KONSEP DASAR:

BACKGROUND, RESEARCH QUESTION

PADA RISET KUALITATIF
Dr. Yati Afiyanti, SKp., MN
Present:
 PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

 Definisi dan karakteriktik penelitian

kualitatif
 Jenis-jenis penelitian kualitatif

 Perbedaan umum penelitian kualitatif dan

kuantitatif
 DEFINISI:

Suatu pendekatan  mengeksplorasi,

menemukan, menjelaskan, & menerangkan
fenomena or obyek sosial yang tidak dapat
didefinisikan, diukur, & dijumlahkan dengan
angka (ex: nilai-nilai, kepercayaan, persepsi
tentang pengalaman)
 STUDI KUALITATIF:
 Tidak mengadakan perhitungan statistik, berfokus
pada “kealamiahan” sumber data
 Istilah lain: inkuiri naturalistik, etnografi,
interaksionisme simbolik, etnometodologi,
fenomenologis, studi kasus, interpretatif, ekologis,
dan deskriptif
 CONT’
 Tujuan penelitian: menjelaskan dan memberi
pemahaman tentang pengalaman manusia dalam
berbagai bentuk
 Asumsi dasar: tidak semua persoalan atau fenomena
alam dapat dikuantifikasikan
 Pemberian makna dari pengalaman hidup atau
fenomena yang terjadi
PERBEDAAN KUALITATIF &
KUANTITATIF
Kualitatif Kuantitatif

 Subjectivity valued  Objective

 Multiple realities
 One reality
 Discovery, description,
understanding  Reduction, control,
 Interpretative prediction
 Whole is greater than  Measurable
the parts
 Parts equal the whole
 Report rich narrative
 Researcher part of  Report statistical
research process separate
 Participants  Subjects
 Context dependent  Context free
 BACKGROUND: WHY WORKING
QUALITATIVELY???
 Situasi atau fenomena riset yang belum byk
informasinya & belum memungkinkan untuk dijelaskan
secara obyektif/belum ada parameternya
 Ex: Changes in birthrate  only guess at reasons for
these patterns without understanding of people’s own
accounts of their behavior
 Need to understand what children ‘mean’ to parent in
this society before on predict fertility rates, so must do
listen to parents’ stories of parenthood rather than ask
predeterminad questions about birth control
 SHOULD I BE WORKING QUALITATIVELY?
 If the purpose is to:
 Understand an area where little is known or where
previously findings appears inadequate (thin, bias,
partial)
 Make sense of complex situation, multicontext data, &
changing & shifting phenomena.
 Construct a theory or a theoretical framework that
reflects reality rather than my own perspective or prior
research results
 Memahami fenomena kehidupan manusia secara
dalam dan terinci
FENOMENA STUDI KUALITATIF

 Kehidupan seseorang
 Peristiwa-peristiwa
 Cerita-cerita
 Perilaku
 Pergerakan sosial
 Pemberian makna pada suatu pengalaman
hidup seseorang
 Hubungan dengan orang lain
JENIS PENELITIAN KUALITATIF

 Fenomenologi
 Teori Grounded

 Etnografi

 Historis

 Studi Kasus dan Narrative

 Teori Kritik Sosial

 Action Research
METODOLOGI RISET KUALITATIF
1. Ethnography:
 Understanding cultural and behavior rules
 Observer role includes some participation in the situation
 Observation is a key data collection method, with informal and formal
interviewing

2. Phenomenology
 Exploring a phenomenon in depth
 May include ‘lived experience’  universal,
 if have spesific  life hystoris method

3. Grounded theory
 Developing theory inductively from the data
 Relies on iterative process of data collection and data analysis
 Generating hypotheses which are then tested through data collection
METODOLOGI RISET KUALITATIF
4. Action research
 Attempts to bring about change in practice during the
research
 Attempts to influence the real world through a spiral
process of change and evaluation
5. Feminist research
 Non-threatening and non-hierarchical relationship
between researcher and participants
 Two-fold goal:
• to raise consciousness of women’s issues
• to empower women as a result of the research
 TYPE OF QUESTIONS

 What are behavioral  Etnografi

patterns
of.....(observational
quest)
 What is going on
here....about values,
beliefs, & practices of a
cultural group
 What is the meaning  Phenomenology
of....
 What is the process of  Grounded theory
becoming......
 What are the
dimensions of this
experience................
KARAKTERISTIK PENELITIAN
KUALITATIF
 Alamiah  melihat pada konteks dari suatu
keutuhan, multi realitas
 Manusia (peneliti) sebagai alat instrumen;
kepercayaan pada partisipant’s viewpoint
 Analisis data dilakukan secara induktif
 Deskriptif (transkrip interv, catt. Lap, foto,
dokumen pribadi, komentar-komentar
partisipan)
 Penekanan pada makna/arti fenomena
 Empati kepada orang lain
 Pendengar yang baik
 Tidak sombong
 Melihat sesuatu dari pandangan/persepsi
orang lain
 Memahami perilaku individu or suatu
kelompok
 Dll
BAGAIMANA MEMPEROLEH
INFORMASI/DATA?
 Partisipants observation
 Interviews (structure or unstructure)

