Bds - Lecture Notes and Study Material

B.D.
S(Bachelor of Dental Surgery)

Lecture Notes and Study Materials
zoology
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology
Human Nervous System and Sensory Organs
Biology
The Massage Connection ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Biotechnology
Basic Concept of Biotechnology
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and Applications
Human Neuroanatomy(Fundamental and Clinical)
Microbiology
Introduction to Human Nutrition
Medicine and surgery: Principles and practice of medicine and surgery
Diseases of The Brain and Nervous System(A Health Education Guide)
Subject : zoology
BIODIVERSITY
1. Biodiversity Explanation and Biodiversity in India - Answer (click here)
2. Taxonomic systems - Answer (click here)
3. Introduction to taxa and species - Answer (click here)
4. Phenetic method or Numerical taxonomy and Cytotaxonomy and
Chemotaxonomy and Palaeotaxonomy Explaination - Answer (click here)
5. Nomenclature methods and Basic principles of nomenclature and
Identification keys - Answer (click here)
6. Methods of grouping animals - Answer (click here)
7. Phylum : Protozoa, Porifera and Coelenterata or Cnidaria - Answer (click
here)
8. Phylum: Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
9. Phylum : Nematoda and Annelida - Answer (click here)
10. Phylum : Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
11. Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
12. Phylum Chordata and Diversity and General Characters of Chordates -
Answer (click here)
13. Classification of Phylum Chordata - Answer (click here)
14. Sub phylum : Vertebrata (Craniata) and Classification of Vertebrata -
Class : Pisces and Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
15. Class : Amphibia - sub phylum Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
16. Class : Amniota - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
17. Class : Aves - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
18. Class : Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum : Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
19. Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia -Classification of Class :
Mammalia - Reptilia - sub phylum - Tetrapoda - Answer (click here)
20. Scientific Names of Animals - Answer (click here)
21. Plasmodium - Answer (click here)
22. Life cycle in the mosquito - sporogony - Answer (click here)
23. Control of Malaria - Answer (click here)
24. Types of Malaria - Answer (click here)
25. Earthworm : External features , External apertures - Answer (click here)
26. Earthworm - Body wall ,Body Cavity,Locomotion - Answer (click here)
27. Earthworm - Digestive System, Feeding - Answer (click here)
28. Earthworm - Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
29. Earthworm : Excretory System - Answer (click here)
31. Earthworm : Nervous System - Answer (click here)
32. Earthworm : Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
33. Pigeon : External features - Answer (click here)
34. Pigeon : The wings - Answer (click here)
35. Pigeon : Exoskeleton , Quill feather - Answer (click here)
36. Pigeon : Endoskeleton : Flight muscles, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis
minor or subclavius, Coracobrachialis - Answer (click here)
37. Pigeon - Digestive system - Answer (click here)
38. Pigeon - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
39. Pigeon - Circulatory system and Venous system - Answer (click here)
40. Nervous system and Sense organ of Pigeon - Answer (click here)
41. Pigeon - Urinogenital system and Male, Female reproductive organs -
Answer (click here)
CELL BIOLOGY
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42. Cell Biology - Answer (click here)
43. Microscopy and Anton van Leeuwenhoek simple microscope - Answer
(click here)
44. Compound light, Dark field, Phase contrast, Oil - immersion and
Electron microscope - Answer (click here)
45. Cytological Techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Plasma Membrane - Answer (click here)
47. Mitochondria - Answer (click here)
48. Ribosomes - Answer (click here)
49. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum -
Answer (click here)
50. Golgi apparatus - Answer (click here)
51. Lysosomes - Answer (click here)
52. Centrioles - Answer (click here)
53. Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
54. Chromosomes of Animal Nucleus or Human Nucleus - Answer (click here)
55. Cancer biology - Answer (click here)
56. Molecular biology of cancer - Answer (click here)
57. Types of cancer and factor causes cancer - Answer (click here)
58. Cancer and death - Answer (click here)
59. Management of cancer : Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy - Answer (click
here)
HUMAN ANATOMY
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60. History of Human anatomy - Answer (click here)
61. The Integumentary System - Skin and hypodermis - Answer (click here)
62. The Integumentary System - hypodermis, Epidermis, Callus, Skin color,
Hair, glands, Nails - Answer (click here)
63. Human Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
64. Structure of a typical long bone - Answer (click here)
65. Skull - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
66. Vertebrae - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
67. Rib cage - Human Skeletal system - Answer (click here)
68. Appendicular skeleton - Pectoral girdle, Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle or
pelvis, Wrist, Hand, Leg, Ankle, Foot, Kinds of joints, Fibrous joints,
Cartilaginous joints, Synovial joints - Answer (click here)
69. Human Muscular System and Types of Muscular System - Answer (click
here)
70. Skeletal muscles - Human Muscular System - Answer (click here)
71. Shapes of muscles and Naming of muscles - Human Muscular System -
Answer (click here)
72. Distribution of human muscles - Muscles of the human head, Muscles of
the Neck region, Muscles of the Trunk region, Muscles of the upper
limb, Muscles of the lower limb - Answer (click here)
73. Human Entire Digestive system process with diagram - Mouth or Buccal
cavity, Tongue, Teeth, Salivary glands, Pharynx, Stomach, Small
intestine, Duodenum, Jejunum and ileum, Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas,
Caecum, Colon, Rectum, Anal canal - Answer (click here)
74. Human Respiratory system with diagram - Nasal cavity, Pharynx,
Larynx, Trachea, Lungs, Thoracic wall and muscles of respirations -
Answer (click here)
75. The Human Circulatory System - Systemic and Pulmonary circulations -
Pulmonary circulation, Systemic circulation, Portal circulation - Answer
(click here)
76. Components of Human Circulatory system : Blood vessels, Types of
blood vessels, The Heart - Answer (click here)
77. The Human Heart structure with diagram - Answer (click here)
78. Human Lymphatic system - Lymphoid cells and tissues, Thymus,
Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, The lymphatic circulation - Answer (click
here)
79. The structure of a peripheral nerve : Central nervous system (C N S)
Peripheral nervous system Autonomous nervous system , brain - Answer
(click here)
80. Human Brain : Prosencephalon (Fore brain), Mesencephalon (mid
brain), Rhombencephalon (hind brain), Brain stem, Pachymenix,
Leptomeninges - Answer (click here)
81. The Eye - Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
82. Ears (The organs of hearing) - The Sensory Organ - Answer (click here)
83. Endocrine system and glands : Pituitary gland (or) Hypophysis, thyroid,
parathy roids, pancreas, adrenals, testes and ovaries - Answer (click here)
84. Urinary system : kidneys (renes), ureters, the uri-nary bladder (vesica
urinaria) and the urethra - Answer (click here)
85. Male reproductive organs - Answer (click here)
86. Female reproductive organs - Answer (click here)
GENETICS
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87. GENETICS - Answer (click here)
88. Quantitive inheritance - GENETICS - Answer (click here)
89. Genetics : Sex determination in Human beings - Answer (click here)
90. Male haploidy or Haplo-diploidy mechanism - Answer (click here)
91. Genetics : Sex - linked Inheritance - Answer (click here)
92. Genetics : Pleiotropy - Answer (click here)
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY
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93. Developmental Biology - Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis,
Fertilization - Answer (click here)
94. Types of eggs - Answer (click here)
95. Cleavage and types - Frog's egg - Answer (click here)
96. Gastrulation in frog embryo - Answer (click here)
97. Organogenesis of Frog - Answer (click here)
ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY
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98. Corals - reef builders - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click here)
99. Earthworm - Vermiculture - Answer (click here)
100. Uses and types of Beneficial Insects : Productive Insects - Honey bee,
Silk worms, Lac insects. Helpful Insects : Insect - Predators - Answer
(click here)
101. Prawns, Lobsters and Crabs - ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY - Answer (click
here)
102. Pearl Oyster - Answer (click here)
103. Fishes - Nutritive value - Answer (click here)
104. Guano (Bird excreta) - Answer (click here)
105. Aquarium - Setting up an aquarium tank - Answer (click here)
106. Vivarium ( Zoo ) and List of important Zoos - Answer (click here)
107. Disease causing organisms - Vectors : Housefly - Musca domestica,
Sand flies - Phlebotomus papatasi, Rat fleas - Xenopsylla cheopis, The
human louse - Pediculus humanus, Mosquitoes : Anopheles, Culex,
Aedes sp - Answer (click here)
108. Poisonous Organisms : Physalia, Scorpion, Centipede, Honey bees and
Wasps, Poisonous fishes, Poisonous snakes - Answer (click here)
109. Poisonous snakes : Cobra, Krait, Vipers, Sea Snakes and Poison
Apparatus of a Snake - Answer (click here)
110. Fouling Organisms - Answer (click here)
111. Pests - Pests of Crops : Cotton, Paddy, Sugarcane, Vegetables, Coconut
palm, Stored grains, household goods - Answer (click here)
ORIGIN OF LIFE
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112. ORIGIN OF LIFE - Theories - Answer (click here)
113. Geological time scale : Palaeozoic era, Mesozoic era, Cenozoic era -
Answer (click here)
114. Fossils : Fossilization, Evolutionary significance of fossils, List of
Important fossils - Answer (click here)
115. Extinct animals-mass extinction : Causes and Pattern of extiniction -
Answer (click here)
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
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116. Nutrition : Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.),
Proteins(Polypeptides), Lipids, Vitamins - Answer (click here)
117. Carbohydrates (Poly hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.) - Answer (click here)
118. Proteins(Polypeptides) - Answer (click here)
119. Lipids - Answer (click here)
120. Vitamins : functions of vitamins and Vitamin Deficiency Ailments -
Answer (click here)
121. Minerals, Water, Balanced diet, Calorie values, Obesity - Answer (click
here)
122. The digestive system and The process of digestion - Answer (click here)
123. Dental Caries (Tooth decay) : Symptoms, Root Canal Treatment - Answer
(click here)
124. Peptic ulcer and Hernia : Causes of Peptic ulcer and Types of Hernia -
Answer (click here)
125. Appendicitis, Gall Stones, Hepatitis, Hernia, Peptic ulcer - Answer (click
here)
126. Types of fractures, Mechanism of fracture, Healing of Bones in fracture,
Dislocation of joints, Physiotherapy and rehabilitation, Arthiritis ,
Orthopedics, Rickets and steomalacia - Answer (click here)
127. Structure of a skeletal muscle, sarcomere - Answer (click here)
128. Mechanism and Types of muscle contraction - Answer (click here)
129. Benefits of aerobic exercise - Answer (click here)
130. Myasthenia Gravis Muscle Disease - Answer (click here)
131. Process of pulmonary respiration - Answer (click here)
132. Mechanism of Human Breathing : Expiration , Inspiration - Answer (click
here)
133. Gaseous exchange in the alveoli - Answer (click here)
134. Herring - Breuer reflex - Answer (click here)
135. Lungs Disease : Tuberculosis (TB), Herring - Breuer reflex, Acute and
Chronic Bronchitis - Answer (click here)
136. Human Circulatory System : Functioning of Human heart - Answer (click
here)
137. Myocardial infarction : Symptoms, Causes, Risk factors - Answer (click
here)
138. Angina pectoris - Answer (click here)
139. Angiogram : Coronary Angiography and Coronary Angioplasty - Answer
(click here)
140. Atherosclerosis, Heart block, Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) - Answer
(click here)
141. ICCU - (Intensive Coronary Care Unit) - Answer (click here)
142. Blood Pressure : Intensive of hypertension - Answer (click here)
143. Composition of plasma : Components with Functions - Answer (click here)
144. Types of blood cells or corpuscles - Answer (click here)
145. Human Nervous system - Answer (click here)
146. Human brain - Answer (click here)
147. Types of memory - Answer (click here)
148. Types of sleep - Answer (click here)
149. Human Brain Stroke and Brain haemorrhage - Answer (click here)
150. Alzheimer's Disease, Meningitis (Brain fever), Conditioned reflex -
Answer (click here)
151. Right and Left Human brain concept - Answer (click here)
152. Spinal cord functioning - Answer (click here)
153. Functions of Endocrine glands - Answer (click here)
154. Pituitary gland and The hormones of anterior pituitary - Answer (click here)
155. Thyroid gland and thyroxine - Answer (click here)
156. Human Insulin - Answer (click here)
157. Human Glucagon - Answer (click here)
158. Gonads : Testis and Overies - Answer (click here)
159. Focusing Mechanism in the Human Eye - Answer (click here)
160. Human eye : Errors of refraction - Answer (click here)
161. Retinopathy - Human Eye Disease - Answer (click here)
162. Human Eye : Cataract, Lens Replacement - Answer (click here)
163. Human Eye : Glaucoma, Nyctalopia Disorder, Infections, Symptoms,
Treatment - Answer (click here)
164. EAR - Some Information - Answer (click here)
165. Mechanism of hearing - Human Ear - Answer (click here)
166. Defects of the Human ear - Answer (click here)
167. Human Hearing Aid - Answer (click here)
168. Noise pollution - Answer (click here)
169. Human Skin and Functions of skin - Answer (click here)
170. Functions of Human Skin Melanin - Answer (click here)
171. Human Skin grafting and Dermatitis - Answer (click here)
172. Human Tongue and Mechanism of Stimulation - Answer (click here)
173. Human Excretion - Answer (click here)
174. Mechanism of urine formation - Answer (click here)
175. Renal Failure, Dialysis and Kidney Machines - Answer (click here)
176. Human Kidney stone (Calculus) And Kidney transplantation - Answer
(click here)
177. Diabetes mellitus : Symptoms, Causes, prevention - Answer (click here)
178. Functioning of male reproductive system - Answer (click here)
179. Functioning of female reproductive system - Answer (click here)
180. Female Menstrual cycle - 28 days - Answer (click here)
181. In vitro fertilization (Test tube babies) and Birth control - Answer (click
here)
182. Contraception - Methods to prevention of pregnancy - Answer (click here)
MICROBIOLOGY
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183. History of Medical microbiology - Answer (click here)
184. Structure of Viruses And Viral genetics - Answer (click here)
185. Viral Diseases - Answer (click here)
186. Cultivation (culture) of Animal viruses - Answer (click here)
187. Bacterial structure And Culture - Answer (click here)
188. Bacterial Genetics - Answer (click here)
189. Bacterial Diseases - Answer (click here)
190. Protozoan microbiology - Answer (click here)
191. Larval microbiology - Answer (click here)
192. AIDS (HIV) Structure, its control, Pathogenesis, Symptoms, Diagnosis,
Control and Management - Answer (click here)
IMMUNOLOGY
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193. IMMUNOLOGY : Innate Immunity (Non-specific) And Acquired
Immunity (Specific immunity) - Answer (click here)
194. Primary Lymphoid Organ Thymus - Answer (click here)
195. Peripheral Lymphoid Organs : Lymph nodes, Spleen - Answer (click here)
196. Secondary Lymphoid Organs : Mucosa associated lymphoid tissues
(MALT) - Answer (click here)
197. Antibodies - Immunoglobulins, Region of polypeptide chains,
Transplantation immunology - Answer (click here)
198. Classification of grafts - Answer (click here)
199. Immune system disorders - Answer (click here)
MODERN GENETICS
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200. Human Genetics - Karyotyping - Answer (click here)
201. Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) - Answer (click here)
202. Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
203. Human Genome Project (HGP) - Answer (click here)
204. Cloning : Differentiation, Cloning of Sheep (Mechanism), Ethical
Issues, Merits and Demerits of cloning - Answer (click here)
205. Transgenic organisms : Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -
Answer (click here)
206. Gene therapy - Answer (click here)
207. Bioinformatics : Definition, History, Applications - Answer (click here)
208. Scope of Genetic Engineering And Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
209. Nucleic acid, Protein sequence databases And Genome sequencing,
DNA library - Answer (click here)
210. Protein Structure, Protein Model And Uses - Answer (click here)
211. Human population and explosion - Issues - Answer (click here)
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
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212. Reasons for the Explosion. Impacts Of Growing Population and
Environmental - Answer (click here)
213. Global warming : Green house effect - Answer (click here)
214. Types of Greenhouse Gases - Answer (click here)
215. Effects of Global warming - Answer (click here)
216. Ozone layer depletion : Ozone hole, Preventing And Effect of Ozone
depletions - Answer (click here)
217. Waste management - Answer (click here)
218. Waste management : Classification of wastes - Answer (click here)
219. Management of hazardous wastes - Answer (click here)
220. Management of non-hazardous wastes- Solid Waste Management -
Answer (click here)
221. Biodiversity conservation (Biosphere reserves) Government and non
Governmental organizations - Answer (click here)
222. Energy crisis and its environmental impact - Answer (click here)
223. Steps to be taken to resolve energy crisis - Answer (click here)
224. Environmental impacts : Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power, Solar energy,
Fossil fuels - Answer (click here)
225. Poverty and Environmental : issues, alleviation - Answer (click here)
226. Fresh water crisis and management - Answer (click here)
227. Freshwater resources - Answer (click here)
228. Freshwater shortages - Answer (click here)
229. Freshwater Management - Answer (click here)
APPLIED BIOLOGY
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230. Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Answer (click here)
231. cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds,
Draught breeds - Answer (click here)
232. Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red
Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Answer (click here)
233. Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Answer (click here)
234. Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Answer (click here)
235. Common diseases and control for Cattle - Answer (click here)
236. Poultry Breeds - Answer (click here)
237. Poultry Farming methods - Answer (click here)
238. Factors involved in brooding - Answer (click here)
239. Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Answer (click here)
240. Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and Feeding -
Answer (click here)
241. Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Answer (click here)
242. Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Answer (click here)
243. Sphygmomanometer - Answer (click here)
244. Haemocytometer - Answer (click here)
245. Urine - Sugar analysis - Answer (click here)
246. ECG-Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
247. Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial tomography
(CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Answer (click here)
248. Types of Endoscopy - Answer (click here)
249. Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Answer (click here)
THEORIES OF EVOLUTION
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230. Important cattle breeds and their characteristics - Answer (click here)
231. cattle breeds : Milch breeds (or) Dairy breeds, Dual purpose breeds,
Draught breeds - Answer (click here)
232. Milch breeds (or) Dairy Cattle breeds : Sindhi (Red Sindhi, Red
Karachi), Gir (Kathiawarhi, Surti) - Answer (click here)
233. Dual purpose Cattle breeds - Ongole : Nellore - Answer (click here)
234. Draught Cattle breeds : Kangayam, Hallikar, Jersey - Answer (click here)
235. Common diseases and control for Cattle - Answer (click here)
236. Poultry Breeds - Answer (click here)
237. Poultry Farming methods - Answer (click here)
238. Factors involved in brooding - Answer (click here)
239. Pisciculture : Characters of cultivable fish - Answer (click here)
240. Fish Pond : Types and Preparation of pond, Management and Feeding -
Answer (click here)
241. Edible Fishes Of Tamilnadu (India) - Answer (click here)
242. Stethoscope and Uses of Stethoscope - Answer (click here)
243. Sphygmomanometer - Answer (click here)
244. Haemocytometer - Answer (click here)
245. Urine - Sugar analysis - Answer (click here)
246. ECG-Electrocardiogram - Answer (click here)
247. Computed Tomography (CT)(OR) Computerized axial tomography
(CAT) - Advantages and Uses - Answer (click here)
248. Types of Endoscopy - Answer (click here)
249. Artificial Pacemaker And Autoanalyser - Answer (click here)
250. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Lamarckism - Answer (click here)
251. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Neo-lamarckism - Answer (click here)
252. THEORIES OF EVOLUTION : Darwinism - Answer (click here)
253. Modern concept of Natural Selection (or) Modern synthetic theory of
Evolution - Answer (click here)
Subject : Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

The Human Organism
1. Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology - Answer (click here)
3. Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body - Answer (click
here)
4. Characteristics of Life - Answer (click here)
5. Microbesin Your Body - Answer (click here)
6. Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
7. Terminology and the Body Plan - Answer (click here)
The chemical basis of life

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8. Basic Chemistry - Answer (click here)
9. Chemical reactions - Human Organism - Answer (click here)
10. Acids and Bases - Answer (click here)
11. Inorganic Molecules - Answer (click here)
12. Organic Molecules - Answer (click here)
Cell Structures and their Functions

