIAL MODEL REFERENCE TABLES
The tables provided on the following pages list the material models, some of their attrib-
utes, and the general classes of physical materials to which the numerical models might be
applied.
If a material model, without consideration of *MAT_ADD_EROSION or *MAT_ADD_-

THERMAL_EXPANSION, includes any of the following attributes, a “Y” will appear in the
respective column of the table:
SRATE - Strain-rate effects

FAIL - Failure criteria
EOS - Equation-of-State required for 3D solids and 2D con-
tinuum elements
THERMAL - Thermal effects
ANISO - Anisotropic/orthotropic
DAM - Damage effects
TENS - Tension handled differently than compression in some
manner
Potential applications of the material models, in terms of classes of physical materials, are
abbreviated in the table as follows:
GN - General
CM - Composite
CR - Ceramic
FL - Fluid
FM - Foam
GL - Glass
HY - Hydrodynamic material
MT - Metal
PL - Plastic
RB - Rubber
SL - Soil, concrete, or rock
AD - Adhesive or Cohesive material
BIO - Biological material
CIV - Civil Engineering component

*MATERIAL MODEL REFERENCE TABLES *MAT
THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
Material Number And Description APPS
1 Elastic GN, FL
Orthotropic Elastic (Anisotropic-
2 solids)
Y CM, MT
3 Plastic Kinematic/Isotropic Y Y CM, MT, PL
4 Elastic Plastic Thermal Y MT, PL
5 Soil and Foam Y FM, SL
6 Linear Viscoelastic Y RB
7 Blatz-Ko Rubber RB
8 High Explosive Burn Y HY
9 Null Material Y Y Y Y FL, HY
10 Elastic Plastic Hydro(dynamic) Y Y Y HY, MT
Steinberg: Temp. Dependent Elasto-
11 plastic
Y Y Y Y Y HY, MT
12 Isotropic Elastic Plastic MT
13 Isotropic Elastic with Failure Y Y MT
14 Soil and Foam with Failure Y Y FM, SL
15 Johnson/Cook Plasticity Model Y Y Y Y Y Y HY, MT
16 Pseudo Tensor Geological Model Y Y Y Y Y SL
Oriented Crack (Elastoplastic w/ HY, MT, PL,
17 Fracture)
Y Y Y Y
CR
18 Power Law Plasticity (Isotropic) Y MT, PL
19 Strain Rate Dependent Plasticity Y Y MT, PL
20 Rigid
21 Orthotropic Thermal (Elastic) Y Y GN
22 Composite Damage Y Y Y CM
23 Temperature Dependent Orthotropic Y Y CM
24 Piecewise Linear Plasticity (Isotropic) Y Y MT, PL
25 Inviscid Two Invariant Geologic Cap Y Y SL
26 Honeycomb Y Y Y Y CM, FM, SL
27 Mooney-Rivlin Rubber Y RB
28 Resultant Plasticity MT
29 Force Limited Resultant Formulation Y

THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
30 Shape Memory MT
31 Frazer-Nash Rubber Y RB
32 Laminated Glass (Composite) Y CM, GL
33 Barlat Anisotropic Plasticity (YLD96) Y Y CR, MT
34 Fabric Y Y fabric
35 Plastic-Green Naghdi Rate Y MT
36 Three-Parameter Barlat Plasticity Y Y Y MT
Transversely Anisotropic Elastic
37 Plastic
Y MT
38 Blatz-Ko Foam FM, PL
39 FLD Transversely Anisotropic Y MT
40 Nonlinear Orthotropic Y Y Y Y CM
41 -50 User Defined Materials Y Y Y Y Y Y Y GN
Bamman (Temp/Rate Dependent
51 Plasticity)
Y Y GN
52 Bamman Damage Y Y Y Y MT
Closed cell foam (Low density
53 polyurethane)
FM
Composite Damage with Chang
54 Failure
Y Y Y Y CM
Composite Damage with Tsai-Wu
55 Failure
Y Y Y Y CM
57 Low Density Urethane Foam Y Y Y FM
58 Laminated Composite Fabric Y Y Y Y CM, fabric
59 Composite Failure (Plasticity Based) Y Y Y CM, CR
60 Elastic with Viscosity (Viscous Glass) Y Y GL
61 Kelvin-Maxwell Viscoelastic Y FM
62 Viscous Foam (Crash dummy Foam) Y FM
63 Isotropic Crushable Foam Y FM
64 Rate Sensitive Powerlaw Plasticity Y MT
Zerilli-Armstrong (Rate/Temp
65 Plasticity)
Y Y Y Y MT
66 Linear Elastic Discrete Beam Y Y
67 Nonlinear Elastic Discrete Beam Y Y Y
68 Nonlinear Plastic Discrete Beam Y Y Y

THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
69 SID Damper Discrete Beam Y

70 Hydraulic Gas Damper Discrete Beam Y
71 Cable Discrete Beam (Elastic) Y cable
72 Concrete Damage (incl. Release III) Y Y Y Y Y SL
73 Low Density Viscous Foam Y Y Y FM
74 Elastic Spring Discrete Beam Y Y Y
75 Bilkhu/Dubois Foam Y FM
76 General Viscoelastic (Maxwell Model) Y Y Y RB
77 Hyperelastic and Ogden Rubber Y Y RB
78 Soil Concrete Y Y Y SL
Hysteretic Soil (Elasto-Perfectly
79 Plastic)
Y Y SL
80 Ramberg-Osgood SL
81 Plasticity with Damage Y Y Y MT, PL
82 Plasticity with Damage Ortho Y Y Y Y
83 Fu Chang Foam Y Y Y Y FM
84 Winfrith Concrete (w/ rate effects) Y Y FM, SL
85 Winfrith Concrete Y SL
86 Orthotropic Viscoelastic Y Y RB
87 Cellular Rubber Y Y RB
88 MTS Y Y Y MT
89 Plasticity Polymer Y Y PL
90 Acoustic Y FL
91 Soft Tissue Y Y Y Y BIO
92 Soft Tissue (viscous)
93 Elastic 6DOF Spring Discrete Beam Y Y Y Y
94 Inelastic Spring Discrete Beam Y Y Y
95 Inelastic 6DOF Spring Discrete Beam Y Y Y Y
96 Brittle Damage Y Y Y Y Y SL
97 General Joint Discrete Beam
98 Simplified Johnson Cook Y Y MT
Simpl. Johnson Cook Orthotropic
99 Damage
Y Y Y Y MT

THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
100 Spotweld Y Y Y Y MT
101 GE Plastic Strain Rate Y Y Y PL
102 Inv. Hyperbolic Sin Y Y MT, PL
103 Anisotropic Viscoplastic Y Y Y MT
103P Anisotropic Plastic Y MT
104 Damage 1 Y Y Y Y MT
105 Damage 2 Y Y Y MT
106 Elastic Viscoplastic Thermal Y Y PL
107 Modified Johnson Cook Y Y Y Y MT
108 Ortho Elastic Plastic Y
110 Johnson Holmquist Ceramics Y Y Y Y CR, GL
111 Johnson Holmquist Concrete Y Y Y Y SL
112 Finite Elastic Strain Plasticity Y PL
Transformation Induced Plasticity
113 (TRIP)
Y MT
114 Layered Linear Plasticity Y Y MT, PL, CM
115 Unified Creep
116 Composite Layup Y CM
117 Composite Matrix Y CM
118 Composite Direct Y CM
General Nonlinear 6DOF Discrete
119 Beam
Y Y Y Y
120 Gurson Y Y Y Y MT
General Nonlinear 1DOF Discrete
121 Beam
Y Y Y
122 Hill 3RC Y MT
123 Modified Piecewise Linear Plasticity Y Y MT, PL
124 Plasticity Compression Tension Y Y Y MT, PL
Kinematic Hardening Transversely
125 Aniso.
Y MT
126 Modified Honeycomb Y Y Y Y Y CM, FM, SL
127 Arruda Boyce Rubber Y RB
128 Heart Tissue Y Y BIO
129 Lung Tissue Y Y BIO

THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
130 Special Orthotropic Y

131 Isotropic Smeared Crack Y Y Y MT, CM
132 Orthotropic Smeared Crack Y Y Y MT, CM
133 Barlat YLD2000 Y Y Y MT
134 Viscoelastic Fabric
135 Weak and Strong Texture Model Y Y Y MT
136 Corus Vegter Y MT
138 Cohesive Mixed Mode Y Y Y Y AD
139 Modified Force Limited Y Y
140 Vacuum
141 Rate Sensitve Polymer Y PL
Transversely Anisotropic Crushable
142 Foam
Y Y FM
143 Wood Y Y Y Y Y (wood)
144 Pitzer Crushable Foam Y Y FM
145 Schwer Murray Cap Model Y Y Y Y SL
146 1DOF Generalized Spring Y
147 FWHA Soil Y Y Y SL
147N FHWA Soil Nebraska Y Y Y SL
148 Gas Mixture Y FL
Evolving Microstructural Model of
151 Inelast.
Y Y Y Y Y MT
153 Damage 3 Y Y Y MT, PL
154 Deshpande Fleck Foam Y FM
155 Plasticity Compression Tension EOS Y Y Y Y (ice)
156 Muscle Y Y BIO
157 Anisotropic Elastic Plastic Y MT, CM
158 Rate-Sensitive Composite Fabric Y Y Y Y Y CM
159 CSCM Y Y Y Y SL
160 ALE incompressible
161 ,162 Composite MSC Y Y Y Y Y CM
163 Modified Crushable Foam Y Y FM
164 Brain Linear Viscoelastic Y BIO

THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
165 Plastic Nonlinear Kinematic Y MT

166 Moment Curvature Beam Y Y Y CIV
167 McCormick Y MT
168 Polymer Y Y PL
169 Arup Adhesive Y Y Y Y AD
170 Resultant Anisotropic Y PL
171 Steel Concentric Brace Y Y CIV
172 Concrete EC2 Y Y Y SL, MT
173 Mohr Coulomb Y Y SL
174 RC Beam Y Y SL
175 Viscoelastic Thermal Y Y Y RB
176 Quasilinear Viscoelastic Y Y Y Y BIO
177 Hill Foam Y FM
178 Viscoelastic Hill Foam (Ortho) Y Y FM
179 Low Density Synthetic Foam Y Y Y Y Y FM
181 Simplified Rubber/Foam Y Y Y Y RB, FM
183 Simplified Rubber with Damage Y Y Y RB
184 Cohesive Elastic Y Y AD
185 Cohesive TH Y Y Y Y AD
186 Cohesive General Y Y Y Y AD
Semi-Analytical Model for Polymers –
187 1
Y Y Y PL
188 Thermo Elasto Viscoelastic Creep Y Y MT
189 Anisotropic Thermoelastic Y Y
Flow limit diagram 3-Parameter
190 Barlat
Y Y Y MT
191 Seismic Beam Y CIV
192 Soil Brick Y SL
193 Drucker Prager Y SL
194 RC Shear Wall Y Y Y CIV
195 Concrete Beam Y Y Y Y CIV
196 General Spring Discrete Beam Y Y
197 Seismic Isolator Y Y Y Y CIV

THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
198 Jointed Rock Y Y Y SL

202 Steel EC3 CIV
214 Dry Fabric Y Y Y Y Y
208 Bolt Beam
219 CODAM2 Y Y Y Y CM
220 Rigid Discrete
221 Orthotropic Simplified Damage Y Y Y Y CM
224 Tabulated Johnson Cook Y Y Y Y Y Y HY, MT, PL
225 Viscoplastic Mixed Hardening Y Y MT, PL
226 Kinematic hardening Barlat 89 Y MT
230 Elastic Perfectly Matched Layer (PML) Y SL
231 Acoustic PML FL
232 Biot Linear Hysteretic Material Y SL
233 Cazacu Barlat Y Y MT
234 Viscoelastic Loose Fabric Y Y Y Y Fabric
235 Micromechanic Dry Fabric Y Y Fabric
236 Ceramic Matrix Y Y Y CM, CR
237 Biot Hysteretic PML Y SL
238 Piecewise linear plasticity (PERT) Y Y MT, PL
240 Cohesive mixed mode Y Y Y Y Y AD
241 Johnson Holmquist JH1 Y Y Y Y CR, GL
242 Kinematic hardening Barlat 2000 Y MT
243 Hill 90 Y Y Y MT
244 UHS Steel Y Y MT
245 Orthotropic/anisotropic PML Y SL
246 Null material PML Y FL
251 Tailored Properties Y Y MT, PL
252 Toughened Adhesive Polymer Y Y Y Y Y AD
255 Piecewise linear plastic thermal Y Y Y Y MT
256 Amorphous solid (finite strain) Y Y GL
261 Laminated Fracture Daimler Pinho Y Y Y Y CM

THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
Laminated Fracture Daimler Caman-
262 ho
Y Y Y Y CM
266 Dispersed tissue Y BIO
267 Eight chain rubber Y Y RB, PL
269 Bergström Boyce rubber Y RB
270 Welding material Y MT,PL
271 Powder compaction Y CR,SL
272 RHT concrete model Y Y Y Y SL,CIV
273 Concrete damage plastic Y Y Y Y SL
276 Chronological viscoelastic Y Y RB
A01 ALE Vacuum FL
A02 ALE Gas Mixture Y FL
A03 ALE Viscous Y Y FL
A04 ALE Mixing Length FL
A05 ALE Incompressible FL
A06 ALE Herschel Y Y FL
S1 Spring Elastic (Linear)
S2 Damper Viscous (Linear) Y
S3 Spring Elastoplastic (Isotropic)
S4 Spring Nonlinear Elastic Y Y
S5 Damper Nonlinear Viscous Y Y
S6 Spring General Nonlinear Y
Spring Maxwell (3-Parameter Viscoe-
S7 lastic)
Y
Spring Inelastic (Tension or Compres-
S8 sion)
Y
S13 Spring Trilinear Degrading Y Y CIV
S14 Spring Squat Shearwall Y CIV
S15 Spring Muscle Y Y BIO
B1 Seatbelt Y
T01 Thermal Isotropic Y Heat transfer
T02 Thermal Orthotropic Y Y Heat transfer
T03 Thermal Isotropic (Temp Dependent) Y Heat transfer

THERMAL
SRATE
ANISO
TENS
DAM
FAIL
EOS
Thermal Orthotropic (Temp Depend-
T04 ent)
Y Y Heat transfer
T05 Thermal Discrete Beam Y Heat transfer
T07 Thermal CWM (Welding) Y Heat transfer
Thermal Orthotropic(Temp dep-load
T08 curve)
Y Y Heat transfer
T09 Thermal Isotropic (Phase Change) Y Heat transfer
Thermal Isotropic (Temp dep-load
T10 curve)
Y Heat transfer
T11 Thermal User Defined Y Heat transfer

*ALPHABETIZED MATERIALS LIST
ALPHABETIZED MATERIALS LIST
Material Keyword Number
*EOS
*EOS_GASKET
*EOS_GRUNEISEN
*EOS_IDEAL_GAS
*EOS_IGNITION_AND_GROWTH_OF_REACTION_IN_HE
*EOS_JWL
*EOS_JWLB
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL
*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL_WITH_ENERGY_LEAK
*EOS_MIE_GRUNEISEN
*EOS_PROPELLENT_DEFLAGRATION
*EOS_RADIO_OF_POLYNOMIALS
*EOS_SACK_TUESDAY
*EOS_TABULATED
*EOS_TABULATED_COMPACTION
*EOS_TENSOR_PORE_COLLAPSE
*EOS_USER_DEFINED
*MAT_{OPTION}TROPIC_ELASTIC *MAT_002
*MAT_1DOF_GENERALIZED_SPRING *MAT_146
*MAT_3-PARAMETER_BARLAT *MAT_036
*MAT_ACOUSTIC *MAT_090
*MAT_ADD_AIRBAG_PEROSITY_LEAKAGE
*MAT_ADD_COHESIVE
*MAT_ADD_EROSION
*MAT_ADD_PERMEABILITY
*MAT_ADD_PORE_AIR
*MAT_ADD_THERMAL_EXPANSION

*MAT_ALE_GAS_MIXTURE *MAT_ALE_02
*MAT_ALE_HERSCHEL *MAT_ALE_06
*MAT_ALE_INCOMPRESSIBLE *MAT_160
*MAT_ALE_MIXING_LENGTH *MAT_ALE_04
*MAT_ALE_VACUUM *MAT_ALE_01
*MAT_ALE_VISCOIS *MAT_ALE_03
*MAT_AMORPHOUS_SOLIDS_FINITE_STRAIN *MAT_256
*MAT_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC *MAT_157
*MAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTIC *MAT_103_P
*MAT_ANISOTROPIC_THERMOELASTIC *MAT_189
*MAT_ANISOTROPIC_VISCOPLASTIC *MAT_103
*MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE_RUBBER *MAT_127
*MAT_ARUP_ADHESIVE *MAT_169
*MAT_BAMMAN *MAT_051
*MAT_BAMMAN_DAMAGE *MAT_052
*MAT_BARLAT_ANISOTROPIC_PLASTICITY *MAT_033
*MAT_BARLAT_YLD2000 *MAT_133
*MAT_BARLAT_YLD96 *MAT_033_96
*MAT_BERGSTROM_BOYCE_RUBBER *MAT_269
*MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM *MAT_075
*MAT_BIOT_HYSTERETIC *MAT_232
*MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM *MAT_038
*MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER *MAT_007
*MAT_BOLT_BEAM *MAT_208
*MAT_BRAIN_LINEAR_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_164
*MAT_BRITTLE_DAMAGE *MAT_096
*MAT_CABLE_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_071
*MAT_CAZACU_BARLAT *MAT_233
*MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER *MAT_087
*MAT_CHRONOLOGICAL_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_276

*MAT_CLOSED_CELL_FOAM *MAT_053
*MAT_CODAM2 *MAT_219
*MAT_COHESIVE_ELASTIC *MAT_184
*MAT_COHESIVE_GENERAL *MAT_186
*MAT_COHESIVE_MIXED_MODE *MAT_138
*MAT_COHESIVE_MIXED_MODE_ELASTOPLASTIC_RATE *MAT_240
*MAT_COHESIVE_TH *MAT_185
*MAT_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE *MAT_022
*MAT_COMPOSITE_DIRECT *MAT_118
*MAT_COMPOSITE_DMG_MSC *MAT_162
*MAT_COMPOSITE_FAILURE_{OPTION}_MODEL *MAT_059
*MAT_COMPOSITE_LAYUP *MAT_116
*MAT_COMPOSITE_MATRIX *MAT_117
*MAT_COMPOSITE_MSC *MAT_161
*MAT_CONCRETE_BEAM *MAT_195
*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE *MAT_072
*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_PLASTIC_MODEL *MAT_273
*MAT_CONCRETE_DAMAGE_REL3 *MAT_072R3
*MAT_CONCRETE_EC2 *MAT_172
*MAT_CORUS_VEGTER *MAT_136
*MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM *MAT_063
*MAT_CSCM_{OPTION} *MAT_159
*MAT_CWM *MAT_270
*MAT_DAMAGE_1 *MAT_104
*MAT_DAMPER_NONLINEAR_VISCOUS *MAT_S05
*MAT_DAMPER_VISCOUS *MAT_S02
*MAT_DESHPANDE_FLECK_FOAM *MAT_154
*MAT_DRUCKER_PRAGER *MAT_193

