4/20/2017

WMA ADDITIVES/TECHNOLOGIES
EAL339
Advanced Concepts Engineering Co.: LEA-CO
SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT AESCO/Madsen: Eco-Foam II
Akzo Nobel: Rediset WMX
All States Materials Group: ECOBIT
Arkema Group: CECABASE RT In 2005: 3 technologies
Aspha-min: Aspha-min Online In 2011: 30+ technologies
Astec Industries: Double Barrel Green System In 2015: more!
Engineered Additives: BituTech PER
Gencor Industries: Green Machine
WARM MIX ASPHALT Herman Grant Company: HGrant Warm Mix System
Iterchimica: Qualitherm
Kumho Petrochemical and Korea Institute of Construction Technology: LEADCAP
Maxam Equipment Inc.: Aquablack Warm Mix Asphalt
McConnaughay Technologies: Low Emission Asphalt
MeadWestvaco Asphalt Innovations: Evotherm
Meeker Equipment Corp. Inc.: Meeker Warm Mix
Prof. Meor Othman Hamzah PQ Corporation: Advera WMA
Sasol Wax North America Corporation: Sasobit
Shell: Shell Thiopave
Sonneborn Products: SonneWarmix
Session 2016/17 Stansteel: Accu-Shear Dual Warm-Mix Additive System
Tarmac Inc.: Tri-Mix Warm Mix Injection
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Terex Roadbuilding: Warm Mix Asphalt System

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WMA ADDITIVES/TECHNOLOGIES
WMA TECHNOLOGIES

The most widely used classification differentiates

warm mixes by the technology used, and divides
them into three categories:
 Foaming processes (subdivided into water-
containing and water-based processes)
 Addition of organic additives (synthesis wax,
fatty acid amides and Montan wax)
 Addition of chemical additives (usually
emulsification agents or polymers or surfactants)

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SASOBIT
Produced by Sasol Wax GmbH
(Germany)
Among the earliest WMA additive
Fine crystalline long chain aliphatic
hydrocarbon
WMA ADDITIVES Also known as WAX but

(WAX) not the wax that is naturally found

in liquid asphalt
Melting point range between 85 to
115oC, completely soluble in
asphalt at temperatures above
115oC
Manufactured from natural gas
(also coal) using the Fisher Tropsch
process of polymerization

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SASOBIT
RH-WMA
Available in a solid form:
 A prill (about 5mm in diameter)
RH = Reduced Heat
 Or a small prill (1mm in diameter)
 Flakes form (3mm chips) RH was produced from cross-linked
 Powdered form polyethylene.
Lowers the viscosity of the binder and also acts as a mix flow A wax based WMA addtive
modifier developed in China
In liquid state, this modification allows aggregate to move more
Able to reduce binder viscosity at
freely in binder
When Sasobit cools and crystallizes it forms a uniform network high temperature and strengthening
structure in binder the crystalline structure at low
Can be mixed into binder with a normal paddle mixer, high shear temperature
mixing is NOT needed Can be added in wet or dry
Once they are blended together, Sasobit stays homogeneous and can conditions to binder or mixtures
be kept in storage for up to several weeks or more.
Recommended dosage is 1.3% to 1.7% by mass of binder

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 Cecabase® RT developed by CECA, Arkema Group,

France in early 2000’s
 Contains surface active agent composed of at least 50%

WMA ADDITIVES 
renewable raw materials
In liquid form and can be injected directly into the
(CHEMICAL 
binder.
Improved the asphalt workability for a reduction in the
SURFACTANTS) production temperature up to 30o – 40oC during mixing
 Acts as a surfactant that reduced the surface tension
and thus allowing the reduction of the mixing
temperature without changing the binder viscosity
 Surfactant acted as “lubricant” and work at the
microscopic interface of aggregate and the asphalt
(adhesion promoter)

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EVOTHERM
 New generation of warm mix asphalt chemical additive About 0.3-0.7% by mass of bitumen
 Evotherm® 3G introduced and patented by Consists of warm mix, adhesion promoter and compaction
MeadWestVaco (MWV), USA in 2008 aid
 In the form of liquid and added by direct injection at the Optimized to impart better
asphalt binder terminal  Mixing
 Behaves as a surfactant that eases the coating of  Coating
aggregates by asphalt binder at lower temperatures  Adhesion
 Workability
 Lubricates the mixtures to enhance workability and
compaction  Compaction
 Adhesion at the binder-aggregate interface is enhanced, Permits conventional HMA to perform at an equivalent
thus overcoming the water sensitivity issues in asphalt WMA temperature of about 30 - 45 °C lower than HMA
mixture  Mixing temperature: 140-110°C
 Compaction temperature: 120-100°C