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13. Cell Structure - Answer (click here)
14. Function of the cell - Answer (click here)
15. Structure of the Cell membrane - Answer (click here)
16. Movement through the cell membrane - Answer (click here)
17. Organelles - Cell Structures and their Functions - Answer (click here)
18. Whole cell activity - Answer (click here)
19. Cellular aspects of aging - Answer (click here)
Tissues
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20. Tissues and Histology - Answer (click here)
21. Epithelial Tissue - Answer (click here)
22. Functions of Epithelia - Answer (click here)
23. Classification of Epithelia - Answer (click here)
24. Connective tissue - Answer (click here)
25. Functions of Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
26. Muscle tissue - Answer (click here)
27. Nervous tissue - Answer (click here)
28. Tissue membranes - Answer (click here)
29. Tissue damage and inflammation - Answer (click here)
30. Tissue repair - Answer (click here)
31. Effects of aging on tissues - Answer (click here)
Integumentary System
here)
32. Functions of the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
33. Skin - Answer (click here)
34. Subcutaneous Tissue - Answer (click here)
35. Accessory skin structures - Answer (click here)
36. Physiology of the integumentary system - Answer (click here)
37. Integumentary system as a diagnostic Aid - Answer (click here)
38. Burns: Classify burns on the basis of the amount of skin damage
produced - Answer (click here)
39. Skin Cancer - Answer (click here)
40. Effects of Aging on the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
Skeletal System Bones and Joints

here)
41. Functions of the Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
42. Extracellular Matrix - Answer (click here)
43. General Features of Bone - Answer (click here)
44. Bone and calcium homeostasis - Answer (click here)
45. General Considerations of Bone Anatomy - Answer (click here)
46. Axial Skeleton - Answer (click here)
47. Appendicular Skeleton - Answer (click here)
48. Joints - Answer (click here)
49. Effects of Aging on the Skeletal System and Joints - Answer (click here)
Muscular System
here)
50. Functions of the Muscular System - Answer (click here)
51. Characteristics of Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
52. Skeletal Muscle Structure - Answer (click here)
53. Excitability of Muscle Fibers - Answer (click here)
54. Nerve Supply and Muscle fiber Stimulation - Answer (click here)
55. Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
56. Energy Requirements for Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
57. Fatigue - Answer (click here)
58. Effect of Fiber Type on Activity Level - Answer (click here)
59. Smooth Muscle and Cardiac Muscle - Answer (click here)
60. General Principles - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy - Answer (click here)
61. Nomenclature - Skeletal Muscle Anatomy - Answer (click here)
62. Muscles of the head and Neck - Answer (click here)
63. Trunk Muscles - Answer (click here)
64. Upper limb Muscles - Answer (click here)
65. Lower Limb Muscles - Answer (click here)
66. Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
Nervous System
here)
67. Functions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
68. Divisions of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
69. Cells of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
70. Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
71. Resting Membrane Potential - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways -
Answer (click here)
72. Action Potentials - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click
here)
73. The Synapse - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
74. Reflexes - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer (click here)
75. Neuronal Pathways - Electrical Signals and Neural Pathways - Answer
(click here)
76. Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems - Answer (click here)
77. Spinal Cord and Spinal Cord Reflexes - Answer (click here)
78. Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
79. Brain Anatomy - Answer (click here)
80. Sensory Functions - Answer (click here)
81. Motor Functions: Motor Areas Of The Cerebral Cortex, Descending
tracts, Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
82. Communication Between the right and Left hemispheres - Brain
Functions - Answer (click here)
83. Speech - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
84. Brain waves and Consciousness - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
85. Memory - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
86. Limbic system and emotions - Brain Functions - Answer (click here)
87. Meninges - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
88. Ventricles - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
89. Cerebrospinal fluid - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
90. Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
91. Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
92. Enteric Nervous System - Answer (click here)
93. Effects of Aging on the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
Senses
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
94. Sensation - Answer (click here)
95. Sensory Receptors - Answer (click here)
96. General Senses - Answer (click here)
97. Special Senses - Answer (click here)
98. Olfaction - Answer (click here)
99. Taste - Answer (click here)
100. Vision - Answer (click here)
101. Accessory Structures of the Eye - Answer (click here)
102. Anatomy of the Eye - Answer (click here)
103. Functions of the Eye - Answer (click here)
104. Neuronal Pathways for Vision - Answer (click here)
105. Hearing and Balance - Answer (click here)
106. Anatomy and function of the Ear - Answer (click here)
107. Hearing - Ear - Answer (click here)
108. Neuronal Pathways for Hearing - Answer (click here)
109. Balance - Ear - Answer (click here)
110. Neuronal Pathways for Balance - Ear - Answer (click here)
111. Effects of Aging on the Senses - Answer (click here)
Endocrine System
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
112. Principles of Chemical Communication - Answer (click here)
113. Functions of the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
114. Characteristics of the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
115. Chemical Nature of Hormones - Answer (click here)
116. Control of Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
117. Hormone Receptors and Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
118. Pituitary and hypothalamus - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones -
Answer (click here)
119. Thyroid Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer (click
here)
120. Parathyroid Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer
(click here)
121. Adrenal Glands - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer (click
here)
122. Pancreas, Insulin, and Diabetes - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones
- Answer (click here)
123. Testes and Ovaries - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones - Answer
(click here)
124. Thymus and Pineal Gland - Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones -
Answer (click here)
125. Other Hormones - Answer (click here)
126. Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
Blood
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
127. Functions of Blood - Answer (click here)
128. Composition of Blood - Answer (click here)
129. Plasma - Answer (click here)
130. Formed Elements - Blood - Answer (click here)
131. Preventing Blood Loss - Answer (click here)
132. Blood Grouping - Answer (click here)
133. ABO Blood Group - Answer (click here)
134. Rh Blood Group - Answer (click here)
135. Diagnostic Blood Tests - Answer (click here)
Heart
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
136. Functions of the Heart - Answer (click here)
137. Size, Form, and Location of the Heart - Answer (click here)
138. Anatomy of the Heart - Answer (click here)
139. Heart valves - Answer (click here)
140. Route of Blood Flow Through the Heart - Answer (click here)
141. Blood Supply to the Heart - Answer (click here)
142. Histology of the Heart - Answer (click here)
143. Electrical Activity of the Heart - Answer (click here)
144. Cardiac Cycle - Answer (click here)
145. Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
146. Regulation of Heart Function - Answer (click here)
147. Effects of Aging on the Heart - Answer (click here)
Blood Vessels and Circulation

here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
148. Functions of the Circulatory System - Answer (click here)
149. General Features of Blood Vessel Structure - Answer (click here)
150. Blood Vessels of the Pulmonary Circulation - Answer (click here)
151. Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Arteries - Answer (click here)
152. Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation: Veins - Answer (click here)
153. Physiology of Circulation - Answer (click here)
154. Control of Blood Flow in Tissues - Answer (click here)
155. Regulation of Arterial Pressure - Answer (click here)
156. Effects of Aging on the Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
Lymphatic System and Immunity

here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
157. Functions of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
158. Anatomy of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
159. Immunity - Answer (click here)
160. Innate Immunity - Answer (click here)
161. Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
162. Origin and Development of Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
163. Activation and Multiplication of Lymphocytes - Answer (click here)
164. Antibody-mediated immunity - Answer (click here)
165. Cell-Mediated Immunity - Answer (click here)
166. Acquired Immunity - Answer (click here)
167. Overview of Immune Interactions - Answer (click here)
168. Immunotherapy - Answer (click here)
169. Effects of Aging on the Lymphatic System and Immunity - Answer (click
here)
Respiratory System
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
170. Functions of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
171. Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
172. Nose - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
173. Pharynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
174. Larynx - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
175. Trachea - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
176. Bronchi - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
177. Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
178. Pleural Cavities - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
179. Lymphatic Supply - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click
here)
180. Ventilation and Respiratory Volumes - Answer (click here)
181. Changing thoracic Volume - Answer (click here)
182. Lung Recoil - Answer (click here)
183. Changing Alveolar Volume - Answer (click here)
184. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities - Answer (click here)
185. Gas Exchange - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
186. Gas Transport in the Blood - Answer (click here)
187. Rhythmic Breathing - Answer (click here)
188. Generation of Rhythmic Breathing - Answer (click here)
189. Nervous and Chemical Control of Breathing - Answer (click here)
190. Effect of Exercise on Breathing - Answer (click here)
191. Respiratory Adaptations to Exercise - Answer (click here)
192. Effects of Aging on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
Digestive System
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
193. Functions of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
194. Anatomy and Histology of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
195. Anatomy of Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus - Answer (click here)
196. Anatomy of the oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
197. Saliva - Answer (click here)
198. Swallowing - Digestive System - Answer (click here)
199. Stomach - Answer (click here)
200. Anatomy of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
201. Secretions of the Stomach - Answer (click here)
202. Regulation of Stomach Secretions - Answer (click here)
203. Movement in the Stomach - Answer (click here)
204. Anatomy of the Small intestine - Answer (click here)
205. Secretions of the Small intestine - Answer (click here)
206. Movement and Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
207. Anatomy of the liver - Answer (click here)
208. Functions of the Liver - Answer (click here)
209. Anatomy and Functions of the Pancreas - Answer (click here)
210. Anatomy of the large intestine - Answer (click here)
211. Functions of the Large Intestine - Answer (click here)
212. Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
213. Effects of Aging on the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
Nutrition Metabolism and body Temperature Regulation

here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
214. Nutrition and Nutrients - Answer (click here)
215. Kilocalories - Answer (click here)
216. Carbohydrates - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
217. Lipids - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
218. Proteins - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
219. Vitamins - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
220. Minerals - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
221. Daily Values - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
222. Metabolism - Answer (click here)
223. Regulation of Metabolism - Answer (click here)
224. Carbohydrate Metabolism - Answer (click here)
225. Lipid Metabolism - Answer (click here)
226. Protein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
227. Metabolic States - Answer (click here)
228. Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
229. Body Temperature Regulation - Answer (click here)
Urinary System and Fluid Balance

here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
230. Functions of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
231. Anatomy of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
232. Urine Production - Answer (click here)
233. Filtration - Urine Production - Answer (click here)
234. Regulation of Filtration - Urine Production - Answer (click here)
235. Tubular Reabsorption - Urine Production - Answer (click here)
236. Tubular Secretion - Urine Production - Answer (click here)
237. Regulation of Urine Concentration and Volume - Answer (click here)
238. Urine Movement - Answer (click here)
239. Body Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
240. Regulation of Extracellular Fluid Composition - Answer (click here)
241. Regulation of Acid-Base Balance in Human Body - Answer (click here)
Reproductive System
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
242. Functions of the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
243. Formation of Gametes - Answer (click here)
244. Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
245. Physiology of Male Reproduction - Answer (click here)
246. Regulation of Reproductive Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
247. Puberty In Males - Answer (click here)
248. Effects of Testosterone - Answer (click here)
249. Male Sexual Behavior and The Male Sex Act - Answer (click here)
250. Infertility in Males - Answer (click here)
251. Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
252. Ovaries - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
253. Oogenesis and Fertilization - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click
here)
254. Uterine tubes - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
255. Uterus - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
256. Vagina - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
257. Mammary Glands and Anatomy of the Breast - Female Reproductive
System - Answer (click here)
258. Physiology of Female Reproduction - Answer (click here)
259. Puberty in Females - Answer (click here)
260. Menstrual Cycle - Answer (click here)
261. Female sexual Behavior and the Female sex act - Answer (click here)
262. Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
Development Heredity and aging
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
242. Functions of the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
243. Formation of Gametes - Answer (click here)
244. Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
245. Physiology of Male Reproduction - Answer (click here)
246. Regulation of Reproductive Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
247. Puberty In Males - Answer (click here)
248. Effects of Testosterone - Answer (click here)
249. Male Sexual Behavior and The Male Sex Act - Answer (click here)
250. Infertility in Males - Answer (click here)
251. Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
253. Oogenesis and Fertilization - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click
here)
254. Uterine tubes - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
255. Uterus - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
256. Vagina - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
257. Mammary Glands and Anatomy of the Breast - Female Reproductive
258. Physiology of Female Reproduction - Answer (click here)
259. Puberty in Females - Answer (click here)
260. Menstrual Cycle - Answer (click here)
261. Female sexual Behavior and the Female sex act - Answer (click here)
262. Effects of Aging on the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
263. Prenatal Development - Answer (click here)
264. Formation of the Germ - Prenatal Development - Answer (click here)
265. Neural tube and neural Crest Formation - Prenatal Development - Answer
(click here)
266. Formation of the General Body structure - Prenatal Development -
Answer (click here)
267. Development of the Organ Systems - Prenatal Development - Answer
(click here)
268. Growth of the Fetus - Prenatal Development - Answer (click here)
269. Parturition - Answer (click here)
270. The Newborn - Answer (click here)
271. Lactation - Answer (click here)
272. First Year Following Birth - Answer (click here)
273. Life Stages - Answer (click here)
274. Genetics - Answer (click here)
275. Genes - Answer (click here)
276. Genetic Disorders and Counseling - Answer (click here)
Subject : Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Organization and General Plan of the Body
1. Organization and General Plan of the Body - Answer (click here)
2. Levels of Organization - Answer (click here)
3. Metabolism and Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
4. Terminology and General Plan of the Body - Answer (click here)
Some Basic Chemistry

5. Elements - Answer (click here)
6. Atoms - Answer (click here)
7. Chemical Bonds - Answer (click here)
8. Chemical Reactions - Answer (click here)
9. Inorganic Compounds of Importance - Answer (click here)
10. Organic Compounds of Importance - Answer (click here)
11. Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
13. Proteins - Answer (click here)
14. Enzymes - Answer (click here)
15. Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
Cells
16. Cells - Answer (click here)
18. Cell Membrane - Answer (click here)
19. Nucleus - Cells - Answer (click here)
20. Cytoplasm and Cell Organelles - Answer (click here)
21. Cellular Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
22. The Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis - Answer (click here)
23. Cell Division - Answer (click here)
24. Aging and Cells - Answer (click here)
Tissues and Membranes

26. Connective Tissue - Answer (click here)
27. Muscle Tissue - Answer (click here)
28. Nerve Tissue - Answer (click here)
29. Membranes: Epithelial and Connective, serous and mucous Membranes -
Answer (click here)
30. Aging and Tissues - Answer (click here)
The Integumentary System

Answer (click here)
31. Skin - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
32. Outer epidermis - Skin - Answer (click here)
33. Inner dermis - Skin - Answer (click here)
35. Aging and the Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
The Skeletal System

Answer (click here)
36. Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
37. Functions of the Skeleton - Answer (click here)
38. Types of Bone Tissue - Answer (click here)
39. Classification of Bones - Answer (click here)
40. Embryonic Growth of Bone - Answer (click here)
41. Factors That Affect Bone Growth and Maintenance - Answer (click here)
42. The Skeleton - Answer (click here)
43. Skull - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
44. Vertebral Column - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
45. Rib Cage - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
46. Shoulder And Arm - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
47. Hip and Leg - Skeleton - Answer (click here)
48. Joints-Articulations - Answer (click here)
49. Aging and the Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
The Muscular System

Answer (click here)
50. The Muscular System - Answer (click here)
51. Muscle Structure - Answer (click here)
52. Muscle Tone - Answer (click here)
53. Muscle Sense - Answer (click here)
54. Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
55. Muscle Fiber- Microscopic Structure - Answer (click here)
56. Contraction-The Sliding Filament Mechanism - Answer (click here)
57. Responses to Exercise-Maintaining Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
58. Aging and the Muscular System - Answer (click here)
59. Major Muscles of the Body - Answer (click here)
The Nervous System

Answer (click here)
60. The Nervous System - Answer (click here)
61. Nervous System Divisions - Answer (click here)
63. Types of Neurons - Answer (click here)
64. Nerves and Nerve Tracts - Answer (click here)
65. The Nerve Impulse - Answer (click here)
66. Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
68. Spinal Cord Reflexes - Answer (click here)
69. The Brain - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
70. Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid - Answer (click here)
73. Aging and the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
The Senses
Answer (click here)
74. Sensory Pathway - Answer (click here)
75. Characteristics of Sensations - Answer (click here)
76. Cutaneous Senses - Answer (click here)
78. Sense of Taste - Answer (click here)
79. Sense of Smell - Answer (click here)
80. Hunger and Thirst - Answer (click here)
81. The Eye - Structure, Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
82. Eyeball: Layers and Cavities of the Eyeball - Answer (click here)
83. Physiology of Vision - Eye - Answer (click here)
84. The Ear: Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
85. Arterial Receptors - Answer (click here)
86. Aging and the Senses - Answer (click here)
The Endocrine System

Answer (click here)
87. The Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
88. Chemistry of Hormones - Answer (click here)
89. Regulation of Hormone Secretion - Answer (click here)
90. The Pituitary Gland - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
91. Posterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
92. Anterior Pituitary Gland - Answer (click here)
93. Thyroid Gland - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
94. Parathyroid Glands and Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - Answer (click here)
95. Pancreas - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
96. Adrenal Glands - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
97. Adrenal Medulla: Epinephrine and Norepinephrine - Answer (click here)
98. Adrenal Cortex: Aldosterone, Cortisol - Answer (click here)
99. Ovaries - Answer (click here)
100. Testes - Answer (click here)
101. Melatonin - Answer (click here)
102. Prostaglandins (PGs) - Answer (click here)
103. Mechanisms of Hormone Action - Answer (click here)
104. Aging and the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
Blood
Answer (click here)
105. Characteristics of Blood - Answer (click here)
107. Red Blood Cells: Function, Production and Maturation, Life Span, Blood
Types - Answer (click here)
108. White Blood Cells: Classification and Function - Answer (click here)
109. Platelets: Function - Answer (click here)
110. Prevention of Abnormal Clotting - Answer (click here)
The Heart
Answer (click here)
111. Location and Pericardial Membranes - Answer (click here)
112. Heart Chambers-Vessels and Valves - Answer (click here)
113. Coronary Vessels - Answer (click here)
114. Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds - Answer (click here)
115. Cardiac Conduction Pathway - Answer (click here)
116. Heart Rate - Answer (click here)
117. Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
118. Regulation of Heart Rate - Answer (click here)
119. Aging and the Heart - Answer (click here)
The Vascular System

Answer (click here)
120. Arteries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
121. Veins - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
122. Capillaries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
123. Pathways of Circulation - Answer (click here)
124. Velocity of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
125. Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
126. Maintenance of Systemic Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
127. Distribution of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
128. Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
129. Aging and the Vascular System - Answer (click here)
The Lymphatic System and Immunity

Answer (click here)
130. Lymph - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
131. Lymph Vessels - Answer (click here)
132. Lymphatic Tissue - Answer (click here)
133. Lymph Nodes and Nodules - Answer (click here)
134. Spleen - Answer (click here)
135. Thymus - Answer (click here)
139. Types of Immunity - Answer (click here)
140. Aging and the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
The Respiratory System

Answer (click here)
141. Divisions of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
142. Mechanism of Breathing - Answer (click here)
143. Pulmonary Volumes - Answer (click here)
144. Exchange of Gases - The Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
145. Transport of Gases in the Blood - Answer (click here)
146. Regulation of Respiration: Nervous and Chemical Regulation - Answer
(click here)
147. Respiration and Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
148. Aging and the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
The Digestive System

Answer (click here)
(click here)
149. Divisions of the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
150. Types of Digestion - Answer (click here)
151. Oral Cavity - Answer (click here)
152. Pharynx - Answer (click here)
153. Esophagus - Answer (click here)
154. Structural Layers of the Alimentary Tube - Answer (click here)
155. Stomach - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
156. Small Intestine - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
157. Liver - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
158. Gallbladder - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
159. Pancreas - Answer (click here)
160. Completion of Digestion and Absorption - Answer (click here)
161. Large Intestine - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
163. Aging and the Digestive System - Answer (click here)
Body Temperature and Metabolism

Answer (click here)
(click here)
164. Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
165. Heat Production - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
166. Heat Loss - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
167. Regulation of Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
168. Fever - Body Temperature - Answer (click here)
170. Cell Respiration - Answer (click here)
171. Synthesis Uses Of Foods - Metabolism - Answer (click here)
172. Metabolism: Vitamins and Minerals - Answer (click here)
174. Aging and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
The Urinary System

Answer (click here)
(click here)
175. The Urinary System - Answer (click here)
176. Kidneys - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
177. Internal Structure of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
178. Nephron - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
179. Blood Vessels of the Kidney - Answer (click here)
180. Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
181. Glomerular Filtration - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
182. Tubular Reabsorption - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
183. Tubular Secretion - Formation of Urine - Answer (click here)
184. Hormones that Influence Reabsorption of Water - Formation of Urine -
Answer (click here)
185. Kidneys and Acid-Base Balance - Answer (click here)
186. Functions of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
187. Elimination of Urine - Answer (click here)
188. Characteristics of Urine - Answer (click here)
189. Aging and the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
Fluid Electrolyte and Acid Base Balance
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
190. Water Compartments in Human body - Answer (click here)
191. Water Intake and Output in Human body - Answer (click here)
192. Electrolytes in Human body - Answer (click here)
193. Acid-Base Balance in Human body - Answer (click here)
194. Aging and Fluid and pH Regulation - Answer (click here)
The Reproductive Systems

Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
195. Meiosis - Human Reproductive Systems - Answer (click here)
196. Male Reproductive System in Human - Answer (click here)
197. Female Reproductive System in Human - Answer (click here)
198. Menstrual Cycle in Human - Answer (click here)
199. Aging and the Reproductive Systems - Answer (click here)
200. Testes - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
201. Urethra-Penis - Answer (click here)
202. Semen - Answer (click here)
203. Ovaries - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
204. Fallopian Tubes - Answer (click here)
205. Uterus - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
206. Vagina - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
207. External Genitals - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
208. Mammary Glands - Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click here)
Human Development and Genetics

Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
209. Human Development - Answer (click here)
210. Embryo And Embryonic Membranes - Answer (click here)
211. Placenta and Umbilical Cord - Answer (click here)
212. Parturition and Labor - Answer (click here)
213. Infant at Birth - Answer (click here)
An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease

Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
209. Human Development - Answer (click here)
210. Embryo And Embryonic Membranes - Answer (click here)
211. Placenta and Umbilical Cord - Answer (click here)
212. Parturition and Labor - Answer (click here)
213. Infant at Birth - Answer (click here)
215. Classification of Microorganisms - Answer (click here)
216. Normal Flora - Answer (click here)
217. Infectious Disease - Answer (click here)
218. Epidemiology - Answer (click here)
219. Methods of Control of Microbes - Answer (click here)
220. The Pathogens and its List - Answer (click here)
Subject : Human Nervous System and Sensory Organs