*MAT_DRY_FABRIC *MAT_214
*MAT_EIGHT_CHAIN_RUBBER *MAT_267
*MAT_ELASTIC *MAT_001
*MAT_ELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_093
*MAT_ELASTIC_FLUID *MAT_001_FLUID
*MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_HYDRO_{OPTION} *MAT_010
*MAT_ELASTIC_PLASTIC_THERMAL *MAT_004
*MAT_ELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_074
*MAT_ELASTIC_VISCOPLASTIC_THERMAL *MAT_106
*MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY *MAT_060
*MAT_ELASTIC_WITH_VISCOSITY_CURVE *MAT_060C
*MAT_EMMI *MAT_151
*MAT_ENHANCED_COMPOSITE_DAMAGE *MAT_054-055
*MAT_FABRIC *MAT_034
*MAT_FHWA_SOIL *MAT_147
*MAT_FHWA_SOIL_NEBRASKA *MAT_147_N
*MAT_FINITE_ELASTIC_STRAIN_PLASTICITY *MAT_112
*MAT_FLD_3-PARAMETER_BARLAT *MAT_190
*MAT_FLD_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC *MAT_039
*MAT_FORCE_LIMITED *MAT_029
*MAT_FRAZER_NASH_RUBBER_MODEL *MAT_031
*MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM *MAT_083
*MAT_GAS_MIXTURE *MAT_148
*MAT_GENERAL_JOINT_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_097
*MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_1DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_121
*MAT_GENERAL_NONLINEAR_6DOF_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_119
*MAT_GENERAL_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_196
*MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_076
*MAT_GEOLOGIC_CAP_MODEL *MAT_025
*MAT_GEPLASTIC_SRATE_2000a *MAT_101

*MAT_GURSON *MAT_120
*MAT_GURSON_JC *MAT_120_JC
*MAT_GURSON_RCDC *MAT_120_RCDC
*MAT_HEART_TISSUE *MAT_128
*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN *MAT_008
*MAT_HILL_3R *MAT_122
*MAT_HILL_90 *MAT_243
*MAT_HILL_FOAM *MAT_177
*MAT_HONEYCOMB *MAT_026
*MAT_HYDRAULIC_GAS_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_070
*MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER *MAT_077_H
*MAT_HYSTERETIC_SOIL *MAT_079
*MAT_INELASTC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_095
*MAT_INELASTIC_6DOF_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_095
*MAT_INELASTIC_SPRING_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_094
*MAT_INV_HYPERBOLIC_SIN *MAT_102
*MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_FAILURE *MAT_013
*MAT_ISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC *MAT_012
*MAT_ISOTROPIC_SMEARED_CRACK *MAT_131
*MAT_JOHNSON_COOK *MAT_015
*MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CERAMICS *MAT_110
*MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_CONCRETE *MAT_111
*MAT_JOHNSON_HOLMQUIST_JH1 *MAT_241
*MAT_JOINTED_ROCK *MAT_198
*MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_061
*MAT_KINEMATIC_HARDENING_BARLAT2000 *MAT_242
*MAT_KINEMATIC_HARDENING_BARLAT89 *MAT_226
*MAT_KINEMATIC_HARDENING_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC *MAT_125
*MAT_LAMINATED_COMPOSITE_FABRIC *MAT_058
*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_CAMANHO *MAT_262

*MAT_LAMINATED_FRACTURE_DAIMLER_PINHO *MAT_261
*MAT_LAMINATED_GLASS *MAT_032
*MAT_LAYERED_LINEAR_PLASTICITY *MAT_114
*MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_066
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM *MAT_057
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM_{OPTION} *MAT_179
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM *MAT_073
*MAT_LUNG_TISSUE *MAT_129
*MAT_MCCORMICK *MAT_167
*MAT_MICROMECHANICS_DRY_FABRIC *MAT_235
*MAT_MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM *MAT_163
*MAT_MODIFIED_FORCE_LIMITED *MAT_139
*MAT_MODIFIED_HONEYCOMB *MAT_126
*MAT_MODIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK *MAT_107
*MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY *MAT_123
*MAT_MODIFIED_ZERILLI_ARMSTRONG *MAT_065
*MAT_MOHR_COULOMB *MAT_173
*MAT_MOMENT_CURVATURE_BEAM *MAT_166
*MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER *MAT_027
*MAT_MTS *MAT_088
*MAT_MUSCLE *MAT_156
*MAT_NONLINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_067
*MAT_NONLINEAR_ORTHOTROPIC *MAT_040
*MAT_NONLINEAR_PLASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_068
*MAT_NULL *MAT_009
*MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER *MAT_077_O
*MAT_OPTION_TROPIC_ELASTIC *MAT_002
*MAT_ORIENTED_CRACK *MAT_017
*MAT_ORTHO_ELASTIC_PLASTIC *MAT_108
*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_SIMPLIFIED_DAMAGE *MAT_221

*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_SMEARED_CRACK *MAT_132
*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_THERMAL *MAT_021
*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_086
*MAT_PERT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY *MAT_238
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTIC_THERMAL *MAT_255
*MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY *MAT_024
*MAT_PITZER_CRUSHABLEFOAM *MAT_144
*MAT_PLASTIC_GREEN-NAGHDI_RATE *MAT_035
*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC *MAT_003
*MAT_PLASTIC_NONLINEAR_KINEMATIC *MAT_165
*MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION *MAT_124
*MAT_PLASTICITY_COMPRESSION_TENSION_EOS *MAT_155
*MAT_PLASTICITY_POLYMER *MAT_089
*MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE *MAT_081
*MAT_PLASTICITY_WITH_DAMAGE_ORTHO(_RCDC) *MAT_082(_RCDC)
*MAT_PML_{OPTION}TROPIC_ELASTIC *MAT_245
*MAT_PML_ACOUSTIC *MAT_231
*MAT_PML_ELASTIC *MAT_230
*MAT_PML_ELASTIC_FLUID *MAT_230
*MAT_PML_HYSTERETIC *MAT_237
*MAT_PML_NULL *MAT_246
*MAT_POLYMER *MAT_168
*MAT_POWDER *MAT_271
*MAT_POWER_LAW_PLASTICITY *MAT_018
*MAT_PSEUDO_TENSOR *MAT_016
*MAT_QUASILINEAR_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_176
*MAT_RAMBERG-OSGOOD *MAT_080
*MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_COMPOSITE_FABRIC *MAT_158
*MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POLYMER *MAT_141
*MAT_RATE_SENSITIVE_POWERLAW_PLASTICITY *MAT_064

*MAT_RC_BEAM *MAT_174
*MAT_RC_SHEAR_WALL *MAT_194
*MAT_RESULTANT_ANISOTROPIC *MAT_170
*MAT_RESULTANT_PLASTICITY *MAT_028
*MAT_RHT *MAT_272
*MAT_RIGID *MAT_020
*MAT_RIGID_DISCRETE *MAT_220
*MAT_SAMP-1 *MAT_187
*MAT_SCC_ON_RCC *MAT_236
*MAT_SCHWER_MURRAY_CAP_MODEL *MAT_145
*MAT_SEATBELT *MAT_B01
*MAT_SEISMIC_BEAM *MAT_191
*MAT_SEISMIC_ISOLATOR *MAT_197
*MAT_SHAPE_MEMORY *MAT_030
*MAT_SID_DAMPER_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_069
*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK *MAT_098
*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_JOHNSON_COOK_ORTHOTROPIC_DAMAGE *MAT_099
*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM_{OPTION} *MAT_181
*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER_WITH_DAMAGE *MAT_183
*MAT_SOFT_TISSUE *MAT_091
*MAT_SOFT_TISSUE_VISCO *MAT_092
*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM *MAT_005
*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE *MAT_014
*MAT_SOIL_BRICK *MAT_192
*MAT_SOIL_CONCRETE *MAT_078
*MAT_SPECIAL_ORTHOTROPIC *MAT_130
*MAT_SPOTWELD_{OPTION} *MAT_100
*MAT_SPOTWELD_DAIMLERCHRYSLER *MAT_100_DA
*MAT_SPRING_ELASTIC *MAT_S01
*MAT_SPRING_ELASTOPLASTIC *MAT_S03

*MAT_SPRING_GENERAL_NONLINEAR *MAT_S06
*MAT_SPRING_INELASTIC *MAT_S08
*MAT_SPRING_MAXWELL *MAT_S07
*MAT_SPRING_MUSCLE *MAT_S15
*MAT_SPRING_NONLINEAR_PLASTIC *MAT_S04
*MAT_SPRING_SQUAT_SHEARWALL *MAT_S14
*MAT_SPRING_TRILINEAR_DEGRADING *MAT_S13
*MAT_STEEL_CONCENTRIC_BRACE *MAT_171
*MAT_STEEL_EC3 *MAT_202
*MAT_STEINBERG *MAT_011
*MAT_STEINBERG_LUND *MAT_011_LUND
*MAT_STRAIN_RATE_DEPENDENT_PLASTICITY *MAT_019
*MAT_TABULATED_JOHNSON_COOK } *MAT_224
*MAT_TAILORED_PROPERTIES *MAT_251
*MAT_TEMPERATURE_DEPENDENT_ORTHOTROPIC *MAT_023
*MAT_THERMAL_CWM *MAT_T07
*MAT_THERMAL_DISCRETE_BEAM *MAT_T05
*MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC *MAT_TO1
*MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_PHASE_CHANGE *MAT_T09
*MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_TD *MAT_T03
*MAT_THERMAL_ISOTROPIC_TD_LC *MAT_T10
*MAT_THERMAL_OPTION *MAT_T00
*MAT_THERMAL_ORTHOTROPIC *MAT_T02
*MAT_THERMAL_ORTHOTROPIC_TD *MAT_T04
*MAT_THERMAL_ORTHOTROPIC_TD_LC *MAT_T08
*MAT_THERMAL_USER_DEFINED *MAT_T11
*MAT_THERMO_ELASTO_VISCOPLASTIC_CREEP *MAT_188
*MAT_TISSUE_DISPERSED *MAT_266
*MAT_TOUGHENED_ADHESIVE_POLYMER *MAT_252
*MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_CRUSHABLE_FOAM *MAT_142

*MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ANISOTROPIC_ELASTIC_PLASTIC *MAT_037
*MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ISOTROPIC_CRUSHABLE_FOAM *MAT_142
*MAT_TRIP *MAT_113
*MAT_UHS_STEEL *MAT_244
*MAT_UNIFIED_CREEP *MAT_115
*MAT_USER_DEFINED_MATERIAL_MODELS *MAT_041-050
*MAT_VACUUM *MAT_140
*MAT_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_006
*MAT_VISCOELASTIC_FABRIC *MAT_134
*MAT_VISCOELASTIC_HILL_FOAM *MAT_178
*MAT_VISCOELASTIC_LOOSE_FABRIC *MAT_234
*MAT_VISCOELASTIC_THERMAL *MAT_175
*MAT_VISCOPLASTIC_MIXED_HARDENING *MAT_225
*MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM *MAT_062
*MAT_WINFIRTH_CONCRETE_REINFORCEMENT *MAT_084
*MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE *MAT_084-085
*MAT_WOOD_{OPTION} *MAT_143
*MAT_WTM_STM *MAT_135
*MAT_WTM_STM_PLC *MAT_135_PLC

*MAT_005 *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM
*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM
This is Material Type 5. This is a very simple model and works in some ways like a fluid.
It should be used only in situations when soils and foams are confined within a structure or
when geometric boundaries are present. A table can be defined if thermal effects are
considered in the pressure versus volumetric strain behavior.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO G KUN A0 A1 A2 PC
Type A8 F F F F F F F
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable VCR REF LCID
Type F F F
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable EPS1 EPS2 EPS3 EPS4 EPS5 EPS6 EPS7 EPS8
Type F F F F F F F F
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable EPS9 EPS10
Type F F
Card 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

Card 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable P9 P10
Type F F
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
MID Material identification. A unique number or label not exceeding 8

characters must be specified.
RO Mass density.
G Shear modulus.
KUN Bulk modulus for unloading used for VCR = 0.0.
A0 Yield function constant for plastic yield function below.
PC Pressure cutoff for tensile fracture (< 0).
VCR Volumetric crushing option:

EQ.0.0: on,
EQ.1.0: loading and unloading paths are the same.
REF Use reference geometry to initialize the pressure. The reference

geometry is defined by the keyword:*INITIAL_FOAM_REFER-
ENCE_GEOMETRY. This option does not initialize the deviatoric
stress state.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.

*MAT_005 *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM
Pressure
Loading and unloading (along the grey
arows) follows the input curve when the
volumetric crushing option is off (VCR = 1.0)
tension compression
⎛V⎛
Volumetric Strain, ln ⎜ ⎜
⎝ V0 ⎝
Pressure Cutoff Value The bulk unloading modulus is used
if the volumetric crushing option is on
(VCR = 0). In thiscase the aterial's response
follows the black arrows.
Figure 2-7. Pressure versus volumetric strain curve for soil and crushable foam
model. The volumetric strain is given by the natural logarithm of the relative
volume, V.
LCID Load curve ID for compressive pressure (ordinate) as a function of

volumetric strain (abscissa). If LCID is defined, then the curve is
used instead of the input for EPS1…, and P1…. It makes no differ-
ence whether the values of volumetric strain in the curve are input
as positive or negative since internally, a negative sign is applied to
the absolute value of each abscissa entry. The response is extended
to being temperature dependent if LCID refers to a table.
EPS1, … Volumetric strain values in pressure vs. volumetric strain curve (see
Remarks below). A maximum of 10 values including 0.0 are al-
lowed and a minimum of 2 values are necessary. If EPS1 is not 0.0
then a point (0.0,0.0) will be automatically generated and a maxi-
mum of nine values may be input.
P1, P2, Pressures corresponding to volumetric strain values given on Cards

…, PN 3 and 4.
Remarks:
Pressure is positive in compression. Volumetric strain is given by the natural log of the
relative volume and is negative in compression. Relative volume is a ratio of the current

volume to the initial volume at the start of the calculation. The tabulated data should be
given in order of increasing compression. If the pressure drops below the cutoff value
specified, it is reset to that value. For a detailed description we refer to Kreig [1972].
The deviatoric perfectly plastic yield function, 𝜙, is described in terms of the second invari-
ant J2,
1
𝐽2 = 𝑠 𝑠 ,
2 𝑖𝑗 𝑖𝑗
pressure, p, and constants a0, a1, and a2 as:
𝜙 = 𝐽2 − [𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑝 + 𝑎2 𝑝2 ].
1
On the yield surface 𝐽2 = 3
𝜎𝑦2 where 𝜎𝑦 is the uniaxial yield stress, i.e.,
1⁄
𝜎𝑦 = [3(𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑝 + 𝑎2 𝑝2 )] 2
there is no strain hardening on this surface.
To eliminate the pressure dependence of the yield strength, set:

1
𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = 0 and 𝑎0 = 𝜎𝑦2 .
3
This approach is useful when a von Mises type elastic-plastic model is desired for use with
the tabulated volumetric data.
The history variable labeled as “plastic strain” by LS-PrePost is actually ln(V/V0) in the
case of *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM.

*MAT_006 *MAT_VISCOELASTIC
*MAT_VISCOELASTIC
This is Material Type 6. This model allows the modeling of viscoelastic behavior for beams
(Hughes-Liu), shells, and solids. Also see *MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC for a more
general formulation.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO BULK G0 GI BETA
Type A8 F F F F F

RO Mass density
BULK Elastic bulk modulus.

LT.0.0: |BULK| is load curve of bulk modulus as a function of
temperature.
G0 Short-time shear modulus, see equations below.

LT.0.0: |G0| is load curve of short-time shear modulus as a func-
tion of temperature.
GI Long-time (infinite) shear modulus, G∞.

LT.0.0: |GI| is load curve of long-time shear modulus as a func-
tion of temperature.
BETA Decay constant.

LT.0.0: |BETA| is load curve of decay constant as a function of
temperature.
Remarks:
The shear relaxation behavior is described by [Hermann and Peterson, 1968]:

𝐺(𝑡) = 𝐺∞ + (𝐺0 − 𝐺∞ )exp(−𝛽𝑡)
A Jaumann rate formulation is used

*MAT_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_006
∇ 𝑡
σij′ = 2 ∫ 𝐺(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝐷′𝑖𝑗 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏
0
∇
where the prime denotes the deviatoric part of the stress rate, 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , and the strain rate, D𝑖𝑗 .

*MAT_007 *MAT_BLATZ-KO_RUBBER
*MAT_BLATZKO_RUBBER
This is Material Type 7. This one parameter material allows the modeling of nearly incom-
pressible continuum rubber. The Poisson’s ratio is fixed to 0.463.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO G REF
Type A8 F F F

RO Mass density.
G Shear modulus.
REF Use reference geometry to initialize the stress tensor. The reference
ENCE_GEOMETRY (see there for more details).
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
Remarks:
The second Piola-Kirchhoff stress is computed as

1 −( 1 )
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝐺 [ 𝐶 −𝑉 1−2𝜐 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ]
𝑉 𝑖𝑗
where 𝑉 is the relative volume defined as being the ratio of the current volume to the initial
volume, C𝑖𝑗 is the right Cauchy-Green strain tensor, and 𝑣 is Poisson’s ratio, which is set to
.463 internally. This stress measure is transformed to the Cauchy stress, 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , according to
the relationship
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑉 −1 𝐹𝑖𝑘 𝐹𝑗𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑘
where F𝑖𝑗 is the deformation gradient tensor. Also see Blatz and Ko [1962].

*MAT_014 *MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE
*MAT_SOIL_AND_FOAM_FAILURE
This is Material Type 14. The input for this model is the same as for *MATERIAL_SOIL_-
AND_FOAM (Type 5); however, when the pressure reaches the failure pressure, the ele-
ment loses its ability to carry tension. It should be used only in situations when soils and
foams are confined within a structure or when geometric boundaries are present.

*MAT_MOONEYRIVLIN_RUBBER
This is Material Type 27. A two-parametric material model for rubber can be defined.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO PR A B REF
Type A8 F F F F F
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SGL SW ST LCID
Type F F F F

RO Mass density.
PR Poisson’s ratio (value between 0.49 and 0.5 is recommended, smaller

values may not work).
A Constant, see literature and equations defined below.
B Constant, see literature and equations defined below.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
If A = B=0.0, then a least square fit is computed from tabulated uniaxial data via a load
curve. The following information should be defined
SGL Specimen gauge length l0, see Figure 2-15.
SW Specimen width, see Figure 2-15.

*MAT_027 *MAT_MOONEY-RIVLIN_RUBBER
ST Specimen thickness, see Figure 2-15.
LCID Load curve ID, see *DEFINE_CURVE, giving the force versus actual
change 'L in the gauge length. See also Figure 2-16 for an alterna-
tive definition.
Remarks:
The strain energy density function is defined as:

𝑊 = 𝐴(𝐼 − 3) + 𝐵(𝐼𝐼 − 3) + 𝐶(𝐼𝐼𝐼 −2 − 1) + 𝐷(𝐼𝐼𝐼 − 1)2
where
𝐶 = 0.5 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝐴(5𝜐 − 2) + 𝐵(11𝜐 − 5)
𝐷=
2(1 − 2𝜐)
𝜈 = Poisson’s ratio
2(𝐴 + 𝐵) = shear modulus of linear elasticity
𝐼, 𝐼𝐼, 𝐼𝐼𝐼 = invariants of right Cauchy-Green Tensor C.
The load curve definition that provides the uniaxial data should give the change in gauge
length, 'L, versus the corresponding force. In compression both the force and the change
in gauge length must be specified as negative values. In tension the force and change in
gauge length should be input as positive values. The principal stretch ratio in the uniaxial
direction, O1, is then given by
𝐿0 + ∆𝐿
𝜆1 =
𝐿0
with L0 being the initial length and L being the actual length.
Alternatively, the stress versus strain curve can also be input by setting the gauge length,
thickness, and width to unity (1.0) and defining the engineering strain in place of the
change in gauge length and the nominal (engineering) stress in place of the force, see
Figure 2-15.
The least square fit to the experimental data is performed during the initialization phase
and is a comparison between the fit and the actual input is provided in the d3hsp file. It is
a good idea to visually check to make sure it is acceptable. The coefficients A and B are
also printed in the output file. It is also advised to use the material driver (see Appendix K)
for checking out the material model.

gauge
Force
length
Δ gauge length
AA
Section AA
thickness
width
Figure 2-15. Uniaxial specimen for experimental data
applied force F
=
initial area A0
change in gauge length L

=
gauge length L
Figure 2-16 The stress versus strain curve can used instead of the force versus
the change in the gauge length by setting the gauge length, thickness, and width
to unity (1.0) and defining the engineering strain in place of the change in gauge
length and the nominal (engineering) stress in place of the force. *MAT_077_O is
a better alternative for fitting data resembling the curve above. *MAT_027 will
provide a poor fit to a curve that exhibits an strong upturn in slope as strains
become large.

