UNIT – 1 INTRODUCTION
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In these methods, material is removed by ion displacement of the workpiece material
in contact with a chemical solution.
10. Name the unconventional machining processes for machining following materials.
(AU,CMB,NOV 2010).
a) Non metal like ceramics ,plastics and glass b) Refractories c) Titanium
d) Super alloys and e) Steels.
Ans:
a) Non metal like ceramics, plastics and glass – USM, AJM, EBM, LBM
b) Refractories- USM, AJM, EDM, EBM
c) Titanium - EDM
d) Super alloys – AJM, ECM, EDM , PAM
e) Steels- ECM, CHM,EDM, PAM
11. Name the unconventional machining processes which produce surface finish.
1. Abrasive jet machining.
2. Electro chemical grinding.
3. Electro chemical deburring.
4. Ultrasonic machining.
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12. What is ultrasonic machining?
USM is a mechanical material removal process in which the material is removed by
repetitive impact of abrasive particles carried in liquid medium on to the work surface, by
a shaped tool, Vibrating at ultrasonic frequency.
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The device used for converting any type of energy into ultrasonic wavers or vibration
is called ultrasonic transducer.
18. Write short noted on piezoelectric crystals?
Piezoelectric crystals are used foe inducing ultrasonic vibrations since they posses
the capability of changing their dimensions to the given electrical energy or in other sense
they have the capability converting electrical energy into mechanical vibrations.
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26. What are the types of feed mechanisms used in USM?
(1) Spring type (2) Counter – weight type (3) Motor type (4) Pneumatic and
hydraulic type
27. What is the effect of abrasive grain size on machining rate in USM? (AU, CHN,APR 2008)
Material removal rate and surface finish are greatly influenced by grit or grain size of
the abrasive. For roughing work operations, grit size of 200 – 400 are used and for
finishing operation, grit size of 800 – 1000 are used.
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The most commonly used abrasives are boron carbide, silicon carbide, aluminium
oxide and diamond. Boron is the most expansive material and is best suited to cutting of
tungsten carbide, tool steels, etc. Aluminium oxide is the softest abrasive and it is used for
machining glass and ceramics.
35. What are the recent development in USM process? (AU,CHN,APR 2008),
In ultrasonic machining process, abrasive slurry is used to remove the metal from the
work piece but recently a new development has taken place that is instead of using slurry,
the tool is impregnated with diamond dust. The tool is oscillated and rotated with
ultrasonic frequencies. In some cases it is impossible to rotate the tool, in such situations
the work piece can be rotated.
36. What are the industrial needs for unconventional machining processes? (Anna
univ,Chennai,May/June’09) (AU,CMB,NOV 2010). (AU,CHN,APR 2008),
Materials which are used in conventional edged tool machining is highly
uneconomical and the degree of accuracy and surface finish attainable are poor. The
unconventional machining processes have been developed to overcome these difficulties.
37. Name the important factors that should be considered during the selection of an
unconventional machining process for given job.(AU CHN AP/MAY 2011)
1. Physical parameters
2. Shapes to be machined
3. Process capability or Machining characteristics
4. Economic consideration
38. Classify the modern machining process on the basis of the type of energy employed.
(AU CHN AP/MAY 2011)
1. Thermal energy method
2. Electrical energy method
3. Electro chemical energy method
4. chemical energy method
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5. Mechanical energy method
1. Define AJM?
It is the material removal process where the material is removed or machined by the
impact erosion of the high velocity stream of air or gas and abrasive mixtrue, which is
focused on to the work piece.
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(3) Parivles is imbedding in work piece.
(4) Abrasive powder cannot be reused.
6. Give the formula for find the material remove rate for brittle metal?
MRR = 1.04 ( MV3/2 / 1/4H3/4 )
8. Write the formula for find the MRR for ductile materials?
MRR = 0.5 ( MV2 / H)
10. What are the disadvantages of using abrasives again and again?
1. Cutting ability of the abrasives decreases after the large
2. Contamination of wears materials clogging the nozzle and the cutting unit
orifices.
11. What are the different types of nozzles heads used in AJM?
1. Right angle head. 2. Straight head.
13. What are the different types abrasives used in AJM? (AU,CMB,NOV 2010).
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Aluminium oxides, silicon carbides, Crushed glass, Sodium bicarbonate, Dolomite.