The Nervous System
1. Development and Subdivision - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
2. Functional Circuits - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
3. Position of the Nervous System in the Body - Answer (click here)
Development and Structure of the Human Brain

4. Development of the Brain - Answer (click here)
5. Anatomy of the Human Brain - Answer (click here)
6. Evolution of the Brain - Answer (click here)
Basic Elements of the Nervous System

7. The Nerve Cell - Answer (click here)
8. Methods in Neuroanatomy - The Nerve Cell - Answer (click here)
9. Ultrastructure of the Nerve Cell - Answer (click here)
10. The Synapse: Localization, Structure, Function - Answer (click here)
11. Types of Synapses - Answer (click here)
12. Neurotransmitters - The Synapse - Answer (click here)
13. Axonal Transport - The Synapse - Answer (click here)
14. Transmitter Receptors - The Synapse - Answer (click here)
15. Synaptic Transmission - The Synapse - Answer (click here)
16. Neuronal Systems - Answer (click here)
17. Neuronal Circuits - Neuronal Systems - Answer (click here)
18. The Nerve Fiber - Answer (click here)
19. Ultrastructure of the Myelin Sheath - The Nerve Fiber - Answer (click here)
20. Development of the Myelin Sheath in the PNS - Answer (click here)
21. Development of Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers - Answer (click here)
22. Structure of the Myelin Sheath in the CNS - The Nerve Fiber - Answer
(click here)
23. Peripheral Nerve - The Nerve Fiber - Answer (click here)
24. Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
25. Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

(click here)
26. Overview of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
27. Structure of Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
28. Reflex Arcs - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
29. Gray Substance and Intrinsic System - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
30. Cross Sections of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
31. Ascending Pathways - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
32. Descending Pathways - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
33. Visualization of Pathways - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
34. Blood Vessels of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
35. Spinal Ganglion and Posterior Root - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
36. Spinal Meninges - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
37. Segmental Innervation - Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
38. Spinal Cord Syndromes - Answer (click here)
39. Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
40. Nerve Plexusus - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
41. Cervical Plexus (C1 - C4) - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
42. Posterior Branches - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
43. Brachial Plexus - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
44. Supraclavicular Part - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
45. Infraclavicular Part - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
46. Lateral Fascicle - Infraclavicular Part - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click
here)
47. Medial Fascicle - Infraclavicular Part of Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click
here)
48. Posterior Fascicle - Infraclavicular Part of Peripheral Nerves - Answer
(click here)
49. Nerves of the Trunk - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
51. Anterior Branches - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
52. Lumbosacral Plexus and Lumbar Plexus - Peripheral Nerves - Answer
(click here)
53. Sacral Plexus - Peripheral Nerves - Answer (click here)
54. Sciatic Nerve - Answer (click here)
55. Pudendal Nerve - Answer (click here)
56. Sensory Innervation of Pelvis and Perineum - Answer (click here)
Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves

(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
57. Overview of Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
58. Longitudinal Organization of Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves - Answer
(click here)
60. Base of the Skull - Answer (click here)
61. Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
62. Medulla Oblongata - Answer (click here)
63. Cross Section at the Level of the Hypoglossal Nerve - Medulla
Oblongata - Answer (click here)
64. Cross Section at the Level of the Vagus Nerve - Medulla Oblongata -
Answer (click here)
65. Pons - Answer (click here)
66. Cross Section at the Level of the Genu of the Facial Nerve - Answer (click
here)
67. Cross Section at the Level of the Trigeminal Nerve - Answer (click here)
68. Hypoglossal Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
69. Accessory Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
70. Vagus Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
71. Glossopharyngeal Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click
here)
72. Vestibulocochlear Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click
here)
73. Facial Nerve - Cranial Nerves (V, VII - XII) - Answer (click here)
75. Parasympathetic Ganglia - Answer (click here)
76. Ciliary Ganglion - Answer (click here)
77. Pterygopalatine Ganglion - Answer (click here)
78. Otic Ganglion - Answer (click here)
79. Submandibular Ganglion - Answer (click here)
80. Structure of Midbrain - Answer (click here)
81. Cross Section Through the Inferior Colliculi of the Midbrain - Answer
(click here)
82. Cross Section Through the Superior Colliculi of the Midbrain - Answer
(click here)
83. Cross Section Through the Pretectal Region of the Midbrain - Answer
(click here)
84. Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra - Answer (click here)
85. Eye-Muscle Nerves (Cranial Nerves III, IV, and VI) - Answer (click here)
86. Abducens Nerve - Eye Muscle Nerves - Answer (click here)
87. Trochlear Nerve - Eye Muscle Nerves - Answer (click here)
88. Oculomotor Nerve - Eye Muscle Nerves - Answer (click here)
89. Corticospinal Tract and Corticonuclear Fibers - Answer (click here)
90. Medial Lemniscus - Answer (click here)
91. Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus - Answer (click here)
92. Internuclear Connections of the Trigeminal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
93. Central Tegmental Tract - Answer (click here)
94. Posterior Longitudinal Fasciculus - Answer (click here)
95. Reticular Formation - Answer (click here)
96. Histochemistry of the Brain Stem - Answer (click here)
Cerebellum
(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
97. Subdivision - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
98. Cerebellar Peduncles and Nuclei - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click
here)
99. Cerebellar Cortex - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
100. Neuronal Circuits - Structure of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
101. Functional Organization of Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
102. Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle (Restiform Body) - Answer (click here)
103. Middle Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium Pontis) - Answer (click here)
104. Superior Cerebellar Peduncle (Brachium conjunctivum) - Answer (click
here)
Diencephalon
(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
105. Development of the Prosencephalon - Answer (click here)
106. Telodiencephalic Boundary - Answer (click here)
107. Structure of Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
108. Subdivision of Diencephalon's Structure - Answer (click here)
109. Frontal Section at the Level of the Optic Chasm - Answer (click here)
110. Frontal Section Through the Tuber Cinereum - Answer (click here)
111. Frontal Section at the Level of the Mamillary Bodies - Answer (click here)
112. Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
113. Habenula - Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
114. Pineal Gland - Epithalamus - Answer (click here)
115. Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
116. Specific Thalamic Nuclei - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
117. Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
118. Anterior Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
119. Medial Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
120. Centromedian Nucleus - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
121. Lateral Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
122. Ventral Nuclear Group - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
123. Lateral Geniculate Body - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
124. Medial Geniculate Body - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
125. Pulvinar - Dorsal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
126. Frontal Section Through the Rostral Thalamus - Answer (click here)
127. Frontal Section Through the Caudal Thalamus - Answer (click here)
128. Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
129. Subdivision in Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
130. Responses to Stimulation of the Subthalamus - Answer (click here)
131. Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
132. Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
133. Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
134. Vascular Supply - Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
135. Fiber Connections of the Poorly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click
here)
136. Fiber Connections of the Richly Myelinated Hypothalamus - Answer (click
here)
137. Functional Topography of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
138. Hypothalamus and Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
139. Development and Subdivision of the Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
140. Infundibulum - Answer (click here)
141. Blood Vessels of the Hypophysis - Answer (click here)
142. Neuroendocrine System - Answer (click here)
Telencephalon
(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
143. Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
144. Subdivision of the Hemisphere - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
145. Rotation of the Hemisphere - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
146. Evolution - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
147. Cerebral Lobes - Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
148. Frontal Sections of Brain Through the Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
149. Horizontal Sections of Brain Through the Telencephalon - Answer (click
here)
150. Paleocortex - Answer (click here)
151. Amygdaloid Body - Answer (click here)
152. Fiber Connections - Paleocortex and Amygdaloid Body - Answer (click
here)
153. Archicortex - Answer (click here)
154. Archicortex's Subdivision and Functional Significance - Answer (click here)
155. Ammon’s Horn - Answer (click here)
156. Fiber Connections in Archicortex - Answer (click here)
157. Hippocampal Cortex - Answer (click here)
158. Neostriatum - Answer (click here)
159. Insula - Answer (click here)
160. Neocortex: Cortical Layers - Answer (click here)
161. Neocortex: Vertical Columns - Answer (click here)
162. Cell Types of the Neocortex - Answer (click here)
163. Neocortex: The Module Concept - Answer (click here)
164. Neocortex: Cortical Areas - Answer (click here)
165. Neocortex: Frontal Lobe - Answer (click here)
166. Neocortex: Parietal Lobe - Answer (click here)
167. Neocortex: Temporal Lobe - Answer (click here)
168. Neocortex: Occipital Lobe - Answer (click here)
169. Neocortex: Fiber Tracts - Answer (click here)
170. Neocortex: Hemispheric Asymmetry - Answer (click here)
171. Imaging Procedures of Brain Telencephalon - Answer (click here)
Brains Cerebrovascular and Ventricular Systems

(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
172. Arteries - Cerebrovascular Systems - Answer (click here)
173. Internal Carotid Artery - Cerebrovascular Systems - Answer (click here)
174. Areas of Blood Supply - Cerebrovascular Systems - Answer (click here)
175. Veins - Cerebrovascular and Ventricular Systems - Answer (click here)
176. Superficial Cerebral Veins - Answer (click here)
177. Deep Cerebral Veins - Answer (click here)
178. Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces - Answer (click here)
179. Choroid Plexus - Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces - Answer (click here)
180. Ependyma - Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces - Answer (click here)
181. Circumventricular Organs - Cerebrospinal Fluid Spaces - Answer (click
here)
182. Meninges - Brain - Answer (click here)
183. Dura Mater - Brain's Meninges - Answer (click here)
184. Arachnoid Mater - Brain's Meninges - Answer (click here)
185. Pia Mater - Brain's Meninges - Answer (click here)
Autonomic Nervous System

(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
187. Central Autonomic System - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click
here)
188. Peripheral Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
189. Adrenergic and Cholinergic Systems - Autonomic Nervous System -
Answer (click here)
190. Neuronal Circuit - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
191. Sympathetic Trunk - Answer (click here)
192. Cervical and Upper Thoracic Segments - Answer (click here)
193. Lower Thoracic and Abdominal Segments - Answer (click here)
194. Innervation of the Skin - Answer (click here)
195. Autonomic Periphery of Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
196. Efferent and Afferent Fibers - Autonomic Periphery - Answer (click here)
197. Intramural Plexus - Answer (click here)
198. Autonomic Neurons: Structure and Signal Transmission - Answer (click
here)
Functional Systems
(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
199. Brain Function - Answer (click here)
200. Corticospinal Tract - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
201. Extrapyramidal Motor System - Answer (click here)
202. Motor End Plate - Answer (click here)
203. Tendon Organ - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
204. Muscle Spindle - Motor Systems - Answer (click here)
205. Common Terminal Motor Pathway - Answer (click here)
206. Cutaneous Sensory Organs - Answer (click here)
207. Pathway of the Epicritic Sensibility - Answer (click here)
208. Pathway of the Protopathic Sensibility - Answer (click here)
209. Gustatory Organ: Taste Buds, Taste Fibers - Answer (click here)
210. Olfactory Organ - Answer (click here)
211. Limbic System - Answer (click here)
212. Cingulate Gyrus - Limbic System - Answer (click here)
213. Septal Area - Limbic System - Answer (click here)
The Eye
(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
214. Eyelids - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
215. Lacrimal Apparatus - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
216. Orbital cavity (eye socket) - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
217. Muscles of the Eyeball - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
218. Eyeball: Development, Structure - Answer (click here)
219. Anterior Part of the Eye - Answer (click here)
220. Cornea - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
221. Anterior Chamber of the Eye - Answer (click here)
222. Iris - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
223. Ciliary Body - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
224. Lens of the Eye - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
225. Vascular Supply - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
226. Fundus of the Eye - Answer (click here)
227. Retina: Neural Layer, Structures, Neuronal Circuits - Structure of the
Eye - Answer (click here)
228. Optic Nerve - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
229. Photoreceptors - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
230. Visual Pathway - Eye - Answer (click here)
231. Topographic Organization of the Visual Pathway - Eye - Answer (click
here)
232. Ocular Reflexes - Eye - Answer (click here)
The Ear
(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
214. Eyelids - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
215. Lacrimal Apparatus - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
216. Orbital cavity (eye socket) - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
217. Muscles of the Eyeball - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
218. Eyeball: Development, Structure - Answer (click here)
219. Anterior Part of the Eye - Answer (click here)
220. Cornea - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
221. Anterior Chamber of the Eye - Answer (click here)
222. Iris - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
223. Ciliary Body - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
224. Lens of the Eye - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
225. Vascular Supply - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
226. Fundus of the Eye - Answer (click here)
227. Retina: Neural Layer, Structures, Neuronal Circuits - Structure of the
Eye - Answer (click here)
228. Optic Nerve - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
229. Photoreceptors - Structure of the Eye - Answer (click here)
230. Visual Pathway - Eye - Answer (click here)
231. Topographic Organization of the Visual Pathway - Eye - Answer (click
here)
232. Ocular Reflexes - Eye - Answer (click here)
233. Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
234. Outer Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
235. Middle Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
236. Tympanic Cavity - Structure of Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
237. Auditory Ossicles - Structure of Middle Ear - Answer (click here)
238. Medial Wall of the Tympanic Cavity - Answer (click here)
239. Muscles of the Tympanic Cavity - Answer (click here)
240. Inner Ear - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
241. Cochlea - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
242. Organ of Corti - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
243. Vestibular Apperatus - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
244. Acoustic maculae and its function - Answer (click here)
245. Vestibular Sensory Cells - Structure of The Ear - Answer (click here)
246. Auditory Pathway of The Ear - Answer (click here)
247. Vestibular Pathways of The Ear - Answer (click here)
Subject : Biology
Introduction to Biology
1. Introduction to Biology - Answer (click here)
2. Principal Branches of Biology - Answer (click here)
3. Great scientists in Biology - Answer (click here)
4. Characteristics of Plants and Animals - Answer (click here)
5. Role of Biology in Social, Economic and Environmental Development -
Answer (click here)
6. Nature and Origin of Life - Answer (click here)
Structure and Nature of Living Cell

Answer (click here)
7. Structure and Nature of Living Cell - Answer (click here)
8. Plasma membrane or Cell membrane: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click
here)
9. Cytoplasm: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
10. Nucleus: Stucture, Functions - Answer (click here)
11. Structure and Functions of Chloroplast - Answer (click here)
12. Structure and Functions of Golgi bodies/Golgi apparatus - Answer (click
here)
Cell Division
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
13. Types of cell division - Answer (click here)
14. Stages of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
15. Significance of Mitosis - Answer (click here)
16. Abnormal cell division - Answer (click here)
17. Male-Female determining chromosome - Answer (click here)
Division of Labour In Multicellular Plants

Answer (click here)
here)
here)
18. Types of Tissue - Answer (click here)
19. Characrteristics of Meristamatic tissues - Answer (click here)
20. Characteristics of Permanent tissue - Answer (click here)
21. Types of permanent tissue - Answer (click here)
22. Laticiferous tissues and Glandular tissues - Answer (click here)
23. Tissue System and types of Tissue System - Answer (click here)
24. Types of Simple permanent tissue and its Functions - Answer (click here)
25. Types of Complex permanent tissue and its Functions - Answer (click here)
Animal Tissue Organ and Organ System

Answer (click here)
here)
here)
26. Animal Tissue, Organ and Organ System - Answer (click here)
27. Differences between Tissue and Cell - Answer (click here)
28. Types of Tissues - Answer (click here)
29. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of Epithelial Tissue -
Answer (click here)
30. Structural Characteristics, Functions and Location of Connective Tissue
31. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of The Muscular
Tissue - Answer (click here)
32. Structural Characteristics, Function and Location of The Nerve Tissue -
Answer (click here)
33. Necessary Organs of Human Body - Answer (click here)
34. Co-ordination between Organs and Systems to keep the body fit - Answer
(click here)
Classification of Plants
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
35. Classification of Plants - Answer (click here)
36. Unit of Plants classification and Taxa - Answer (click here)
37. Virus - Answer (click here)
38. Bacteria - Answer (click here)
39. Algae - Answer (click here)
40. Fungi: Structure and Reproduction - Answer (click here)
41. Bryophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
42. Pteridophyta: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
43. Gymnosperm: Characteristics and Importance - Answer (click here)
44. Monocotyledonous or Monocot plants:: Characteristics and Importance -
Answer (click here)
45. Dicotyledonous or Dicot Plants: Characteristics and Importance - Answer
(click here)
Animal Diversity and Classification

Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
46. Animal Diversiy - Answer (click here)
47. Short Description of Diversification or Bio-Diversity - Answer (click here)
48. Animal Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
49. Necessity of Animal Classification - Answer (click here)
50. Rules for Modern or Natural Classification in Animal Diversity - Answer
(click here)
51. Plylum - Sarcomastigophorea Kingdom - Protista - Answer (click here)
52. Phylum - Cnidaria - Answer (click here)
53. Phylum Platyhelminthes - Answer (click here)
54. Phylum Nematoda - Answer (click here)
55. Plylum Annelida - Answer (click here)
56. Phylum Arthropoda - Answer (click here)
57. Phylum Mollusca - Answer (click here)
58. Phylum Echinodermata - Answer (click here)
59. Phylum chordata - Answer (click here)
Structural Organization and Acquaintance of Animals

Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
(click here)
60. Amoeba: Habit and Habitat - Answer (click here)
61. Body structure of Amoeba and its functions - Answer (click here)
62. Amoeba Locomotion - Answer (click here)
63. Amoeba: Process of intake of food or Nutrition - Answer (click here)
64. Amoeba: Digestion, Absorption and Egestion - Answer (click here)
65. Amoeba: Respiration, Excretion - Answer (click here)
66. Reproduction of Amoeba: Binary fission and Sporulation - Answer (click
here)
67. Round Worm: External morphology and Habitat - Answer (click here)
68. Round Worm: Digestive system - Answer (click here)
69. Round Worm: Parasite and its Characteristics - Answer (click here)
70. Round Worm: Excretory System - Answer (click here)
71. Round Worm: Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
72. Round Worm: Ascariasis disease and its symptoms, Prevention - Answer
(click here)
73. Toad: Habit, Habitat - Answer (click here)
74. External morphology of Toad - Answer (click here)
75. Skeletal system of Toad - Answer (click here)
76. Toad: Axial skeleton and its functions - Answer (click here)
77. Toad: Vertebral column and its functions - Answer (click here)
78. Toad: Appendicular skeleton(Pectoral girdle, Pelvic girdle) and its
functions - Answer (click here)
79. Toad: Digestive system - Answer (click here)
80. Toad: Nutrition and Digestion - Answer (click here)
81. Toad: Circulatory system - Answer (click here)
82. Toad: Blood(Plasma and Blood corpuscles) - Answer (click here)
83. Toad: Heart - Answer (click here)
84. Toad: Blood vessels(Artery, Vein and Capillary) - Answer (click here)
85. Toad: Venous system - Answer (click here)
86. Toad: Respiratory system - Answer (click here)
87. Toad: Glucose oxidation and energy production, Glycolysis and Kreb's
cycle - Answer (click here)
88. Toad: Nervous system - Answer (click here)
89. Toad: Structure of brain - Answer (click here)
90. Toad: Cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
91. Toad: Excretory system - Answer (click here)
92. Toad: Reproductives system - Answer (click here)
Physiological Activities in Plants Nutrition

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93. Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Elements - Answer (click here)
94. Imbibition - Answer (click here)
95. Osmosis: Two types, Condition, Experiment, Absorption - Answer (click
here)
96. Ascent of Sap - Answer (click here)
97. Transpiration and Types of Transpiration - Answer (click here)
98. Stomata: Process of Stomatal Tranpiration and Factors affecting - Answer
(click here)
99. Photosynthesis: Process, Organ, Factors Affecting, Importance - Answer
(click here)
100. Importance of Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
101. Some Experiments on Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
102. Experiment to demonstrate that Oxygen is evolved during
Photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
103. Experiment to show that photosynthesis do not occur without
chlorophyll - Answer (click here)
104. Experiment to show that light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer
(click here)
105. Experiment to show that photosynthesis cannot occur without CO2 -
Answer (click here)
106. Evolution of O2 during photosynthesis - Answer (click here)
107. Respiration: Respiratory substrate, Types of respiration - Answer (click
here)
108. Importance of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration - Answer (click here)
109. Factors Affecting Respiration - Answer (click here)
110. Experiment to prove that Heat is evolved during Respiration - Answer
(click here)
111. Experiment of Anaerobic Respiration - Answer (click here)
112. Growth and Development of Plant - Answer (click here)
113. Tropism - Answer (click here)
114. Effect of Light and Temperature on Plant Growth and Yield - Answer
(click here)
115. Importance of photoperiodism and Vernalization - Answer (click here)
Flower
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here)
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116. Different Parts of a Flower(Datura Flower) - Answer (click here)
117. Different kinds of Flower - Answer (click here)
Pollination Fertilization And Dispersal of Fruits and seeds

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118. Pollination: Two types, Significance, Merits, Demerits - Answer (click here)
119. Pollinating Agents: Types and Characteristics - Answer (click here)
120. Fertilization in Plant - Answer (click here)
121. Dispersal of Fruits and Seeds - Answer (click here)
Reproduction of Plants
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122. Reproduction of Plants and itsTypes - Answer (click here)
Organism and Environment

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123. Organism and Environment - Answer (click here)
124. Components of Ecology - Answer (click here)
125. Food chain - Answer (click here)
126. Food web - Answer (click here)
127. Nutrient flow in Eco system - Answer (click here)
128. Energy flow in Ecosystem - Answer (click here)
129. Major Eco systems - Answer (click here)
130. Responsibility of man in maintaining balance of an environment - Answer
(click here)
Pollution and Conservation of Environment

