SHOCKS

Presented by
Shishir Damani (111115091)
Sheik Suhel Ahamad(111115089)
Why does a balloon go pop
when it bursts?
 WHAT IS A SHOCK
WAVE?
A shock wave is an extremely thin region, typically on the order of 10-5 cm,
across which the flow properties can change drastically
The shock wave is an almost explosive compression process, where the
pressure increases almost discontinuously across the wave
UNDERSTANDING SHOCK WAVES
UNDERSTANDING SHOCK WAVES
• Formed due to coalescence of various small pressure pulses
• When an object is moving in a flow field the object sends out
disturbances which propagate at the speed of sound and adjusts the
remaining flow field accordingly
• If v>a then the disturbances travel back and  shock in gas
dynamics terminology
 HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE
• Found experimentally  spontaneous change  v and p  thin region
• Later analysis  only possibility is when M>1
• Thin region  Shock Wave
 WHAT
HAPPENS
AFTER A
SHOCK • P, ρ, T and s across the
shock
WAVE? • Po, M, v
• Physically, the flow across a
shock wave is adiabatic
 ❖Moving shock
❖Detonation Wave
TYPES OF ❖Bow (Detached) shock
SHOCK ❖Attached shock
WAVES ❖Normal Shock
❖Expansion Wave
❖Other types
 • Shock wave propagating into a stationary
medium
• Gas ahead of shock @ v=0 (in the laboratory
frame) and gas behind the shock @ M>1
• Shock propagates with a wave front which is
MOVING normal to flow direction
• Generated by the interaction of two bodies of
SHOCK gas at different pressure, with a shock wave
propagating into the lower pressure gas and an
expansion wave propagating into the higher
pressure gas
• Examples: Balloon bursting, Shock tube, shock
wave from explosion
 • Shock supported by a trailing exothermic
reaction
• Wave travelling through a highly combustible
or chemically unstable medium, such as an
oxygen-methane mixture or a high explosive
DETONATION • Chemical reaction of the medium occurs
following the shock wave, and the chemical
WAVE energy of the reaction drives the wave forward
• Behaves differently as driven by chemical
reaction occurring behind the shock wave front
• Example: Shock wave is created by high
explosives such as TNT (which has a detonation
velocity of 6,900 m/s)
 • Curved and form a small distance in front of the
body
• Stand at 90 degrees to the oncoming flow and then
curve around the body
BOW • Shock distance = f(body shape, temperature)
• Such a shock occurs when the maximum deflection
(DETACHED) angle is exceeded. A detached shock is commonly
seen on blunt bodies, but may also be seen on sharp
SHOCK bodies at low Mach numbers
• drag in a vehicle traveling at a supersonic speed
• Examples: Space return vehicles (Apollo, Space
shuttle), bullets, the boundary (Bow shock) of
a magnetosphere
 • Attached to the tip of sharp bodies moving
at supersonic speeds
• Examples: Supersonic wedges and cones
ATTACHED with small apex angles
SHOCK • Smaller shock angles  M
• Special case where the shock wave is at 90°
to the oncoming flow (Normal shock)
APPLICATION OF
OBLIQUE SHOCK