*MAT_FRAZER_NASH_RUBBER_MODEL
This is Material Type 31. This model defines rubber from uniaxial test data. It is a modi-
fied form of the hyperelastic constitutive law first described in Kenchington [1988]. See
also the notes below.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO PR C100 C200 C300 C400
Type A8 F F F F F F
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable C110 C210 C010 C020 EXIT EMAX EMIN REF
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type F F F F

RO Mass density.
PR Poisson’s ratio. Values between .49 and .50 are suggested.
C100 C100 (EQ.1.0 if term is in the least squares fit.)

*MAT_031 *MAT_FRAZER_NASH_RUBBER_MODEL
EXIT Exit option:

EQ.0.0: stop if strain limits are exceeded (recommended),
NE.0.0: continue if strain limits are exceeded. The curve is then
extrapolated.
EMAX Maximum strain limit, (Green-St, Venant Strain).
EMIN Minimum strain limit, (Green-St, Venant Strain).
geometry is defined by the keyword: *INITIAL_FOAM_REFER-
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
SGL Specimen gauge length, see Figure 2-15.
SW Specimen width, see Figure 2-15.
ST Specimen thickness, see Figure 2-15.
LCID Load curve ID, see DEFINE_CURVE, giving the force versus actual
change in gauge length. See also Figure 2-16 for an alternative
definition.
Remarks:
The constants can be defined directly or a least squares fit can be performed if the uniaxial
data (SGL, SW, ST and LCID) is available. If a least squares fit is chosen, then the terms to
be included in the energy functional are flagged by setting their corresponding coefficients

to unity. If all coefficients are zero the default is to use only the terms involving I1 and I2.
C100 defaults to unity if the least square fit is used.
The strain energy functional, U, is defined in terms of the input constants as:
𝑈 = 𝐶100 𝐼1 + 𝐶200 𝐼12 + 𝐶300 𝐼13 + 𝐶400 𝐼14 + 𝐶110 𝐼1 𝐼2 + 𝐶210 𝐼12 𝐼2 + 𝐶010 𝐼2 + 𝐶020 𝐼22 + 𝑓 (𝐽)
where the invariants can be expressed in terms of the deformation gradient matrix, Fij, and
the Green-St. Venant strain tensor, Eij :
𝐽 = ∣𝐹𝑖𝑗 ∣
𝐼1 = 𝐸𝑖𝑖
1 𝑖𝑗
𝐼2 = 𝛿 𝐸 𝐸
2! 𝑝𝑞 𝑝𝑖 𝑞𝑗
The derivative of U with respect to a component of strain gives the corresponding compo-
nent of stress
∂𝑈
𝑆𝑖𝑗 =
∂𝐸𝑖𝑗
here, Sij, is the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor.
The load curve definition that provides the uniaxial data should give the change in gauge
length, 'L, and the corresponding force. In compression both the force and the change in
gauge length must be specified as negative values. In tension the force and change in
gauge length should be input as positive values. The principal stretch ratio in the uniaxial
direction, O1, is then given by
𝐿𝑜 + ∆𝐿
𝜆=
𝐿𝑜
Alternatively, the stress versus strain curve can also be input by setting the gauge length,
thickness, and width to unity and defining the engineering strain in place of the change in
gauge length and the nominal (engineering) stress in place of the force, see Figure 2-16 The
least square fit to the experimental data is performed during the initialization phase and is
a comparison between the fit and the actual input is provided in the printed file. It is a
good idea to visually check the fit to make sure it is acceptable. The coefficients C100 - C020
are also printed in the output file.

*MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM *MAT_038
*MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM
This is Material Type 38. This model is for the definition of rubber like foams of polyure-
thane. It is a simple one-parameter model with a fixed Poisson’s ratio of .25.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO G REF
Type A8 F F F

RO Mass density.
G Shear modulus.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
Remarks:
The strain energy functional for the compressible foam model is given by
𝐺 II
𝑊= ( + 2√III − 5)
2 III
Blatz and Ko [1962] suggested this form for a 47 percent volume polyurethane foam rubber
with a Poisson’s ratio of 0.25. In terms of the strain invariants, I, II, and III, the second
Piola-Kirchhoff stresses are given as
1 II
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = 𝐺 [(𝐼𝛿𝑖𝑗 − 𝐶𝑖𝑗 ) + (√III − ) 𝐶𝑖𝑗−1 ]
III III
where Cij is the right Cauchy-Green strain tensor. This stress measure is transformed to the
Cauchy stress, Vij, according to the relationship
−1⁄
𝜎 𝑖𝑗 = III 2𝐹
𝑖𝑘 𝐹𝑗𝑙 𝑆𝑙𝑘

*MAT_038 *MAT_BLATZ-KO_FOAM
where Fij is the deformation gradient tensor.

*MAT_CLOSED_CELL_FOAM
This is Material Type 53. This allows the modeling of low density, closed cell polyurethane
foam. It is for simulating impact limiters in automotive applications. The effect of the
confined air pressure is included with the air being treated as an ideal gas. The general
behavior is isotropic with uncoupled components of the stress tensor.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E A B C P0 PHI
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GAMA0 LCID
Type F I

RO Mass density
E Young’s modulus
A a, factor for yield stress definition, see notes below.
B b, factor for yield stress definition, see notes below.
C c, factor for yield stress definition, see notes below.
P0 Initial foam pressure, P0
PHI Ratio of foam to polymer density, I
GAMA0 Initial volumetric strain, J0. The default is zero.

*MAT_053 *MAT_CLOSED_CELL_FOAM
LCID Optional load curve defining the von Mises yield stress versus −𝛾.
If the load curve ID is given, the yield stress is taken from the curve
and the constants a, b, and c are not needed. The load curve is
defined in the positive quadrant, i.e., positive values of 𝛾 are de-
fined as negative values on the abscissa.
Remarks:
A rigid, low density, closed cell, polyurethane foam model developed at Sandia Laborato-
ries [Neilsen, Morgan and Krieg 1987] has been recently implemented for modeling impact
limiters in automotive applications. A number of such foams were tested at Sandia and
reasonable fits to the experimental data were obtained.
In some respects this model is similar to the crushable honeycomb model type 26 in that the
components of the stress tensor are uncoupled until full volumetric compaction is
achieved. However, unlike the honeycomb model this material possesses no directionality
but includes the effects of confined air pressure in its overall response characteristics.
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗sk − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝜎 air
where 𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑠𝑘 is the skeletal stress and 𝜎 𝑎𝑖𝑟 is the air pressure computed from the equation:
𝑝0 𝛾
𝜎 air = −
1+𝛾−𝜙
where p0 is the initial foam pressure, usually taken as the atmospheric pressure, and J
defines the volumetric strain
𝛾 = 𝑉 − 1 + 𝛾0
where V is the relative volume, defined as the ratio of the current volume to the initial
volume, and J0 is the initial volumetric strain, which is typically zero. The yield condition
is applied to the principal skeletal stresses, which are updated independently of the air
pressure. We first obtain the skeletal stresses:
𝜎𝑖𝑗sk = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 + 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜎 air
and compute the trial stress, Vskt
𝜎𝑖𝑗skt = 𝜎𝑖𝑗sk + 𝐸 𝜀̇𝑖𝑗 ∆𝑡
where E is Young’s modulus. Since Poisson’s ratio is zero, the update of each stress com-
ponent is uncoupled and 2G = E where G is the shear modulus. The yield condition is
applied to the principal skeletal stresses such that, if the magnitude of a principal trial
stress component, 𝜎𝑖𝑠𝑘𝑡 , exceeds the yield stress, Vy, then

𝜎𝑖skt
𝜎𝑖sk = min(𝜎𝑦 , ∣𝜎𝑖skt ∣)
∣𝜎𝑖skt ∣
The yield stress is defined by
𝜎𝑦 = 𝑎 + 𝑏(1 + 𝑐𝛾)
where a, b, and c are user defined input constants and J is the volumetric strain as defined
above. After scaling the principal stresses they are transformed back into the global system
and the final stress state is computed
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗sk − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝜎 air .

*MAT_057 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM
This is Material Type 57 for modeling highly compressible low density foams. Its main
applications are for seat cushions and padding on the Side Impact Dummies (SID). Op-
tionally, a tension cut-off failure can be defined. A table can be defined if thermal effects
are considered in the nominal stress versus strain behavior. Also, see the notes below.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E LCID TC HU BETA DAMP
Default 1.E+20 1. 0.05
Remarks 3 1
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SHAPE FAIL BVFLAG ED BETA1 KCON REF
Type F F F F F F F
Default 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Remarks 3 2 5 5 6

RO Mass density
E Young’s modulus used in tension. For implicit problems E is set to

the initial slope of load curve LCID.

LCID Load curve or table ID, see *DEFINE_CURVE, for the nominal stress
versus strain curve definition. If a table is used, a family of curves is
defined each corresponding to a discrete temperature, see *DE-
FINE_TABLE.
TC Cut-off for the nominal tensile stress Wi
HU Hysteretic unloading factor between 0 and 1 (default = 1, i.e., no

energy dissipation), see also Figure 2-31.
BETA E, decay constant to model creep in unloading
DAMP Viscous coefficient (.05 < recommended value <.50) to model damp-
ing effects.
LT.0.0: |DAMP| is the load curve ID, which defines the damping
constant as a function of the maximum strain in compres-
sion defined as:
𝜀max = max(1 − 𝜆1 , 1 − 𝜆2 , 1. −𝜆3 ).
In tension, the damping constant is set to the value correspond-
ing to the strain at 0. The abscissa should be defined from 0 to 1.
SHAPE Shape factor for unloading. Active for nonzero values of the hyster-
etic unloading factor. Values less than one reduces the energy
dissipation and greater than one increases dissipation, see also
Figure 2-31.
FAIL Failure option after cutoff stress is reached:

EQ.0.0: tensile stress remains at cut-off value,
EQ.1.0: tensile stress is reset to zero.
BVFLAG Bulk viscosity activation flag, see remark below:

EQ.0.0: no bulk viscosity (recommended),
EQ.1.0: bulk viscosity active.
ED Optional Young's relaxation modulus, 𝐸𝑑 , for rate effects. See

comments below.
BETA1 Optional decay constant, 𝛽1 .

KCON Stiffness coefficient for contact interface stiffness. If undefined the

maximum slope in stress vs. strain curve is used. When the maxi-
mum slope is taken for the contact, the time step size for this materi-
al is reduced for stability. In some cases 't may be significantly
smaller, and defining a reasonable stiffness is recommended.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
Material Formulation:
The compressive behavior is illustrated in Figure 2-31 where hysteresis on unloading is

shown. This behavior under uniaxial loading is assumed not to significantly couple in the
transverse directions. In tension the material behaves in a linear fashion until tearing
occurs. Although our implementation may be somewhat unusual, it was motivated by
Storakers [1986].
The model uses tabulated input data for the loading curve where the nominal stresses are
defined as a function of the elongations, Hi, which are defined in terms of the principal
stretches, Oi, as:
𝜀𝑖 = 𝜆𝑖 − 1
The stretch ratios are found by solving for the eigenvalues of the left stretch tensor, Vij,
which is obtained via a polar decomposition of the deformation gradient matrix, Fij. Recall
that,
𝐹𝑖𝑗 = 𝑅𝑖𝑘 𝑈𝑘𝑗 = 𝑉𝑖𝑘 𝑅𝑘𝑗
The update of Vij follows the numerically stable approach of Taylor and Flanagan [1989].
After solving for the principal stretches, we compute the elongations and, if the elongations
are compressive, the corresponding values of the nominal stresses, Wi are interpolated. If
the elongations are tensile, the nominal stresses are given by
𝜏𝑖 = 𝐸𝜀𝑖
and the Cauchy stresses in the principal system become
𝜏
𝜎𝑖 = 𝑖
𝜆𝑗 𝜆𝑘
The stresses can now be transformed back into the global system for the nodal force calcu-
lations.

Remarks:
1. When hysteretic unloading is used the reloading will follow the unloading curve if
the decay constant, E, is set to zero. If E is nonzero the decay to the original load-
ing curve is governed by the expression:
1 − 𝑒−𝛽𝑡
2. The bulk viscosity, which generates a rate dependent pressure, may cause an un-
expected volumetric response and, consequently, it is optional with this model.
3. The hysteretic unloading factor results in the unloading curve to lie beneath the
loading curve as shown in Figure 2-31 This unloading provides energy dissipation
which is reasonable in certain kinds of foam.
Typical unloading Typical unloading for

curves determined by a large shape factor, e.g.
the hysteretic unloading 5.0-8.0, and a small
factor. With the shape hystereticfactor, e.g., 0.010.
factor equal to unity.

Unloading
curves
Strain Strain
Figure 2-31. Behavior of the low density urethane foam model
4. Note that since this material has no effective plastic strain, the internal energy per
initial volume is written into the output databases.
5. Rate effects are accounted for through linear viscoelasticity by a convolution inte-
gral of the form
𝑡 ∂𝜀𝑘𝑙
𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑟 = ∫ 𝑔𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
0 ∂𝜏
where 𝑔𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) is the relaxation function. The stress tensor, 𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑟 , augments the
𝑓
stresses determined from the foam, 𝜎𝑖𝑗 ; consequently, the final stress, 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , is taken
as the summation of the two contributions:
𝑓
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 + 𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑟 .
Since we wish to include only simple rate effects, the relaxation function is repre-
sented by one term from the Prony series:

𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝛼0 + ∑ 𝛼𝑚 𝑒−𝛽 𝑡
𝑚=1
given by,
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐸𝑑 𝑒−𝛽1 𝑡
This model is effectively a Maxwell fluid which consists of a damper and spring in
series. We characterize this in the input by a Young's modulus, 𝐸𝑑 , and decay con-
stant, 𝛽1 . The formulation is performed in the local system of principal stretches
where only the principal values of stress are computed and triaxial coupling is
avoided. Consequently, the one-dimensional nature of this foam material is unaf-
fected by this addition of rate effects. The addition of rate effects necessitates
twelve additional history variables per integration point. The cost and memory
overhead of this model comes primarily from the need to “remember” the local
system of principal stretches.
6. The time step size is based on the current density and the maximum of the instan-
taneous loading slope, E, and KCON. If KCON is undefined the maximum slope
in the loading curve is used instead.

*MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_061
*MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC
This is Material Type 61. This material is a classical Kelvin-Maxwell model for modeling
viscoelastic bodies, e.g., foams. This model is valid for solid elements only. See also notes
below.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO BULK G0 GI DC FO SO
Default none none none none none 0.0 0.0 0.0

RO Mass density
BULK Bulk modulus (elastic)
G0 Short-time shear modulus, G0
GI Long-time (infinite) shear modulus, G∞
DC Maxwell decay constant, E[FO = 0.0] or

Kelvin relaxation constant, W [FO = 1.0]
FO Formulation option:
EQ.0.0: Maxwell,
EQ.1.0: Kelvin.

*MAT_061 *MAT_KELVIN-MAXWELL_VISCOELASTIC
SO Strain (logarithmic) output option to control what is written as

component 7 to the d3plot database. (LS-PrePost always blindly
labels this component as effective plastic strain.) The maximum
values are updated for each element each time step:
EQ.0.0: maximum principal strain that occurs during the calcula-
tion,
EQ.1.0: maximum magnitude of the principal strain values that
occurs during the calculation,
EQ.2.0: maximum effective strain that occurs during the calcula-
tion.
Remarks:
The shear relaxation behavior is described for the Maxwell model by:
𝐺(𝑡) = 𝐺 + (𝐺0 − 𝐺∞ )𝑒−𝛽𝑡
A Jaumann rate formulation is used
∇ 𝑡
𝜎ij′ = 2 ∫ 𝐺(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝐷′𝑖𝑗 (𝜏)𝑑𝑡
0
∇
where the prime denotes the deviatoric part of the stress rate, 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , and the strain rate Dij .
For the Kelvin model the stress evolution equation is defined as:
1 𝐺
𝑠𝑖𝑗̇ + 𝑠𝑖𝑗 = (1 + 𝛿𝑖𝑗 )𝐺0 𝑒𝑖𝑗̇ + (1 + 𝛿𝑖𝑗 ) ∞ 𝑒𝑖𝑗̇
𝜏 𝜏
The strain data as written to the LS-DYNA database may be used to predict damage, see
[Bandak 1991].

*MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM *MAT_062
*MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM
This is Material Type 62. It was written to represent the Confor Foam on the ribs of Euro-
SID side impact dummy. It is only valid for solid elements, mainly under compressive
loading.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E1 N1 V2 E2 N2 PR

RO Mass density
E1 Initial Young’s modulus (E1)
N1 Exponent in power law for Young’s modulus (n1)
V2 Viscous coefficient (V2)
E2 Elastic modulus for viscosity (E2), see notes below.
N2 Exponent in power law for viscosity (n2)
PR Poisson’s ratio, Q
Remarks:
The model consists of a nonlinear elastic stiffness in parallel with a viscous damper. The
elastic stiffness is intended to limit total crush while the viscosity absorbs energy. The
stiffness E2 exists to prevent timestep problems. It is used for time step calculations a long
as 𝐸𝑡1 is smaller than E2. It has to be carefully chosen to take into account the stiffening
effects of the viscosity. Both E1 and V2 are nonlinear with crush as follows:
𝐸𝑡1 = 𝐸1 (𝑉 −𝑛1 )
𝑉2𝑡 = 𝑉2 |1 − 𝑉|𝑛2
where viscosity generates a shear stress given by
𝜏 = 𝑉2 𝛾̇

*MAT_062 *MAT_VISCOUS_FOAM
𝛾̇ is the engineering shear strain rate, and V is the relative volume defined by the ratio of
the current to initial volume.
Table showing typical values (units of N, mm, s):
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E1 N1 V2 E2 N2 PR
Value 0.0036 4.0 0.0015 100.0 0.2 0.05

*MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM *MAT_063
*MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
This is Material Type 63 which is dedicated to modeling crushable foam with optional
damping and tension cutoff. Unloading is fully elastic. Tension is treated as elastic-
perfectly-plastic at the tension cut-off value. A modified version of this model, *MAT_-
MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM includes strain rate effects.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E PR LCID TSC DAMP
Type A8 F F F F F F
Default none none none none none 0.0 0.10

RO Mass density
E Young’s modulus
PR Poisson’s ratio
LCID Load curve ID defining yield stress versus volumetric strain, J, see
Figure 2-34.
TSC Tensile stress cutoff. A nonzero, positive value is strongly recom-

mended for realistic behavior.
DAMP Rate sensitivity via damping coefficient (.05 < recommended val-
ue < .50).

*MAT_063 *MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
Nominal Yield Stress
Stress increases at
higher strain rates
Volumetric Strain
Figure 2-34. Behavior of strain rate sensitive crushable foam. Unloading is
elastic to the tension cutoff. Subsequent reloading follows the unloading curve.
Remarks:
The volumetric strain is defined in terms of the relative volume, V, as:

𝛾 =1−𝑉
The relative volume is defined as the ratio of the current to the initial volume. In place of
the effective plastic strain in the D3PLOT database, the integrated volumetric strain is
output.