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A chemical warm mix additive that

reduce the compaction and mixing

WMA ADDITIVE temperature of asphalt mixture as much

as 35°C by Akzo Nobel, the Netherlands

(HYBRID WAX A combination of surfactant (adhesion

promoter) and organic materials.
AND Organic materials decreases asphalt viscosity.
SURFACTANT) Surfactant improves wetting of aggregate surfaces.
Solid Additive – Pastilles
Added to the asphalt
Also can be added to the mix at the hot-mix plant
Exhibits anti-oxidant effect hence reduce binder aging severity

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ASPHA-MIN®

Developed by Eurovia
Synthetically manufactured zeolites (containing approx. 20%
WMA ADDITIVES water of crystallisation by mass)
Add to mix shortly before or at the same time as the binder at a
(WATER- rate of 0.25 to 0.3% by mass
Upon heating over 100°C, Zeolite starts to release water,
BASED/FOAM) creating a very fine water spray, causing foaming in the asphalt
This controlled foaming effect leads to a slight increase of the
binder volume
Slow release of moisture at elevated temperatures over time
The gradual release of the water provides the impact over a
longer period of time (6 to 7 hrs.)
The effect lasts until the mix has cooled to (212°F) thus
ensuring comfortable workability of the mix

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ADVERA ADVERA
Quantity
Added to asphalt mix at 0.25%
Synthetic Zeolite by mass of mix (5 lbs/ton)
Hydrated aluminosilicate
Contains 18--21% water Reduction in Emissions
Upon heating above 100 C, water is emitted from the zeolite Stack Test Results
structure causing micro--foaming in asphalt mix 83.1% < SO2
Controlled foaming 29.7% < NOX
No visual change in asphalt mix 62.8% < VOC VOC’s
Improves workability, and thus compaction for overall 61.9% < CO
improvement in density
No chemical alteration to the bitumen or PG change Paver Test Results
Added at ~6lb/ton of mix 67% < Total Particulate
(Asphalt Fumes)
81% < Benzene Soluble Matter

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WAM FOAM BITUMEN

Two--Phase Addition of Asphalt:

 Aggregate coated with “soft” asphalt
 Hard asphalt foamed to mix with pre-coated WMA ADDITIVES
aggregate
 Requires plant modification for foaming (WARM
Conventional Foam Bitumen COMPACTION)

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ZYCOTHERM WMA ADDITIVES

Developed by Zydex Industries, India

Based on warm compaction technology
Surfactant-based
Mix at 140 to 145oC but can be compacted at as low as 110oC

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WMA ADDITIVES
PRODUCT CHOICE/APPROVAL

As interest grows, how to select good products?

 Initial laboratory screening
 Well documented field trials: Built in conjunction with
a control section, monitored for a minimum of three
Even though WMA technologies differ, they all years by the agency
target the same goals, namely, either lower bitumen  National or regional certification
viscosity or promotes adhesion, improved
workability and emissions conditions;
SIMULTANEOUSLY AT LEAST MAINTAINING
SIMILAR MIXTURE PERFORMANCE AS
HMA.

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Viscous
Modulus, G”

Complex
VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP
Modulus,
G*

δ
Elastic Modulus,
G’
Viscosity of PG-64 (80/100 Pen) Binder (Unaged)
Refer to relevant notes from EAL334 on:
 Bitumen as a visco-elastic material
1.00
 Binder viscosity using Brookfields Higher viscosity
viscometer 0.90
PG-64
reduction takes PG-64+0.5% Evotherm
 Complex modulus from DSR test
 Phase angle place at lower 0.80
PG-64+0.3% Cecabase

Viscosity (Pa.s)
 Short term aging using RTFOT temperature = 0.70 PG-64+3% Rediset
 Long term aging using PAV Desirable! PG-64+3% RH
0.60
 Rutting factor based on G*/sin(
 Fatigue factor based on G*(sin ) As adhesion 0.50

promoter, 0.40
surfactant-based
additives do not 0.30

reduce binder 0.20

viscosity
0.10
120 130 140 150 160

Temperature (°C)

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VISCOSITY-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIP SUPERPAVE RUTTING PARAMETER (G*/SIN δ)

Viscosity of PG-64 Binder (RTFO-Aged)
Unaged (PG-64)
1.40 100
PG-64 PG-64

1.20 PG-64+0.5% Evotherm

PG-64+0.5% PG-64+0.3% Cecabase

1.00 Evotherm 10
PG-64+3% Rediset

PG-64+0.3% PG-64+3% RH

G*/(sin δ)
Cecabase
Viscosity (Pa.s)

0.80

SHRP Rutting
0.60 1 Parameter
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
G*/sin δ =1.0 kPa
0.40