16. What are the desirable properties of carrier gas in AJM? (AU,CMB,NOV 2010).
a. It should be cheap. b. It should not be non-toxic.
c. It should be easily available. d. It should dry quickly.
17. What are the factors that affect the material removal rate in AJM process?
The following factors will affect the material removal rate in AJM process.
a. Mass flow rate
b. Abrasive grain size.
c. Gas pressure.
d. Velocity of abrasive particles.
e. Mixing ratio and
f. Nozzle tip clearance.
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20. List the unique benefits offered by WJM process. (AU,CMB,NOV 2010).
a. In WJM process, water is used as energy transfer medium. It is cheap, non –toxic
and easy to dispose.
b. Low operating cost.
c. The work area remains clean and dust free.
d. Low maintenance cost.
21. What are the properties of water jet machining about effect cutting action?
High pressure, high velocity jet of water.
22. What are the types of units and its purpose used in water jet cutting system?
(AU,CHN,APR 2008),
a. Pump -- to generate high pressure
b. Machining unit-- to actually cut the material with the jet nozzle.
c. Filtration unit -- to clear the water after use.
25. Does there is any environmental effects while using the water jet machining.
There is no environmental pollution such as dust suspended in the air because the
water jet drains any dust simultaneously when cutting.
26. What are the advantages of WJM over conventional cutting methods?
a. Because of point cutting WJM is able to cut materials almost any pattern.
b. Material loss due to machining is minimum.
c. WJC will not burn surfaces or produces a heat an affected zone.
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d. No environmental pollution.
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33. What are the characteristics of AJM process?
Some of the characteristics of AJM are
a. Work material e. Pressure
b. Abrasive f. Life of nozzle
c. Size of abrasive g. Tolerance
d. Velocity h. Nozzles material
34. What are the process parameters needed to utilize the WJM process successfully?
i) Material removal rate
ii) Geometry and surface finish of work material.
iii) Wear rate of the nozzle.
35. What are the factors needed for Nozzle wear rate in WJM?
a. Hardness of the nozzle material
b. Pressure of the jet.
c. Velocity of the jet
d. Nozzle design.
36. Write down the energy transfer media, energy source and mechanism of metal
removal for the following process. (Anna univ,Chennai,May/June’09)
i) Water jet machining
In WJM process, abrasive particles are added at high pressure and high stream of
water is used to cut the relatively softer and non-metallic materials.
37. What are the variables that affect the cutting phenomena in abrasive jet machining?
(Anna univ,Chennai,May/June’09)
Mass flow rate, abrasive grain size, gas pressure, velocity of abrasive particles,
mixing ratio, nozzle tip clearance.
38. What are the major elements of ultrasonic machining equipment? (Anna
univ,Chennai,May/June’09)
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Ultrasonic transducer, concentrators, tool, abrasive slurry, abrasive feed mechanism,
tool feed mechanism
39. Why abrasive Jet machining process is not recommended to machine ductile
materials? (AU CHN AP/MAY 2011)
Abrasive Jet machining process is not suitable to machine ductile materials because
there is always danger of abrasive particles getting embedded in the workpiece.
40. Explain why there exits an optimum stand off distance(SOD) for maximum stock
removal rate in the case of Water Jet Macnining (WJM) process. (AU CHN AP/MAY
2011)
Stand off Distance (SOD) is the distance between the nozzle tip and workpiece. If the
stand Off distance is greater, the depth of penetration is reduced. If the stand off distance
is smaller, workpiece is damaged by spatter.
41.List the process parameters of water jet machining process.
1.Water jet machinig process
2.Geometry and surface finish of work material
3. Wear rate of the material
1. Define ECM?
It is the controlled removal of metals by the anodic dissolution in an electrolytic
medium, where the work piece (anode) and the tool (cathode) are connected to the
electrolytic circuit, which is kept, immersed in the electrolytic medium.
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4. Write Ohm’s law?
Current, I = V/R
V = Voltage, R = resistance.
6. What are the materials used to make the tool electrode? (AU,CMB,NOV 2010).
Copper and copper alloys, titanium, aluminum, brass, bronze, carbon, Monel and
reinforced plastic.