*MAT_073 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_VISCOUS_FOAM
This is Material Type 73 for Modeling Low Density Urethane Foam with high compressibil-
ity and with rate sensitivity which can be characterized by a relaxation curve. Its main
applications are for seat cushions, padding on the Side Impact Dummies (SID), bumpers,
and interior foams. Optionally, a tension cut-off failure can be defined. Also, see the notes
below and the description of material 57: *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E LCID TC HU BETA DAMP
Default 1.E+20 1.
Remarks 3 1
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SHAPE FAIL BVFLAG KCON LCID2 BSTART TRAMP NV
Type F F F F F F F I
Default 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 6
Relaxation Constant Cards. If LCID2 = 0 then include the following viscoelastic

constants. Up to 6 cards may be input. A keyword card (with a “*” in column 1)
terminates this input if less than 6 cards are used.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GI BETAI REF
Type F F F

Frequency Dependence Card. If LCID2 = -1 then include the following frequency
dependent viscoelastic data.
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable LCID3 LCID4 SCALEW SCALEA
Type I I I I

RO Mass density
E Young’s modulus used in tension. For implicit problems E is set to

the initial slope of load curve LCID.
LCID Load curve ID, see *DEFINE_CURVE, for nominal stress versus
strain.
TC Tension cut-off stress

energy dissipation), see also Figure 2-31
BETA E, decay constant to model creep in unloading.

EQ.0.0: No relaxation.
ing effects.
sion defined as: 𝜀max = max(1 − 𝜆1 , 1 − 𝜆2 , 1. −𝜆3 )
Figure 2-31.



KCON Stiffness coefficient for contact interface stiffness. Maximum slope

in stress vs. strain curve is used. When the maximum slope is taken
for the contact, the time step size for this material is reduced for
stability. In some cases 't may be significantly smaller, and defining
a reasonable stiffness is recommended.
LCID2 Load curve ID of relaxation curve. If constants EL are determined

via a least squares fit. This relaxation curve is shown in Figure 2-44.
This model ignores the constant stress.
BSTART Fit parameter. In the fit, E1 is set to zero, E2 is set to BSTART, E3 is

10 times E2, E4 is 10 times greater than E3 , and so on. If zero,
BSTART = .01.
TRAMP Optional ramp time for loading.
NV Number of terms in fit. If zero, the default is 6. Currently, the

maximum number is set to 6. Values of 2 are 3 are recommended,
since each term used adds significantly to the cost. Caution should
be exercised when taking the results from the fit. Preferably, all
generated coefficients should be positive. Negative values may lead
to unstable results. Once a satisfactory fit has been achieved it is
recommended that the coefficients which are written into the output
file be input in future runs.
GI Optional shear relaxation modulus for the ith term
BETAI Optional decay constant if ith term

EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
LCID3 Load curve ID giving the magnitude of the shear modulus as a

function of the frequency. LCID3 must use the same frequencies as
LCID4.
LCID4 Load curve ID giving the phase angle of the shear modulus as a
function of the frequency. LCID4 must use the same frequencies as
LCID3.
SCALEW Flag for the form of the frequency data.

EQ.0.0: Frequency is in cycles per unit time.
EQ.1.0: Circular frequency.
SCALEA Flag for the units of the phase angle.

EQ.0.0: Degrees.
EQ.1.0: Radians.
This viscoelastic foam model is available to model highly compressible viscous foams. The
hyperelastic formulation of this model follows that of Material 57.
Rate effects are accounted for through linear viscoelasticity by a convolution integral of the
form
𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑟 = ∫ 𝑔𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
0 ∂𝜏
where 𝑔𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) is the relaxation function. The stress tensor, 𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑟 , augments the stresses
determined from the foam, 𝜎𝑖𝑗 ; consequently, the final stress, 𝜎𝑖𝑗 , is taken as the summation
𝑓
of the two contributions:

𝑓
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 + 𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑟 .
Since we wish to include only simple rate effects, the relaxation function is represented by
up to six terms of the Prony series:

𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝛼0 + ∑ 𝛼𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑡
𝑚=1
This model is effectively a Maxwell fluid which consists of a dampers and springs in series.
The formulation is performed in the local system of principal stretches where only the
principal values of stress are computed and triaxial coupling is avoided. Consequently, the
one-dimensional nature of this foam material is unaffected by this addition of rate effects.
The addition of rate effects necessitates 42 additional history variables per integration
point. The cost and memory overhead of this model comes primarily from the need to
“remember” the local system of principal stretches and the evaluation of the viscous stress
components.
Frequency data can be fit to the Prony series. Using Fourier transforms the relationship
between the relaxation function and the frequency dependent data is
𝑁
𝛼𝑚 (𝜔/𝛽𝑚 )2
𝐺𝑠 (𝜔) = 𝛼0 + ∑
𝑚=1
1 + (𝜔/𝛽𝑚 )2
𝑁
𝛼𝑚 𝜔/𝛽𝑚
𝐺ℓ (𝜔) = ∑
𝑚=1
1 + 𝜔/𝛽𝑚
where the storage modulus and loss modulus are defined in terms of the frequency de-
pendent magnitude G and phase angle 𝜙 given by load curves LCID3 and LCID4 respec-
tively,
𝐺𝑠 (𝜔) = 𝐺(𝜔) cos[𝜙(𝜔)] , and
𝐺𝑙 (𝜔) = 𝐺(𝜔) sin[𝜙(𝜔)]
Remarks:
When hysteretic unloading is used the reloading will follow the unloading curve if the
decay constant, E, is set to zero. If E is nonzero the decay to the original loading curve is
governed by the expression:
1 − 𝑒−𝛽𝑡
The bulk viscosity, which generates a rate dependent pressure, may cause an unexpected
volumetric response and, consequently, it is optional with this model.
The hysteretic unloading factor results in the unloading curve to lie beneath the loading
curve as shown in Figure 2-31. This unloading provides energy dissipation which is rea-
sonable in certain kinds of foam.

*MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM
This is Material Type 75. This model is for the simulation of isotropic crushable foams.
Uniaxial and triaxial test data are used to describe the behavior.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO YM LCPY LCUYS VC PC VPC
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable TSC VTSC LCRATE PR KCON ISFLG
Type I F F F F F

RO Mass density
YM Young’s modulus (E)
LCPY Load curve ID giving pressure for plastic yielding versus volumetric
strain, see Figure 2-43.
LCUYS Load curve ID giving uniaxial yield stress versus volumetric strain,
see Figure 2-43, all abscissa should be positive if only the results of a
compression test are included, optionally the results of a tensile test
can be added (corresponding to negative values of the volumetric
strain), in the latter case PC, VPC, TC and VTC will be ignored
VC Viscous damping coefficient (.05 < recommended value < .50).
PC Pressure cutoff. If zero, the default is set to one-tenth of p0, the yield
pressure corresponding to a volumetric strain of zero.
VPC Variable pressure cutoff as a fraction of pressure yield value. If non-

zero this will override the pressure cutoff value PC.

*MAT_075 *MAT_BILKHU/DUBOIS_FOAM
Max Stress
Uniaxial Yield Stress
Pressure Yield
Volumetric Strain
Figure 2-43. Behavior of crushable foam. Unloading is elastic.
TC Tension cutoff for uniaxial tensile stress. Default is zero. A nonzero

value is recommended for better stability.
VTC Variable tension cutoff as a fraction of the uniaxial compressive

yield strength, if non-zero this will override the tension cutoff value
TC.
LCRATE Load curve ID giving a scale factor for the previous yield curves,
dependent upon the volumetric plastic strain.
PR Poisson coefficient, which applies to both elastic and plastic defor-

mations, must be smaller then 0.5
KCON Stiffness coefficient for contact interface stiffness. If undefined one-

third of Young’s modulus, YM, is used. KCON is also considered in
the element time step calculation; therefore, large values may reduce
the element time step size.
ISFLG Flag for tensile response (active only if negative abscissa are present
in load curve LCUYS)
EQ.0: load curve abscissa in tensile region correspond to volu-
metric strain
EQ.1: load curve abscissa in tensile region correspond to effective
strain

Remarks:
The logarithmic volumetric strain is defined in terms of the relative volume, 𝑉, as:
𝛾 = −ln(𝑉)
If used (ISFLG-1), the effective strain is defined in the usual way:
2
𝜀eff = √ tr(𝛆t 𝛆)
3
In defining the load curve LCPY the stress and strain pairs should be positive values
starting with a volumetric strain value of zero.
The load curve LCUYS can optionally contain the results of the tensile test (corresponding
to negative values of the volumetric strain), if so, then the load curve information will
override PC, VPC, TC and VTC
The yield surface is defined as an ellipse in the equivalent pressure and von Mises stress
plane.

*MAT_076 *MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC
*MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC_{OPTION}
The available options include:
<BLANK>
MOISTURE
This is Material Type 76. This material model provides a general viscoelastic Maxwell
model having up to 18 terms in the prony series expansion and is useful for modeling
dense continuum rubbers and solid explosives. Either the coefficients of the prony series
expansion or a relaxation curve may be specified to define the viscoelastic deviatoric and
bulk behavior.
The material model can also be used with laminated shell. Either an elastic or viscoelastic
layer can be defined with the laminated formulation. To activate laminated shell you need
the laminated formulation flag on *CONTROL_SHELL. With the laminated option a user
defined integration rule is needed.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO BULK PCF EF TREF A B
Relaxation Curve Card. Leave blank if the Prony Series Cards are used below. Also, leave
blank if an elastic layer is defined in a laminated shell.
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable LCID NT BSTART TRAMP LCIDK NTK BSTARTK TRAMPK
Type F I F F F I F F
Moisture Card. Additional card for MOISTURE keyword option.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MO ALPHA BETA GAMMA M
Type F F F F F

Prony Series cards. Card Format for viscoelastic constants. Up to 18 cards may be input.
A keyword card (with a “*” in column 1) terminates this input if less than 18 cards are
used. These cards are not needed if relaxation data is defined. The number of terms for the
shear behavior may differ from that for the bulk behavior: insert zero if a term is not
included. If an elastic layer is defined you only need to define GI and KI (note in an elastic
layer only one card is needed)
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GI BETAI KI BETAKI
Type F F F F

RO Mass density.
PCF Tensile pressure elimination flag for solid elements only. If set to
unity tensile pressures are set to zero.
EF Elastic flag (if equal 1, the layer is elastic. If 0 the layer is viscoelas-
tic).
TREF Reference temperature for shift function (must be greater than zero).
A Coefficient for the Arrhenius and the Williams-Landau-Ferry shift

functions.
B Coefficient for the Williams-Landau-Ferry shift function.
LCID Load curve ID for deviatoric behavior if constants, 𝐺𝑖 , and 𝛽𝑖 are

determined via a least squares fit. See Figure 2-44 for an example
relaxation curve.
NT Number of terms in shear fit. If zero the default is 6. Fewer than NT

terms will be used if the fit produces one or more negative shear
moduli. Currently, the maximum number is set to 18.

σ∕
ε0
10n 10n+1 10n+2 10n+3

TRAMP time
optional ramp time for loading
Figure 2-44. Relaxation curve. This curve defines stress versus time where time
is defined on a logarithmic scale. For best results, the points defined in the load
curve should be equally spaced on the logarithmic scale. Note the values for the
abscissa are input as time, not log(time). Furthermore, the load curve should be
smooth and defined in the positive quadrant. If nonphysical values are deter-
mined by least squares fit, LS-DYNA will terminate with an error message after
the initialization phase is completed. If the ramp time for loading is included,
then the relaxation which occurs during the loading phase is taken into account.
This effect may or may not be important.
BSTART In the fit, 𝛽1 is set to zero, 𝛽2 is set to BSTART, 𝛽3 is 10 times 𝛽2 , 𝛽4

is 10 times 𝛽3 , and so on. If zero, BSTART is determined by an
iterative trial and error scheme.
LCIDK Load curve ID for bulk behavior for constants, Ki, and 𝛽𝑘𝑖 are
determined via a least squares fit. See Figure 2-44 for an example
relaxation curve.
NTK Number of terms desired in bulk fit. If zero the default is 6. Cur-
rently, the maximum number is set to 18.
BSTARTK In the fit, 𝛽𝑘1 , is set to zero, 𝛽𝑘2 is set to BSTARTK, 𝛽𝑘3 is 10 times
𝛽𝑘2 , 𝛽𝑘4 is 100 times greater than 𝛽𝑘3 , and so on. If zero, BSTARTK is
determined by an iterative trial and error scheme.

TRAMPK Optional ramp time for bulk loading.
MST Moisture, M. If the moisture is 0.0, the moisture option is disabled.

GT.0.0: Specifies a curve ID to make moisture a function of time.
LT.0.0: Specifies the negative of a constant value of moisture.
MO Initial moisture, MO. Defaults to zero.
ALPHA Specifies 𝛼 as a function of moisture.

GT.0.0: Specifies a curve ID.
LT.0.0: Specifies the negative of a constant value.
BETA Specifies 𝛽 as a function of moisture.

GAMMA Specifies 𝛾 as a function of moisture.

BETAI Optional shear decay constant for the ith term
KI Optional bulk relaxation modulus for the ith term
BETAKI Optional bulk decay constant for the ith term
Remarks:
Rate effects are taken into accounted through linear viscoelasticity by a convolution inte-
gral of the form:
𝑡
∂𝜀𝑘𝑙
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = ∫ 𝑔𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
0
∂𝜏
where 𝑔𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙(𝑡−𝜏) is the relaxation functions for the different stress measures. This stress is
added to the stress tensor determined from the strain energy functional.

If we wish to include only simple rate effects, the relaxation function is represented by 18
terms from the Prony series:
𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐺𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑚 𝑡
𝑚=1
We characterize this in the input by shear moduli, 𝐺𝑖 , and decay constants, 𝛽𝑖 . An arbitrary
number of terms, up to 18, may be used when applying the viscoelastic model.
For volumetric relaxation, the relaxation function is also represented by the Prony series in
terms of bulk moduli:
𝑁
𝑘(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐾𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑘𝑚 𝑡
𝑚=1
The Arrhenius and Williams-Landau-Ferry (WLF) shift functions account for the effects of
the temperature on the stress relaxation. A scaled time, t’,
𝑡
𝑡′ = ∫ Φ(𝑇)𝑑𝑡
0
is used in the relaxation function instead of the physical time. The Arrhenius shift function
is
1 1
Φ(𝑇) = exp [−𝐴 ( − )]
𝑇 𝑇REF
and the Williams-Landau-Ferry shift function is
𝑇 − 𝑇REF
Φ(𝑇) = exp (−𝐴 )
𝐵 + 𝑇 − 𝑇REF
If all three values (TREF, A, and B) are not zero, the WLF function is used; the Arrhenius
function is used if B is zero; and no scaling is applied if all three values are zero.
The moisture model allows the scaling of the material properties as a function of the mois-
ture content of the material. The shear and bulk moduli are scaled by 𝛼, the decay constants
are scaled by β, and a moisture strain, 𝛾(𝑀)[𝑀 − 𝑀𝑂 ] is introduced analogous to the
thermal strain.

*MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER
This is Material Type 77. This material model provides a general hyperelastic rubber
model combined optionally with linear viscoelasticity as outlined by Christensen [1980].
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO PR N NV G SIGF REF
Type A8 F F I I F F F
Hysteresis Card. Additional card read in when PR < 0 (Mullins Effect).
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable TBHYS
Type F
Card 3 for N > 0. For N > 0 a least squares fit is computed from uniaxial data.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SGL SW ST LCID1 DATA LCID2 BSTART TRAMP
Card 3 for N = 0. Set the material parameters directly.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable C10 C01 C11 C20 C02 C30
Type F F F F F F

*MAT_077_H *MAT_HYPERELASTIC_RUBBER
Optional Viscoelastic Constants & Frictional Damping Constant Cards. Up to 12 cards

may be input. A keyword card (with a “*” in column 1) terminates this input if less than 12
cards are used.
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GI BETAI GJ SIGFJ
Type F F F F

RO Mass density
PR Poisson’s ratio (> .49 is recommended, smaller values may not work
and should not be used). If this is set to a negative number, then the
absolute value is used and an extra card is read for Mullins effect.
TBHYS Table ID for hysteresis, see Remarks
N Number of constants to solve for:

EQ.1: Solve for C10 and C01
EQ.2: Solve for C10, C01, C11, C20, and C02
EQ.3: Solve for C10, C01, C11, C20, C02, and C30
NV Number of Prony series terms in fit. If zero, the default is 6. Cur-

rently, the maximum number is set to 12. Values less than 12,
possibly 3-5 are recommended, since each term used adds signifi-
cantly to the cost. Caution should be exercised when taking the
results from the fit. Preferably, all generated coefficients should be
positive. Negative values may lead to unstable results. Once a
satisfactory fit has been achieved it is recommended that the coeffi-
cients which are written into the output file be input in future runs.
G Shear modulus for frequency independent damping. Frequency

independent damping is based of a spring and slider in series. The
critical stress for the slider mechanism is SIGF defined below. For
the best results, the value of G should be 250-1000 times greater than
SIGF.
SIGF Limit stress for frequency independent frictional damping.

EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
If N > 0 test information from a uniaxial test are used.

SGL Specimen gauge length
SW Specimen width
ST Specimen thickness
LCID1 Load curve ID giving the force versus actual change in the gauge
length
DATA Type of experimental data.

EQ.0.0: uniaxial data (Only option for this model)
LCID2 Load curve ID of relaxation curve

If constants EL are determined via a least squares fit. This relaxa-
tion curve is shown in Figure 2-44. This model ignores the con-
stant stress.
BSTART In the fit, E1 is set to zero, E2 is set to BSTART, E3 is 10 times E2, E4

is 10 times E3 , and so on. If zero, BSTART is determined by an

If N = 0, the following constants have to be defined:
C10 C10
C01 C01
C11 C11
C20 C20
C02 C02
C30 C30

GJ Optional shear modulus for frequency independent damping repre-

sented as the jth spring and slider in series in parallel to the rest of
the stress contributions.
SIGFJ Limit stress for frequency independent, frictional, damping repre-

sented as the jth spring and slider in series in parallel to the rest of
the stress contributions.
Remarks:
Rubber is generally considered to be fully incompressible since the bulk modulus greatly
exceeds the shear modulus in magnitude. To model the rubber as an unconstrained mate-
rial a hydrostatic work term, 𝑊𝐻 (𝐽), is included in the strain energy functional which is
function of the relative volume, 𝐽, [Ogden 1984]:
𝑛
𝑊(𝐽1 , 𝐽2 , 𝐽) = ∑ 𝐶𝑝𝑞 (𝐽1 − 3)𝑝 (𝐽2 − 3)𝑞 + 𝑊𝐻 (𝐽)
𝑝,𝑞=0
−1⁄
𝐽1 = 𝐼1 𝐼3 3
−2⁄
𝐽2 = 𝐼2 𝐼3 3
In order to prevent volumetric work from contributing to the hydrostatic work the first and
second invariants are modified as shown. This procedure is described in more detail by
Sussman and Bathe [1987].
Rate effects are taken into account through linear viscoelasticity by a convolution integral
of the form:
0 ∂𝜏
or in terms of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, 𝑆𝑖𝑗 , and Green's strain tensor, 𝐸𝑖𝑗 ,
𝑡 ∂𝐸𝑘𝑙
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = ∫ 𝐺𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
0 ∂𝜏
where 𝑔𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) and 𝐺𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) are the relaxation functions for the different stress
measures. This stress is added to the stress tensor determined from the strain energy
functional.