0.20 0.1
Temperature (°C)

0.00
120 130 140 150 160
Temperature (°C) Rutting resistance calculated based on G*/sin δ at 1.0 kPa (SHRP rutting
Evotherm and Cecabase (surfactants) have no significant effect on binder parameter)
viscosity, however at lower temperature there are slight variations in viscosity. Evotherm, Cecabase and Rediset slightly increase the binder resistance to rutting.
Addition of Rediset and RH significantly reduces the viscosity of binder especially However, the addition of RH slightly reduces the resistance of binder to rutting.
at lower temperatures

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SUPERPAVE RUTTING PARAMETER (G*/SIN δ) SUPERPAVE FATIGUE PARAMETER (G*SIN δ)

RTFO-Aged (PG-64) Long-Term Aged

100 10000
PG-64
PG-64+0.5% Evotherm
PG-64+0.3% Cecabase SHRP Fatigue
PG-64+3% Rediset Parameter
10 PG-64+3% RH G*sin δ =5000 kPa
G*/(sin δ)

SHRP Rutting

G*sin δ
Parameter
1 G*/sin δ =2.2 kPa
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
PG-64
PG-76
PG-64+3% RH
PG-64+3% Rediset
0.1
Temperature (°C) PG-76+3% Rediset

1000
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32
Rutting resistance of RTFO-aged binder calculated based on G*/sin δ at 2.2 kPa Temperature (°C)

(SHRP rutting parameter)

Evotherm, Rediset, Cecabase and RH have comparable rutting resistance with Fatigue resistance of PG-64 and PG-76 binders improve with the addition of
PG-64 after short-term aged Rediset and RH

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MIXTURE PERFORMANCE
MIXTURE DESIGN/PRODUCTION AND
Generally exhibits similar performance as HMA
CONSTRUCTION

WMA designed based on HMA procedures but with lowered

temperatures
Also produced and constructed using current asphalt mixing
plants and construction equipment machineries
Exception is foam technology which requires slight plant
modification
WMA exhibits similar if not higher workability than HMA
despite the

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CONCERNS OF WMA
Effect on binder properties- (How long?)
Workability, especially surfactant based WMA
additive
Rutting upon opening to traffic
Long Term Performance!
Rutting potential greater? Measurement methods:
Moisture damage/susceptibility leading to stripping
MAIN CONCERN IS MOISTURE/WATER
DAMAGE DUE TO INCOMPLETE DRYING OF
AGGREGATE PARTICLES
4/20/2017
MOISTURE DAMAGE
 WMAs are prone to moisture damage
 Primarily caused by incomplete drying of entrapped
water in the aggregate
 Not only moisture damage is one of drawbacks of
WMAs, but also most of HMAs is prone to this
problem.
 Stripping inflection point from immersion wheel
tracking test
 Indirect tensile strength ratio (ITSR) before/after
conditioning
 Quantified at USM using image analysis technique
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LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE MOISTURE LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE MOISTURE

SENSITIVITY (MODIFIED LOTTMAN METHOD) SENSITIVITY (MODIFIED LOTTMAN METHOD)
 Resistance of compacted asphalt mixtures to moisture-induced
damage is evaluated in accordance to AASHTO T283 Conditioning (warm-water soaking cycle):-
 Condition specimens according to AASHTO T283
 3 sets of specimens are prepared and compacted to 7 ± 1 % air
voids – each set consists of two specimens procedures
 Wrap dry subset in a heavy duty, leak proof plastic bag
 1st set (unconditioned) and 2nd set (warm-water soaking cycle)
 Place specimens in a 25 ± 0.5°C water bath for 2 hours ± 10
 Conditioned and unconditioned specimens are tested for indirect
tensile strength (ITS) at test temperature between 5°C to 25°C minutes with a minimum of 25 mm of water above their
surface.
 Moisture susceptibility determined as the ratio of ITS of
conditioned specimens to the ITS of unconditioned specimens
 Minimum acceptable or limiting value of ITSR is 80%

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LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE MOISTURE

SENSITIVITY (MODIFIED LOTTMAN METHOD)

Conditioning (warm-water soaking cycle):- Conditioning (freeze cycle):-

 Place specimen in a vacuum container
and supported with a minimum of 25
51 mm/min @ 25 oC mm above the bottom of the container.
 Fill container with potable water at room
temperature so that the specimens have
6-8% air voids at least 25 mm of water above their
2 hours @ 25 oC
surface.
 Apply vacuum 13-67 kPa absolute
Dry
pressure for approximately 5 to 10
Construction air voids Warm Water Soaking ITSR = ITSwet/ITSdry
minutes.
Spec > 80%
 Remove vacuum and leave specimen
submerged in water for approximately 5
to 10 min.