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here)
here)
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131. Pollution and Conservation of Environment - Answer (click here)
132. Green House Effect - Answer (click here)
133. Role of Human beings in conservation of Environment - Answer (click
here)
134. Effect of Urbanization and Industrialisation on Environment - Answer
(click here)
135. Industrialisation is mainly of two types - Answer (click here)
Natural Diversities of Bangladesh Distribution of Plants and

Animals
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here)
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136. Natural Diversities of Bangladesh-Distribution of Plants and Animals -
Answer (click here)
137. Recent flood plain - Answer (click here)
138. Haor and other Marshy lands - Answer (click here)
139. Pleistocene uplands - Answer (click here)
140. Tertiary hilly region - Answer (click here)
141. Coastal Forest or Mangrove forest - Answer (click here)
142. Saint Martin's Island - Answer (click here)
Economic Biology Botany

Answer (click here)
here)
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Answer (click here)
143. Food producing plants - Answer (click here)
144. Cloth producing plants - Answer (click here)
145. Plants used for house building purposes - Answer (click here)
146. Medicinal Plants - Answer (click here)
147. Beverage yielding plants - Answer (click here)
Economic Biology
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
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148. Prawn Culture: Economic importance and Kinds of prawn - Answer (click
here)
149. Method of culture of fresh water prawn or Galda prawn - Answer (click
here)
150. Method of culture of saline water prawn or Bagda prawn - Answer (click
here)
151. Introduction of fishes - Answer (click here)
152. Importance of fish cultivation - Answer (click here)
153. Method of fish culture - Answer (click here)
154. Culture of silk worms or sericulture - Answer (click here)
155. Characteristics of silk fibers and economic importance of silk worms -
Answer (click here)
156. Life cycle and silk cultivation - Answer (click here)
157. Bee keeping: Castes, life cycle, economic importance, artificial bee
culture - Answer (click here)
158. Castes(various types) of bees - Answer (click here)
159. Life cycle of bees - Answer (click here)
160. Some harmful insects or pests of paddy and jute - Answer (click here)
Practical Botany
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here)
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161. Microscope: Structure, Uses, Functioning Processes of Simple ,
Compound Microscope - Answer (click here)
162. Study of the Structure of a Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
163. Study of the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells - Answer (click here)
164. Study of the Stages of Mitosis from Permanent Slides - Answer (click here)
165. Study of Distribution of Tissue System in Dicot Stem - Answer (click here)
166. Study of the Structural Features of Different Plant Groups - Answer (click
here)
167. Experiment to Demonstrate the Process of Osmosis with the help of
Raisin - Answer (click here)
168. Demonstration of cell-to-cell osmosis by Potato Osmoscope - Answer
(click here)
169. Demonstration of Ascent of sap from root to stem and leaves with the
help of Peperomia plant - Answer (click here)
170. Experiment to show that Light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer
(click here)
(click here)
172. Experiment to show the germination of pollen grains to form pollen tube
173. Experiment to show that CO2 is evolved during respiration - Answer (click
here)
Practical Zoology
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here)
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here)
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Answer (click here)
161. Microscope: Structure, Uses, Functioning Processes of Simple ,
Compound Microscope - Answer (click here)
162. Study of the Structure of a Flowering Plant - Answer (click here)
163. Study of the Structure of Plant and Animal Cells - Answer (click here)
164. Study of the Stages of Mitosis from Permanent Slides - Answer (click here)
165. Study of Distribution of Tissue System in Dicot Stem - Answer (click here)
166. Study of the Structural Features of Different Plant Groups - Answer (click
here)
167. Experiment to Demonstrate the Process of Osmosis with the help of
Raisin - Answer (click here)
168. Demonstration of cell-to-cell osmosis by Potato Osmoscope - Answer
(click here)
169. Demonstration of Ascent of sap from root to stem and leaves with the
help of Peperomia plant - Answer (click here)
170. Experiment to show that Light is essential for Photosynthesis - Answer
(click here)
(click here)
172. Experiment to show the germination of pollen grains to form pollen tube
173. Experiment to show that CO2 is evolved during respiration - Answer (click
here)
174. Earthworm: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method
of Dissection - Answer (click here)
175. Prawn: Classification, External Features, Digestive System, Method of
Dissection - Answer (click here)
176. Grasshopper: Classification, External Features, Digestive System,
Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
177. Toad: External Features, Digestive System, Method of Dissection,
Skeleton - Answer (click here)
178. Digestive system of Toad - Answer (click here)
179. Skeleton of toad - Answer (click here)
180. Channa punctatus (Lata/Taki Fish): External Features, Digestive System,
Method of Dissection - Answer (click here)
181. Examples of Animals taken from each of the major Phyla, their
identifying Characters, Observations and Figures - Answer (click here)
Subject : The Massage Connection ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
1. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology - The Massage Connection -
Answer (click here)
2. Levels of Organization-An Overview - Answer (click here)
3. The Holistic Approach - Answer (click here)
5. Systems of the Body - Answer (click here)
6. Planes of Reference - Answer (click here)
7. Human Anatomic Position - Answer (click here)
8. Directional References - Human Anatomy and Physiology - Answer (click
here)
9. Body Regions - Massage Connection - Answer (click here)
10. Body Cavities - Massage Connection - Answer (click here)
12. Chemical Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
13. Cellular Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
14. Tissue Level of Organization - Answer (click here)
15. The Atom - Answer (click here)
16. Isotopes - Answer (click here)
18. Chemical Reactions in the human body - Answer (click here)
19. Acidity and Alkalinity in the human body - Answer (click here)
20. Important Organic Compounds in the Body - Answer (click here)
21. Organelles - Answer (click here)
22. The Nucleus - Answer (click here)
23. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) - Answer (click here)
24. Membrane Transport in Cell: Passive and Active Transport - Answer (click
here)
25. The Cell Life Cycle - Answer (click here)
27. Epithelia Classification: Simple, Stratified, Glandular Epithelium -
Answer (click here)
29. Effects of Age on Tissue - Answer (click here)
30. Implications for Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)
Integumentary System
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
31. Integumentary System - Answer (click here)
32. Functions of the Skin - Answer (click here)
33. Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
34. The Epidermis - Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
35. The Dermis - Structure of the Skin - Answer (click here)
36. Nerve Supply to The Skin - Answer (click here)
37. Blood Circulation in the Skin - Answer (click here)
38. Skin and Temperature Control - Answer (click here)
39. Variation in Skin Color - Answer (click here)
40. Blood Flow and Skin Color Changes - Answer (click here)
41. Pigmentation of Skin By Carotene - Answer (click here)
42. Subcutaneous Layer, or Hypodermis - Answer (click here)
43. Accessory structures of the skin - Answer (click here)
44. Absorption Through the Skin - Answer (click here)
45. Microorganisms on the Skin - Answer (click here)
46. Inflammation and Healing on the surface of the skin - Answer (click here)
47. Effects of Aging on theIntegumentary System - Answer (click here)
48. Integumentary System and Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)
49. Massage Techniques and the Effects on the Body - Answer (click here)
50. Effect of Heat on Skin - Answer (click here)
51. Effect of Cold on Skin - Answer (click here)
52. Water and Skin - Answer (click here)
53. Body Wraps and Skin - Answer (click here)
54. Skin Lesions and Bodyworkers - Answer (click here)
Skeletal System and Joints

Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
55. The Skeletal System - Answer (click here)
56. Bone Functions - Answer (click here)
57. Structure and Formation of Bone - Answer (click here)
58. Bone Remodeling - Answer (click here)
59. Parts of a Long Bone - Answer (click here)
60. Types of Bones - Answer (click here)
61. Human Skeleton - Answer (click here)
62. The Skull - Answer (click here)
63. Bones of the Face - Answer (click here)
64. The Mandible - The Axial Skeleton - Answer (click here)
65. The Vertebral Column - Axial Skeleton - Answer (click here)
66. Vertebral Regions and Spinal Curvatures - The Vertebral Column -
Answer (click here)
67. Characteristics of Vertebrae in Different Regions - Vertebral Column -
Answer (click here)
68. The Sacrum - Vertebral Column - Answer (click here)
69. Intervertebral Disks - Vertebral Column - Answer (click here)
70. The Thorax - Answer (click here)
71. Pectoral Girdle and the Upper Limbs - Answer (click here)
72. The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs - Answer (click here)
73. The Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
74. Ilium - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
75. Ischium - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
76. The Femur - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
77. The Patella - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
78. The Tibia - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
79. The Fibula - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
80. The Ankle - Pelvic Girdle - Answer (click here)
81. Joint Classifications - Answer (click here)
82. Stability of Synovial Joints - Answer (click here)
83. Movement Across the Joints - Answer (click here)
84. Classification of Synovial Joints - Answer (click here)
85. Individual Joints - Answer (click here)
86. TemporoMandibular Joint (TMJ) - Answer (click here)
87. Intervertebral Articulation - Answer (click here)
88. RIB Cage Articulations - Answer (click here)
89. Joints of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb - Answer (click here)
90. The Sternoclavicular Joint - Answer (click here)
91. Acromioclavicular Joint - Answer (click here)
92. Glenohumeral Joint - Answer (click here)
93. The Elbow Joint - Answer (click here)
94. Joints of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs - Answer (click here)
95. Sacroiliac Joint - Answer (click here)
96. The Hip Joint - Answer (click here)
97. The Knee Joint - Answer (click here)
98. Tibiofibular Joint (Proximal and Distal) - Answer (click here)
99. The Ankle Joint and Joints of the Foot - Answer (click here)
100. Arches of the Foot - Answer (click here)
101. Age-Related Changes on the Skeletal System and Joints - Answer (click
here)
102. The Skeletal System, Joints, and Massage - Answer (click here)
Muscular System
Answer (click here)
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Answer (click here)
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103. Muscle Tissue and Physiology of Muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
104. Structure of Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
105. Myofilament: the Specialized proteins of Myofibrils - Answer (click here)
106. Sliding Filament Mechanism - Answer (click here)
107. Characteristics of Whole muscle Contraction - Answer (click here)
109. Muscle Spindles - Answer (click here)
110. Tendon Organs - Answer (click here)
111. Isotonic and Isometric contractions - Answer (click here)
112. Muscle Energetics - Answer (click here)
113. A Summary of the Role of CNS in Muscle Function Control - Answer
(click here)
114. Physical Conditioning - Muscular System - Answer (click here)
115. Cardiac, Smooth, and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
116. Cardiac Muscle and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
117. Smooth Muscle and Skeletal Muscle - Answer (click here)
118. Muscle Terminology and Major Muscles of the Body - Answer (click here)
119. The Axial Musculature - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer (click
here)
120. Appendicular Musculature - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer
(click here)
121. Muscles Of The Lower Limb - Origin and Insertion of Muscles - Answer
(click here)
122. Muscular System and Aging - Answer (click here)
123. Muscular System and Massage - Answer (click here)
Nervous System
Answer (click here)
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Answer (click here)
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124. Organization of the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
125. Structure of the Neuron - Answer (click here)
126. The Synapse - Answer (click here)
127. Classification of Neurons - Answer (click here)
129. Production and Propagation of Impulses - Answer (click here)
130. Differences in Propagation of action Potential in Myelinatedand
Unmyelinated Axons - Answer (click here)
131. Synaptic Transmission - Answer (click here)
132. Examples of Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
133. Electrical Synapses - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
134. Summation - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
135. Factors that Affect Neural Function - Answer (click here)
136. Functional Organization of Neurons - Answer (click here)
137. Standard Terms and Grouping - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
138. Regeneration and Degenerationof Neurons - Answer (click here)
139. Sense Organs and Initiation of Impulses - Answer (click here)
140. Cutaneous Receptors - Sensory Nervous System - Answer (click here)
141. An Overview of Electrical and Ionic Events in Receptors - Answer (click
here)
142. Perception of Sensations - Sensory Nervous System - Answer (click here)
143. The Spinal Cord, Spinal nerves, and Dermatomes - Answer (click here)
144. Anatomic Structure of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
145. Distribution of Spinal Nerves - Answer (click here)
146. Nerve Plexus - Answer (click here)
147. Reflexes - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
148. Monosynaptic Reflex:The Stretch Reflex - Answer (click here)
149. Muscle Spindle - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
150. Reciprocal Innervation - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
151. Inverse Stretch Reflex - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
152. Polysynaptic Reflexes: Withdrawal Reflex - Answer (click here)
153. The Final Common Path - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
154. Input to Motor Neurons - Nervous System - Answer (click here)
155. Pathways of Cutaneous and Visceral Sensations - Answer (click here)
156. Direct Pathway of Fine Touch and Proprioception Senses - Answer (click
here)
157. Direct Pathway of Pain and temperature (and Remaining fibers of
Touch) Senses - Answer (click here)
158. Representation of the Body in the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
159. The Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
160. Integrative Centers - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
161. Right and Left Hemisphere Specializations - Brain and Brain Divisions -
Answer (click here)
162. The Limbic System - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
163. The Thalamus - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
164. The Hypothalamus - Brain and Brain Divisions - Answer (click here)
166. Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click here)
167. General Principles of the Control of Voluntary Movements - Answer (click
here)
168. The Motor Cortex - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click here)
169. Lesions and Muscle Tone - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer
(click here)
170. Vestibular Apparatus - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click
here)
171. Motor System Lesions - Control of Posture and Movement - Answer (click
here)
172. The Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
173. Age-Related Changes in the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
174. Bodyworkers and the Nervous System - Answer (click here)
Endocrine System
Answer (click here)
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Answer (click here)
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175. General Properties of Hormones - Answer (click here)
176. Control of Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
177. Hypothalamus - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
178. The Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click
here)
179. Thyroid Gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
180. Parathyroid Glands - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
181. Adrenal Glands - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
182. Pineal Gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
183. Endocrine Function of The Pancreas - Answer (click here)
184. The Endocrine Function of the Kidneys - Answer (click here)
185. The Endocrine Function of the Heart - Answer (click here)
186. Thymus gland - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
187. Digestive Tract - The Endocrine Glands - Answer (click here)
188. The Endocrine Function of Adipose Tissue - Answer (click here)
189. Age-Related Changes in the Endocrine System - Answer (click here)
190. Endocrine System and Massage - Answer (click here)
Reproductive System
Answer (click here)
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Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
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191. Genetic Sex - Answer (click here)
192. Fetal Development - Answer (click here)
193. Puberty - Answer (click here)
194. Testis - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
195. The Vas Deferens - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
196. Accessory Glands - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
197. Semen - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
198. Penis - Male Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
199. Endocrine Function of the Testis - Answer (click here)
201. The Uterine Tubes (Fallopiantubes; Oviduct) - Female Reproductive
202. The Uterus - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
203. The Vagina - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
204. The External Genitalia - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
205. The Menstrual Cycle - Female Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
206. The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse (In Brief) - Female Reproductive
207. Contraception (Strategiesfor Birth Control) - Female Reproductive
208. Development of The Fetus - Answer (click here)
209. Maternal Changes in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
210. Labor - Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
211. Lactation - Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
212. Age-Related Changes in the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
213. Massage and the Reproductive System - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular System
Answer (click here)
here)
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Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
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here)
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Answer (click here)
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214. Blood - Answer (click here)
215. Formation of Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
216. Red Blood Cells - Answer (click here)
217. Blood Types - Answer (click here)
218. White Blood Cells (Leukocytes) - Answer (click here)
219. Platelets - Answer (click here)
220. Hemostasis - Blood - Answer (click here)
221. The Clotting Mechanism - Blood - Answer (click here)
222. Anticlotting Mechanisms - Blood - Answer (click here)
223. Plasma - Blood - Answer (click here)
224. An Overview of Circulation in Heart - Answer (click here)
225. The Heart: Structure and Function - Answer (click here)
226. Cardiac Centers, Innervation of the Heart, and Factors Affecting Heart
Rate - Answer (click here)
228. Cardiac Cycle - The Heart - Answer (click here)
229. Apex Beat, Arterial Pulse, Venous Pulse - The Heart - Answer (click here)
230. Factors Affecting Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)
231. Blood Vessels and Circulation - Answer (click here)
232. Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
233. Capillaries - Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
234. Venules and Veins - Structure And Function of Blood Vessels - Answer
(click here)
235. Volume in Blood Vessels - Answer (click here)
236. Major Systemic Arteries - Answer (click here)
237. Systemic Veins - Answer (click here)
238. Dynamics of Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
239. Regulation of the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
240. Compensatory Adjustment - Regulation of the Cardiovascular System -
Answer (click here)
241. Effect of Aging on the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
242. Massage and the Cardiovascular System - Answer (click here)
Lymphatic System
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
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(click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
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here)
here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
244. The Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
246. Components of the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
247. Drainage Route of Lymph - Answer (click here)
248. Massage and the Lymphatic System - Answer (click here)
249. Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
250. Nonspecific Immunity - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
251. Specific Immunity - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
252. Lymphocytes - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
253. Immunization - Lymphatic System Immunity - Answer (click here)
254. Abnormalities of the Immune System - Lymphatic System Immunity -
Answer (click here)
255. The Lymphatic System, Immunity, and Aging - Answer (click here)
256. Basic Concepts of Health and Disease - Answer (click here)
257. General Causes of Disease - Answer (click here)
258. Infection and Infection Prevention - Answer (click here)
259. Pathways of Infection - Answer (click here)
260. Immunity and Massage - Answer (click here)
Respiratory System
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
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here)
here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
261. Function of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
262. Upper Respiratory Tract - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer
(click here)
263. Lower Respiratory Tract - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer
(click here)
265. The Pulmonary Circulation - Anatomy of the Respiratory System -
Answer (click here)
266. The Lungs - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
267. The Pleura - Anatomy of the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
268. Mechanics of Respiration - Answer (click here)
269. External Respiration - Answer (click here)
270. Respiration Muscles - Answer (click here)
271. Breathing Patterns, Respiratory Volumes, and Capacities - Answer (click
here)
273. Transport of Gases - Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
274. Regulation of Respiration - Answer (click here)
275. Effect of Exercise on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
276. Effect of Cold on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
277. Effect of Aging on the Respiratory System - Answer (click here)
278. Respiratory System and Massage - Answer (click here)
Digestive System
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
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here)
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
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here)
here)
here)
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Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
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Answer (click here)
here)
279. Functions of Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
280. Components of the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
281. Wall of the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
282. Peritoneum - Answer (click here)
283. Movement in the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
284. Factors Controlling Digestive Function - Answer (click here)
285. An Overview of Nutrition - Answer (click here)
286. Functions of Important Nutrients - Answer (click here)
287. Regulation of Food Intake - Answer (click here)
288. The Structure and Function of Individual Organs of the Digestive
289. Mouth and Associated Structures - Structure and Function of Digestive
290. Salivary Glands and Saliva - Structure and Function of Digestive System
291. Pharynx, Esophagus - Structure and Function of Digestive System -
Answer (click here)
292. Stomach - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click here)
293. Small Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
294. The Pancreas - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
295. The liver - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
297. Gallbladder - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
298. Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
299. Large Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
300. Movement in the Colon and Defecation - Answer (click here)
301. Digestion and Absorption of Food in the Gut - Answer (click here)
303. Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
304. Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
305. The Gastrointestinal System and Bodywork - Answer (click here)
Urinary System
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
here)
Answer (click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
279. Functions of Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
280. Components of the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
281. Wall of the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
282. Peritoneum - Answer (click here)
283. Movement in the Digestive Tract - Answer (click here)
284. Factors Controlling Digestive Function - Answer (click here)
285. An Overview of Nutrition - Answer (click here)
286. Functions of Important Nutrients - Answer (click here)
287. Regulation of Food Intake - Answer (click here)
288. The Structure and Function of Individual Organs of the Digestive
289. Mouth and Associated Structures - Structure and Function of Digestive
290. Salivary Glands and Saliva - Structure and Function of Digestive System
291. Pharynx, Esophagus - Structure and Function of Digestive System -
Answer (click here)
292. Stomach - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click here)
293. Small Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
294. The Pancreas - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
295. The liver - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
297. Gallbladder - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer (click
here)
298. Absorption in the Small Intestine - Answer (click here)
299. Large Intestine - Structure and Function of Digestive System - Answer
(click here)
300. Movement in the Colon and Defecation - Answer (click here)
301. Digestion and Absorption of Food in the Gut - Answer (click here)
303. Basal Metabolic Rate - Answer (click here)
304. Age-Related Changes in the Gastrointestinal System - Answer (click here)
305. The Gastrointestinal System and Bodywork - Answer (click here)
307. Components of the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
308. The Kidneys - Answer (click here)
309. Nephron - The Kidneys - Answer (click here)
310. Urine Formation - Answer (click here)
311. Composition of Urine - Answer (click here)
312. Transportation and Elimination of Urine - Answer (click here)
313. Urination or Micturition - Answer (click here)
314. Age-Related Changes in the Genitourinary System - Answer (click here)
315. Bodyworkers and the Urinary System - Answer (click here)
Subject : Biotechnology
Recombinant DNA Technology
1. Tools of rDNA technology - Answer (click here)
2. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) - Answer (click here)
3. Vectors: Vehicles for cloning - Answer (click here)
4. Plasmids - Answer (click here)
5. Vectors based on bacteriophages - Answer (click here)
6. Making rDNA - Answer (click here)
7. Introduction of rDNA into host cells - Recombinant DNA Technology -
Answer (click here)
8. Identification of Recombinants - Recombinant DNA Technology -
Answer (click here)
9. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Answer (click here)
10. Hybridisation Techniques - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer
(click here)
11. DNA Library - Answer (click here)
12. DNA Sequencing - Answer (click here)
13. Site-directed Mutagenesis - Answer (click here)
Protein Structure And Engineering

Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
14. Introduction to the World of Proteins - Answer (click here)
15. 3-D Shape of Proteins - Answer (click here)
16. Structure-Function relationship in Proteins - Answer (click here)
17. Chymotrypsin, a proteolytic enzyme - Answer (click here)
18. Molecular Disease- Sickle cell anaemia - Answer (click here)
19. Protein Finger printing- Peptide Mapping - Answer (click here)
20. 2-D Gel Electrophoresis - Answer (click here)
21. Purification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
22. Characterisation of Proteins - Answer (click here)
23. Protein Based Products - Answer (click here)
24. Designing Proteins (Protein Engineering) - Answer (click here)
Genomics and Bioinformatics

Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
25. Genomics and Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
26. Genome Sequencing Projects - Answer (click here)
27. Gene prediction and counting - Answer (click here)
28. Genome Similarity, SNPs and Comparative Genomics - Answer (click here)
29. Functional Genomics - Answer (click here)
30. Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Answer (click here)
31. Microarray Technology - Answer (click here)
32. Proteomics and Types of Proteomics - Answer (click here)
33. History of Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
34. Sequences and nomenclature - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
35. Different types of sequences - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
36. Information Sources - Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
37. Analysis using Bioinformatics tools - Answer (click here)
Microbial Cell Culture and its Applications
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
38. Microbial Cell Culture and its Applications - Answer (click here)
39. Microbial culture techniques - Answer (click here)
40. Measurement and kinetics of microbial growth - Answer (click here)
41. Scale-up of microbial processes - Answer (click here)
42. Isolation of microbial products - Answer (click here)
43. Strain isolation, improvement and preservation - Answer (click here)
44. Applications of microbial culture technology - Answer (click here)
45. Biosafety issues in Microbial Technology - Answer (click here)
Plant Cell Culture and Applications

Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
46. Plant Cell Culture and Applications - Answer (click here)
47. Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques - Answer (click here)
48. Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture - Answer (click here)
49. Gene transfer methods in plants - Answer (click here)
50. Transgenic plants with beneficial traits - Answer (click here)
51. Biotic and Abiotic stress tolerance - Answer (click here)
52. Biosafety in Plant Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
Animal Cell Culture and Applications

Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
46. Plant Cell Culture and Applications - Answer (click here)
47. Cell and Tissue Culture Techniques - Answer (click here)
48. Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture - Answer (click here)
49. Gene transfer methods in plants - Answer (click here)
50. Transgenic plants with beneficial traits - Answer (click here)
51. Biotic and Abiotic stress tolerance - Answer (click here)
52. Biosafety in Plant Genetic Engineering - Answer (click here)
53. Animal Cell Culture and Applications - Answer (click here)
54. Animal Cell Culture Techniques - Answer (click here)
55. Characterization of Cell Lines - Answer (click here)
56. Methods of Gene Delivery into Cells - Answer (click here)
57. Scale-up of Animal Culture Process - Answer (click here)
58. Applications of Animal Cell culture - Answer (click here)
59. Stem Cell Technology - Answer (click here)
60. Tissue engineering - Answer (click here)
Subject : Basic Concept of Biotechnology

Biomolecules
1. Biomolecules - Answer (click here)
3. Classification of Carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
4. Structure of Monosaccharide’s - Answer (click here)
5. Structure of Di Saccharides and Polysaccharides - Answer (click here)
6. Importance of carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
7. Rare sugars - Answer (click here)
9. Structure of Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
10. Watson and Crick’s double helix structure of DNA - Answer (click here)
11. Tautomerism - Answer (click here)
12. Nucleosides and nucleotides - Answer (click here)
13. Proteins - Biomolecules - Answer (click here)
14. Amino Acids and Classification of Amino Acids - Answer (click here)
15. Non-proteinogenic amino acids and its role - Answer (click here)
16. Classification of Proteins - Answer (click here)
17. Structure of Proteins - Answer (click here)
18. Biological Importance of Proteins - Answer (click here)
19. Lipids and Classification of Lipids - Answer (click here)
20. Structure of lipids - Answer (click here)
21. Fatty Acids - Answer (click here)
22. Triacylglycerols - Answer (click here)
23. Phospholipids - Answer (click here)
24. Sterols and sterol esters - Answer (click here)
Computer Applications and Biostatistics

25. Computer Applications and Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
26. Information and computer technology - Answer (click here)
27. Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
28. Types of Data - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
29. Measures of Central Tendencies - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
30. Types of Distribution - Biostatistics - Answer (click here)
31. Applications of Standard Error of Mean - Answer (click here)
32. Confidence Interval (CI) - Answer (click here)
33. Null Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
34. Level of Significance - Answer (click here)
35. Outliers - Answer (click here)
36. One tailed and two tailed Test - Answer (click here)
37. Importance of Sample Size Determination - Answer (click here)
38. Factors Influencing Sample Size Include - Answer (click here)
39. Sample Size Determination and Variance Estimate - Answer (click here)
40. How to Choose an Appropriate Statistical Test - Answer (click here)
41. Non-parametric tests used for analysis of different types of data - Answer
(click here)
42. Common problems faced by researcher in any trial and how to address
them - Answer (click here)
43. Biological data and its diversity - Answer (click here)
44. Application of computer and statistics in biology - Answer (click here)
Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques

(click here)
45. Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
46. Macromolecules - Answer (click here)
47. Centrifugation - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
48. Chromatography: Types, Principle, Application - Analysis of
biomolecules - Answer (click here)
49. Electrophoresis - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
50. Spectroscopy - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
51. UV Visible spectroscopy - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
52. Infra Red Spectropscopy (IR spectroscopy) - Analysis of biomolecules -
Answer (click here)
53. Fluorometry - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
54. Mass Spectrometry - Analysis of biomolecules - Answer (click here)
55. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy - Analysis of
Plant Molecular Farming A Promising Stratergy in Biotechnology

(click here)
Answer (click here)
56. Plant Molecular Farming: A Promising Stratergy in Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
57. Plants as Expression Systems - Answer (click here)
58. Types of Biomolecules and recent examples - Answer (click here)
59. Plant made pharmaceuticals (PMPs) - Answer (click here)
60. Plant made nutritional compounds (PMNs) - Answer (click here)
61. Plant made vaccines (PMVs) - Answer (click here)
62. Plant made plastics (PMPs) - Answer (click here)
63. Plant made industrial compounds (PMIs) - Answer (click here)
64. The plant endomembrane system - Answer (click here)
65. Subcellular Targeting of proteins in plants - Answer (click here)
66. Different plant species as platform for molecular farming - Answer (click
here)
67. Plant Transformation - Answer (click here)
68. Optimization of transgene expression in host plant - Answer (click here)
69. Downstream processing of recombinant proteins - Answer (click here)
70. Use of affinity tags for purification - Answer (click here)
71. Use of non-chromatographic methods - Answer (click here)
72. Biosafety and regulatory issues - Answer (click here)
Plant Transgenics Genetic Engineering Approch to Devlop Biotic

Stress Resistance Plants
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
73. Plant Transgenics: Genetic Engineering Approch to Devlop Biotic Stress
Resistance Plants - Answer (click here)
74. The Power of Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
75. Strategies for Competitiveness - Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
76. Tools of Genetic Engineering in Plants - Answer (click here)
77. DNA Delivery Systems - Plant Transgenics - Answer (click here)
78. The Selection and Analysis of Transformants - Plant Transgenics -
Answer (click here)
79. Modification of regulatory elements of marker genes - Plant Transgenics
80. More ‘Friendly’ Selectable Markers: the Positive Selection Method -
Plant Transgenics - Answer (click here)
81. Biotic Stress - Answer (click here)
82. Virus Resistance - Answer (click here)
83. RNAi Technology - Answer (click here)
84. Fungal Resistance - Answer (click here)
85. Bacterial Resistance - Answer (click here)
86. Nematode Resistance - Answer (click here)
Animal Biotechnology
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
87. Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
88. Cell Culture - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
89. Criteria for Subculture - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
90. Culture Conditions and Mammalian Cell - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
91. Aseptic Techniques - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
92. Cryopreservation Medium - Answer (click here)
93. Protocol for Cryopreserving Cultured Cells - Answer (click here)
94. Protocol for Thawing Frozen Cells - Answer (click here)
95. Biological Contamination - Answer (click here)
96. Protocol for Microbial Decontamination - Answer (click here)
97. Protocol for Treating Mycoplasma contaminated Cell Cultures with BM
Cyclin - Answer (click here)
98. Cell Viability (quantitation and cytotoxicity) - Answer (click here)
99. Factors to Consider When Choosing a Cell Viability Assay - Answer (click
here)
100. Cell Viability Assays that Measure ATP and Metabolic Capacity -
Answer (click here)
101. Cytotoxicity Assays: Determining the Number of Live and Dead Cells -
Answer (click here)
102. Trypan Blue - Answer (click here)
103. Concentrating Cells - Answer (click here)
104. Cell Proliferation - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
105. Cell Cycle - Animal Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
106. Cytotoxicity - Answer (click here)
107. Applications of cell culture - Answer (click here)
108. What are stem cells, and why are they important? - Answer (click here)
109. What are the unique properties of all stem cells? - Answer (click here)
110. Embryonic stem cells grown in the laboratory - Answer (click here)
111. Similarities and Differences between Embryonic and Adult stem cells -
Answer (click here)
112. Potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles - Answer (click here)
113. Genetic manipulation of animals (animal models in research) - Answer
(click here)
114. Animal Breeding and Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
115. Methods of genetic manipulation in animals - Answer (click here)
116. A brief history of cloning - Answer (click here)
117. Cloning - Answer (click here)
118. Use of Animals in Research - Answer (click here)
119. Improving Agricultural Products with Transgenics - Answer (click here)
120. Genetically Engineered Insulin - Answer (click here)
121. Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
122. Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
123. Economic impact in developing countries - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
124. Ethical Issues(biosafety and regulatory issues) - Animal Biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
Medical Biotechnology
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
125. Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
126. History of Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
127. Human Genome Project and its influence on medical biotechnology -
Answer (click here)
128. Detecting Genetic Diseases - Answer (click here)
129. Biotech in the Hospital - Answer (click here)
130. Role of biotechnology in diagnostics and Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
131. Role of biotechnology in developing vaccines - Answer (click here)
132. Treatments developed with the aid of biotechnology - Answer (click here)
133. Other Applications of Biotechnology in Medical field - Answer (click here)
134. Designer Babies - Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
135. New Biotech Breakthroughs about to change Medicine - Answer (click
here)
Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology

(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
136. Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
137. Basic Tools in the Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
138. Measurement of Volume - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
139. Measurement of Weight - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
140. Measurement of pH - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
141. Measurement of light - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
142. Solution Preparation - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
143. Microbiological techniques - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer (click
here)
144. Preparation of biological samples for analysis - Tools used in
Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
145. Separation of macromolecules - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer
(click here)
146. Manipulation of Nucleic Acids - Tools used in Biotechnology - Answer
(click here)
147. Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
148. Isolation of Nucleic Acid (DNA) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Innovations - Answer (click here)
149. Plasmid Isolation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
150. RNA Isolation and mRNA Purification - Techniques of Biotechnology
and Innovations - Answer (click here)
151. Gene Isolation - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer
(click here)
152. Molecular Mapping - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
153. Genomic DNA Library Construction - Techniques of Biotechnology and
154. Transformation Techniques - Techniques of Biotechnology and
155. Direct Gene Transformation - Techniques of Biotechnology and
156. Labeling Methods - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations -
Answer (click here)
157. Southern Blotting Technique - Techniques of Biotechnology and
158. In Situ Hybridization (ISH) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
159. Polymerase Chain Reaction(PCR) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
160. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) - Techniques of
Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click here)
161. DNA Sequencing Techniques - Techniques of Biotechnology and
162. Microarray - Techniques of Biotechnology and Innovations - Answer (click
here)
163. Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) - Techniques of Biotechnology and
Antibiotics Microbial Sources Production and Optimization

(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
164. Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
165. Antibacterial agents - Answer (click here)
166. Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
167. Marine actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
168. Streptomyces - Answer (click here)
169. Identification of actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
170. Metabolite production by marine Streptomyces - Answer (click here)
171. Antagonistic marine actinomycetes in Indian peninsula - Answer (click
here)
172. Optimization of fermentation conditions - Answer (click here)
Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences

(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
here)
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
164. Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
165. Antibacterial agents - Answer (click here)
166. Actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
167. Marine actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
168. Streptomyces - Answer (click here)
169. Identification of actinomycetes - Answer (click here)
170. Metabolite production by marine Streptomyces - Answer (click here)
171. Antagonistic marine actinomycetes in Indian peninsula - Answer (click
here)
172. Optimization of fermentation conditions - Answer (click here)
173. History of Forensic Genetic Typing - Answer (click here)
174. Introduction - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences - Answer (click here)
176. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AMP-FLP) - Answer (click
here)
177. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences
178. Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) - Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences -
Answer (click here)
179. Y-Short Tandem Repeats - Answer (click here)
180. X-chromosomal short tandem repeats (ChrX STRs) - Answer (click here)
181. mtDNA in forensic science - Answer (click here)
182. Microbial Forensics - Answer (click here)
183. Non-human DNA Forensics - Answer (click here)
Subject : Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and

Applications
Molecular Biotechnology
1. Molecular Biotechnology: Introduction - Answer (click here)
2. The Cells: Prokaryotic Cell and Eukaryotic Cell - Answer (click here)
3. Gene Expression - Answer (click here)
4. DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
5. Gene Transcription - Answer (click here)
6. Gene Translation - Answer (click here)
7. Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
8. DNA Transfer - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
9. DNA Sources - Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
10. Production by Recombinant DNA Technology - Answer (click here)
12. Genome Sequencing - Answer (click here)
13. DNA Hybridization - Answer (click here)
14. PCR Technology - Answer (click here)
15. Cell Cultures: Cultivation of Microbes, Animal and Plant Cell Cultures -
Answer (click here)
Biophysical and Biochemical Analysis of Recombinant Proteins

Answer (click here)
16. Biophysical and Biochemical Analysis of Recombinant Proteins - Answer
(click here)
17. Protein Structure: Primary Structure - Answer (click here)
18. Protein Structure: Secondary Structure - Answer (click here)
19. Protein Structure: Tertiary Structure - Answer (click here)
20. Protein Structure: Forces - Answer (click here)
21. Protein Structure: Hydration - Answer (click here)
22. Protein Folding - Answer (click here)
23. Protein Stability - Answer (click here)
24. Blotting Techniques - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
25. Immunoassays ELISA - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click
here)
26. Electrophoresis - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
27. Chromatography - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
28. Bioassays - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
29. Mass Spectrometry - Proteins Analytical Techniques - Answer (click here)
Production and Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds

Answer (click here)
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here)
30. Production and Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer
(click here)
31. Expression Systems - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click
here)
32. Cultivation Systems - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click
here)
33. Cultivation Medium - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click
here)
34. Contaminants - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
35. Cellular DNA - Production of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
36. Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer (click here)
37. Filtration/Centrifugation - Downstream Processing of Biotech
Compounds - Answer (click here)
38. Precipitation - Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds - Answer
(click here)
39. Chromatography - Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds -
Answer (click here)
40. Issues to Consider in Production And purification of Proteins - Answer
(click here)
Formulation of Biotech Products Including Biopharmaceutical

Considerations
Answer (click here)
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here)
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Answer (click here)
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41. Microbiological Considerations - Answer (click here)
42. Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer
(click here)
43. Solubility Enhancers - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of
biotech Products - Answer (click here)
44. Anti Adsorption and Anti Aggregation Agents - Excipients Used in
Parenteral Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
45. Buffer Components - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of
46. Preservatives and Antioxidants - Excipients Used in Parenteral
Formulations of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
47. Osmotic Agents - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech
Products - Answer (click here)
48. Shelf Life of Protein Based Pharmaceuticals - Excipients Used in
49. Freeze Drying of Proteins - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations
of biotech Products - Answer (click here)
50. Freezing - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech
51. Primary Drying - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of biotech
52. Secondary Drying - Excipients Used in Parenteral Formulations of
53. Delivery of Proteins: Routes of Administration and Absorption
Enhancement - Answer (click here)
54. Delivery of Proteins: By The Parenteral Route - Answer (click here)
55. Delivery of Proteins: Approaches For Rate Controlled Delivery - Answer
(click here)
56. Delivery of Proteins: Site Specific Delivery (Targeting) of Protein Drugs
57. Anatomical, Physiological, and Pathological Considerations Relevant for
Protein Targeting - Answer (click here)
58. Soluble Carrier Systems for Targeted Delivery of Proteins - Answer (click
here)
59. Potential Pitfalls in Tumor Targeting - Answer (click here)
60. Colloidal Particulate Carrier Systems for TargetedDelivery of Proteins:
Nanotechnology at Work - Answer (click here)
61. Perspectives for Targeted Protein Delivery - Answer (click here)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Peptide and Protein

Drugs
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62. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Peptide and Protein Drugs -
Answer (click here)
63. Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
64. Absorption of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein
Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
65. Distribution of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein
66. Elimination of Protein Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein
67. Target Mediated Drug Disposition - Pharmacokinetics of Protein
68. Immunogenicity and Protein Pharmacokinetics - Pharmacokinetics of
Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
69. Species Specificity and Allometric Scaling - Pharmacokinetics of
70. Chemical Modifications for Optimizing the Pharmacokinetics of Protein
Therapeutics - Pharmacokinetics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click
here)
71. Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
72. Direct Link PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics
73. Indirect Link PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein
74. Indirect Response PK/PD Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein
75. Cell Life Span Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein Therapeutics -
Answer (click here)
76. Complex Response Models - Pharmacodynamics of Protein
Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins

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Answer (click here)
77. Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Proteins - Answer (click here)
78. The New Paradigm - Answer (click here)
79. The Immunological Response - Answer (click here)
80. Factors Influencing Antibody Formation Totherapeutic Proteins - Answer
(click here)
81. Assays for Antibodies - Answer (click here)
82. Issues Specifically Related Tomonoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
83. Clinical Effects of Induced Antibodies - Answer (click here)
84. Predicting and Reducing Immunogenicity - Answer (click here)
Genomics Other Omics Technologies Personalized Medicine and

Additional Biotechnology Related Techniques
Answer (click here)
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here)
Answer (click here)
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85. Genomics, “Omics” Technologies, Personalized Medicine - Answer (click
here)
86. An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer (click here)
87. Genomics - An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer (click here)
88. “Omics” Enabling Technology: Bioinformatics - Answer (click here)
89. Transcriptomics - An Introduction to “Omics” Technologies - Answer
(click here)
90. Proteomics, Structural Proteomics, and Functional Proteomics - “Omics”
Technologies - Answer (click here)
91. “Omics” Enabling Technology: Microarrays - Answer (click here)
92. “Omics” Enabled Technology: BriefIntroduction to Biomarkers - Answer
(click here)
93. Metabonomics and Metabolomics - Answer (click here)
94. Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics - Answer (click here)
95. Toxicogenomics - Answer (click here)
96. Glycomics and Glycobiology - Answer (click here)
97. “Omics” Integrating Technology: Systems Biology - Answer (click here)
98. Transgenic Animals - Answer (click here)
99. Transgenic Plants - Answer (click here)
100. Xenotransplantation: Transplantable Transgenic Animal Organs - Answer
(click here)
101. Knockout Mice - Answer (click here)
102. Protein Engineering - Answer (click here)
103. 3D Structures of Engineered Proteins - Answer (click here)
104. Peptide Chemistry and Peptidomimetics - Answer (click here)
105. Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
106. Stem Cells - Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
107. Tissue Engineering and Some Products of Tissue Engineering - Cell
Therapy and Regenerative Medicine - Answer (click here)
108. Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
109. Screening and Synthesis - Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer
(click here)
110. Chemical Genomics - Biotechnology and Drug Discovery - Answer (click
here)
Gene Therapy
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112. Ex Vivo Versus In Vivo Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
113. Gene Therapy in The Clinic: Disease Targets - Answer (click here)
114. General Considerations - Vectors For Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
115. General Anatomy and Production of a Gene Transfer Vector - Answer
(click here)
116. Retroviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
117. Adenoviral Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
118. Adeno Associated Virus Vectors - Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer -
Answer (click here)
119. Non-Viral Vectors for Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
120. Construction of Non Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
121. Delivery Methods for Non-Viral Gene Transfer - Answer (click here)
122. The Immune Response Against Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
123. Clinical Use of Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
124. Production and Processing of Non-Viral Vectors - Answer (click here)
125. The Role of Drug Metabolism in Gene Therapy - Answer (click here)
126. Gene Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (GDEPT) - Answer (click here)
127. Systems for Pharmacological Regulation of Gene Expression - Answer
(click here)
128. Regulation and Oversight of Gene Therapy Products - Answer (click here)
Oligonucleotides
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129. Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
130. Interfering With Gene Expression - Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
131. Triple Helix-Forming Oligonucleotides - Answer (click here)
132. Transcription Factor Decoys - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene
Expression - Answer (click here)
133. Antisense/Ribozymes/EGS - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene
134. siRNA/miRNA - Oligonucleotides Interfering With Gene Expression -
Answer (click here)
135. Direct Binding to Non-Nucleic Acids - Answer (click here)
136. Gene Repair - Answer (click here)
137. Stimulating Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
138. Pharmacokinetics of Oligonucleotide-Based Therapeutics - Answer (click
here)
139. Improving Oligonucleotide Stability - Answer (click here)
140. Improving Cellular Uptake - Answer (click here)
141. Diagnostic Applications - Answer (click here)
Hematopoietic Growth Factors