• Preferable in engineering
applications when compared to
normal shocks
• Combination of
oblique shock waves > single normal
shock
• Design of supersonic aircraft engine
intakes or supersonic inlets
 • Perpendicular to the flow direction
• Normal shock occurs in front of a
supersonic object if the flow is turned by a
NORMAL large amount and the shock cannot remain
SHOCK attached to the body
• Generated by shock tubes to simulate the
high heating environment of spacecraft re-
entry
 • @ M>1 when the flow encounters a convex
corner
• ∞ number of Mach waves, diverging from a
sharp corner
• ++ to become a shock wave if sufficient
EXPANSION Mach waves are present at any location
WAVES • Such a shock wave is called a Mach
stem or Mach front
• Associated with wave drag
• Expansion waves (series of Mach waves)are
noiseless
 ❖RAPID GRANULAR FLOWS:
• Shock waves can also occur in rapid flows of dense granular
materials down inclined channels or slopes
• Flow through chute with obstruction - impact leads to a
sudden change in the flow regime from a fast
moving supercritical thin layer to a stagnant thick heap
• Analogous to some hydraulic and aerodynamic situations
OTHER associated with flow regime changes from supercritical to
subcritical flows
TYPES OF
❖ IN ASTROPHYSICS:
SHOCKS • Supernovae shock waves or blast waves travelling through
the interstellar medium
• Bow shock caused by the Earth's magnetic field colliding
with the solar wind and shock waves caused
by galaxies colliding with each other
• Another interesting type of shock in astrophysics is the quasi-
steady reverse shock or termination shock that terminates the
ultra relativistic wind from young pulsars
 • Also known as shock collar or shock egg
• Visible cloud of condensed water which
can sometimes form around an object
VAPOUR moving at high speed through moist air
CONE • When the localized air pressure around the
object drops, so does the air temperature. If
the temperature drops below the saturation
temperature a cloud forms
RECAPITULATION
RECAPITULATION
POSITIVE EFFECTS
 • Instrument used to replicate and direct blast
waves at a sensor or a model in order to
simulate actual explosions and their effects,
usually on a smaller scale
• A shock wave inside a shock tube may be
generated by a small explosion (blast-
driven) or by the build up of high pressures
which cause diaphragm(s) to burst and a
SHOCK shock wave to propagate down the shock
TUBE tube (compressed-gas driven)
 SHOCK
WAVE
THERAPY
• Radial shockwave has direct and indirect effects on
various structures (cells and hence tissues)
throughout the body
• Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy:
Under water shockwaves are focused for non
invasive disintegration of human calculi.
• Disintegration of kidney stones
• Orthopedic diseases
• Treatment of tendons and ligaments
• Dosage as intensity: mj/sq.mm
 • Uses shock waves generated by its
own supersonic flight to generate lift
• "planing" boats reduce drag by
"surfing" on their own bow wake
• Wake is not generated until supersonic
COMPRESSION speeds are reached
LIFT • Aircraft  designed carefully
• In addition the angle of the shock
waves varies greatly with speed,
making it even more difficult to design
a craft that gains significant lift over a
wide range of speeds
 • Shape used
• When at an angle of attack relative to the
SUPERSONIC supersonic flow stream lines. The sharp edges
prevent the formation of a detached bow shock
AIRCRAFT in front of the airfoil as it moves through the air
WINGS • Subsonic leading edges have rounded leading
edges to reduce flow separation over a wide
range of angle of attack
• This forms a bow shock in supersonic flow
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
WAVE DRAG
• In aeronautics, wave drag is a component of the aerodynamic drag on
aircraft wings and fuselage, propeller blade tips and projectiles moving
at transonic and supersonic speeds, due to the presence of shock waves
• Sudden and dramatic increase in drag as the vehicle increases speed to
the Critical Mach number
 TACKLING WAVE DRAG
• objects @ M >1  weak disturbance

• objects @ M >1  shock wave

• Solution:
• Wing sweep
• Thin wings
• Fuselage shape
• Anti-shock bodies
• Supercritical airfoils
Source:
Source:https://www.flickr.com/photos/multiplyleadership/5299
Source: http://empiresandallies.wikia.com/wiki/Gripen_Fighter
http://forum.flitetest.com/showthread.php?8139-KFM-
https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/21620/whats-the-
637305
Airfoils-and-Swept-Back-wings
reason-for-the-local-flap-extensions-at-the-shockbody-locations
Is it possible to prevent the
formation of shock waves
and sonic booms during
supersonic cruise?
• Theoretically yes  external surface of the
craft to deploy aerodynamic compression
control surfaces Isentropic compression in
supersonic flow
• Surface comprises of very tiny deflections
that aren’t strong enough to increase entropy
appreciably and are hence weak Mach waves
(implying no sonic booms)
• Overall design  Lengthy……example?
CONTROL TECHNIQUES OF SHOCK
WAVES
• In the case of Laval nozzles we now that
• Wind Tunnels to be designed with smooth edges
• Crafts to be designed considering the possibility of shock waves
• Use of supercritical airfoils
• Avoid sharp turns
• Surface irregularities

http://www.engapplets.vt.edu/fluids/CDnozzle/cdinfo.html
 SHOCK WAVES
MEASUREMENTS
 • Visual process that is used to photograph
the flow of fluids of varying density
• Used in aeronautical engineering to
photograph the flow of air around objects
• It reveals shock waves due to air density
SCHLIEREN gradient and the accompanying change in
refractive index
PHOTOGRAPHY
F-15B at Mach 1.38 and 44,000ft
STATIC PITOT
• It is the combination of Pitot tube and
TUBE Prandtl tube design
• For Supersonic flow new phenomenon of
shock waves formed in the upstream of the
nose of Pitot- static tube which decelerated
non isentropically flow to subsonic after
shock waves and brings zero velocity
isentropically near the stagnation point.
Pitot Tube in Supersonic Flow
 • Loss of total pressure
• Lift for wave-rider configuration, as the
oblique shock wave at lower surface of the
vehicle can produce high pressure to generate
lift
SHOCK • Wave drag of high-speed vehicle which is
INFLUENCES harmful to vehicle performance
• Inducing severe pressure load and heat flux
• Interacting with other structures, such as
boundary layers, to produce new flow
structures such as flow separation, transition,
etc.
 • Modern Compressible flow by J.D Anderson
• Introduction to Flight by J.D Anderson
• Nasa website
BIBLIOGRAPHY • Album Fluid Motion by Van Dyke for pictures
• World Wide Web
• Applet developed by Virginia Tech Aerospace
and Ocean Engineering Department