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LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE MOISTURE LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE MOISTURE

SENSITIVITY (MODIFIED LOTTMAN METHOD) SENSITIVITY (MODIFIED LOTTMAN METHOD)

 Proceed test to the next step if S’ (degree of saturation) is  Determine degree of saturation (S’), by comparing the
between 70% to 80% volume of absorbed water, J’, with air voids (Va) from
 If S’ <70%, repeat vacuum saturation procedure using more Equation (2)
vacuum and/ or time
 If S’ >80%, specimen regarded as damaged and discarded
 Use Equation (1) to calculate the volume of absorbed water Equation (2)
by specimen.
 J’ = B’ – A Equation (1)
where,
J’ = Volume of absorbed water, cm³
B’ = Mass of saturated surface dry specimen after partial
vacuum saturation, g
A = Mass of the dry specimen in air, g

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LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE MOISTURE
SENSITIVITY (MODIFIED LOTTMAN METHOD)
 For each specimen with S’ between 70 to 80%, wrap
and with a plastic film and place in a plastic bag
containing 10 ± 0.5 mL of water
 Place plastic bags in a freezer at -18 ± 3°C for at least
16 hrs
 After 16 hours, remove specimens from the freezer
4/20/2017
LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE MOISTURE
SENSITIVITY (MODIFIED LOTTMAN METHOD)
 Place specimens in a water bath containing potable water at
least 25 mm above the specimens, at 60 ± 1°C for 24 ± 1 hrs
 Remove plastic bag and film from each specimen as soon as
the specimens were placed in the water bath
 After 24 ± 1 hours in the water bath, remove specimens and
place in a water bath at 25 ± 0.5°C for 2 hours ± 10 min
 Specimens must have minimum of 25 mm of water above
their surface.
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LABORATORY TESTS TO EVALUATE MOISTURE

SENSITIVITY (MODIFIED LOTTMAN METHOD)
Test for ITSR
Conditioning (freeze cycle):-
 Test each set for ITS

 ITS test parameters: loading rate 50.8 mm/min, temperature

6-8% air voids
24 hours @ 60 oC 5°C to 25°C.
51 mm/min @ 25 oC
 Determine moisture damage potential using Equation (3).
Dry
Construction air voids Hot Water Soaking
Equation (3)
where,
6-8% air voids
15 hours @ -18oC
TSR = Tensile strength ratio
24 hours at 60oC ITSR = ITSwet/ITSdry St m = Tensile strength of wet subset, kPa
70 to 80 % saturation Spec > 80%
Freeze-Thaw Cycle St d = Tensile strength of the dry subset, kPa
3 states of conditioning:- unconditioned, conditioned 1 freeze thaw
cycle (1 F-T cycle) and 3 freeze thaw cycles (3 F-T cycles)

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PG-64 Binder PG-64 Binder

100 100

90 90

80 80

70 70

60 60
ITSR (%)

ITSR (%)
50 50

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T
Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles
150°C 130°C 120°C 110°C 150°C 130°C 120°C 110°C
0.5% 0.3%
HMA Evotherm HMA Cecabase

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PG-76 Binder
100 Loaded Wheel Test: Hamburg Wheel Tracking/APA
90

80

70

60
ITSR (%)

50

40

30

20

10

0
Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T Uncond 1 F-T 3 F-T
Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles Cycle Cycles
170°C 160°C 150°C 140°C
0.3%
HMA Cecabase

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Loaded Wheel Test: Hamburg Wheel Tracking/APA

 Resistance of asphalt mixtures to rutting evaluated using the
Hamburg Wheel Tracking Device (HWTD) according to BS
EN12697-22 procedures  Top View of Test
 Slab specimens: 300mm in length and wide and 60mm in height Specimen
 A plate compactor used to compact the specimens to the desired Configuration for
heights/density/air voids the Hamburg
 Specimens air voids maintained at 7 ± 1% Wheel-tracking
Device
 Circular specimens
sawed as shown in
the figure

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Loaded Wheel Test: Hamburg Wheel Tracking/APA Loaded Wheel Test: Hamburg Wheel Tracking/APA
 Severity of rutting potential is evaluated based on the mean rut Test Parameter Information
depth and gradient of the curve slopes (rutting rate).
Test temperature
 Moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures determined based on 40 - 60
(oC)
the stripping inflection point (higher value indicates better Cycles per
26
moisture damage resistance). minute
Load (N) 710

Maximum cycle 10,000

Type of roller Rubber /Steel tire

Tracking In air (dry)/ water

medium (wet)

Conditioning
4 hours
period

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Typical result and determination of stripping point

Thank You
Very Much

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