 Written data

 Documentary evident

 Life history, etc

 Differentiating Approaches by Foci

A potrait A
Culture-Sharing
Group
Case
Individual

Ethnography Case Study

Narative Study
A
Phenomenology Theory
A
Grounded Theory
Phenomenon
PENGAMBILAN DATA

 Purposive Sample in  selected according to

qual vs quan relevance to study
(dipilih seorang yang
memiliki ahli ttg
pengalaman hidupnya)

 Theoretical Sample
 selected on basis of
analytical insights and
developing theory; used
in grounded theory
PENGAMBILAN DATA

 Convenience  Sample selected

according to ease and
convenience for research

 Snowball  Participants nominate

other potential
participants.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS
 Thematic analysis
 Content analysis

 Constant comparison method

 Discourse analysis

 Critical discourse analysis

 Conversation analysis

 Analysis of narratives
HASIL ANALISIS DATA

 Cerita  tema atau konsep

 Bergaya personal

 Deskripsi tebal

 Naratif report

 Vignet (case report)

 Tabel frekuensi distribusi

 C/ TEMA & INTERPRETASI
(AFIYANTI & MILANTI, NHS, 2013)
DETERMINING SAMPLE SIZE

 Purposive sampling
 Critical cases

 Convenience cases

“The popular approach “maximum variation

sampling” is suggested by qualitative experts”
PREDICTION OF SAMPLE SIZE

 Phenomenology: 1-10 (Dukes, 1984)

 Narrative: 1-2 indiv

 Grounded: 20-30 (Charmaz, 2006)

 Case study: 4-5 cases in single study

 Ethnography: numerous artifacts, interviews,

and observations collected until the workings
are clear.
FAKTOR PENENTU SAMPLE SIZE
 The quality of data,
 The scope of the study,
 The nature of the topic
 The amount of useful information obtained from each
participant
 The number of interviews per participant
 The use of shadowed data
 The qualitative method and study design used.
 PENELITIAN FENOMENOLOGI
 Fokus pada pemahaman tentang respon
pengalaman hidup individu termasuk
interaksinya dengan orang lain
 Discovering what is like to live the experience
and how about it (universal life experiences)
THE PURPOSE STATEMENT OF
PHENOMENOLOGY

 Describe
 Experiences

 Meaning

 Essence
ANALISIS DATA

 The systematic data analysis procedures of

significant statement, meaning, themes, and
an exhaustive description of the essence
 The outcome of phenomenology is to describe
the essence of the experience for the
participants
 Template for Coding a
Phenomenological Study
Essence of
the Phenomenon

Epoche or Significant Meaning Textural Structural

Personal Statements
Bracketing
Units Description Description
TEORI GROUNDED
 Explore social processes that present within human
interactions (inductive to deductive)
 Examine in an in-depth fashion the practices,
behaviors, beliefs, and attitude of individuals or
groups as they normally function in real life
 The goal of grounded  discover theoretically
complete explanations about particular phenomena
GLASER & STRAUSS, 1967

 Provides for the systematic generation of theory

from data acquired by a rigorous research
method
GROUNDED THEORY

 Paket metode riset:

 Pengumpulan data
 Coding & analysis (theoretical sampling &
memoing)
 Sorting to writing

 Using the constant comparative

(Dilakukan secara bersamaan mbentuk siklus yang

kontinyu)
PENELITIAN ETNOGRAFI
 Anthropologist’s work (culture, ritual)
 The work of describing culture  an intense desire to
understand other individuals’ lives and the researcher
becomes part of a specific culture scene
 Development theory of culture behavior
 Differences of culture to understand culture effect on
the behavior and human health
THE PURPOSE STATEMENT OF
ETHNOGRAPHY
 Culture-sharing froup
 Cultural behavior and language

 Cultural portrait

 Cultural themes
 Template for Coding
an Ethnography
Cultural Potrait of Culture-
Sharing Group

Theoritical Description Field

Analysis of Interpretation
Lens of the Issues
Themes
Culture

# # # #
1 2 3 4
ACTION RESEARCH
 Taking action to improve practice and systematically
studying the effects of the action taken
 Generate solutions to practices problems that relevant
to a particular setting in which the research occurs
 Participatory action research
 The implementation of change as a vital stage in the
research process
PENELITIAN HISTORIS
(WHAT HAPPEN IN THE PAST)
 Merekonstruksi kondisi masa lampau
secara obyektif, sistematis, dan akurat
 Dapat dilakukan untuk menguji hipotesis

 Data diperoleh dari catatan-catatan,

artifak-artifak, atau laporan verbal
STUDI KASUS

 Mempelajari secara intensif tentang latar

belakang keadaan dan posisi saat ini
 Subjek: individu, kelompok, institusi, atau
masyarakat
 Subjek relatif terbatas pada kondisi tertentu
CONTOH STUDI

The experiences of women who have had

lumpectomies as breast cancer treatment
REFERENSI
 Holloway, I., & Wheeler, S. (1996). Qualitative research for
nurses. Oxford: Blackwell Scienc
 Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, KM., Guest, G., & Namey,
E. (2005). Qualitative research methods: A data collector's field
guide. North Carolina: Family Health International.
 Richards, L & Morse, JM. (2013). Read me first for a user’s
guide to qualitative methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage
Publication.
 Cresswell (2011)........
SELAMAT MENCOBA SEMOGA
SUKSES