If we wish to include only simple rate effects, the relaxation function is represented by six
𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝛼0 + ∑ 𝛼𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑡
𝑚=1
given by,
𝑛
𝑔(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐺𝑖 𝑒−𝛽𝑖𝑡
𝑖=1
We characterize this in the input by shear moduli, 𝐺𝑖 , and decay constants, 𝛽𝑖 . The viscoe-
lastic behavior is optional and an arbitrary number of terms may be used.
The Mooney-Rivlin rubber model (model 27) is obtained by specifying n = 1. In spite of the
differences in formulations with Model 27, we find that the results obtained with this
model are nearly identical with those of Material 27 as long as large values of Poisson’s
ratio are used.
The frequency independent damping is obtained by the having a spring and slider in series
as shown in the following sketch:
G
σfric
Several springs and sliders in series can be defined that are put in parallel to the rest of the
stress contributions of this material model.
If a table for hysteresis is defined, then this is interpreted as follows. Let 𝑊dev be the cur-
rent value of the deviatoric strain energy density as calculated above. Furthermore, let
𝑊
̅̅̅̅̅̅dev be the peak strain energy density reached up to this point in time. It is then assumed
that the resulting stress is reduced by a factor due to damage according to
∂𝑊dev ∂𝑊vol
̅̅̅̅̅̅dev )
𝐒 = 𝐷(𝑊dev , 𝑊 +
∂𝐄 ∂𝐄
i.e., the deviatoric stress is reduced by damage factor that is given as input. The table
should thus consist of curves for different values of 𝑊 ̅̅̅̅̅̅dev , where each curve gives the stress
reduction (a value between 0 an 1) for a given value of 𝑊dev . The abscissa values for a
curve corresponding to a peak energy density of 𝑊 ̅̅̅̅̅̅dev should range from 0 to 𝑊 ̅̅̅̅̅̅dev , and
the ordinate values should preferably increase with increasing 𝑊dev and must take the
value 1 when 𝑊dev = 𝑊 ̅̅̅̅̅̅dev . This table can be estimated from a uniaxial quasistatic com-
pression test. Let a test specimen of volume V be loaded and unloaded one cycle. We
assume 𝑓 (𝑑) to be the loading force as function of the displacement d, and 𝑓𝑢 (𝑑) be the
unloading curve. The specimen is loaded to maximum displacement 𝑑 ̅ before unloading.
The strain energy density is then given as a function of the loaded displacement as

𝑑
1
𝑊dev (𝑑) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑉
0
and the peak energy is of course given as 𝑊̅̅̅̅̅̅dev = 𝑊dev (𝑑).̅ From this energy curve we can
also determine the inverse, i.e., the displacement 𝑑(𝑊dev ). The curve to be input to LS-
DYNA is then
𝑓𝑢 [𝑑(𝑊dev )]
̅̅̅̅̅̅dev ) =
𝐷(𝑊dev , 𝑊
𝑓 [𝑑(𝑊dev )]
This procedure is repeated for different values of 𝑑.̅

*MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER
This is also Material Type 77. This material model provides the Ogden [1984] rubber model
combined optionally with linear viscoelasticity as outlined by Christensen [1980].
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO PR N NV G SIGF REF
Hysteresis Card. Additional card read in when PR < 0 (Mullins Effect).
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable TBHYS
Type F
Card 3 for N > 0. For N > 0 a least squares fit is computed from uniaxial data.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SGL SW ST LCID1 DATA LCID2 BSTART TRAMP
Type F F F F F F F
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MU1 MU2 MU3 MU4 MU5 MU6 MU7 MU8

*MAT_077_O *MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable ALPHA1 ALPHA2 ALPHA3 ALPHA4 ALPHA5 ALPHA6 ALPHA7 ALPHA8
Optional Viscoelastic Constants Cards. Up to 12 cards may be input. A keyword card

(with a “*” in column 1) terminates this input if less than 12 cards are used.
Card 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GI BETAI VFLAG
Type F F I
Default 0

RO Mass density
PR Poissons ratio (≥ 49 is recommended; smaller values may not work

and should not be used). If this is set to a negative number, then the
absolute value is used and an extra card is read for Mullins effect.
N Order of fit to the Ogden model, (currently < 9, 2 generally works

okay). The constants generated during the fit are printed in the
output file and can be directly input in future runs, thereby, saving
the cost of performing the nonlinear fit. The users need to check the
correction of the fit results before proceeding to compute.

NV Number of Prony series terms in fit. If zero, the default is 6. Cur-

rently, the maximum number is set to 12. Values less than 12,
possibly 3-5 are recommended, since each term used adds signifi-
cantly to the cost. Caution should be exercised when taking the
results from the fit. Preferably, all generated coefficients should be
positive. Negative values may lead to unstable results. Once a
satisfactory fit has been achieved it is recommended that the coeffi-
cients which are written into the output file be input in future runs.

independent damping is based on a spring and slider in series. The
SIGF.
SIGF Limit stress for frequency independent frictional damping.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
TBHYS Table ID for hysteresis, see Remarks on MAT_HYPERELASTIC_-

RUBBER
If N > 0 test information from a uniaxial test are used:
SW Specimen width
LCID1 Load curve ID giving the force versus actual change in the gauge
length
DATA Type of experimental data.

EQ.1.0: uniaxial data (default)
EQ.2.0: biaxial data
EQ.3.0: pure shear data

*MAT_077_O *MAT_OGDEN_RUBBER
LCID2 Load curve ID of relaxation curve. If constants EL are determined

via a least squares fit. This relaxation curve is shown in Figure 2-44.
This model ignores the constant stress.
BSTART In the fit, E1 is set to zero, E2 is set to BSTART, E3 is 10 times E2 , E4


If N = 0, the constants MUi and ALPHAi have to be defined:
MUi Pi, the ith shear modulus, i varies up to 8. See discussion below.
ALPHAi Di, the ith exponent, i varies up to 8. See discussion below.
VFLAG Flag for the viscoelasticity formulation. This appears only on the
first line defining GI, BETAI, and VFLAG. If VFLAG = 0, the stand-
ard viscoelasticity formulation is used (the default), and if
VFLAG = 1, the viscoelasticity formulation using the instantaneous
elastic stress is used.
Remarks:
rial a hydrostatic work term is included in the strain energy functional which is function of
the relative volume, 𝐽, [Ogden 1984]:
3 𝑛 𝜇𝑗 ∗𝛼𝑗
𝑊 = ∑∑
∗
(𝜆𝑖 − 1) + 𝐾(𝐽 − 1 − ln𝐽)
𝑖=1 𝑗=1
𝛼𝑗
The asterisk (*) indicates that the volumetric effects have been eliminated from the princi-
pal stretches, 𝜆∗𝑗 .. The number of terms, n, may vary between 1 to 8 inclusive, and K is the
bulk modulus.
of the form:
0 ∂𝜏
or in terms of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress, {𝑆0 }, and Green's strain tensor, {𝑆𝑅𝑇 },
0 ∂𝜏
functional.
𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝛼0 + ∑ 𝛼𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑡
𝑚=1
given by,
𝑛
𝑖=1
For VFLAG = 1, the viscoelastic term is

𝐸
𝑡 ∂𝜎𝑘𝑙
0 ∂𝜏
where 𝜎𝐸𝑘𝑙 is the instantaneous stress evaluated from the internal energy functional. The
coefficients in the Prony series therefore correspond to normalized relaxation moduli
instead of elastic moduli.
The Mooney-Rivlin rubber model (model 27) is obtained by specifying n = 1. In spite of the
differences in formulations with Model 27, we find that the results obtained with this
model are nearly identical with those of Material 27 as long as large values of Poisson’s
ratio are used.
G
σfric

*MAT_083 *MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM
*MAT_FU_CHANG_FOAM_{OPTION}
This is Material Type 83.
Available options include:
DAMAGE_DECAY
LOG_LOG_INTERPOLATION
Rate effects can be modeled in low and medium density foams, see Figure 2-53. Hysteretic
unloading behavior in this model is a function of the rate sensitivity with the most rate
sensitive foams providing the largest hysteresis and vice versa. The unified constitutive
equations for foam materials by Chang [1995] provide the basis for this model. The math-
ematical description given below is excerpted from the reference. Further improvements
have been incorporated based on work by Hirth, Du Bois, and Weimar [1998]. Their im-
provements permit: load curves generated by drop tower test to be directly input, a choice
of principal or volumetric strain rates, load curves to be defined in tension, and the volu-
metric behavior to be specified by a load curve.
The unloading response was generalized by Kolling, Hirth, Erhart and Du Bois [2006] to
allow the Mullin’s effect to be modeled, i.e., after the first loading and unloading, further
reloading occurs on the unloading curve. If it is desired to reload on the loading curves
with the new generalized unloading, the DAMAGE decay option is available which allows
the reloading to quickly return to the loading curve as the damage parameter decays back
to zero in tension and compression.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E KCON TC FAIL DAMP TBID
Default none none none none 1.E+20 none none none
Remarks 5

Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable BVFLAG SFLAG RFLAG TFLAG PVID SRAF REF HU
Default 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0
Remarks 1 2 3 4 5
Card 3 for DAMAGE_DECAY keyword option.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MINR MAXR SHAPE BETAT BETAC
Type F F F F F
Default 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Card 3 for keyword option NOT set to DAMAGE_DECAY.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable D0 N0 N1 N2 N3 C0 C1 C2
Default 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Card 4 for keyword option NOT set to DAMAGE_DECAY.
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable C3 C4 C5 AIJ SIJ MINR MAXR SHAPE
Default 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

RO Mass density
E Young’s modulus
KCON Optional Young's modulus used in the computation of sound speed.

This will influence the time step, contact forces, hourglass stabiliza-
tion forces, and the numerical damping (DAMP).
EQ.0.0: KCON is set equal to the max(E, current tangent to
stresss-strain curve) if TBID.ne.0. If TBID.eq.0, KCON is
set equal to the maximum slope of the stress-strain curve.

DAMP Viscous coefficient (.05 < recommended value < .50) to model damp-
ing effects.
TBID Table ID, see *DEFINE_TABLE, for nominal stress vs. strain data as
a function of strain rate. If the table ID is provided, cards 3 and 4
may be left blank and the fit will be done internally. The Table ID
can be positive or negative (see remark 5 below).


SFLAG Strain rate flag (see remark 2 below):

EQ.0.0: true constant strain rate,
EQ.1.0: engineering strain rate.
RFLAG Strain rate evaluation flag:

EQ.0.0: first principal direction,
EQ.1.0: principal strain rates for each principal direction,
EQ.2.0: volumetric strain rate.
TFLAG Tensile stress evaluation:

EQ.0.0: linear in tension.
EQ.1.0: input via load curves with the tensile response corre-
sponds to negative values of stress and strain.
PVID Optional load curve ID defining pressure versus volumetric strain.
SRAF Strain rate averaging flag.

EQ.0.0: use weighted running average.
EQ.1.0: average the last twelve values.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.

energy dissipation), see also Figure 2-56
D0 material constant, see equations below.
N0 material constant, see equations below.

C0 material constant, see equations below.
AIJ, material constant, see equations below.
SIJ material constant, see equations below.
MINR Ratemin, minimum strain rate of interest.
MAXR Ratemax, maximum strain rate of interest.
etic unloading factor HU. Values less than one reduces the energy
Figure 2-54.
BETAT Decay constant for damage in tension. The damage decays after
loading in ceases according to 𝑒−BETAT×𝑡 .
BETAC Decay constant for damage in compression. . The damage decays

after loading in ceases according to 𝑒−BETAC×𝑡 .
The strain is divided into two parts: a linear part and a non-linear part of the strain
𝐸(𝑡) = 𝐸𝐿 (𝑡) + 𝐸𝑁 (𝑡)
and the strain rate become
𝐸̇(𝑡) = 𝐸̇𝐿 (𝑡) + 𝐸̇𝑁 (𝑡)
𝐸̇𝑁 is an expression for the past history of 𝐸𝑁 . A postulated constitutive equation may be
written as:

∞
𝜎(𝑡) = ∫ [𝐸𝑁
𝑡 (𝜏), 𝑆(𝑡)] 𝑑𝜏
𝜏=0
∞
where 𝑆(𝑡) is the state variable and ∫.𝜏=0 is a functional of all values of 𝜏 in 𝑇𝜏 : 0 ≤ 𝜏 ≤ ∞
and
𝐸𝑁 𝑁
𝑡 (𝜏) = 𝐸 (𝑡 − 𝜏)
where 𝜏 is the history parameter:

𝐸𝑁
𝑡 (𝜏 = ∞) ⇔ the virgin material
It is assumed that the material remembers only its immediate past, i.e., a neighborhood
about 𝜏 = 0. Therefore, an expansion of 𝐸𝑁
𝑡 (𝜏) in a Taylor series about 𝜏 = 0 yields:
∂𝐸𝑁
𝐸𝑁 = 𝐸 (0) + 𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡
𝑡 (𝜏)
𝑁
∂𝑡
Hence, the postulated constitutive equation becomes:
𝜎(𝑡) = 𝜎 ∗ [𝐸𝑁 (𝑡), 𝐸̇𝑁 (𝑡), 𝑆(𝑡)]
∂𝐸𝑁
where we have replaced 𝑡
∂𝑡
by 𝐸̇𝑁 , and 𝜎 ∗ is a function of its arguments.
For a special case,
𝜎(𝑡) = 𝜎 ∗ (𝐸𝑁 (𝑡), 𝑆(𝑡))
we may write
𝐸̇𝑁
𝑡 = 𝑓 (𝑆(𝑡), 𝑠(𝑡))
which states that the nonlinear strain rate is the function of stress and a state variable which
represents the history of loading. Therefore, the proposed kinetic equation for foam mate-
rials is:
𝜎 ⎧
{ 𝑡𝑟(𝜎𝑆) 2𝑛0 ⎫
}
𝐸̇𝑁
𝑡 = 𝐷0 exp ⎨−𝑐0 [ ] ⎬
‖𝜎‖ {
⎩ (‖𝜎‖) 2 }
⎭
where D0, c0, and n0 are material constants, and 𝑆 is the overall state variable. If either
𝐷0 = 0 or 𝑐0 → ∞ then the nonlinear strain rate vanishes.
𝑛2
𝑆𝑖𝑗̇ = [𝑐1 (𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝑅 − 𝑐2 𝑆𝑖𝑗 )𝑃 + 𝑐3 𝑊 𝑛1 (∥𝐸̇𝑁 ∥) 𝐼𝑖𝑗 ]𝑅
𝑛3
∥𝐸̇𝑁 ∥
⎡
𝑅 = 1 + 𝑐4 ⎢ ⎤
− 1⎥
⎣ 𝑐5 ⎦
𝑃 = 𝑡𝑟(𝜎𝐸̇𝑁 )
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑡𝑟(𝜎(𝑑𝐸))

where c1, c2, c3, c4, c5, n1, n2, n3, and aij are material constants and:
1
‖𝜎‖ = (𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝜎𝑖𝑗 )2
1
∥𝐸̇∥ = (𝐸̇𝑖𝑗 𝐸̇𝑖𝑗 )2
1
∥𝐸̇𝑁 ∥ = (𝐸̇𝑁 𝑖𝑗 𝐸̇𝑁 𝑖𝑗 )2
In the implementation by Fu Chang the model was simplified such that the input constants
𝑎𝑖𝑗 and the state variables 𝑆𝑖𝑗 are scalars.
ε3 > ε2 > ε 1 > ε0 ε3
Nominal Stress
ε2
ε1
tensile compressive
Optional Tensile Behavior Nominal Strain

TFLAG = 1
Default Tensile Behavior

TFLAG = 0
Figure 2-53. Nominal stress versus engineering strain curves, which are used to
model rate effects in Fu Chang’s foam model.
Additional Remarks:
1. The bulk viscosity, which generates a rate dependent pressure, may cause an un-
expected volumetric response and consequently, it is optional with this model.
2. Dynamic compression tests at the strain rates of interest in vehicle crash are usual-
ly performed with a drop tower. In this test the loading velocity is nearly constant
but the true strain rate, which depends on the instantaneous specimen thickness, is

not. Therefore, the engineering strain rate input is optional so that the stress strain
curves obtained at constant velocity loading can be used directly.
3. To further improve the response under multiaxial loading, the strain rate parame-
ter can either be based on the principal strain rates or the volumetric strain rate.
4. Correlation under triaxial loading is achieved by directly inputting the results of
hydrostatic testing in addition to the uniaxial data. Without this additional infor-
mation which is fully optional, triaxial response tends to be underestimated.
5. Several options are available to control unloading response in MAT_083:
a) HU = 0 and TBID > 0
This is the old way. In this case the unloading response will follow the
curve with the lowest strain rate and is rate-independent. The curve with
lowest strain rate value (typically zero) in TBID should correspond to the
unloading path of the material as measured in a quasistatic test. The qua-
sistatic loading path then corresponds to a realistic (small) value of the
strain rate.
ε3 > ε2 > ε1 ε3
ε2
ε1
Nominal Stress
Current State ε0
Nominal Strain
Figure 2-54. HU = 0, TBID > 0
b) HU = 0 and TBID < 0

In this case the curve with lowest strain rate value (typically zero) in TBID
must correspond to the unloading path of the material as measured in a
quasistatic test. The quasistatic loading path then corresponds to a realistic
(small) value of the strain rate. The quasistatic loading and unloading path
(thus the first two curves of the table) should form a closed loop. The un-
loading response is given by a damage formulation for the principal stress-
es as follows:

𝜎𝑖 = (1 − 𝑑)𝜎𝑖
The damage parameter d is computed internally in such a way that the un-
loading path under uniaxial tension and compression is fitted exactly in the
simulation. The unloading response is rate dependent in this case.
ε3 > ε2 > ε1 > ε0 ε3
ε2
ε1
Nominal Stress
Current State ε0
Nominal Strain
Figure 2-55. HU = 0, TBID > 0
c) HU > 0 and TBID > 0

No unloading curve should be provided in the table and the curve with the
lowest strain rate value in TBID should correspond to the loading path of
the material as measured in a quasistatic test. In this case the unloading re-
sponse is given by a damage formulation for the principal stresses as fol-
lows:
𝜎𝑖 = (1 − 𝑑)𝜎𝑖
𝑊cur SHAPE ⎤
𝑑 = (1 − 𝐻𝑈) ⎡
⎢1 − ( ) ⎥
⎣ 𝑊max ⎦
where W corresponds to the current value of the hyperelastic energy per
unit undeformed volume. The unloading response is rate dependent in this
case.

ε3 > ε2 > ε1 > ε0 ε3
ε2
ε1
Nominal Stress
Current State ε0
Unloading curve computed

internally based on HU and SHAPE
Nominal Strain
Figure 2-56. HU > 0, TBID > 0
The LOG_LOG_INTERPOLATION option uses log-log interpolation for ta-

ble TBID in the strain rate direction.

*MAT_084-085 *MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE
*MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE
This is Material Type 84 and Material Type 85, only the former of which includes rate
effects. The Winfrith concrete model is a smeared crack (sometimes known as pseudo
crack), smeared rebar model, implemented in the 8-node single integration point continu-
um element, i.e., ELFORM = 1 in *SECTION_SOLID. It is recommended that a double
precision executable be used when using this material model. Single precision may pro-
duce unstable results.
This model was developed by Broadhouse and Neilson [1987], and Broadhouse [1995] over
many years and has been validated against experiments. The input documentation given
here is taken directly form the report by Broadhouse. The Fortran subroutines and quality
assurance test problems were also provided to LSTC by the Winfrith Technology Center.
Rebar may be defined using the command *MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE_REINFORCE-

MENT which appears in the following section.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO TM PR UCS UTS FE ASIZE
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable E YS EH UELONG RATE CONM CONL CONT
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable EPS1 EPS2 EPS3 EPS4 EPS5 EPS6 EPS7 EPS8

Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8

RO Mass density.
TM Initial tangent modulus of concrete.
PR Poisson's ratio.
UCS Uniaxial compressive strength.
UTS Uniaxial tensile strength.
FE Depends on value of RATE below.

