Power Quality and Reliability

Roger G Lawrence, PE CEM

Senior Member IEEE
NCSU Solar Center
 New Perceptions of Risk

• Electrical Reliability
• Distributed Resources
• Deregulation or Re-Regulation
 New Proven Tools

• DSP Electronics
• IGBT Bridge
• UPS
• Sag Correctors
• Micro Turbines
• Flywheels
• Fuel Cells
How to Recognize a Power Quality
Event
Symptoms

• Unexplained Production Losses

• Mysterious Events
• Finger Pointing
 Solutions
69 kV 60%
200 M Sec.

15 kV 5 kV

480 480
100%
2 Seconds

Control UPS ASD

 Sources of Power Quality
Issues

• Electric Utility
• End User
 Can Anything be done?
Short Term
• Investigate
• Cost Effective Solutions
• CHP

Long Term
• Power Quality & Reliability
Specifications
 Heightened Demand for Solutions

• Electronic Systems
• Improved Industrial Production
• Digital Systems
• Information Technology
Case History
 Existing Infrastructure

• Electrical Distribution System Unchanged

• Disruption of End User Systems
• Additional demands
 Harmonic Distortion
Standards

• IEEE Std 519

• IEEE Std 1346
Transient Events

Capacitor Switching

Single Phase Sags

Three Phase Sags

Common Mode

Transient Overvoltage
Power-Factor Correction Capacitors
Switching Transient

• Voltage transients created by energizing

power-factor correction capacitors have
been a long-standing problem for power
electronic converters.
Power-Factor Correction Capacitors
Diagram
Power-Factor Correction Capacitors
Cost Effective Solutions

ƒ Insert input line reactors

ƒ Apply resistor capacitor surge networks
ƒ Use CHP to Displace Switched Capacitor
 Three-Phase Voltage Sags

A fundamental response of a traditional

radial distribution system to switching
events.
Effects of Sags
Typical Event
Interruption Rate, Magnitude, &
Duration
RMS Voltage Variation Sag and Interruption Rate

Sags in 365 Days 3

0
1 cyc

3 cyc

5 cyc

80 to 90
10 to 20 cyc

60 to 70
0.5 to 1 s

2 to 5 s

40 to 50
10 to 30s

20 to 30
1 to 2 min

0 to 10

Duration Voltage (%)

 Three-Phase Voltage Sags
Standards
• The IEEE Gold Book devotes Chapter 9
to sag phenomena and the estimation of
the numbers of sag events
 Improving Sag Performance
Characterization
Interruption and Sag Rate Probabilities as a Function
of Event Voltage Magnitude and Duration
Symbol Description
Green Circle
15-20 events Line 1 As Was
Red Star
Percent of Nominal Voltage %

Line with solutions applied

Blue Rectangle
Line 2 As Was
Yellow Triangle
10-15 events Line 2 with solutions applied
0-5
0-5events
eventsper
per
site per year
site per year

5-10 events per

site per year

Duration (Cycles)
 Low Speed Flywheel

Utility 480V AC
Protected
Supply Load

Static
Switch
Inverter

Low Speed
Flywheel
 Process Flow Diagram

RAW PLASTIC GRINDER

PELLETS

5 RECYCLE
VACUUM
BLOWER

5 7.5
WASTE
VACUUM 15
BLOWER

TAKE AWAY

5 ROLL STAND ROLL STAND ROLL STAND

No. 1 No. 2 No. 3
75

EXTRUDER THICKNESS 5
GAUGE

OVEN GAS
QUENCH TANK STATIONARY e
OVEN 20 1.5
SLITTER 5 5
20 a

64 Winders
DELUSTER

EXTRUSION & SLITTING 6x STRECHING SHRINKAGE WINDERS

LEGEND

MOTOR w/
Hp ADJUSTABLE
SPEED DRIVE

STANDARD
CASE STUDY No. 1
Hp PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM
MOTOR
PLASTIC STRIP PRODUCTION
FOR CARPET BACKING
 CleanSource

Ball bearings
Magnetic bearing
easily replaced
integrated into
field circuit

One moving part

(rotor)

“Cartridge”
armature Simple, Reliable,
and Power-dense
Roll Stand #3
 First Save

SHAW FLYWHEEL INPUT @ C:\DRANVIEW\SHAWIN6.DNV

Volts
750

500

250

-250

-500

-750
21:07:29.85 21:07:29.90 21:07:29.95 21:07:29.00 21:07:30.05 21:07:30.10 21:07:30.15 21:07:30.20 21:07:30.25
CHA Volts CHB Volts CHC Volts

Waveform event at 01/06/00 21:07:29.88

PrevRMS MinRMS MaxRMS WorstIMP Phase
AV Volts 278.3 86.7 262.8 0.0 0 deg.
BV Volts 277.1 251.5 297.2 0.0 0 deg.
CV Volts 278.1 84.4 278.5 0.0 0 deg.
DI Amps 110 9 59 0 0 deg.
Natural Gas Turbine Generator
30 kW Micro Turbine
Combined Cycle Plant

Siemens
Results of End User Survey

• Left to the Vendor

• Lowest Cost
• A Description of Mechanical Process
Requirements
• Single Source Partnership
• Not Required, On-site generation
• Being Prepared not yet available
• The most experienced local supplier provides
equipment
 Costs

•Difficult to Collect

Per Incident / Time / Unit

•Commonly Allocated

Frequently Occurs Identified as

Mechanical problem
 Mitigation Equipment

Low Cost

Medium Cost

High Cost
 Conclusion

Identification

Calculation of the Cost

Simple Solution

Use Energy Effectively

Value for Money