Lab

Torsion

Prepared for:

Dr.Chew Bee Tang

Department of Mechanical Engineering

University of Malaya, Malaysia

Prepared By:

Abdelrahman Amer Atiat

KIG170734

Date Laboratory Performed: 8.Mar.18

Abstract:
This laboratory focuses on experimentally procurement the relations among variables
complicated with torsional load to circular cross-section rod specifically brass and steel.
The variables that we will be concentrating on comprise; applied torque, angular
deflection, and length of rod, polar moment of inertia and the shear modulus. The
apparatus that will be used for this experiment is the Tec Equipment Torsion Testing
Machine. With the use of this apparatus the variables will be obtained and used to
calculate the conditions for failure of the different rod samples used.

Introduction and Background:

A torsion bar is a supple spring that can be enthused about its axis through twisting.
Torsion bars are designed and founded on the amount of torque used in the twisting of the
spring, the lookout of the twist, the overall sizes of the torsion bar and what resources the
torsion bar have made off.
The determination of this trial is to understand the code of torsion test through a planned
process providing. The procedure requires the input rotating motion onto the hand wheel
which then translates the rotating motion onto the rod specimen provided by a worm gear
from one free end to a fixed end. Through this, torsion exists which is the twisting of the
rod due to applied torque by the hand wheel of which the applied torque values and twist
angle are tabulated. From these tabulated values, the modulus of shear, G is to be
determined
From the results tabulated obtained through the experiment which is the applied torque
and angle of twist, the shear modulus, G of the material is able to be determined through
the following formula:-1

𝑇/𝐽=𝐺∅/ , 𝐽= 𝜋𝑟^4/2= 𝜋𝑑^4/32

Multiple types of investigation may be conducted/experimented depending on the various

types of specimen material, along with its differing diameters and lengths. Through the
aid of a reference rod equipped with a strain gauges, the effective torque is logged and
directly shown on a digital display of a strain gauge measurement amplifier2

1
https://www.scribd.com
2
https://www.scribd.com

2
THEORY

When examination the stresses and deformation that takes place in circular shafts, an
important property of circular shafts is established: When a circular shaft is subjected to
torsion, each cross section rotates as an unbending slab. This property will enable to
determine the distribution of shearing strains in a circular shaft and to conclude that the
shearing strain varies linearly with the distance from the axis of the shaft.
Evaluation the origin and clarification of the concept of torsion of circular shafts. Twitch
by looking at a minor section of length dx of a circular shaft under torsion. Throughout
winding
One end of the shaft will rotate about the longitudinal axis with respect to the other end.
The magnitude of this rotation is measured in terms of the angle in radians by which one
end rotates relation to the other. This is called the ‘Angle of Twist’3.

Considering the case of a shaft of length, L and of uniform cross section of radius, c
subjected to a torque, T at its free end.

The angle of twist, Φ and the maximum shearing strain, γmax are related as follows:

γmax = cΦ / L

In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear, τ is related by Hooke’s Law:

γmax = τmax / G = Tc / JG

Equating the right-hand members of equation (1.3) and (1.4), and solving for the angle of
twist, we write:
Φ = TL/JG

3
https://www.scribd.com/doc/50417972/Report-torsion-new

3
Note that all the relatives now are based solely on the geometry of the circular shaft.
Hence they are valid for any type of substantial. This is not so in what follows, the
calculation of stresses founded on linear flexible material conduct

Procedures:
I) Measure the general length and test distance across of the example.

Methods

ii) Draw a line down the length of the test segment of the example with a pencil; this

fills in as a visual guide to the level of contort being put on the example amid

stacking.

iii) Mount the example immovably in the torsion testing machine as demonstrated in the

working directions.

iv) For every addition of strain record the accompanying:

(a) Angle of bit of the example (θ) in degrees.

(b) Applied torque (T)

(c) Angle of curve over the 50 mm (or 2.0 in) check length in radians, as
recorded by dial check marker (θ) radians.

4
RESULTS

Parameters First reading, mm Second reading, mm

Initial diameter 146 146.26
Final diameter 6.48 6.34
gauge length 76.60 75.15
Initial overall length 146 146.26
Final overall length 145. 145.5

Angle of twist (°) Torque (N.m)

6 0.90
12 1.37
18 1.48
24 1.51
36 1.49
48 1.48
60 1.41
72 1.39
84 1.32
96 1.31
108 1.28
120 1.26
138 1.28
156 1.28
174 1.30
198 1.33
222 1.41
258 1.55
294 1.55
354 1.43
414 1.30
474 1.37
534 1.41
594 1.51
654 1.51
741 1.41
774 1.32
807 FRACTURE

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 Applied torque against angle of
twist (elastic region)
1.6

1.4

1.2
y = -0.0005x + 1.3718
1
torque (N.m)

0.8
Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 50 100 150 200
angle of twist (˚)

Gradient, m = -0.0005
L = 145.5 mm
1 1
J = 2πc4=2π (6.34x10-3m/2)4

= 1.009803x10-10 m4
𝑇𝐿 −0.0005 𝑥 0.1455
G = Ø𝐽 = 1.009803x10−10

= -72.0437MPa
Torque (from the graph) = 1.5 N.m
𝑇𝑐 1.5 𝑥 3.225𝐸−3
π= = 1.009803𝐸−10
𝐽

= 49.53 MPa

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 Applied torque against angle of twist
(complete destruction)
3

2.5

2
torque (N.m)

1.5 y = 0.0007x + 1.2561

Y-Values
Linear (Y-Values)
1

0.5

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
angle of twist (˚)

DISCUSSION
Founded on the data and results obtained, the modulus of rigidity achieved is
-72.0437MPa. Some errors might occur and one of the sources is the testing equipment.
It is very sensitive to vibrations throughout the trial. Also that, error occurs when the
readings were occupied. This is because the results are varied and the results taken might
be not the accurate one.