RATE.EQ.0: Fracture energy (energy per unit area dissipated in
opening crack).
RATE.EQ.1: Crack width at which crack-normal tensile stress
goes to zero.
ASIZE Aggregate size (radius).
E Young's modulus of rebar.
YS Yield stress of rebar.
EH Hardening modulus of rebar
UEONG Ultimate elongation before rebar fails.
RATE Rate effects:

EQ.0.0: strain rate effects are included (mat 84 – may not conserve
energy).
EQ.1.0: strain rate effects are turned off (mat 85).

*MAT_084-085 *MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE
CONM GT.0: Factor to convert model mass units to kg.

EQ.-1.: Mass, length, time units in model are lbf × sec2/in, inch,
sec.
EQ.-2.: Mass, length, time units in model are g, cm, microsec.
EQ.-3.: Mass, length, time units in model are g, mm, msec.
EQ.-4.: Mass, length, time units in model are metric ton, mm, sec.
EQ.-5.: Mass, length, time units in model are kg, mm, msec.
CONL If CONM.GT.0, factor to convert model length units to meters;

otherwise CONL is ignored.
CONT If CONM.GT.0, factor to convert model time units to seconds;

otherwise CONT is ignored.
EPS1, Volumetric strain values (natural logarithmic values), see Remarks

EPS2, … below. A maximum of 8 values are allowed.
P1, P2, … Pressures corresponding to volumetric strain values given on Card

3.
Remarks:
Pressure is positive in compression; volumetric strain is given by the natural log of the
relative volume and is negative in compression. The tabulated data are given in order of
increasing compression, with no initial zero point.
If the volume compaction curve is omitted, the following scaled curve is automatically
used where 𝑝1 is the pressure at uniaxial compressive failure from:
𝜎
𝑝1 = 𝑐
3
and 𝐾 is the bulk unloading modulus computed from
𝐸𝑠
𝐾=
3(1 − 2𝑣)
where 𝐸𝑠 is the input tangent modulus for concrete and 𝑣 is Poisson's ratio.

Volumetric Strain Pressure
−𝑝1/𝐾 1.00𝑥𝑝1
−0.002 1.50𝑥𝑝1
−0.004 3.00𝑥𝑝1
−0.010 4.80𝑥𝑝1
−0.020 6.00𝑥𝑝1
−0.030 7.50𝑥𝑝1
−0.041 9.45𝑥𝑝1
−0.051 11.55𝑥𝑝1
−0.062 14.25𝑥𝑝1
−0.094 25.05𝑥𝑝1
Table 2-57. Default pressure versus volumetric strain curve for concrete if
the curve is not defined.
The Winfrith concrete model can generate an additional binary output database containing
information on crack locations, directions, and widths. In order to generate the crack
database, the LS-DYNA execution line is modified by adding:
q=crf
where crf is the desired name of the crack database, e.g., q=d3crk.
LS-PrePost can display the cracks on the deformed mesh plots. To do so, read the d3plot
database into LS-PrePost and then select File → Open → Crack from the top menu bar. Or,
open the crack database by adding the following to the LS-PrePost execution line:
q=crf
where crf is the name of the crack database, e.g., q=d3crk.
By default, all the cracks in visible elements are shown. You can eliminate narrow cracks
from the display by setting a minimum crack width for displayed cracks. Do this by choos-
ing Setting > Concrete Crack Width. From the top menu bar of LS-PrePost, choosing
Misc > Model Info will reveal the number of cracked elements and the maximum crack
width in a given plot state.
An ASCII “aea_crack” output file is written if the command

*DATABASE_BINARY_D3CRACK command is included in the input deck. This com-
mand does not have any bearing on the aforementioned binary crack database.

*MAT_084 *MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE_REINFORCEMENT
*MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE_REINFORCEMENT
This is Material Type 84 rebar reinforcement. Reinforcement may be defined in specific

groups of elements, but it is usually more convenient to define a two-dimensional mat in a
specified layer of a specified material. Reinforcement quantity is defined as the ratio of the
cross-sectional area of steel relative to the cross-sectional area of concrete in the element (or
layer). These cards may follow either one of two formats below and may also be defined in
any order.
Option 1 (Reinforcement quantities in element groups).
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable EID1 EID2 INC XR YR ZR
Type I I I F F F
Option 2 (Two dimensional layers by part ID). Option 2 is active when first entry is left
blank.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable PID AXIS COOR RQA RQB
Type blank I I F F F
EID1 First element ID in group.
EID2 Last element ID in group
INC Element increment for generation.
XR X-reinforcement quantity (for bars running parallel to global x-axis).
YR Y-reinforcement quantity (for bars running parallel to global y-axis).
ZR Z-reinforcement quantity (for bars running parallel to global z-axis).
PID Part ID of reinforced elements.

*MAT_WINFRITH_CONCRETE_REINFORCEMENT *MAT_084
AXIS Axis normal to layer.

EQ.1: A and B are parallel to global Y and Z, respectively.
EQ.2: A and B are parallel to global X and Z, respectively.
EQ.3: A and B are parallel to global X and Y, respectively.
COOR Coordinate location of layer:

AXIS.EQ.1: X-coordinate
AXIS.EQ.2: Y-coordinate
AXIS.EQ.3: Z-coordinate
RQA Reinforcement quantity (A).
RQB Reinforcement quantity (B).
Remarks:
1. Reinforcement quantity is the ratio of area of reinforcement in an element to the

element's total cross-sectional area in a given direction. This definition is true for
both Options 1 and 2. Where the options differ is in the manner in which it is de-
cided which elements are reinforced. In Option 1, the reinforced element IDs are
spelled out. In Option 2, elements of part ID PID which are cut by a plane (layer)
defined by AXIS and COOR are reinforced.

*MAT_086 *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC
*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC
This is Material Type 86. It allows the definition of an orthotropic material with a viscoe-
lastic part. This model applies to shell elements.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO EA EB EC VF K
Type A8 F F F F F F
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable G0 GINF BETA PRBA PRCA PRCB
Type F F F F F F
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GAB GBC GCA AOPT MANGLE
Type F F F F F
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable A1 A2 A3
Type F F F
Card 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable V1 V2 V3 D1 D2 D3
Type F F F F F F

*MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC *MAT_086

RO Mass density
EA Young’s Modulus Ea
EB Young’s Modulus Eb
EC Young’s Modulus Ec
VF Volume fraction of viscoelastic material
K Elastic bulk modulus
G0 G0, short-time shear modulus
GINF G∞, long-time shear modulus
BETA Edecay constant
PRBA Poisson’s ratio, Qba
PRCA Poisson’s ratio, Qca
PRCB Poisson’s ratio, Qcb
GAB Shear modulus, Gab
GBC Shear modulus, Gbc
GCA Shear modulus, Gca
AOPT Material axes option (see MAT_OPTIONTROPIC_ELASTIC for a

more complete description):
EQ.0.0: locally orthotropic with material axes determined by
element nodes 1, 2, and 4, as with *DEFINE_COORDI-
NATE_NODES, and then rotated about the shell element
normal by an angle MANGLE.
EQ.2.0: globally orthotropic with material axes determined by
vectors defined below, as with *DEFINE_COORDI-
NATE_ECTOR.
EQ.3.0: locally orthotropic material axes determined by rotating
the material axes about the element normal by an angle,

*MAT_086 *MAT_ORTHOTROPIC_VISCOELASTIC
MANGLE, from a line in the plane of the element defined
by the cross product of the vector v with the element
normal.
LT.0.0: the absolute value of AOPT is a coordinate system ID
number (CID on *DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES,
*DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM or *DEFINE_COOR-
DINATE_VECTOR). Available in R3 version of 971 and
later.
MANGLE Material angle in degrees for AOPT = 0 and 3, may be overridden on

the element card, see *ELEMENT_SHELL_BETA.
A1 A2 A3 Define components of vector a for AOPT = 2.
V1 V2 V3 Define components of vector v for AOPT = 3.
D1 D2 D3 Define components of vector d for AOPT = 2.
Remarks:
For the orthotropic definition it is referred to Material Type 2 and 21.

*MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER
This is Material Type 87. This material model provides a cellular rubber model with con-
fined air pressure combined with linear viscoelasticity as outlined by Christensen [1980].
See Figure 2-58.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO PR N
Type A8 F F I
Card 2 if N > 0, a least squares fit is computed from uniaxial data
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type F F F F
Card 2 if N = 0, define the following constants
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable C10 C01 C11 C20 C02
Type F F F F F
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable P0 PHI IVS G BETA
Type F F F F F

RO Mass density

*MAT_087 *MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER
PR Poisson’s ratio, typical values are between .0 to .2. Due to the large
compressibility of air, large values of Poisson’s ratio generates
physically meaningless results.
N Order of fit (currently < 3). If n > 0 then a least square fit is comput-
ed with uniaxial data. The parameters given on card 2 should be
specified. Also see *MAT_MOONEY_RIVLIN_RUBBER (material
model 27). A Poisson’s ratio of .5 is assumed for the void free
rubber during the fit. The Poisson’s ratio defined on Card 1 is for
the cellular rubber. A void fraction formulation is used.
Define, if N > 0:
SGL Specimen gauge length l0
SW Specimen width
LCID Load curve ID giving the force versus actual change 'L in the gauge
length.
Define, if N = 0:
C10 Coefficient, C10
P0 Initial air pressure, P0
PHI Ratio of cellular rubber to rubber density, )
IVS Initial volumetric strain, J0
G Optional shear relaxation modulus, 𝐺, for rate effects (viscosity)
BETA Optional decay constant, 𝛽1

Rubber Block with Entrapped Air
Air
Figure 2-58. Cellular rubber with entrapped air. By setting the initial air pressure
to zero, an open cell, cellular rubber can be simulated.
Remarks:
function of the relative volume, 𝐽, [Ogden 1984]:
𝑛
𝑊(𝐽1 , 𝐽2 , 𝐽) = ∑ 𝐶𝑝𝑞 (𝐽1 − 3)𝑝 (𝐽2 − 3)𝑞 + 𝑊𝐻 (𝐽)
𝑝,𝑞=0
−1⁄
𝐽1 + 𝐼1 𝐼3 3
−2⁄
𝐽2 + 𝐼2 𝐼3 3
In order to prevent volumetric work from contributing to the hydrostatic work the first and
second invariants are modified as shown. This procedure is described in more detail by
Sussman and Bathe [1987].
The effects of confined air pressure in its overall response characteristics is included by
augmenting the stress state within the element by the air pressure.
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑠𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖𝑗 𝜎 air
where 𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑠𝑘 is the bulk skeletal stress and 𝜎 𝑎𝑖𝑟 is the air pressure computed from the equa-
tion:

*MAT_087 *MAT_CELLULAR_RUBBER
𝑝0 𝛾
𝜎 air = −
1+𝛾−𝜙
where p0 is the initial foam pressure usually taken as the atmospheric pressure and J
defines the volumetric strain
𝛾 = 𝑉 − 1 + 𝛾0
where V is the relative volume of the voids and J0 is the initial volumetric strain which is
typically zero. The rubber skeletal material is assumed to be incompressible.
of the form:
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = ∫ 𝑔 𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
0 ∂𝜏
𝑆𝑖𝑗 = ∫ 𝐺 𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
0 ∂𝜏
where 𝑔 𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏) and 𝐺 𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙 (𝑡 − 𝜏)are the relaxation functions for the different stress
functional.
Since we wish to include only simple rate effects, the relaxation function is represented by
one term from the Prony series:
𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝛼0 + ∑ 𝛼𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑡
𝑚=1
given by,
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝐸𝑑 𝑒−𝛽1𝑡 .
This model is effectively a Maxwell fluid which consists of a damper and spring in series.
We characterize this in the input by a shear modulus, 𝐺, and decay constant, 𝛽1 .
The Mooney-Rivlin rubber model (model 27) is obtained by specifying n = 1 without air
pressure and viscosity. In spite of the differences in formulations with Model 27, we find
that the results obtained with this model are nearly identical with those of material type 27
as long as large values of Poisson’s ratio are used.

*MAT_127 *MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE_RUBBER
*MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE_RUBBER
This is Material Type 127. This material model provides a hyperelastic rubber model, see
[Arruda and Boyce 1993] combined optionally with linear viscoelasticity as outlined by
[Christensen 1980].
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO K G N
Type A8 F F F F
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable LCID TRAMP NT
Type F F F
Viscoelastic Constant Cards. Up to 6 cards may be input. A keyword card (with a “*” in
column 1) terminates this input if less than 6 cards are used.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GI BETAI
Type F F

RO Mass density
K Bulk modulus
G Shear modulus
N Number of statistical links

*MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE_RUBBER *MAT_127
LCID Optional load curve ID of relaxation curve if constants EI are deter-

mined via a least squares fit. This relaxation curve is shown in
Figure 2-44. This model ignores the constant stress.
NT Number of Prony series terms in optional fit. If zero, the default is

6. Currently, the maximum number is 6. Values less than 6, possi-
bly 3-5 are recommended, since each term used adds significantly to
the cost. Caution should be exercised when taking the results from
the fit. Always check the results of the fit in the output file. Prefer-
ably, all generated coefficients should be positive. Negative values
may lead to unstable results. Once a satisfactory fit has been
achieved it is recommended that the coefficients which are written
into the output file be input in future runs.
GI Optional shear relaxation modulus for the ith term.
BETAI Optional decay constant if ith term.
Remarks:
function of the relative volume, J, [Ogden 1984]:
1 1 11
𝑊(𝐽1 , 𝐽2 , 𝐽) = 𝑛𝑘𝜃 [ (𝐽1 − 3) + (𝐽12 − 9) + (𝐽13 − 27)]
2 20𝑁 1050𝑁 2
19 519
+ 𝑛𝑘𝜃 [ (𝐽 4
1 − 81) + (𝐽15 − 243)] + 𝑊𝐻 (𝐽)
7000𝑁 3 673750𝑁 4
where the hydrostatic work term is in terms of the bulk modulus, K, and the third invari-
ant, J, as:
𝐾
𝑊𝐻 (𝐽) = (𝐽 − 1)2
2
of the form:
0 ∂𝜏

*MAT_127 *MAT_ARRUDA_BOYCE_RUBBER
0 ∂𝜏
functional.
𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝛼0 + ∑ 𝛼𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑡
𝑚=1
given by,
𝑛
𝑖=1

*MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ISOTROPIC_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
This is Material Type 142. This model is for an extruded foam material that is transversely
isotropic, crushable, and of low density with no significant Poisson effect. This material is
used in energy-absorbing structures to enhance automotive safety in low velocity (bumper
impact) and medium high velocity (interior head impact and pedestrian safety) applica-
tions. The formulation of this foam is due to Hirth, Du Bois, and Weimar and is document-
ed by Du Bois [2001]. This model behaves in a more physical way for off axis loading the
material, *MAT_HONEYCOMB, which can exhibit nonphysical stiffening for loading
conditions that are off axis. The load curves are used to define a yield surface that bounds
the deviatoric stress tensor.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E11 E22 E12 E23 G K
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable I11 I22 I12 I23 IAA NY ANG MU
Type I I I I I I F F
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable AOPT ISCL MACF
Type F I I
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable XP YP ZP A1 A2 A3
Type F F F F F F

*MAT_142 *MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ISOTROPIC_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
Card 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable D1 D2 D3 V1 V2 V3
Type F F F F F F

RO Mass density
E11 Elastic modulus in axial direction.
E22 Elastic modulus in transverse direction (E22 = E33).
E12 Elastic shear modulus (E12 = E31).
E23 Elastic shear modulus in transverse plane.
G Shear modulus.
K Bulk modulus for contact stiffness.
I11 Load curve for nominal axial stress versus volumetric strain.
I22 Load curve ID for nominal transverse stresses versus volumetric

strain (I22 = I33).
I12 Load curve ID for shear stress component 12 and 31 versus volu-
metric strain (I12 = I31).
I23 Load curve ID for shear stress component 23 versus volumetric

strain.
IAA Load curve ID (optional) for nominal stress versus volumetric strain
for load at angle, ANG, relative to the material axis.
NY Set to unity for a symmetric yield surface.
ANG Angle corresponding to load curve ID, IAA.

MU Damping coefficient for tensor viscosity which acts in both tension

and compression. Recommended values vary between 0.05 to 0.10.
If zero, tensor viscosity is not used, but bulk viscosity is used in-
stead. Bulk viscosity creates a pressure as the element compresses
that is added to the normal stresses, which can have the effect of
creating transverse deformations when none are expected.
AOPT Material axes option (see MAT_OPTIONTROPIC_ELASTIC for a

more complete description):
EQ.0.0: locally orthotropic with material axes determined by
element nodes as shown in Figure 2-3. Nodes 1, 2, and 4
of an element are identical to the nodes used for the defi-
nition of a coordinate system as by *DEFINE_COORDI-
NATE_NODES.
EQ.1.0: locally orthotropic with material axes determined by a
point in space and the global location of the element cen-
ter; this is the a-direction. This option is for solid ele-
ments only.
EQ.2.0: globally orthotropic with material axes determined by
vectors defined below, as with *DEFINE_COORDI-
NATE_VECTOR.
EQ.3.0: locally orthotropic material axes determined by rotating
the material axes about the element normal by an angle,
BETA, from a line in the plane of the element defined by
the cross product of the vector v with the element nor-
mal. The plane of a solid element is the midsurface be-
tween the inner surface and outer surface defined by the
first four nodes and the last four nodes of the connectivi-
ty of the element, respectively.
EQ.4.0: locally orthotropic in cylindrical coordinate system with
the material axes determined by a vector v, and an origi-
nating point, P, which define the centerline axis. This op-
tion is for solid elements only.
LT.0.0: the absolute value of AOPT is a coordinate system ID
number (CID on *DEFINE_COORDINATE_NODES,
*DEFINE_COORDINATE_SYSTEM or *DEFINE_COOR-
DINATE_VECTOR). Available in R3 version of 971 and
later.

*MAT_142 *MAT_TRANSVERSELY_ISOTROPIC_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
ISCL Load curve ID for the strain rate scale factor versus the volumetric
strain rate. The yield stress is scaled by the value specified by the
load curve.
MACF Material axes change flag:

EQ.1: No change, default,
EQ.2: switch material axes a and b,
EQ.3: switch material axes a and c,
EQ.4: switch material axes b and c.
XP YP ZP Coordinates of point p for AOPT = 1 and 4.
A1 A2 A3 Components of vector a for AOPT = 2.
D1 D2 D3 Components of vector d for AOPT = 2.
V1 V2 V3 Define components of vector v for AOPT = 3 and 4.
Remarks:
Tensor viscosity, which is activated by a nonzero value for MU, is generally more stable
than bulk viscosity. A damping coefficient less than 0.01 has little effect, and a value
greater than 0.10 may cause numerical instabilities.

*MAT_DESHPANDE_FLECK_FOAM
This is material type 154 for solid elements. This material is for modeling aluminum foam
used as a filler material in aluminum extrusions to enhance the energy absorbing capability
of the extrusion. Such energy absorbers are used in vehicles to dissipate energy during
impact. This model was developed by Reyes, Hopperstad, Berstad, and Langseth [2002]
and is based on the foam model by Deshpande and Fleck [2000].
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RHO E PR ALPHA GAMMA
Type A8 F F F F F
Default none none none none none none
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable EPSD ALPHA2 BETA SIGP DERFI CFAIL PFAIL NUM
Default none none none none none none none none

RHO Mass density.
E Young’s modulus.
PR Poisson’s ratio.
ALPHA Controls shape of yield surface.
GAMMA See remarks.
EPSD Densification strain.