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142. Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
143. Hematopoiesis - Answer (click here)
144. Chemical Description of Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click
here)
145. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for the Myeloid Factors,
G-CSF and GM-CSF - Answer (click here)
146. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for SCF - Answer (click
here)
147. Chemical Properties and Marketing Information for TPOs - Answer (click
here)
148. Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
149. Pharmaceutical Issues - Answer (click here)
150. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
151. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
152. Established Uses - Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
153. AIDS - Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
154. Toxicities - Answer (click here)
Interferons and Interleukins

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155. Interferons and Interleukins - Answer (click here)
156. Interferons: Nomenclature and Functions - Answer (click here)
157. Interleukins: Nomenclature and Functions - Answer (click here)
158. Rapeutic Use of Recombinant Interferons - Answer (click here)
159. Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click here)
160. Aldesleukin - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer
(click here)
161. Oprelvekin - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click
here)
162. Anakinra - Therapeutic Use of Recombinant Interleukins - Answer (click
here)
163. Pegylated Interferons and Interleukins: The Next Generation - Answer
(click here)
Insulin
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164. Insulin - Answer (click here)
165. Chemical Description of Insulin - Answer (click here)
166. Pharmacology and Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
167. Regular and Rapid Acting Soluble Formulations - Pharmacology and
Formulations of Insulin - Answer (click here)
168. Intermediate Acting Insulin Formulations - Pharmacology and
169. Long Acting Insulin Formulations - Pharmacology and Formulations of
Insulin - Answer (click here)
170. Chemical Stability of Insulin Formulations - Answer (click here)
171. Physical Stability of Insulin Formulations - Answer (click here)
172. Clinical and Practice Aspects of Insulin - Answer (click here)
Growth Hormones
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173. Human growth hormone (hGH): Structure and Isohormones - Answer
(click here)
174. Growth Hormone Secretion and Regulation - Answer (click here)
175. Growth Hormone Biologic Actions - Answer (click here)
176. hGH Receptor and Binding Proteins - Answer (click here)
177. Molecular Endocrinology and Signal Transduction - Answer (click here)
178. Dosing Schedules and Routes of Human growth hormone (hGH) -
Answer (click here)
179. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism - Answer (click here)
180. Protein Manufacture, Formulation and Stability- Growth Hormones -
Answer (click here)
181. Clinical Usage of Human growth hormone (hGH) - Answer (click here)
Recombinant Coagulation Factors and Thrombolytic Agents
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182. Recombinant Coagulation Factors and Thrombolytic Agents - Answer
(click here)
183. Recombinant Coagulation Factors VIII - Answer (click here)
184. Recombinant Coagulation Factor VIIA - Answer (click here)
185. Recombinant Coagulation Factor IX - Answer (click here)
186. Tissue Type Plasminogen Activator - Recombinant Thrombolytic
Agents - Answer (click here)
187. Recombinant t-PA (rt-PA; Alteplase) - First Generation Recombinant
Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
188. Second Generation Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click
here)
189. Reteplase - Second Generation Recombinant Thrombolytic Agents -
Answer (click here)
190. Tenecteplase - Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
191. Lanoteplase - Thrombolytic Agents - Answer (click here)
Monoclonal Antibodies From Structure to Therapeutic

Application
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192. Monoclonal Antibodies: From Structure to Therapeutic Application -
Answer (click here)
193. Antibody Structure and Classes - Answer (click here)
194. Murine, Chimeric, Humanized and Fully Humanized mAbs - Antibody
Structure and Classes - Answer (click here)
195. Antibody Derivatives [F(ab0)2, Fab, Antibody DrugConjugates (ADC)]
and Fusion Proteins - Answer (click here)
196. How Antibodies Function as Therapeutics - Answer (click here)
197. Translational Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
198. Preclinical Safety Assessment of mAbs - Translational
Medicine/Development Process - Answer (click here)
199. Pharmacokinetics - Translational Medicine/Development Process -
Answer (click here)
200. Prediction of Human PK/PD Based on Preclinical Information - Answer
(click here)
201. PK/PD in Clinical Development of Antibody Therapeutics - Answer (click
here)
202. Mechanistic Modeling Approaches - Translational
203. Population PK of Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer

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204. Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer - Answer (click here)
205. Alemtuzumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: CD Antigens -
Answer (click here)
206. Gemtuzumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer - Answer (click here)
207. Rituximab, Yttrium-90 (90Y) Ibritumomab Tiuxetan, Iodine-131 (131I)
Tositumomab - Answer (click here)
208. Bevacizumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Vascular Endothelial
Growth Factor Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
209. Trastuzumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth
Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
210. Cetuximab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth
211. Panitumumab - Classes of Monoclonal Antibodies: Endothelial Growth
Monoclonal Antibodies in Solid Organ Transplantation

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212. Monoclonal Antibodies in Solid Organ Transplantation - Answer (click
here)
213. Immunologic Targets: Rational Development/ Use of Monoclonal
Antibodies in Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)
214. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered Pre-Transplant - Answer (click here)
215. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered at the Time of Transplant - Answer
(click here)
216. Monoclonal Antibodies Administered Following Transplant - Answer
(click here)
217. Muromonab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant - Answer
(click here)
218. Interleukin 2 Receptor Antagonists - Specific Agents Used In Solid
Organ Transplant - Answer (click here)
219. Alemtuzumab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant -
Answer (click here)
220. Rituximab - Specific Agents Used In Solid Organ Transplant - Answer
(click here)
Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy

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221. Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
222. Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory Therapy -
Answer (click here)
223. Infliximab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory
Therapy - Answer (click here)
224. Etanercept - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory
225. Adalimumab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti
inflammatory Therapy - Answer (click here)
226. Abatacept - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory
227. Rituximab - Arthritides - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti inflammatory
228. Psoriasis: Efalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies - Answer (click here)
229. Multiple Sclerosis: Natalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti
230. Allergic Asthma: Omalizumab - Monoclonal Antibodies in Anti
Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I

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231. Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
232. Protein Chemistry, Enzymology, and Structure - Answer (click here)
233. In Vitro Activity in CF Sputum - Pharmacology - Recombinant Human
Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
234. In Vivo Activity in CF Sputum - Pharmacology - Recombinant Human
235. Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism - Pharmacology - Recombinant
Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click here)
236. Protein Manufacturing and Formulation - Answer (click here)
237. Drug Delivery- Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click
here)
238. Clinical Use- Recombinant Human Deoxyribonuclease I - Answer (click
here)
Follicle
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239. Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
240. Biological Role of Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click here)
241. Chemical Description of Follicle Stimulating Hormone - Answer (click
here)
242. Production of Recombinant FSH(Follicle Stimulating Hormone) - Answer
(click here)
243. Structural Characteristics of Isohormones - Follicle Stimulating
Hormone - Answer (click here)
244. Biological Properties of Recombinant FSH Isohormones - Answer (click
here)
245. Pharmacokinetic Behavior of Recombinant FSH Isohormones - Answer
(click here)
246. Pharmaceutical Formulations of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) -
Answer (click here)
247. Clinical Aspects of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) - Answer (click
here)
Vaccines
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248. Vaccines - Answer (click here)
249. Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
250. Active Immunization: Generation of an Immune Response - Answer (click
here)
251. Uptake - Immunological Principles of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
252. Activation and Migration - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
253. Antigen Presentation and Lymphocyte Activation - Answer (click here)
254. Adaptive Immune System - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
255. Vaccine Design in Relation with the Immune Response - Answer (click
here)
256. Route of Administration - Immunological Principles of Vaccines -
Answer (click here)
257. Conventional Vaccines: Classification - Answer (click here)
258. Live Attenuated Vaccines - Answer (click here)
259. Non-Living Vaccines: Whole Organisms, Subunit Vaccines - Answer
(click here)
260. Genetically Improved Live Vaccines - Answer (click here)
261. Genetically Improved Subunit Vaccines - Answer (click here)
262. Reverse Vaccinology - Answer (click here)
263. Therapeutic Vaccines - Answer (click here)
264. Pharmaceutical Aspects of Vaccines - Answer (click here)
Dispensing Biotechnology Products Handling Professional

Education and Product Information
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265. Dispensing Biotechnology Products: Handling, Professional Education,
and Product Information - Answer (click here)
266. Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
267. Types of Information Needed by Pharmacists - Pharmacist Reluctance -
Answer (click here)
268. Sources of Information for Pharmacists - Answer (click here)
269. The Pharmacist and Handling of Biotech Drugs - Answer (click here)
270. Temperature Requirements - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
271. Storage in Dosing and Administration Devices - Pharmacist Reluctance -
Answer (click here)
272. Storage in IV Solutions and Light Protection - Pharmacist Reluctance -
Answer (click here)
273. Mixing and Shaking - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
274. Travel Requirements - Pharmacist Reluctance - Answer (click here)
275. Preparation of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click here)
276. Administration of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click here)
277. Biogenerics - A Future Consideration? - Answer (click here)
278. Outpatient/Home Care Issues of Biotechnology Products - Answer (click
here)
Economic Considerations in Medical Biotechnology

Answer (click here)
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here)
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279. Economic Considerations in Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
280. The Value of a New Medical Technology - Answer (click here)
281. An Overview of Economic Analysis for New Technologies - Answer (click
here)
Regulatory Issues and Drug Product Approval for

Biopharmaceuticals
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279. Economic Considerations in Medical Biotechnology - Answer (click here)
280. The Value of a New Medical Technology - Answer (click here)
281. An Overview of Economic Analysis for New Technologies - Answer (click
here)
282. Regulatory Issues and Drug Product Approval for Biopharmaceuticals -
Answer (click here)
283. Background Regulatory Issues for Biopharmaceuticals - Answer (click here)
284. Biosimilar and Follow-On Biologics - Answer (click here)
285. Regulatory Routes - Biopharmaceuticals - Answer (click here)
Subject : Human Neuroanatomy(Fundamental and Clinical)

Introduction to Neuroanatomy
1. Introduction to Neuroanatomy - Answer (click here)
2. What is Neuroanatomy? - Answer (click here)
4. Tissues constituting the nervous system - Answer (click here)
5. How the Nervous system can be affected by disease - Answer (click here)
6. Neuron Structure - Answer (click here)
7. Elementary Structure of a Typical Neuron - Answer (click here)
8. Grey and White Matter - Answer (click here)
9. Variability in Neuron Structure - Answer (click here)
10. Role of axoplasmic transport in spread of disease - Answer (click here)
11. Some features of dendrites - Answer (click here)
12. Sex chromatin in neurons - Answer (click here)
13. The Synapse - Human Neuroanatomy - Answer (click here)
14. Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
15. Classification of Synapses - Answer (click here)
17. Basic Structure of Peripheral Nerve Fibres - Answer (click here)
18. Classification of Fibres in Peripheral Nerves according to Diameter and
Velocity of Conduction - Answer (click here)
19. Incisures of Schmidt Lanterman - Answer (click here)
20. Nodes of Ranvier - Answer (click here)
21. Some facts about myelination - Answer (click here)
22. Degeneration and Regeneration of Neurons - Answer (click here)
24. Astrocytes - Answer (click here)
25. Oligodendrocytes - Answer (click here)
26. Microglia - Answer (click here)
27. Functions of Neuroglia - Answer (click here)
28. Tumours of Nervous Tissue - Answer (click here)
29. A Brief Review of Techniques used in the Study of Neuroanatomy -
Answer (click here)
30. Early Development of Nervous system - Answer (click here)
31. Faulty formation of neural tube - Answer (click here)
32. Formation of neurons and neuroglial cells - Answer (click here)
33. Neural Crest - Answer (click here)
The Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy and Some features of Internal

Structure
Answer (click here)
34. The Spinal Cord : Gross Anatomy and Some features of Internal
Structure - Answer (click here)
35. Spinal Nerves & Spinal Segments - Answer (click here)
36. Segmental Innervation: Dermatomes - Answer (click here)
37. Segmental Innervation of Muscles - Answer (click here)
Basic Neuronal Arrangements

Answer (click here)
38. Classification of neurons and of nerve fibres in peripheral nerves
according to function - Answer (click here)
39. Somatic Efferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
40. Special Visceral Efferent Neurons (Branchiomotor Neurons) - Answer
(click here)
41. General Visceral Efferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
42. Afferent Neurons - Answer (click here)
43. Arrangement of Neurons within the Central Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
44. Projection, Association and Commissural Fibres - Answer (click here)
Sensory Receptors and Neuromuscular Junctions

Answer (click here)
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(click here)
46. Exteroceptive Receptors - Answer (click here)
47. Proprioceptive Receptors - Answer (click here)
48. Neuromuscular Junctions - Answer (click here)
49. Structure of a Typical Motor End Plate - Answer (click here)
50. Some Facts about Muscle Action - Answer (click here)
51. Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord

Answer (click here)
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52. Internal Structure of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
53. Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
54. Subdivisions of Grey Matter - Answer (click here)
55. Significance of Neurons in Grey Matter of Spinal Cord - Answer (click
here)
56. Spinal Reflexes - Answer (click here)
57. Myotatic or Stretch Reflexes - Answer (click here)
58. Superficial Reflexes - Answer (click here)
59. Development of the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
60. Preliminary Review of the Brainstem - Answer (click here)
61. The Medulla: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)
62. The Pons: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)
63. The Midbrain: gross anatomy - Answer (click here)
Preliminary Review of the Brainstem

Answer (click here)
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here)
64. Preliminary Review of the Internal Structure of the Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
65. Subdivisions of Neural Tube - Answer (click here)
Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum
Answer (click here)
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here)
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66. Subdivisions of the Cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
67. Grey matter of the cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
68. White matter of the cerebellum - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum -
Answer (click here)
69. Cerebellar Peduncles - Gross Anatomy of the Cerebellum - Answer (click
here)
70. Development of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
Gross Anatomy of the Cerebral Hemispheres

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71. Exterior of the Cerebral Hemispheres - Gross Anatomy of The Cerebral
Hemispheres - Answer (click here)
72. Inferior Surface of Cerebrum - Gross Anatomy of The Cerebral
73. An Introduction to Some Structures within the Cerebral Hemispheres -
Answer (click here)
74. Development of the Cerebral Hemisphere - Answer (click here)
75. Important Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
76. White Matter of Cerebral Hemispheres - Answer (click here)
77. Anomalies of the Brain and the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem

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78. Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer (click here)
79. Descending Tracts ending in the Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
80. Descending Tracts ending in the Brainstem - Answer (click here)
81. Disorders of Motor Function - Answer (click here)
82. Ascending Tracts - Answer (click here)
83. Pathways connecting the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex - Answer (click
here)
84. Ascending pathways ending in the brainstem - Answer (click here)
85. Sensory Disorders - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer (click
here)
86. Spinocerebellar Pathways - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
87. Disorders of Equilibrium - Tracts of Spinal Cord and Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
88. Involvement of Spinal Cord in Disease - Answer (click here)
Cranial Nerve Nuclei
Answer (click here)
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90. Somatic Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
91. Special Visceral Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
92. General Visceral Efferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
93. General and Special Visceral Afferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei -
Answer (click here)
94. General and Special Somatic Afferent Nuclei - Cranial Nerve Nuclei -
Answer (click here)
95. Other Connections of Cranial Nerve Nuclei - Answer (click here)
96. Pathway of Hearing & Connections of Cochlear Nuclei - Answer (click
here)
97. Connections of Vestibular Nuclei - Answer (click here)
99. Functional Components of Individual Cranial Nerves - Answer (click here)
100. Olfactory nerve and Optic nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing
101. Oculomotor, Trochlear and Abducent Nerves - Damage to Cranial
Nerves and Testing - Answer (click here)
102. Trigeminal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer (click
here)
103. Facial nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer (click here)
104. Vestibulocochlear nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
105. Glossopharyngeal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
106. Vagus nerve (and cranial part of accessory) - Damage to Cranial Nerves
and Testing - Answer (click here)
107. Accessory nerve (spinal part) - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing -
Answer (click here)
108. Hypoglossal nerve - Damage to Cranial Nerves and Testing - Answer
(click here)
Internal Structure of Brainstem

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109. Medulla - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
110. Pons - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
111. The Midbrain - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer (click here)
112. Reticular Formation of the Brainstem - Internal Structure of Brainstem -
Answer (click here)
113. Control of Eye Movements - Internal Structure of Brainstem - Answer
(click here)
114. Development of the Medulla Oblongata - Answer (click here)
115. Development of Pons - Answer (click here)
116. Development of the Midbrain - Answer (click here)
Internal Structure of Cerebellum

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117. Basic Structure of the Cerebellar Cortex - Answer (click here)
118. Main Connections of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
119. Connections between Cerebellum and Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
120. Connections between Cerebellum and Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
121. Functions of the Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
122. Few Details about the Cerebellar Cortex - Answer (click here)
123. Few Details of Cerebellar Connections - Answer (click here)
124. Connections of Cerebellar Nuclei: Afferents and Efferents - Answer (click
here)
125. Disorders of Equilibrium - Cerebellum - Answer (click here)
The Diencephalon
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126. The Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
127. Internal Structure of the Thalamus - Answer (click here)
128. Connections of the Thalamus - Answer (click here)
129. Connections of Ventral Group of nuclei - Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) -
Answer (click here)
130. Medial & Lateral Geniculate Bodies - Thalamus (Dorsal Thalamus) -
Answer (click here)
131. The Hypothalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
132. Subdivisions of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
133. Hypothalamic nuclei - Answer (click here)
134. Connections of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
135. Control of hypophysis cerebri by the hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
136. Functions of the Hypothalamus - Answer (click here)
137. Epithalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
138. Ventral Thalamus - The Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
139. Subthalamic Nucleus - Answer (click here)
140. Development of the Diencephalon - Answer (click here)
The Basal Nuclei

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141. The Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
142. Caudate Nucleus - Answer (click here)
143. The Lentiform Nucleus - Answer (click here)
144. Connections of the Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
145. Ventral striatum and pallidum - Answer (click here)
146. Abnormal Movements - The Basal Nuclei - Answer (click here)
147. Development of the Corpus Striatum - Answer (click here)
Further Consideration of the Cerebral Cortex

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148. Structure of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
149. Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
150. Laminae of Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
151. Further Consideration of Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex -
Answer (click here)
152. Motor and Premotor Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
153. Sensory Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
154. Visual Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
155. Auditory (acoustic) Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
156. Prefrontal Areas of the Cerebral Cortex - Answer (click here)
157. Disorders of Memory and Behaviour - Answer (click here)
158. Some Features of Cortical Connections - Answer (click here)
The Olfactory and Limbic Regions

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159. The Olfactory Region - Answer (click here)
160. The Olfactory Pathway - Answer (click here)
161. The Limbic Region - Answer (click here)
162. Connections of the Amygdaloid Nuclei - Answer (click here)
163. Septal Region - Answer (click here)
164. Hippocampal Formation - Answer (click here)
165. Fibre bundles of limbic region - Answer (click here)
Internal Capsule and Commissures of the Brain

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166. The Internal Capsule of the Brain - Answer (click here)
167. Commissures of the Brain - Answer (click here)
The Visual Pathway

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168. The Visual Pathway of the Brain - Answer (click here)
169. The Retina - Visual Pathway of the Brain - Answer (click here)
170. The Visual Field and Retinal Quadrants - Answer (click here)
171. Optic Nerve, Optic Chiasma & Optic Tract - Answer (click here)
172. The Lateral Geniculate Body - Answer (click here)
173. Geniculocalcarine Tract and Visual Cortex - Answer (click here)
174. Reflexes related to the Eyeball: Pupillary and Corneal Reflex - Answer
(click here)
Autonomic Nervous System

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176. The Sympathetic Trunks - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click
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177. Autonomic Plexuses - Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
178. Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons - Answer (click here)
179. Some Further Details of Autonomic Neurons - Answer (click here)
180. Afferent autonomic pathways - Answer (click here)
181. Some Further Comments on Autonomic Afferents - Answer (click here)
182. Autonomic Nerve Supply of some Important Organs - Answer (click here)
183. Some Recent Developments about the Autonomic Nervous System -
Answer (click here)
Ventricles of the Brain

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184. Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
185. The Lateral Ventricles - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
186. The Third Ventricle - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
187. The Fourth Ventricle - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
188. The Cerebrospinal Fluid - Ventricles of the Brain - Answer (click here)
Blood Supply of Central Nervous System

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189. Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
190. Arteries Supplying the Brain - Blood Supply of Central Nervous System
191. Arterial Supply of the Cerebral Cortex - Blood Supply of Central
Nervous System - Answer (click here)
192. Arteries Supplying the Interior of the Cerebral Hemisphere - Blood
Supply of Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
193. Arterial Supply of the Brainstem - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
194. Venous Drainage of the Brain - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
195. Blood-Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)
196. Control of Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
Some Investigative Procedures