8. What are the properties are expected from the electrolysis used in the ECM?
i) High thermal conductivity.
ii) Low viscosity and high specific heat.
iii) Should chemically stable even at high temperature.
iv) Should be non-toxic and non-corrosive.
10. What are the results which is in improper selection of electrolyte in ECM?
(i) Low machining rate. (ii) Over cut and stray cutting.
11. What are the methods generally used to filter the electrolyte?
(i) Running the system until it is contaminated completely and replace it.
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(ii) Centrifugal separation.
(iii) Sedimentation. (iv) Use of clarifiers.
13. What are the problems that occur while improperly selecting the electrolyte flow?
Cavitations, stagnation and vortex formation.
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ECM is used for sinking, profiling and contouring, multi hole drilling, trepanning,
broaching, honing, steel mill applications, surfacing, sawing, contour machining of hand
to hand machine materials.
21. What are the important functions of abrasive particles used in ECG?
It acts as insulator to maintain a small gap between the wheel and work piece. They
are electrolysis products from the working area. To cut chips if the wheel should contact
the work piece particularly in the event of power failure.
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2. Grinding Carbide cutting tools inserts.
3. To grind end mill cutters more precisely.
29. What are the factors to be considered while designing the tool?
a. Determine the tool shape, so that the desired shape of the job is obtained under
existing machining operations.
b. Design the tool by considering the electrolyte flow, insulation strength and fixing
arrangements.
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31. Name the electrolyte for iron base alloys and Ni base alloys. (AU,CMB,NOV
2010).
Iron base alloys - 20 % of NaCl solution in water.
Ni base alloys - Mixture of brine and sulphuric acie.
32. Name the electrolyte for Ti base alloys and Co-Cr base alloys.
Ti base alloys -10 % HF + 10 % HCl + 10 % HNO3
Co-Cr base alloys -NaCl
36. What are the various process parameters which the effectiveness of electrochemical
grinding process depend upon? (Anna univ,Chennai,May/June’09)
Current density, electrolyte, feed rate and grinding wheel speed are the various
process parameters which the effectiveness of electrochemical grinding process
37. What is the function of servo mechanism in EDM process? (AU CHN AP/MAY 2011)
Its used to maintain very small gap known as ‘ sprak gap’ ranges of 0.005 to 0.05 mm
between the workpiece and the tool.
38. What are the feasible dielectric flushing techniques applicable in EDM process? (AU
CHN AP/MAY 2011)
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1. Pressure flushing 2. suction flushing 3.side flushing
39.What are the desirable properties of the dielectric fluids.(AU APR/MAY 2010)
1. Stable dielectric strength to serve as insulation between toll and electrode
2. Low viscosity and good wetting capacity
3. chemically neutralized
4. High flash point
5. Cannot emit any toxic vapours
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1. Petrolium based hydrocarbon fluids. 2. Parafin, white sprite, transformer oil.
3. Kerosine, mineral oil. 4. Ethylene glycol and water miscible
compounds.
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It is the sum of discharge time and waiting time.
17. What are types of power supply circuits used in EDM? (AU,CMB,NOV 2010).
1. R-Ccircuit. 2. Rotary impulse generator.
3. Controlled pulse (vacuum tube). 4. Oscillator controlled pulse.
5. Transister pulsed circuit.
18. What are the design factors to be considered while selecting the machine tool?
1. Number of parts to be produced. 2. Accuracy.
3. Size of work piece. 4. Size of electrode.
5. Depth of cavity.
19. Why the servo controlled system is needed in EDM? (AU,CHN,APR 2008),
EDM requires that a constant arc gap be maintained between the electrode and the
work piece to obtain maximum machining efficiency. Therefore EDM tool in corporate
some form of servo control.
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21. What are the factors affecting metal removal rate?
a. Metal removal rate increases with forced circulation of dielectric fluid.
b. It increases upto optimum value of work-tool gap, after that it drops suddenly.
c. Metal removal rate is maximum when the pressure is below atmosphere.
25. List the disadvantages of wire cut EDM process. (AU,CMB,NOV 2010).
a. Capital cost is high
b. Cutting rate is slow.
c. It is not suitable for large workpiece.
26. Mention the application of wire cut EDM process.
It is best suited for the production of gears, tools,dies,rotors, turbine blades, and cams
for small to medium size batch production.