*MAT_154 *MAT_DESHPANDE_FLECK_FOAM
ALPHA2 See remarks.
BETA See remarks.
SIGP See remarks.
DERFI Type of derivation used in material subroutine

EQ.0: Numerical derivation
EQ.1: Analytical derivation
CFAIL Failure volumetric strain.
PFAIL Failure principal stress. Must be sustained NUM (>0) timesteps to

fail element.
NUM Number of timesteps at or above PFAIL to trigger element failure.
Remarks:
The yield stress function Φ is defined by:

Φ = 𝜎̂ − 𝜎𝑦
The equivalent stress 𝜎̂ is given by:
𝜎𝑉𝑀
2
+ 𝛼2 𝜎𝑚2
𝜎̂ 2 =
1 + (𝛼)
2
3
where, 𝜎𝑉𝑀 , is the von Mises effective stress:
2
𝜎𝑉𝑀 = √ σ dev : σ dev
3
In this equation 𝜎𝑚 and 𝜎 𝑑𝑒𝑣 are the mean and deviatoric stress:
σ dev = σ − 𝜎𝑚 I
The yield stress 𝜎𝑦 can be expressed as:
𝜀̂ 1
𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑝 + 𝛾 + 𝛼2 ln ⎡ ⎤
𝜀𝐷 ⎢ 𝜀̂ 𝛽⎥
⎣1 − (𝜀𝐷 ) ⎦
Here, 𝜎𝑝 , 𝛼2 , 𝛾 and 𝛽 are material parameters. The densification strain 𝜀𝐷 is defined as:
𝜌𝑓
𝜀𝐷 = −ln ( )
𝜌𝑓0

where 𝜌𝑓 is the foam density and 𝜌𝑓0 is the density of the virgin material.

*MAT_MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
This is Material Type 163 which is dedicated to modeling crushable foam with optional
damping, tension cutoff, and strain rate effects. Unloading is fully elastic. Tension is
treated as elastic-perfectly-plastic at the tension cut-off value.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E PR TID TSC DAMP NCYCLE
Default none none none none none 0.0 0.10 12.
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SRCLMT SFLAG
Type F I
Default 1.E+20 0

RO Mass density
E Young’s modulus
PR Poisson’s ratio
TID Table ID defining yield stress versus volumetric strain, Jat differ-
ent strain rates.
TSC Tensile stress cutoff. A nonzero, positive value is strongly recom-

mended for realistic behavior.
DAMP Rate sensitivity via damping coefficient (.05 < recommended val-
ue<.50).

*MAT_163 *MAT_MODIFIED_CRUSHABLE_FOAM
ε3
ε2
ε1
ε3 > ε2 > ε1
1-V
Figure 2-86. Rate effects are defined by a family of curves giving yield stress
versus volumetric strain where V is the relative volume.
NCYCLE Number of cycles to determine the average volumetric strain rate.
SRCLMT Strain rate change limit.
SFLAG The strain rate in the table may be the true strain rate (SFLAG = 0) or
the engineering strain rate (SFLAG = 1).
Remarks:
The volumetric strain is defined in terms of the relative volume, V, as:

𝛾 =1−V
The relative volume is defined as the ratio of the current to the initial volume. In place of
the effective plastic strain in the D3PLOT database, the integrated volumetric strain is
output.

This material is an extension of material 63, *MAT_CRUSHABLE_FOAM. It allows the
yield stress to be a function of both volumetric strain rate and volumetric strain. Rate
effects are accounted for by defining a table of curves using *DEFINE_TABLE. Each curve
defines the yield stress versus volumetric strain for a different strain rate. The yield stress
is obtained by interpolating between the two curves that bound the strain rate.
To prevent high frequency oscillations in the strain rate from causing similar high frequen-
cy oscillations in the yield stress, a modified volumetric strain rate is used when interpolat-
ing to obtain the yield stress. The modified strain rate is obtained as follows. If NYCLE
is > 1, then the modified strain rate is obtained by a time average of the actual strain rate
over NCYCLE solution cycles. For SRCLMT > 0, the modified strain rate is capped so that
during each cycle, the modified strain rate is not permitted to change more than SRCLMT
multiplied by the solution time step.

*MAT_175 *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_THERMAL
*MAT_VISCOELASTIC_THERMAL
This is Material Type 175. This material model provides a general viscoelastic Maxwell
model having up to 12 terms in the prony series expansion and is useful for modeling
dense continuum rubbers and solid explosives. Either the coefficients of the prony series
expansion or a relaxation curve may be specified to define the viscoelastic deviatoric and
bulk behavior. Note that *MAT_GENERAL_VISCOELASTIC (Material Type 76) has all
the capability of *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_THERMAL, and additionally offers more terms
(18) in the prony series expansion and an optional scaling of material properties with
moisture content.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO BULK PCF EF TREF A B
If fitting is done from a relaxation curve, specify fitting parameters on card 2, otherwise if
constants are set on Viscoelastic Constant Cards LEAVE THIS CARD BLANK.
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable LCID NT BSTART TRAMP LCIDK NTK BSTARTK TRAMPK
Type F I F F F I F F
Viscoelastic Constant Cards. Up to 6 cards may be input. A keyword card (with a “*” in
column 1) terminates this input if less than 6 cards are used. These cards are not needed if
relaxation data is defined. The number of terms for the shear behavior may differ from that
for the bulk behavior: simply insert zero if a term is not included. If an elastic layer is
defined you only need to define GI and KI (note in an elastic layer only one card is needed).
Optional 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GI BETAI KI BETAKI
Type F F F F


RO Mass density.
PCF Tensile pressure elimination flag for solid elements only. If set to
unity tensile pressures are set to zero.
EF Elastic flag (if equal 1, the layer is elastic. If 0 the layer is viscoelas-
tic).
TREF Reference temperature for shift function (must be greater than zero).
A Coefficient for the Arrhenius and the Williams-Landau-Ferry shift

functions.
B Coefficient for the Williams-Landau-Ferry shift function.
LCID Load curve ID for deviatoric behavior if constants, Gi, and Ei are
determined via a least squares fit. This relaxation curve is shown
below.
NT Number of terms in shear fit. If zero the default is 6. Fewer than NT

terms will be used if the fit produces one or more negative shear
moduli. Currently, the maximum number is set to 6.
BSTART In the fit, E1 is set to zero, E2 is set to BSTART, E3 is 10 times E2, E4

LCIDK Load curve ID for bulk behavior if constants, Ki, and ENi are deter-
mined via a least squares fit. This relaxation curve is shown below.
NTK Number of terms desired in bulk fit. If zero the default is 6. Cur-
rently, the maximum number is set to 6.
BSTARTK In the fit, EN1 is set to zero, EN2 is set to BSTARTK, EN3 is 10 times
EN2, EN4 is 10 times EN3 , and so on. If zero, BSTARTK is determined
by an iterative trial and error scheme.
TRAMPK Optional ramp time for bulk loading.

*MAT_175 *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_THERMAL
σ∕
ε0
10n 10n+1 10n+2 10n+3

TRAMP time
optional ramp time for loading
Figure 2-100. Relaxation curve. This curve defines stress versus time where time
is defined on a logarithmic scale. For best results, the points defined in the load
curve should be equally spaced on the logarithmic scale. Furthermore, the load
curve should be smooth and defined in the positive quadrant. If nonphysical
values are determined by least squares fit, LS-DYNA will terminate with an error
message after the initialization phase is completed. If the ramp time for loading is
included, then the relaxation which occurs during the loading phase is taken into
account. This effect may or may not be important
BETAI Optional shear decay constant for the ith term
KI Optional bulk relaxation modulus for the ith term
BETAKI Optional bulk decay constant for the ith term
Remarks:
Rate effects are taken into accounted through linear viscoelasticity by a convolution inte-
gral of the form:
0 ∂𝜏
where 𝑔𝑖𝑗𝑘𝑙(𝑡−𝜏) is the relaxation functions for the different stress measures. This stress is
added to the stress tensor determined from the strain energy functional.

𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐺𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑚 𝑡
𝑚=1
We characterize this in the input by shear moduli, 𝐺𝑖 , and decay constants, 𝛽𝑖 . An arbitrary
number of terms, up to 6, may be used when applying the viscoelastic model.
For volumetric relaxation, the relaxation function is also represented by the Prony series in
terms of bulk moduli:
𝑁
𝑘(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐾𝑚 𝑒−𝛽𝑘𝑚 𝑡
𝑚=1
The Arrhenius and Williams-Landau-Ferry (WLF) shift functions account for the effects of
the temperature on the stress relaxation. A scaled time, t’,
𝑡
𝑡′ = ∫ Φ(𝑇)𝑑𝑡
0
is used in the relaxation function instead of the physical time. The Arrhenius shift function
is
1 1
Φ(𝑇) = exp [−𝐴 ( − )]
𝑇 𝑇REF
and the Williams-Landau-Ferry shift function is
𝑇 − 𝑇REF
Φ(𝑇) = exp (−𝐴 )
𝐵 + 𝑇 − 𝑇REF
If all three values (TREF, A, and B) are not zero, the WLF function is used; the Arrhenius
function is used if B is zero; and no scaling is applied if all three values are zero.

*MAT_176 *MAT_QUASILINEAR_VISCOELASTIC
*MAT_QUASILINEAR_VISCOELASTIC
Purpose: This is Material Type 176. This is a quasi-linear, isotropic, viscoelastic material
based on a one-dimensional model by Fung [1993], which represents biological soft tissues
such as brain, skin, kidney, spleen, etc. This model is implemented for solid and shell
elements. The formulation has recently been changed to allow larger strains, and, in gen-
eral, will not give the same results as the previous implementation which remains the
default.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO K LC1 LC2 N GSTART M
1/TMA
Default none none none 0 0 6 6
X
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SO E_MIN E_MAX GAMA1 GAMA2 K EH FORM
Type F F F F F F F I
Default 0.0 -0.9 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0
Viscoelastic Constant Card 1. Additional Card for LC1 = 0.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable G1 BETA1 G2 BETA2 G3 BETA3 G4 BETA4

Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Card 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Instantaneous Elastic Reponses Card. Additional Card for LC2 = 0.
Card 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
Type F F F F F F

RO Mass density.
K Bulk modulus.
LC1 Load curve ID that defines the relaxation function in shear. This
curve is used to fit the coefficients Gi and BETAi. If zero, define the
coefficients directly. The latter is recommended.

LC2 Load curve ID that defines the instantaneous elastic response in

compression and tension. If zero, define the coefficients directly.
Symmetry is not assumed if only the tension side is define; therefore,
defining the response in tension only, may lead to nonphysical behavior in
compression. Also, this curve should give a softening response for increas-
ing strain without any negative or zero slopes. A stiffening curve or one
with negative slopes is generally unstable.
N Number of terms used in the Prony series, a number less than or

equal to 6. This number should be equal to the number of decades of
time covered by the experimental data. Define this number if LC1 is
nonzero. Carefully check the fit in the D3HSP file to ensure that it is
valid, since the least square fit is not always reliable.
GSTART Starting value for least square fit. If zero, a default value is set equal
to the inverse of the largest time in the experiment. Define this
number if LC1 is nonzero.
M Number of terms used to determine the instantaneous elastic re-

sponse. This variable is ignored with the new formulation but is
kept for compatibility with the previous input.
SO Strain (logarithmic) output option to control what is written as

component 7 to the d3plot database. (LS-PrePost always blindly
labels this component as effective plastic strain.) The maximum
values are updated for each element each time step:
EQ.0.0: maximum principal strain that occurs during the calcula-
tion,
EQ.1.0: maximum magnitude of the principal strain values that
occurs during the calculation,
EQ.2.0: maximum effective strain that occurs during the calcula-
tion.
E_MIN Minimum strain used to generate the load curve from Ci. The
default range is -0.9 to 5.1. The computed solution will be more
accurate if the user specifies the range used to fit the Ci. Linear
extrapolation is used outside the specified range.
E_MAX Maximum strain used to generate the load curve from Ci.

K Material failure parameter that controls the volume enclosed by the

failure surface, see *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER.
LE.0.0: ignore failure criterion;
GT.0.0: use actual K value for failure criterions.
GAMA1 Material failure parameter, see *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER and

Figure 2-102.
GAMA2 Material failure parameter, see *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER.
EH Damage parameter, see *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER.
FORM Formulation of model. FORM = 0 gives the original model devel-

oped by Fung, which always relaxes to a zero stress state as time
approaches infinity, and FORM = 1 gives the alternative model,
which relaxes to the quasi-static elastic response. In general, the two
formulations won’t give the same responses. Formulation,
FORM = -1, is an improvement on FORM = 0 where the instantane-
ous elastic response is used in the viscoelastic stress update, not just
in the relaxation, as in FORM = 0. Consequently, the constants for
the elastic response do not need to be scaled.
Gi Coefficients of the relaxation function. The number of coefficients is

currently limited to 6 although 12 may be read in to maintain com-
patibility with the previous formulation’s input. Define these coeffi-
cients if LC1 is set to zero. At least 2 coefficients must be nonzero.
BETAi Decay constants of the relaxation function. Define these coefficients

if LC1 is set to zero. The number of coefficients is currently limited
to 6 although 12 may be read in to maintain compatibility with the
previous formulation’s input.
Ci Coefficients of the instantaneous elastic response in compression

and tension. Define these coefficients only if LC2 is set to zero.
Remarks:
The equations for the original model (FORM = 0) are given as:
𝑡
∂𝜎𝜀 [𝜀(𝜏)] ∂𝜀
𝜎𝑉 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝐺(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
∂𝜀 ∂𝜏
0

𝑛
𝐺(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐺𝑖 𝑒−𝛽𝑡
𝑖=1
𝑘
𝜎𝜀 (𝜀) = ∑ 𝐶𝑖 𝜀𝑖
𝑖=1
where G is the shear modulus. Effective strain (which can be written to the d3plot data-
base) is calculated as follows:
2
𝜀effective = √ 𝜀𝑖𝑗 𝜀𝑖𝑗
3
The polynomial for instantaneous elastic response should contain only odd terms if sym-
metric tension-compression response is desired.
The new model (FORM = 1) is based on the hyperelastic model used *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_-
RUBBER assuming incompressibility. The one-dimensional expression for 𝜎𝜀 generates the
uniaxial stress-strain curve and an additional visco-elastic term is added on,
𝜎(𝜀, 𝑡) = 𝜎𝑆𝑅 (𝜀) + 𝜎𝑉 (𝑡)
𝑡 ∂𝜀
𝜎𝑉 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝐺(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑑𝜏
0 ∂𝜏
where the first term to the right of the equals sign is the hyperelastic stress and the second
is the viscoelastic stress. Unlike the previous formulation, where the stress always relaxed
to zero, the current formulation relaxes to the hyperelastic stress.

*MAT_HILL_FOAM
Purpose: This is Material Type 177. This is a highly compressible foam based on the strain-
energy function proposed by Hill [1979]; also see Storakers [1986]. Poisson’s ratio effects
are taken into account.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO K N MU LCID FITTYPE LCSR
Type A8 F F F F I I I
Default none none none 0 0 0 0 0
Material Constant Card 1. Additional card for LCID = 0.
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable R M
Type F F

*MAT_177 *MAT_HILL_FOAM

RO Mass density.
K Bulk modulus. This modulus is used for determining the contact

interface stiffness.
N Material constant. Define if LCID = 0 below; otherwise, N is fit from

the load curve data. See equations below.
MU Damping coefficient.
LCID Load curve ID that defines the force per unit area versus the stretch
ratio. This curve can be given for either uniaxial or biaxial data
depending on FITTYPE.
FITTYPE Type of fit:

EQ.1: uniaxial data,
EQ.2: biaxial data,
EQ.3: pure shear data.
LCSR Load curve ID that defines the uniaxial or biaxial stretch ratio (see
FITTYPE) versus the transverse stretch ratio.
Ci Material constants. See equations below. Define up to 8 coefficients

if LCID = 0.
Bi Material constants. See equations below. Define up to 8 coefficients

if LCID = 0.
R Mullins effect model r coefficient
M Mullins effect model m coefficient
Remarks:
If load curve data is defined, the fit generated by LS-DYNA must be closely checked in the
D3HSP output file. It may occur that the nonlinear least squares procedure in LS-DYNA,
which is used to fit the data, is inadequate.
The Hill strain energy density function for this highly compressible foam is given by:

𝑚 𝐶𝑗 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 1 −𝑛𝑏
𝑊=∑ [𝜆1𝑗 + 𝜆2𝑗 + 𝜆3𝑗 − 3 + (𝐽 𝑗 − 1)]
𝑗=1
𝑏𝑗 𝑛
where 𝐶𝑗 , 𝑏𝑗 , and n are material constants and 𝐽 = 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 represents the ratio of the de-
formed to the undeformed state. The constant m is internally set to 4. In case number of
points in the curve is less than 8, then m is set to the number of points divided by 2. The
principal Cauchy stresses are
𝑚 𝐶𝑗 𝑏
[𝜆𝑖 𝑗 − 𝐽
−𝑛𝑏𝑗
𝑡𝑖 = ∑ ] 𝑖 = 1,2,3
𝑗=1
𝐽
From the above equations the shear modulus is:

1 𝑚
𝜇 = ∑ 𝐶𝑗 𝑏𝑗
2 𝑗=1
and the bulk modulus is:

1
𝐾 = 2𝜇 (𝑛 + )
3
The value for K defined in the input is used in the calculation of contact forces and for the
material time step. Generally, this value should be equal to or greater that the K given in
the above equation.

*MAT_178 *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_HILL_FOAM
*MAT_VISCOELASTIC_HILL_FOAM
Purpose: This is Material Type 178. This is a highly compressible foam based on the strain-
energy function proposed by Hill [1979]; also see Storakers [1986]. The extension to include
large strain viscoelasticity is due to Feng and Hallquist [2002].
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO K N MU LCID FITTYPE LCSR
Type A8 F F F F I I I
Default none none none 0 0 0 0 0
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable LCVE NT GSTART
Type I F F
Default 0 6 1/TMAX
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8

Viscoelastic Constant Cards. Up to 12 cards may be input. A keyword card (with a “*”
in column 1) terminates this input if less than 12 cards are used.
Card 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable GI BETAI
Type F F

RO Mass density.
K Bulk modulus. This modulus is used for determining the contact

interface stiffness.
N Material constant. Define if LCID = 0 below; otherwise, N is fit from

the load curve data. See equations below.
LCID Load curve ID that defines the force per unit area versus the stretch
ratio. This curve can be given for either uniaxial or biaxial data
depending on FITTYPE. Load curve LCSR below must also be
defined.
FITTYPE Type of fit:

EQ.1: uniaxial data,
EQ.2: biaxial data.
LCSR Load curve ID that defines the uniaxial or biaxial stress ratio (see
FITTYPE) versus the transverse stretch ratio.
LCVE Optional load curve ID that defines the relaxation function in shear.
This curve is used to fit the coefficients Gi and BETAi. If zero, define
the coefficients directly. The latter is recommended.