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189. Blood Supply of the Spinal Cord - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
190. Arteries Supplying the Brain - Blood Supply of Central Nervous System
191. Arterial Supply of the Cerebral Cortex - Blood Supply of Central
Nervous System - Answer (click here)
192. Arteries Supplying the Interior of the Cerebral Hemisphere - Blood
Supply of Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
193. Arterial Supply of the Brainstem - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
194. Venous Drainage of the Brain - Blood Supply of Central Nervous
195. Blood-Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)
196. Control of Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
197. Some Investigative Procedures - Human Neuroanatomy - Answer (click
here)
Subject : Microbiology
Microbiology
1. History Of Microbiology - Answer (click here)
2. The compound light microscope - Answer (click here)
3. Stains and staining reactions - Answer (click here)
4. Sterilization - Answer (click here)
5. Factors Influenzing Sterilization by Heat - Answer (click here)
6. Merits and Demerits of Heat Sterilization - Answer (click here)
7. Pure culture methods - Answer (click here)
8. Microbial nutrition and growth - Answer (click here)
9. Prokaryotic cell structure - Answer (click here)
10. Microbiology Taxonomy - Answer (click here)
11. Taxonomy of Fungi - Answer (click here)
12. Taxonomy of Algae - Answer (click here)
13. Microbiology of air - Answer (click here)
14. Microbiology of water - Answer (click here)
15. Sources of water pollution - Microbiology of water - Answer (click here)
16. Microbiology of food - Answer (click here)
17. Factors that influence the growth of the microorganisms - Answer (click
here)
18. Microbiology of milk - Answer (click here)
19. Sources of microorganisms in milk - Answer (click here)
20. Microbiology of soil - Answer (click here)
21. Distribution of different types of soil microorganisms - Answer (click here)
22. Factors that influencing microbial population - Answer (click here)
23. Harmful microbial interactions - Answer (click here)
24. Medical Microbiology - Answer (click here)
25. Routes of spread of infection - Answer (click here)
26. Virulence Factors - Answer (click here)
27. Respiratory tract infections - Answer (click here)
28. Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
29. Infections of the Central Nervous System - Answer (click here)
30. Sexually Transmitted Diseases - Answer (click here)
31. Bacterial skin and wound infection - Answer (click here)
32. Factors Responsible For Wound Infections - Answer (click here)
33. Bacterial infections of thegastrointestinal tract - Answer (click here)
34. Superficial mycoses and dermatomycoses - Answer (click here)
35. Amoebiasis - Answer (click here)
36. Malaria - Answer (click here)
37. Filariasis - Answer (click here)
38. Poliomyelitis - Answer (click here)
39. Influenza - Answer (click here)
40. Zoonotic diseases - Answer (click here)
41. Rabies - Answer (click here)
42. Structure and Development of Immune System - Answer (click here)
43. Function of the thymus gland - Answer (click here)
44. Effects of thymectomy (removal of thymus) - Answer (click here)
45. Bursa of Fabricius and Functions of Bursa of Fabricius - Answer (click here)
46. Functions of lymph node - Answer (click here)
47. Functions of spleen - Answer (click here)
48. Functions of MALT(Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) and GALT -
Answer (click here)
49. Cells of the Immune System - Answer (click here)
50. Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
51. Anatomic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
52. Physiologic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
53. Phagocytic Barriers - Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
54. Inflammatory Barriers - Answer (click here)
55. Collaboration between Innate and Adaptive Immunity - Answer (click here)
56. Adaptive Imuunity - Answer (click here)
57. Antibodies - Answer (click here)
58. Characterization of antibodies - Answer (click here)
59. Properties and functions of immunoglobulins - Answer (click here)
60. Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
61. Stages Involved in Antigen-antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
62. General Features of Antigen-antibody Reactions - Answer (click here)
63. Measurement of Antignen and Antibody - Answer (click here)
64. Types of Agglutination Reactions - Antigen Antibody Reactions - Answer
(click here)
65. Precipitation Reactions: Test, Application - Answer (click here)
66. Microbial genetics - Answer (click here)
67. DNA as the Genetic Material - Answer (click here)
68. Griffith Experiment - Answer (click here)
69. Avery, MacLeod and McCarthy experiment - Answer (click here)
70. Hershey and Chase Experiment - Answer (click here)
71. DNA Structure - Answer (click here)
72. Alternative form of DNA - Answer (click here)
74. Enzymology of DNA Replication - Answer (click here)
Subject : Introduction to Human Nutrition

A Global Perspective on Food and Nutrition
1. Orientation to human nutrition - Answer (click here)
2. An integrated approach of Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
3. A conceptional framework for the study of nutrition - Answer (click here)
4. Relationship between nutrition and health - Answer (click here)
5. Nutrients: the basics - Answer (click here)
6. Global malnutrition - Answer (click here)
7. Relationship between nutrition science and practice - Answer (click here)
8. Nutrition milestones: the development of nutrition as a science - Answer
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9. Future challenges for nutrition research and practice - Answer (click here)
Body Composition
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10. Body Composition - Answer (click here)
11. Five levels of body composition - Answer (click here)
12. Relationships between different levels of body composition - Answer
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13. Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
14. Direct methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
15. Indirect methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
16. Doubly indirect methods - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
17. Carcass analysis - Direct methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
18. In vivo neutron activation analysis - Direct methods in Body
composition techniques - Answer (click here)
19. Densitometry - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
20. Dilution techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
21. Total body potassium - Indirect methods in Body composition
techniques - Answer (click here)
22. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry - Indirect methods in Body
23. Imaging techniques - Indirect methods in Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
24. Weight/height indices - Doubly indirect methods in Body composition
25. Skinfold thickness measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body
26. Anthropometric variables - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
27. Infrared interactance - Body composition techniques - Answer (click here)
28. Ultrasound measurements - Doubly indirect methods in Body
29. Bioelectrical impedance - Body composition techniques - Answer (click
here)
30. Total body electrical conductivity - Body composition techniques -
Answer (click here)
31. Creatinine excretion and N-methyl-histidine excretion - Body
32. Use and misuse of body composition data - Answer (click here)
Energy Metabolism
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33. Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
34. Components of energy balance - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism -
Answer (click here)
35. Energy intake - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer (click here)
36. Factors influencing food intake - Answer (click here)
37. Energy expenditure: Concept, Measurement, Historical aspects - Answer
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38. Factors that influence energy expenditure - Answer (click here)
39. Energy expenditure related to physical activity - Energy Metabolism -
Answer (click here)
40. Energy requirements - Human Nutrition: Energy Metabolism - Answer
(click here)
41. Energy balance(Human Nutrition) in various conditions - Answer (click
here)
42. Energy requirements in disease and trauma - Answer (click here)
43. Obesity: Basic metabolic principles - Answer (click here)
44. Definition of obesity - Answer (click here)
45. Etiology of obesity: excess intake or decreased physical activity - Answer
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46. Role of physical activity and energy expenditure in the development of
obesity - Answer (click here)
Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids

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47. Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids - Answer (click
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48. A historical perspective - Nutrition and Metabolism of Proteins - Answer
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49. Structure and chemistry of amino acids - Answer (click here)
50. Classification of amino acids - Answer (click here)
51. Biology of protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
52. Body protein mass - Answer (click here)
53. Turnover of proteins and amino acid metabolism: Protein synthesis,
degradation, and turnover - Answer (click here)
54. Amino acids as precursors of physiologically important nitrogen
compounds - Answer (click here)
55. Urea cycle enzymes and urea production - Answer (click here)
56. Estimation of protein and amino acid requirements - Answer (click here)
57. Nitrogen balance and definition of requirement - Answer (click here)
58. Protein requirements for various age and physiological groups - Answer
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59. Definition and determination of indispensable amino acid requirements -
Answer (click here)
60. Meeting protein and amino acid needs - Answer (click here)
61. Factors other than diet affecting protein and amino acid requirements -
Answer (click here)
Digestion and Metabolism of Carbohydrates

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62. Carbohydrates in foods - Answer (click here)
63. Digestive fate of dietary carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
64. Glycemic carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
65. Metabolic utilization of carbohydrate - Answer (click here)
66. Regulation of blood glucose concentration - Answer (click here)
67. Dietary management of blood glucose concentration - Answer (click here)
68. Nonglycemic carbohydrates - Answer (click here)
69. Physiological classification of carbohydrates entering the colon - Answer
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70. Chemical classification of carbohydrates entering the colon - Answer (click
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71. Amount of carbohydrate entering the human colon - Answer (click here)
72. Resistant starch - Answer (click here)
73. Dietary fiber - Answer (click here)
74. Intakes of dietary fiber, oligosaccharides, and other indigestible sugars -
Answer (click here)
75. Fermentation in the colon - Answer (click here)
76. Fate of short-chain fatty acids - Answer (click here)
77. Carbohydrates and dental caries - Answer (click here)
Nutrition and Metabolism of Lipids

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78. History of lipids in human nutrition - Answer (click here)
79. Terminology of dietary fats - Answer (click here)
80. Lipids as components of the diet - Answer (click here)
81. Digestion, absorption, and transport of dietary fat - Answer (click here)
82. Reception, emulsification, lipolysis, solubilization, and absorption -
Answer (click here)
83. Solubilization of emulsified fat - Answer (click here)
84. Absorption of solubilized fat - Answer (click here)
85. Enterohepatic circulation - Answer (click here)
86. Re-esterification of triacylglycerols in the enterocyte - Answer (click here)
87. Lipoprotein assembly and secretion - Answer (click here)
88. Postprandial lipemia - Answer (click here)
89. Postprandial lipemia: relevance to atherosclerosis - Answer (click here)
90. Lipoprotein structure: a shopping bag and groceries - Answer (click here)
91. Lipoprotein transport pathways - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein
structures and metabolism - Answer (click here)
92. Metabolic determinants of lipoprotein metabolism - Answer (click here)
93. Low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway - Answer (click here)
94. Reverse cholesterol transport (high-density lipoprotein pathway) - Answer
(click here)
95. Interrelationships among serum triacylglycerols and low- and high-
density lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
96. Endocrine control of lipoprotein metabolism - Answer (click here)
97. Sex hormones on lipoprotein - Answer (click here)
98. The triacylglycerol hypothesis - Circulating lipids: lipoprotein structures
and metabolism - Answer (click here)
99. Body lipid pools - Answer (click here)
100. Long-chain fatty acid metabolism - Answer (click here)
101. Nutritional regulation of long-chain fatty acid profiles and metabolism -
Answer (click here)
102. Nutritional and metabolic effects of dietary fatty acids - Answer (click here)
103. Cholesterol synthesis and regulation: Cholesterol and the brain - Answer
(click here)
104. Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
105. Diet and serum cholesterol - Answer (click here)
106. Trans fatty acids - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins -
Answer (click here)
107. Plant sterols and soluble nonstarch polysaccharides - Effect of diet on
serum lipids and lipoproteins - Answer (click here)
108. Dietary cholesterol - Effect of diet on serum lipids and lipoproteins -
Answer (click here)
109. Fat quantity versus quality: importance of the ratio of n-6:n-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids - Answer (click here)
110. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from plants and fish - Answer
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111. Saturated fatty acids and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - Answer
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112. Long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and serum triacylglycerols -
Answer (click here)
Dietary Reference Standards

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113. Dietary Reference Standards - Answer (click here)
114. Terminology and conceptual approaches to setting nutrient
recommendations - Answer (click here)
115. Interpretation and uses of dietary recommendations - Answer (click here)
116. The use of reference values to assess the adequacy of the nutrient intakes
of population groups - Answer (click here)
117. Methods used to determine requirements and set dietary
118. Methods used to determine requirements - Answer (click here)
The Vitamins
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119. Vitamins - Answer (click here)
120. Vitamins: Introduction - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
121. Vitamin A - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
122. Vitamers and international units - Answer (click here)
123. Metabolism and storage of vitamin A and pro-vitamin A carotenoids -
Answer (click here)
124. Metabolic functions of vitamin A and carotenes - Answer (click here)
125. Vitamin A deficiency: night blindness and xerophthalmia - Answer (click
here)
126. Vitamin A requirements and reference intakes - Answer (click here)
127. Toxicity of vitamin A - Answer (click here)
128. Interactions of vitamin A with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click
here)
129. Vitamin D - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
130. Vitamers and international units - Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
131. Vitamin D Absorption and metabolism - Answer (click here)
132. Regulation of vitamin D metabolism - Answer (click here)
133. Metabolic functions of vitamin D - Answer (click here)
134. Vitamin D deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia - Answer (click here)
135. Vitamin D requirements and reference intakes - Answer (click here)
136. Vitamin D toxicity - Answer (click here)
137. Interactions of Vitamin D with drugs and other nutrients - Answer (click
here)
138. Vitamin E - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
139. Vitamers and units of activity - Vitamin E - Answer (click here)
140. Vitamin E Absorption and metabolism - Answer (click here)
141. Metabolic functions of vitamin E - Answer (click here)
142. Vitamin E deficiency - Answer (click here)
143. Vitamin E requirements - Answer (click here)
144. Interactions of Vitamin E with other nutrients - Answer (click here)
145. Vitamin K - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
146. Vitamers - Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
147. Dietary sources, bacterial synthesis and metabolism - Vitamin K - Answer
(click here)
148. Metabolic functions of vitamin K - Answer (click here)
149. Vitamin K deficiency and requirements - Answer (click here)
150. Toxicity and drug interactions of Vitamin K - Answer (click here)
151. Vitamin B1 (thiamin) - Answer (click here)
152. Absorption and metabolism of thiamin(Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
153. Metabolic functions of thiamin(Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
154. Absorption and metabolism of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
155. Metabolic functions of thiamin (Vitamin B1) - Answer (click here)
156. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency - Answer (click here)
157. Thiamin (Vitamin B1) requirements - Answer (click here)
158. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
159. Absorption and metabolism of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) - Answer (click
here)
160. Metabolic functions of the flavin coenzymes - Answer (click here)
161. Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) deficiency - Answer (click here)
162. Riboflavin(Vitamin B2) requirements - Answer (click here)
163. Interactions of Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) with drugs and other nutrients -
Answer (click here)
164. Niacin - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
165. Vitamers and niacin equivalents - Answer (click here)
166. Absorption and metabolism of Niacin - Answer (click here)
167. Metabolic functions of niacin - Answer (click here)
168. Pellagra: a disease of tryptophan and niacin deficiency - Answer (click here)
169. Niacin requirements - Answer (click here)
170. Niacin toxicity - Answer (click here)
171. Vitamin B6 - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
172. Vitamers - vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
173. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
174. Metabolic functions of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
175. Vitamin B6 deficiency - Answer (click here)
176. Vitamin B6 requirements - Answer (click here)
177. Assessment of vitamin B6 status - Answer (click here)
178. Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B6 - Answer (click here)
179. Vitamin B6 toxicity - Answer (click here)
181. Structure and vitamers - vitamin B12 - Answer (click here)
183. Vitamin B12 deficiency: pernicious anemia - Answer (click here)
186. Folic acid - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
187. Vitamers and dietary equivalence - Folic acid - Answer (click here)
188. Absorption and metabolism of folate - Answer (click here)
189. Metabolic functions of folate - Answer (click here)
190. Folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia - Answer (click here)
191. Folate requirements - Answer (click here)
192. Assessment of folate status - Answer (click here)
193. Drug-nutrient interactions of folate - Answer (click here)
194. Folate toxicity - Answer (click here)
195. Biotin - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
196. Absorption and metabolism of biotin - Answer (click here)
197. Metabolic functions of biotin - Answer (click here)
198. Biotin deficiency and requirements - Answer (click here)
199. Pantothenic acid - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
200. Absorption, metabolism, and metabolic functions of pantothenic acid -
Answer (click here)
201. Pantothenic acid deficiency and safe and adequate levels of intake -
Answer (click here)
202. Non-nutritional uses of pantothenic acid - Answer (click here)
203. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - Human Nutrition - Answer (click here)
204. Absorption and metabolism of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
205. Metabolic functions of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
206. Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy - Answer (click here)
207. Vitamin C requirements - Answer (click here)
208. Assessment of vitamin C status - Answer (click here)
209. Possible benefits of high intakes of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
210. Toxicity of vitamin C - Answer (click here)
Minerals and Trace Elements

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211. Minerals and Trace Elements - Answer (click here)
212. Calcium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
213. Calcium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
214. Magnesium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
215. Magnesium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
216. Phosphorus: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
217. Phosphorus: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
218. Sodium and chloride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution,
Metabolic function, essentiality, Deficiency symptoms - Answer (click here)
219. Sodium and chloride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary
sources, Micronutrient interactions - Answer (click here)
220. Potassium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
221. Potassium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
222. Iron: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
223. Iron: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
224. Zinc: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
225. Zinc: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
226. Copper: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
227. Copper: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
228. Selenium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
229. Selenium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
230. Iodine: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
231. Iodine: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
232. Manganese: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
233. Manganese: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
234. Molybdenum: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
235. Molybdenum: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary
236. Fluoride: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic function,
237. Fluoride: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
238. Chromium: Absorption, transport, tissue distribution, Metabolic
239. Chromium: Toxicity, Genetic diseases, Requirements, dietary sources,
Measuring Food Intake

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240. Measuring Food Intake - Answer (click here)
241. Indirect measurement of food intake - Answer (click here)
242. Household-based surveys - Answer (click here)
243. Direct measures of food intake - Answer (click here)
244. Methods for measuring intake on specified days - Answer (click here)
245. Methods for measuring intake over the longer term - Answer (click here)
246. Sources of error in dietary studies - Answer (click here)
247. Choosing a dietary assessment method - Answer (click here)
248. Repeatability and Validity of dietary methods - Answer (click here)
249. Biological measures to validate energy and nutrient intake - Answer (click
here)
250. Evaluation of food intake data - Answer (click here)
251. Assessment of dietary adequacy - Answer (click here)
252. Assessing food intake - Answer (click here)
253. Food safety assessments - Answer (click here)
Food Composition
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254. Food Composition - Answer (click here)
255. Foods - Food Composition - Answer (click here)
256. Nutrients, nonnutrients and energy - Answer (click here)
257. Information required on sources of data in tables - Answer (click here)
258. Overcoming the inadequacies of food composition tables - Answer (click
here)
259. Nutrient losses and gains during food processing and preparation -
Answer (click here)
260. Bioavailability and glycemic index - Answer (click here)
261. How to calculate a recipe not included in the database - Answer (click here)
262. Description of food composition tables and databases and how to
retrieve data - Answer (click here)
263. Converting foods to nutrients - Answer (click here)
Food and Nutrition

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264. Reference points in human nutrition - Answer (click here)
265. Exploration of dietary patterns - Answer (click here)
266. Options to change food and nutrient intakes - Answer (click here)
267. Global players in food and nutrition regulation - Answer (click here)
268. FAO/WHO and Codex Alimentarius - Answer (click here)
269. WTO: Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to
trade - Answer (click here)
270. European Food Safety Authority - Answer (click here)
271. EU nutrition and public health - Answer (click here)
Nutrition Research Methodology

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272. Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
273. Statistical analysis and experimental design - Nutrition Research
Methodology - Answer (click here)
274. In vitro studies - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
275. Animal models in nutrition research - Nutrition Research Methodology -
Answer (click here)
276. Human studies - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer (click here)
277. Epidemiological designs - Nutrition Research Methodology - Answer
(click here)
Food Safety
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278. Factors contributing to food safety concerns - Answer (click here)
279. Food-borne bacteria - Answer (click here)
280. Food-borne viruses - Answer (click here)
281. Food-borne parasites - Answer (click here)
282. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and food - Answer (click here)
283. Chemicals affecting food safety - Answer (click here)
284. Food safety control programs - Answer (click here)
Food and Nutrition Related Diseases