27. Difference between EDM and wire cut EDM process.
S.No Wire cut EDM EDM
1 Very thin wire made of brass or molybdenum is Expensive alloy of silver and
used as the electrode. tungsten are used as
electrode.
2 It is easy to machine complex two dimensional It is difficult to cut complex
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profiles. two dimensional problems.
3 The whole workpiece is not submerged in The whole workpiece is
dielectric medium instead, working zone is submerged in dielectric
supplied with a co-axial jet of dielectric medium. medium
30. What are the units required for wirecut EDM process?
a. Work piece movement control unit.
b. Work piece mounting table.
c. Dielectric fluid supplying unit.
d. Power supplying unit.
36. What are the ways of gap-flushing used in EDM? (Anna univ,Chennai,May/June’09)
The function of the servo mechanism is to maintain a very small gap, known
as ‘spark gap’ ranges of 0.005 to 0.05 mm between the workpiece and the tool.
37. What are the categories into which the variety of power supply circuits in EDM
process can be classified? (Anna univ,Chennai,May/June’09)
a. Resistance –Capacitance circuit.
b. R-C-L circuit.
c. Rotary pulse generator circuit.
d. Controlled pulse generator circuit.
38. why the life of electro chemical grinding(ECG) wheel is much higher than
conventional grinding wheel.(AU CHN APR/MAY 2011)
The work is machined by the combined action of electro chemical effect and
conventional grinding operation. The major portion of the metal is removed by electro
chemical effect so the life if electro chemical grinding wheel is much higher than the
conventional grinding wheel.
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Electro chemical machining:Material is removed by ion displacement of the workpiece
material in contact with the chemical solution.
40.Give the applications of electro chemical honing process(AU CHN MAY 2010)
Salaging out of tolerance parts and reconditioning worm surfaces.
1. Define EBM?
It is the thermo-electrical material removal process on which the material is removed
by the high velocity electron beam emitted from the tungsten filament made to impinge
on the work surface, where kinetic energy of the beam is transferred to the work piece
material, producing intense heat, which makes the material to melt or vaporize it locally.
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(i) Thermal type. (ii) Non-thermal Type.
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f/(S + D) = 25V/(NT)2
V =Electron accelerating voltage
NT =Ampere turns in the lens winding
S =pole piece separation
D =Bore diameter
F =focal length
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2. Can be moved rapidly on the work.
3. Remote cutting over long standoff distances.
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a. Exothermic oxidation takes place. b. DC power supply
30. What are the metals that can't be machined by plasma arc machining?
a. Stainless steel b. Monel c. Super alloys
31. What is the basic heating phenomenon that takes place in plasma arc welding?
The basic heating phenomenon that takes place at the work piece is a combination of
anode heating due to direct electron bombardment recombination of molecules on the
work piece.
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39. Which part is constricted by plasma?
Nozzle duct is constricted by plasma.
42. Name the etchants used in chemical machining process. (AU,CMB,NOV 2010).
Caustic soda , Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid, Iron chloride
46. In electron beam machining, why is a high vacuum created in the apparatus? (Anna
univ,Chennai,May/June’09)
In EBM process, to avoid the collision of accelerated electrons with air molecules,
vacuum is required. So, the entire EBM set up is enclosed in a vacuum chamber, which
carries vacuum of the order 10 -5 to 10 -6 mm of mercury.
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47. What is the function of water muffler in PAM? (AU,CHN,APR 2008),
It is used to cool the electrode and nozzle.
48. Can you machine electrically non-conducting materials using EBM process.
All materials can be machined by using EBM process. (AU,CHN,APR 2008),
50. Can you machine electrically non-conductive materials by PAM? Justify your
answer. (AU CHN AP/MAY 2011)
Yes. Indirct Arc plasma torches can be used for machining electrically non-conductive
materials.
51. why vacuum is needed in Electron Beam Machining(EBM) processes? (AU CHN AP/MAY ’11)
In order to avoid collision of accelerated electrons with air molecules, vacuum is required.
52. What are the advantages of laser beam machining(AU CHN NOV 2010)
1. Machining of material including non metal is possible
2. Micro sized holes can be machined
3. Soft materials like rubber and plastic can be machined
4. There is no direct contact between tool and workpiece
5. No tool wear takes place.
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