*MAT_178 *MAT_VISCOELASTIC_HILL_FOAM
NT Number of terms used to fit the Prony series, which is a number less
than or equal to 12. This number should be equal to the number of
decades of time covered by the experimental data. Define this
number if LCVE is nonzero. Carefully check the fit in the D3HSP
file to ensure that it is valid, since the least square fit is not always
reliable.
GSTART Starting value for least square fit. If zero, a default value is set equal
to the inverse of the largest time in the experiment. Define this
number if LC1 is nonzero, Ci, Material constants. See equations
below. Define up to 8 coefficients.
Ci Material constants. See equations below. Define up to 8 coefficients

if LCID = 0.
Bi Material constants. See equations below. Define up to 8 coefficients

if LCID = 0.
Remarks:
If load curve data is defined, the fit generated by LS-DYNA must be closely checked in the
D3HSP output file. It may occur that the nonlinear least squares procedure in LS-DYNA,
which is used to fit the data, is inadequate.
The Hill strain energy density function for this highly compressible foam is given by:
1 − 𝑒−𝛽⋅𝛥𝑡
𝑝 𝑛+1
=𝑝 𝑒
𝑛 −𝛽⋅𝛥𝑡
+ 𝐾𝜀̇𝑘𝑘 ( ) where 𝛽 = |𝐵𝐸𝑇𝐴|
𝛽
where 𝐶𝑗 , 𝑏𝑗 , and n are material constants and 𝐽 = 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 represents the ratio of the de-
formed to the undeformed state. The principal Cauchy stresses are
𝑚 𝐶𝑗 𝑏
[𝜆𝑖 𝑗 − 𝐽
−𝑛𝑏𝑗
𝑡𝑖 = ∑ ] 𝑖 = 1,2,3
𝑗=1
𝐽
From the above equations the shear modulus is:

1 𝑚
𝜇 = ∑ 𝐶𝑗 𝑏𝑗
2 𝑗=1
and the bulk modulus is:

1
𝐾 = 2𝜇 (𝑛 + )
3
The value for K defined in the input is used in the calculation of contact forces and for the
material time step. Generally, this value should be equal to or greater that the K given in
the above equation.
of the form:
0 ∂𝜏
𝑡 ∂ 𝐸𝑘𝑙
0 ∂𝜏
functional.
𝑁
𝑔(𝑡) = 𝛼0 + ∑ 𝛼𝑚 𝑒−𝛽 𝑡
𝑚=1
given by,
𝑛
𝑔(𝑡) = ∑ 𝐺𝑖 𝑒−𝛽𝑖 𝑡
𝑖=1

*MAT_179 *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM
*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM_{OPTION}
This is Material Type 179 (and 180 if the ORTHO option below is active) for modeling rate
independent low density foams, which have the property that the hysteresis in the loading-
unloading curve is considerably reduced after the first loading cycle. In this material we
assume that the loading-unloading curve is identical after the first cycle of loading is
completed and that the damage is isotropic, i.e., the behavior after the first cycle of loading
in the orthogonal directions also follows the second curve. The main application at this
time is to model the observed behavior in the compressible synthetic foams that are used in
some bumper designs. Tables may be used in place of load curves to account for strain rate
effects.
<BLANK>
ORTHO
WITH_FAILURE
ORTHO_WITH_FAILURE
If the foam develops orthotropic behavior, i.e., after the first loading and unloading cycle
the material in the orthogonal directions are unaffected then the ORTHO option should be
used. If the ORTHO option is active the directionality of the loading is stored. This option
is requires additional storage to store the history variables related to the orthogonality and
is slightly more expensive.
An optional failure criterion is included. A description of the failure model is provided
below for material type 181, *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO E LCID1 LCID2 HU BETA DAMP
Default 1. 0.05

*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM *MAT_179
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SHAPE FAIL BVFLAG ED BETA1 KCON REF TC
Default 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.E+20
Additional card for LCID1 < 0.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable RFLAG DTRT
Type F F
Default 0.0 0.0
Additional card for WITH_FAILURE keyword option.
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable K GAMA1 GAMA2 EH
Type F F F F

RO Mass density
E Young’s modulus. This modulus is used if the elongations are

tensile as described for the *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM.

LCID1 Load curve or table ID:

GT.0: Load curve ID, see *DEFINE_CURVE, for nominal stress
versus strain for the undamaged material.
LT.0: -LCID1 is Table ID, see *DEFINE_TABLE, for nominal
stress versus strain for the undamaged material as a func-
tion of strain rate
LCID2 Load curve or table ID. The load curve ID, see *DEFINE_CURVE,
defines the nominal stress versus strain for the damaged material.
The table ID, see *DEFINE_TABLE, defines the nominal stress
versus strain for the damaged material as a function of strain rate

energy dissipation), see also Figure 2-101.
BETA E, decay constant to model creep in unloading
ing effects.
sion defined as:
𝜀max = max(1 − 𝜆1 , 1 − 𝜆2 , 1. −𝜆3 ).
Figure 2-101



*MAT_LOW_DENSITY_SYNTHETIC_FOAM *MAT_179
ED Optional Young's relaxation modulus, 𝐸𝑑 , for rate effects. See

comments below.
BETA1 Optional decay constant, 𝛽1 .
KCON Stiffness coefficient for contact interface stiffness. If undefined the

maximum slope in stress vs. strain curve is used. When the maxi-
mum slope is taken for the contact, the time step size for this materi-
al is reduced for stability. In some cases 't may be significantly
smaller, and defining a reasonable stiffness is recommended.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
RFLAG Rate type for input:

EQ.0.0: LCID1 and LCID2 should be input as functions of true
strain rate
EQ.1.0: LCID1 and LCID2 should be input as functions of engi-
neering strain rate.
DTRT Strain rate averaging flag:

EQ.0.0: use weighted running average
LT.0.0: average the last 11 values
GT.0.0: average over the last DTRT time units.

failure surface.
GAMA1 Material failure parameter, see equations below and Figure 2-102.
GAMA2 Material failure parameter, see equations below.
EH Damage parameter.

Loading curve
for first cycle
σ
Loading curve for second
and subsequent cycles
Strain
Figure 2-101. Loading and reloading curves.
Remarks:
This model is based on *MAT_LOW_DENSITY_FOAM. The uniaxial response is shown

below with a large shape factor and small hysteretic factor. If the shape factor is not used,
the unloading will occur on the loading curve for the second and subsequent cycles.
The damage is defined as the ratio of the current volume strain to the maximum volume
strain, and it is used to interpolate between the responses defined by LCID1 and LCID2.
HU defines a hysteretic scale factor that is applied to the stress interpolated from LCID1
and LCID2,
𝑒int 𝑠
𝜎 = [HU + (1 − HU) × min (1, max ) ] 𝜎(LCID1,LCID2)
𝑒int
where eint is the internal energy and S is the shape factor. Setting HU to 1 results in a scale
factor of 1. Setting HU close to zero scales the stress by the ratio of the internal energy to
the maximum internal energy raised to the power S, resulting in the stress being reduced
when the strain is low.

*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM *MAT_181
*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM_{OPTION}
This is Material Type 181. This material model provides a rubber and foam model defined
by a single uniaxial load curve or by a family of uniaxial curves at discrete strain rates. The
definition of hysteretic unloading is optional and can be realized via a single uniaxial
unloading curve or a two-parameter formulation (starting with 971 release R5). The foam
formulation is triggered by defining a Poisson’s ratio. This material may be used with both
shell and solid elements.
<BLANK>
WITH_FAILURE
When active, a strain based failure surface is defined suitable for incompressible polymers
that models failure in both tension and compression.
This material law has been developed at DaimlerChrysler, Sindelfingen, in collaboration

with Paul Du Bois, LSTC, and Prof. Dave J. Benson, UCSD.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO KM MU G SIGF REF PRTEN
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SGL SW ST LC /TBID TENSION RTYPE AVGOPT PR/BETA

*MAT_181 *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER/FOAM
Additional card for WITH_FAILURE keyword option.
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable K GAMA1 GAMA2 EH
Type F F F F
Card 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable LCUNLD HU SHAPE STOL
Type F F F F

RO Mass density
KM Linear bulk modulus.

SIGF.
SIGF Limit stress for frequency independent, frictional, damping.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.

PRTEN The tensile Poisson’s ratio for shells (optional). If PRTEN is zero,
PR/BETA will serve as the Poisson’s ratio for both tension and
compression in shells. If PRTEN is nonzero, PR/BETA will serve
only as the compressive Poisson’s ratio for shells.
SW Specimen width
LC/TBID Load curve or table ID, see *DEFINE_TABLE, defining the force
versus actual change in the gauge length. If the table definition is
used a family of curves are defined for discrete strain rates. The
load curves should cover the complete range of expected loading,
i.e., the smallest stretch ratio to the largest.
TENSION Parameter that controls how the rate effects are treated. Applicable
to the table definition.
EQ.-1.0: rate effects are considered during tension and compres-
sion loading, but not during unloading,
EQ.0.0: rate effects are considered for compressive loading only,
EQ.1.0: rate effects are treated identically in tension and com-
pression.
RTYPE Strain rate type if a table is defined:

EQ.0.0: true strain rate,
EQ.1.0: engineering strain rate
AVGOPT Averaging option determine strain rate to reduce numerical noise.

EQ.0.0: simple average of twelve time steps,
EQ.1.0: running average of last 12 averages.
PR/BETA If the value is specified between 0 and 0.5 exclusive, i.e.,

0 < PR < 0.50
the number defined here is taken as Poisson’s ratio. If zero, an
incompressible rubber like behavior is assumed and a default value
of 0.495 is used internally. If a Poisson’s ratio of 0.0 is desired, input
a small value for PR such as 0.001. When fully integrated solid
elements are used and when a nonzero Poisson’s ratio is specified, a

foam material is assumed and selective-reduced integration is not
used due to the compressibility. This is true even if PR approaches
0.500. If any other value excluding zero is define, then BETA is
taken as the absolute value of the given number and a nearly in-
compressible rubber like behavior is assumed. An incrementally
updated mean viscous stress develops according to the equation:
1 − 𝑒−𝛽𝛥𝑡
𝑝𝑛+1 = 𝑝𝑛 𝑒−𝛽𝛥𝑡 + 𝐾𝜀̇𝑘𝑘 ( ) , where 𝛽 = |BETA|
𝛽
The BETA parameter does not apply to highly compressible foam

materials.

failure surface.
GAMA1 Material failure parameter, see equations below and Figure 2-102.
GAMA2 Material failure parameter, see equations below.
EH Damage parameter.
LCUNLD Load curve, see *DEFINE_CURVE, defining the force versus actual
length during unloading. The unload curve should cover exactly the
same range as LC or the load curves of TBID and its end points
should have identical values, i.e., the combination of LC and
LCUNLD or the first curve of TBID and LCUNLD describes a
complete cycle of loading and unloading. See also material *MAT_-
083.
HU Hysteretic unloading factor between 0 and 1 (default = 1., i.e. no

energy dissipation), see also material *MAT_083 and Figure 2-31.
This option is ignored if LCUNLD is used.
etic unloading factor HU. Values less than one reduces the energy
material *MAT_083 and Figure 2-31.
STOL Tolerance in stability check, see remarks.

Remarks:
G
σfric
The general failure criterion for polymers is proposed by Feng and Hallquist as
𝑓 (𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 ) = (𝐼1 − 3) + Γ1 (𝐼1 − 3)2 + Γ2 (𝐼2 − 3) = 𝐾
where 𝐾 is a material parameter which controls the size enclosed by the failure surface, and
𝐼1 , 𝐼2 and 𝐼3 are the three invariants of right Cauchy-Green deformation tensor (𝐂)
𝐼1 = C𝑖𝑖 = 𝜆21 + 𝜆22 + 𝜆23
1
𝐼2 = (C𝑖𝑖 C𝑗𝑗 − C𝑖𝑗 C𝑖𝑗 ) = 𝜆21 𝜆22 + 𝜆21 𝜆23 + 𝜆22 𝜆23
2
𝐼3 = det(𝐂) = 𝜆21 𝜆22 𝜆23
with 𝜆𝑖 are the stretch ratios in three principal directions.

Figure 2-102. Failure surface for polymer.
To avoid sudden failure and numerical difficulty, material failure, which is usually a time
point, is modeled as a process of damage growth. In this case, the two threshold values are
chosen as (1 - h)K and K, where h (also called EH) is a small number chosen based on
experimental results reflecting the range between damage initiation and material failure.
The damage is defined as function of 𝑓 :

⎧ 0 if 𝑓 ≤ (1 − ℎ)𝐾
{
{ 1 𝜋(𝑓 − 𝐾)
𝐷=⎨ [ 1 + cos ] if (1 − ℎ)𝐾 < 𝑓 < 𝐾
{ 2
{
ℎ𝐾
⎩ 1 if 𝑓 ≥𝐾
This definition indicates that damage is first-order continuous. Under this definition, the
tangent stiffness matrix will be continuous. The reduced stress considering damage effect is
𝜎𝑖𝑗 = (1 − 𝐷)𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑜
where 𝜎𝑖𝑗𝑜 is the undamaged stress. It is assumed that prior to final failure, material damage
is recoverable. Once material failure occurs, damage will become permanent.
The LOG_LOG_INTERPOLATION option interpolates the strain rate effect in the table
TBID using log-log interpolation.
Bad choice of curves for the stress-strain response may lead to an unstable model, and there
is an option to check this to a certain tolerance level, see dimensionless parameter STOL.

The check is done by examining the eigenvalues of the tangent modulus at selected stretch
points and a warning message is issued if an eigenvalue is less than –STOL × BULK, where
BULK indicates the bulk modulus of the material. For STOL < 0 the check is disabled,
otherwise it should be chosen with care, a too small value may detect instabilities that are
insignificant in practice. To avoid significant instabilities it is recommended to use smooth
curves, at best the curves should be continuously differentiable, in fact for the incompressi-
ble case, a sufficient condition for stability is that the stress-stretch curve 𝑆(𝜆) can be writ-
ten as
⎛1⎟
𝐻⎜ ⎞
⎝√𝜆⎠
𝑆(𝜆) = 𝐻(𝜆) −
𝜆√ 𝜆
where 𝐻(𝜆) is a function with 𝐻(1) = 0 and 𝐻′(𝜆) > 0.

*MAT_183 *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER_WITH_DAMAGE
*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER_WITH_DAMAGE
An available options includes:
This is Material Type 183. This material model provides an incompressible rubber model
defined by a single uniaxial load curve for loading (or a table if rate effects are considered)
and a single uniaxial load curve for unloading. This model is similar to *MAT_SIMPLI-
FIED_RUB-BER/FOAM This material may be used with both shell and solid elements.
This material law has been developed at DaimlerChrysler, Sindelfingen, in collaboration

with Paul Du Bois, LSTC, and Prof. Dave J. Benson, UCSD.
Card 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable MID RO K MU G SIGF
Type A8 F F F F F
Card 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable SGL SW ST LC / TBID TENSION RTYPE AVGOPT
Type F F F F F F F
Card 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Variable LCUNLD REF STOL
Type F F F

RO Mass density
K Linear bulk modulus.

*MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER_WITH_DAMAGE *MAT_183

SIGF.
SIGF Limit stress for frequency independent, frictional, damping.
SW Specimen width
LC/TBID Load curve or table ID, see *DEFINE_TABLE, defining the force
versus actual change in the gauge length. If the table definition is
used a family of curves are defined for discrete strain rates. The
load curves should cover the complete range of expected loading,
i.e., the smallest stretch ratio to the largest.
TENSION Parameter that controls how the rate effects are treated. Applicable
to the table definition.
EQ.-1.0: rate effects are considered during tension and compres-
sion loading, but not during unloading,
EQ.0.0: rate effects are considered for compressive loading only,
EQ.1.0: rate effects are treated identically in tension and com-
pression.
RTYPE Strain rate type if a table is defined:

EQ.0.0: true strain rate,
EQ.1.0: engineering strain rate
AVGOPT Averaging option determine strain rate to reduce numerical noise.

EQ.0.0: simple average of twelve time steps,
EQ.1.0: running 12 point average.

*MAT_183 *MAT_SIMPLIFIED_RUBBER_WITH_DAMAGE
LCUNLD Load curve, see *DEFINE_CURVE, defining the force versus actual
change in the gauge length during unloading. The unload curve
should cover exactly the same range as LC (or as the first curve of
table TBID) and its end points should have identical values, i.e., the
combination of LC (or as the first curve of table TBID) and LCUNLD
describes a complete cycle of loading and unloading.
EQ.0.0: off,
EQ.1.0: on.
STOL Tolerance in stability check, see remark 2.
Remarks:
1. The LOG_LOG_INTERPOLATION option interpolates the strain rate effect in the

table TBID using log-log interpolation.
2. Bad choice of curves for the stress-strain response may lead to an unstable model,
and there is an option to check this to a certain tolerance level, see dimensionless
parameter STOL. The check is done by examining the eigenvalues of the tangent
modulus at selected stretch points and a warning message is issued if an eigenval-
ue is less than –STOL × BULK, where BULK indicates the bulk modulus of the ma-
terial. For STOL < 0 the check is disabled, otherwise it should be chosen with care,
a too small value may detect instabilities that are insignificant in practice. To avoid
significant instabilities it is recommended to use smooth curves, at best the curves
should be continuously differentiable, in fact for the incompressible case, a suffi-
cient condition for stability is that the stress-stretch curve 𝑆(𝜆) can be written as
𝐻( 1 )
√𝜆
𝑆(𝜆) = 𝐻(𝜆) −
𝜆√ 𝜆
where 𝐻(𝜆) is a function with 𝐻(1) = 0 and 𝐻′(𝜆) > 0.

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*MAT

Key to numbers in square brackets

*MAT_001: *MAT_ELASTIC [0,1H,1B,1I,1T,2,3abcd,5,8A] {0}

*MAT_066: *MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]

2-6 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

For ALE solids the following material types are available:

*MAT_ALE_01: *MAT_ALE_VACUUM (same as *MAT_140)

For the seatbelts one material is available.

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-7 (MAT)

MATERIAL MODEL REFERENCE TABLES

If a material model, without consideration of *MAT_ADD_EROSION or *MAT_ADD_-

SRATE - Strain-rate effects

2-8 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-9 (MAT)

2-10 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

69 SID Damper Discrete Beam Y

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-11 (MAT)

2-12 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

130 Special Orthotropic Y

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-13 (MAT)

165 Plastic Nonlinear Kinematic Y MT

2-14 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

198 Jointed Rock Y Y Y SL

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-15 (MAT)

2-16 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-17 (MAT)

ALPHABETIZED MATERIALS LIST

Material Keyword Number

2-18 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-19 (MAT)

2-20 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-21 (MAT)

2-22 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-23 (MAT)

2-24 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-25 (MAT)

2-26 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-27 (MAT)

Variable MID RO G KUN A0 A1 A2 PC

Variable VCR REF LCID

Variable EPS1 EPS2 EPS3 EPS4 EPS5 EPS6 EPS7 EPS8

Variable EPS9 EPS10

2-80 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

MID Material identification. A unique number or label not exceeding 8

KUN Bulk modulus for unloading used for VCR = 0.0.

A0 Yield function constant for plastic yield function below.

A1 Yield function constant for plastic yield function below.

A2 Yield function constant for plastic yield function below.

PC Pressure cutoff for tensile fracture (< 0).

VCR Volumetric crushing option:

REF Use reference geometry to initialize the pressure. The reference

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-81 (MAT)

LCID Load curve ID for compressive pressure (ordinate) as a function of

P1, P2, Pressures corresponding to volumetric strain values given on Cards

2-82 (MAT) LS-DYNA R7.1

there is no strain hardening on this surface.

To eliminate the pressure dependence of the yield strength, set:

LS-DYNA R7.1 2-83 (MAT)

Variable MID RO BULK G0 GI BETA

MID Material identification. A unique number or label not exceeding 8

BULK Elastic bulk modulus.

G0 Short-time shear modulus, see equations below.

GI Long-time (infinite) shear modulus, G∞.

BETA Decay constant.

MAT_001: MAT_ELASTIC [0,1H,1B,1I,1T,2,3abcd,5,8A] {0}

MAT_066: MAT_LINEAR_ELASTIC_DISCRETE_BEAM [1D]

MAT_ALE_01: MAT_ALE_VACUUM (same as *MAT_140)

If a material model, without consideration of MAT_ADD_EROSION or MAT_ADD_-