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278. Factors contributing to food safety concerns - Answer (click here)
279. Food-borne bacteria - Answer (click here)
280. Food-borne viruses - Answer (click here)
281. Food-borne parasites - Answer (click here)
282. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and food - Answer (click here)
283. Chemicals affecting food safety - Answer (click here)
284. Food safety control programs - Answer (click here)
285. Food and Nutrition-Related Diseases: The Global Challenge - Answer
(click here)
286. Nutrition-related diseases in developed countries - Answer (click here)
287. Nutrition-related diseases in developing countries - Answer (click here)
288. HIV/AIDS - Food and Nutrition Related Diseases - Answer (click here)
289. Global challenge to address malnutrition - Answer (click here)
Subject : Medicine and surgery: Principles and practice of

medicine and surgery
Principles and practice of medicine and surgery
1. Water and sodium balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click
here)
2. Assessing fluid balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
3. Hypernatraemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
4. Hyponatraemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
5. Potassium balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
6. Hyperkalaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
7. Hypokalaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
8. Intravenous fluids - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
9. Acid-base balance - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
10. Hypercalcaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
11. Hypocalcaemia - Fluid and electrolyte balance - Answer (click here)
12. The preoperative assessment - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
13. Prophylactic antibiotics in surgery - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
14. Nutritional support in surgical patients - Perioperative care - Answer (click
here)
15. Postoperative complications - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
16. Surgical site infection - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
17. Pain control - Perioperative care - Answer (click here)
18. Nosocomial infections - Infections - Answer (click here)
19. Pyrexia of unknown origin (PUO) - Infections - Answer (click here)
20. Septicaemia and septic shock - Infections - Answer (click here)
Cardiovascular system
here)
here)
21. Cardiovascular chest pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
22. Dyspnoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
23. Palpitations - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
24. Syncope - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
25. Intermittent claudication - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
26. Signs of Oedema - Answer (click here)
27. Signs of Cyanosis - Answer (click here)
28. Signs of The arterial pulse - Answer (click here)
29. Signs of Jugular venous pressure - Answer (click here)
30. Signs of Precordial heaves, thrills and pulsation - Answer (click here)
31. Signs of Heart murmurs - Answer (click here)
32. Coronary angioplasty: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
33. Coronary artery bypass surgery: Investigations and procedures - Answer
(click here)
34. Valve surgery: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
35. Permanent pacemakers: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
36. Echocardiography: Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
37. Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
38. Chronic stable angina - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
39. Acute coronary syndrome - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
40. Unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)
- Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
41. Acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer
(click here)
42. Variant/Prinzmetal’s angina - Ischaemic heart disease - Answer (click here)
43. Rheumatic fever - Answer (click here)
44. Mitral regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
45. Mitral valve prolase - valve disease - Answer (click here)
46. Mitral stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
47. Aortic regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
48. Aortic stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
49. Pulmonary stenosis - valve disease - Answer (click here)
50. Tricuspid regurgitation - valve disease - Answer (click here)
51. Cardiac arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
52. Sinus bradycardia - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
53. Sinus tachycardia - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
54. Sinus node disease - Sinus nodal arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
55. Atrial ectopic beats - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
56. Atrial flutter - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
57. Atrial fibrillation - Atrial arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
58. Junctional tachycardia - Junctional arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
59. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - Junctional arrhythmias - Answer (click
here)
60. Ventricular ectopic beats - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
61. Ventricular tachycardia - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
62. Torsades de pointes - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
63. Ventricular fibrillation - Ventricular arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
64. Atrioventricular block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
65. First degree atrioventricular block - Conduction disturbances - Answer
(click here)
66. Second degree atrioventricular block - Mobitz type I (Wenckebach
phenomenon) - Answer (click here)
67. Second degree atrioventricular block - Mobitz type II - Answer (click here)
68. Third degree atrioventricular block (complete heart block) - Answer (click
here)
69. Left bundle branch block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
70. Right bundle branch block - Conduction disturbances - Answer (click here)
71. Heart failure - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
72. Acute pulmonary oedema - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
73. Cardiogenic shock - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
74. Chronic cor pulmonale - Cardiac failure - Answer (click here)
75. Acute pericarditis - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
76. Constrictive pericarditis - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
77. Pericardial effusion - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
78. Cardiac tamponade - Disorders of the pericardium - Answer (click here)
79. Myocarditis - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click here)
80. Cardiomyopathies - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click here)
81. Dilated cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click
here)
82. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer
(click here)
83. Restrictive cardiomyopathy - Disorders of the myocardium - Answer (click
here)
84. Infective endocarditis - Disorders of the endocardium - Answer (click here)
85. Systemic hypertension - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
86. Peripheral arterial disease - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
87. Aneurysms - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
88. Abdominal aortic aneurysm - Hypertension and vascular diseases -
Answer (click here)
89. Thoracic aortic aneurysms and aortic dissection - Hypertension and
vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
90. Acute peripheral arterial occlusion - Hypertension and vascular diseases
91. Deep vein thrombosis - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click
here)
92. Varicose veins - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer (click here)
93. Superficial thrombophlebitis - Hypertension and vascular diseases -
Answer (click here)
94. Chronic venous ulceration - Hypertension and vascular diseases - Answer
(click here)
95. Introduction to congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
96. Ventricular septal defects - congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
97. Atrial septal defects - congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
98. Coarctation of the aorta - Congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
99. Fallot’s tetralogy - Congenital heart disease - Answer (click here)
100. Atrial myxoma - Cardiovascular oncology - Answer (click here)
101. Carotid body tumours - Cardiovascular oncology - Answer (click here)
Respiratory system
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102. Cough and sputum - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
104. Wheeze and stridor - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
105. Respiratory chest pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
106. Clubbing - Signs - Answer (click here)
107. Breath sounds - Signs - Answer (click here)
108. Lung function testing - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
109. Bronchoscopy - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
110. Thoracic surgery - Respiratory procedures - Answer (click here)
111. Acute bronchitis - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
112. Pneumonia - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
113. Tuberculosis - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
114. Influenza - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
115. Lung abscess - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
116. Aspergillus fumigatus - Respiratory infections - Answer (click here)
117. Asthma - Obstructive lung disorders - Answer (click here)
118. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema - Respiratory infections - Answer
(click here)
119. Sleep apnoea/Pickwickian syndrome - Respiratory infections - Answer
(click here)
120. Pulmonary fibrosis and honeycomb lung - Restrictive lung disorders -
Answer (click here)
121. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis - usual interstitial pneumonia - Restrictive
lung disorders - Answer (click here)
122. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis - Restrictive lung disorders - Answer (click here)
123. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) - Answer (click here)
124. Cystic fibrosis - Suppurative lung disorders - Answer (click here)
125. Bronchiectasis - Suppurative lung disorders - Answer (click here)
126. Sarcoidosis - Granulomatous/vasculitic lung disorders - Answer (click here)
127. Wegener’s granulomatosis - Granulomatous/vasculitic lung disorders -
Answer (click here)
128. Pleural effusion - Answer (click here)
129. Empyema - Answer (click here)
130. Pneumothorax - Answer (click here)
131. Pleurisy - Answer (click here)
132. Respiratory failure - Answer (click here)
133. Pulmonary embolism - Answer (click here)
134. Pulmonary hypertension - Answer (click here)
135. Occupational lung disease - Answer (click here)
136. Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis - Occupational lung disease - Answer (click
here)
137. Silicosis - Occupational lung disease - Answer (click here)
138. Bronchial carcinoma - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
139. Bronchial carcinoid tumours - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
140. Secondary lung tumours - Respiratory oncology - Answer (click here)
Gastrointestinal system
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141. Abdominal pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
142. Nausea and vomiting - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
143. Dysphagia - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
144. Diarrhoea - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
145. Rectal bleeding - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
146. Constipation - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
147. Weight loss - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
148. The acute abdomen introduction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
149. Dyspepsia - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
150. Peritonitis - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
151. Intestinal obstruction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
152. Paralytic ileus - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
153. Pseudo obstruction - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
154. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleed - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
155. Pruritus ani - GI presentations - Answer (click here)
156. Barium (contrast) studies - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
157. Endoscopy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
158. Gastric surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
159. Small bowel surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
160. Large bowel surgery - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
161. Food poisoning - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
162. Bacilliary dysentery - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
163. Enteric Escherichia Coli infections - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer
(click here)
164. Pseudomembranous colitis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click
here)
165. Giardiasis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
166. Amoebiasis - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
167. Enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) - Gastrointestinal infections -
Answer (click here)
168. Botulism - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
169. Cholera - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click here)
170. Tuberculosis and the GI tract - Gastrointestinal infections - Answer (click
here)
171. Abdominal hernias - Disorders of the abdominal wall - Answer (click here)
172. Gastrooesophageal reflux disease - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer
(click here)
173. Hiatus hernia - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
174. Pharyngeal pouch - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
175. Plummer Vinson syndrome - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
176. Achalasia - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
177. Diffuse oesophageal spasm - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
178. Mallory Weiss tear - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click here)
179. Oesophageal perforation - Disorders of the oesophagus - Answer (click
here)
180. Gastritis - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
181. Acute erosive gastritis - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
182. Peptic ulcer disease - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
183. Helicobacter pylori - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click here)
184. Zollinger Ellinson syndrome - Disorders of the stomach - Answer (click
here)
185. Acute appendicitis - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
186. Meckel’s diverticulum - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix -
Answer (click here)
187. Malabsorption syndromes - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix -
Answer (click here)
188. Coeliac disease - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
189. Whipple’s disease - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer
(click here)
190. Tropical sprue - Disorders of the small bowel and appendix - Answer (click
here)
191. Diverticular disease - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory
bowel disease - Answer (click here)
192. Irritable bowel syndrome - Disorders of the large bowel and
inflammatory bowel disease - Answer (click here)
193. Ulcerative colitis - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory bowel
disease - Answer (click here)
194. Crohn’s disease - Disorders of the large bowel and inflammatory bowel
195. Haemorrhoids (piles) - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click
here)
196. Rectal prolapse - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
197. Fissure-in-ano - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
198. Fistula-in-ano - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
199. Pilonidal sinus - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
200. Anorectal abscess - Disorders of the rectum and anus - Answer (click here)
201. Intestinal ischaemia - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
202. Focal ischaemia of the bowel - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer
(click here)
203. Ischaemic colitis - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
204. Chronic intestinal ischaemia - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer
(click here)
205. Acute intestinal failure - Vascular disease of the bowel - Answer (click here)
206. Oesophageal carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
207. Benign gastric tumours - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
208. Gastric adenocarcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
209. Gastric lymphoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
210. Small intestine lymphoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
211. Carcinoid tumours of the intestine - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer
(click here)
212. Large bowel neoplastic polyps - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click
here)
213. Large bowel carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
214. Anal squamous cell carcinoma - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click
here)
215. Familial adenomatous polyposis - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer
(click here)
216. Peutz-Jegher syndrome - Gastrointestinal oncology - Answer (click here)
Hepatic biliary and pancreatic systems

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217. Pain from the liver, biliary and pancreatic systems - Clinical Symptoms -
Answer (click here)
218. Jaundice - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
219. Signs: Hepatomegaly - Answer (click here)
220. Signs of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
221. Signs: Ascites - Answer (click here)
222. Liver function testing - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
223. Pancreatic function tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
224. Imaging of the liver, biliary system and pancreas - Investigations and
procedures - Answer (click here)
225. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) -
Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
226. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) - Investigations and
227. Liver biopsy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
228. Liver resection - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
229. Cholecystectomy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
230. Introduction to the liver and liver disease - Disorders of the liver - Answer
(click here)
231. Acute hepatitis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
232. Chronic hepatitis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
233. Cirrhosis - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
234. Fulminant hepatic failure - Patterns of liver disease - Answer (click here)
235. Portal hypertension - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer
(click here)
236. Bleeding oesophageal varices - Complications of chronic liver disease -
Answer (click here)
237. Viral hepatitis - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
238. Hepatitis A - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
239. Hepatitis B - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
240. Hepatitis C - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
241. Hepatitis D - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
242. Hepatitis E - Complications of chronic liver disease - Answer (click here)
243. Alcohol-induced liver disease - Answer (click here)
244. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease - Answer (click here)
245. Drug-induced liver disease - Answer (click here)
246. Autoimmune chronic hepatitis - liver disease - Answer (click here)
247. Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) - liver disease - Answer (click here)
248. Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) - liver disease - Answer (click here)
249. α1 Antitrypsin deficiency - liver disease - Answer (click here)
250. Hereditary haemochromatosis - liver disease - Answer (click here)
251. Wilson’s disease - liver disease - Answer (click here)
252. Pyogenic liver abscess - liver disease - Answer (click here)
253. Amoebic liver abscess - liver disease - Answer (click here)
254. Hydatid disease - liver disease - Answer (click here)
255. Benign tumours of the liver - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click here)
256. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click
here)
257. Metastatic liver tumours - Tumours of the liver - Answer (click here)
258. Gallstone disease (cholelithiasis) - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer
(click here)
259. Carcinoma of the gallbladder - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer (click
here)
260. Carcinoma of the bile ducts - Disorders of the gallbladder - Answer (click
here)
261. Introduction to the pancreas Disorders - Answer (click here)
262. Acute pancreatitis - Disorders of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
263. Chronic pancreatitis - Disorders of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
264. Carcinoma of the pancreas - Tumours of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
265. Islet cell tumours - Tumours of the pancreas - Answer (click here)
Genitourinary system
here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
here)
here)
(click here)
here)
(click here)
(click here)
Answer (click here)
here)
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Answer (click here)
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Answer (click here)
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here)
266. Loin pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
267. Dysuria - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
268. Change in urinary frequency, flow and volume - Clinical Symptoms -
Answer (click here)
269. Haematuria and discoloured urine - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click
here)
270. Urine tests - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
271. Proteinuria - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
272. Imaging of the urinary tract - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
273. Cystoscopy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
274. Measuring renal function - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
275. Anion gap - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
276. Renal biopsy - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
277. Dialysis - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
278. Renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
279. Acute renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
280. Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click
here)
281. Chronic renal failure - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
282. Renal osteodystrophy - Disorders of the kidney - Answer (click here)
283. Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
284. Nephrotic syndrome - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
285. Nephritic syndrome - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
286. Acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease -
Answer (click here)
287. Focal segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease -
Answer (click here)
288. IgA nephropathy - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
289. Goodpasture’s disease (anti-GBM disease) - Glomerular disease - Answer
(click here)
290. Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative GN) -
Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
291. Minimal change disease - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
292. Membranous glomerulonephritis - Glomerular disease - Answer (click here)
293. Focal (segmental) glomerulosclerosis - Glomerular disease - Answer (click
here)
294. Tubulointerstitial disease - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
295. Renal tubular syndromes - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
296. Renal tubular acidosis - Tubular and interstitial diseases - Answer (click
here)
297. Hyperuricaemic (gouty) nephropathy - Tubular and interstitial diseases -
Answer (click here)
298. Adult polycystic kidney disease - Renal cystic disease - Answer (click here)
299. Simple renal cysts - Renal cystic disease - Answer (click here)
300. Urinary tract obstruction - Renal tract obstruction - Answer (click here)
301. Pelviureteric junction obstruction (idiopathic hydronephrosis) - Renal
tract obstruction - Answer (click here)
302. The kidney in sytemic disease - Answer (click here)
303. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura - haemolytic uraemic syndrome -
Answer (click here)
304. Congenital malformations of the kidney - Congenital disorders of the
kidney - Answer (click here)
305. Congenital malformations of the ureter - Congenital disorders of the
306. Bladder outflow obstruction - Disorders of the bladder and prostate -
Answer (click here)
307. Benign prostatic hyperplasia - Disorders of the bladder and prostate -
Answer (click here)
308. Urinary incontinence - Disorders of the bladder and prostate - Answer
(click here)
309. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click
here)
310. Acute pyelonephritis - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
311. Renal or perinephric abscess - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
312. Chronic pyelonephritis (reflux nephropathy) - Urinary tract infections -
Answer (click here)
313. Urinary schistosomiasis (bilharzia) - Urinary tract infections - Answer
(click here)
314. Acute epididymo orchitis - Urinary tract infections - Answer (click here)
315. Urinary stones - Answer (click here)
316. Stag horn calculus - Urinary stones - Answer (click here)
317. Torsion of the testis - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click
here)
318. Hydrocele - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
319. Varicocele - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
320. Phimosis - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
321. Epididymal cysts - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click
here)
322. Impotence - Disorders of the male genital system - Answer (click here)
323. Kidney tumours - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
324. Renal cell carcinoma - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
325. Bladder cancer - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
326. Prostate cancer - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
327. Introduction to testicular tumours - Genitourinary oncology - Answer
(click here)
328. Seminoma - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
329. Teratoma (non-seminomatous germ cell tumours) - Genitourinary
oncology - Answer (click here)
330. Leydig cell tumour - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
331. Sertoli cell tumour - Genitourinary oncology - Answer (click here)
Nervous system
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332. Headache - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
333. Fits and faints - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
334. Dizziness and vertigo - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
335. Altered sensation or weakness in the limbs - Clinical Symptoms - Answer
(click here)
336. Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer (click here)
337. Upper motor neurone signs - Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer
(click here)
338. Lower motor neurone signs - Patterns of neurological disorders - Answer
(click here)
339. Cerebellar signs - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer (click here)
340. Extrapyramidal signs (Parkinsonism) - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer
(click here)
341. Gait - Patterns of sensory loss - Answer (click here)
342. Electroencephalography - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
343. Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies (NCS) -
344. Lumbar puncture - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
345. CT head - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
346. MRI brain and spinal cord - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
347. Stroke - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
348. Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
349. Hypoxic ischaemic brain injury - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
350. Intracerebral haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
351. Sub/extradural haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
352. Subarachnoid haemorrhage - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click here)
353. Intracranial venous thrombosis - Cerebrovascular disease - Answer (click
here)
354. Bacterial meningitis - Infections of the nervous system: Meningitis and
encephalitis - Answer (click here)
355. Viral meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
356. Tuberculous meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click
here)
357. Other causes of meningitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer
(click here)
358. Acute viral encephalitis - Infections of the nervous system - Answer (click
here)
359. Tetanus - Miscellaneous infective or post infective CNS disorders -
Answer (click here)
360. Poliomyelitis - Miscellaneous infective or post infective CNS disorders -
Answer (click here)
361. Cerebritis and cerebral abscess - Abscesses of the nervous system -
Answer (click here)
362. Tuberculoma - Abscesses of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
363. Epilepsy - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
364. Acute confusional state (delirium) - Disorders of consciousness and
memory - Answer (click here)
365. Coma - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
366. Head Injury - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
367. Dementia - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
368. Alzheimer’s disease - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer
(click here)
369. Creutzfeld Jakob disease - Disorders of consciousness and memory -
Answer (click here)
370. Wernicke Korsakoff syndrome - Disorders of consciousness and
371. Brain death - Disorders of consciousness and memory - Answer (click here)
372. Parkinson’s disease - Answer (click here)
373. Other causes of Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
374. Benign essential tremor - Answer (click here)
375. Huntington’s disease - Answer (click here)
376. Multiple sclerosis - Answer (click here)
377. Hydrocephalus - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
378. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - CNS causes of headache - Answer
(click here)
379. Migraine - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
380. Tension headache - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
381. Trigeminal neuralgia - CNS causes of headache - Answer (click here)
382. Motor neurone disease - Answer (click here)
383. Spinal cord lesions - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
384. Spinal cord compression - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
385. Syringomyelia and syringobulbia - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer
(click here)
386. Transverse myelitis - Disorders of the spinal cord - Answer (click here)
387. Myotonic dystrophy - Muscular dystrophies - Answer (click here)
388. Myasthenia gravis - Neuromuscular junction disorders - Answer (click here)
389. Eaton-Lambert syndrome - Neuromuscular junction disorders - Answer
(click here)
390. Olfactory nerve (I) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
391. The optic nerve - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
392. Abnormalities of the optic disc - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer
(click here)
393. Horner’s syndrome - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
394. Oculomotor nerve (III) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
395. Trochlear nerve (IV) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
396. Abducent nerve (VI) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
397. Trigeminal nerve (V) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
398. Facial nerve (VII) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
399. Bell’s palsy - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click here)
400. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) lesion - Disorders of cranial nerves -
Answer (click here)
401. Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus (X) lesions - Disorders of cranial
nerves - Answer (click here)
402. Accessory nerve (XI) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer (click
here)
403. Hypoglossal nerve (XII) lesions - Disorders of cranial nerves - Answer
(click here)
404. Lesions of peripheral nerves - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer
(click here)
405. Guillain Barre syndrome - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
406. Brachial plexus injuries - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
407. Median nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
408. Carpal tunnel syndrome - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
409. Ulnar nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
410. Radial nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
411. Sciatic nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click here)
412. Femoral nerve injuries - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
413. Peroneal nerve lesions - Disorders of Peripheral nerves - Answer (click
here)
414. Cerebral palsy - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click here)
415. Neurofibromatosis type 1 - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer
(click here)
(click here)
417. Tuberose sclerosis - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click
here)
418. Friedreich’s ataxia - Hereditary and congenital disorders - Answer (click
here)
419. Hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth
disease) - Answer (click here)
420. Primary intracranial tumours - Tumours of the nervous system - Answer
(click here)
421. Meningioma - Tumours of the nervous system - Answer (click here)
422. Gliomas (astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas) - Tumours of the
nervous system - Answer (click here)
Musculoskeletal system
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423. Joint pain - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
424. Joint swelling - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
425. Joint stiffness - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
426. Laboratory investigations - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click
here)
427. Joint aspiration - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
428. Diagnostic imaging - Investigations and procedures - Answer (click here)
429. Acute osteomyelitis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
430. Chronic osteomyelitis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
431. Tuberculous bone infection - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
432. Septic arthritis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
433. Osteoarthritis - Bone and joint infections - Answer (click here)
434. Rheumatoid arthritis - Seropositive arthritis - Answer (click here)
435. Ankylosing spondylitis - Seronegative arthritides
(spondyloarthropathies) - Answer (click here)
436. Psoriatic arthritis - Seronegative arthritides (spondyloarthropathies) -
Answer (click here)
437. Reactive arthritis - Seronegative arthritides (spondyloarthropathies) -
Answer (click here)
438. Inflammatory bowel disease related arthritis - Seronegative arthritides
439. Systemic lupus erythematosus - Connective tissue disorders - Answer
(click here)
440. Antiphospholipid syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click
here)
441. Systemic sclerosis and scleroderma - Connective tissue disorders -
Answer (click here)
442. Sjogren’s syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
443. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis - Connective tissue disorders - Answer
(click here)
444. Marfan’s syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
445. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome - Connective tissue disorders - Answer (click here)
446. Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
447. Gout - Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
448. Pseudogout - Crystal arthropathies - Answer (click here)
449. Osteoporosis - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
450. Osteomalacia - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
451. Paget’s disease - Metabolic bone disorders - Answer (click here)
452. Achondroplasia - Genetic musculoskeletal disorders - Answer (click here)
453. Osteogenesis imperfecta - Genetic musculoskeletal disorders - Answer
(click here)
454. Metastatic bone tumours - Bone tumours - Answer (click here)
455. Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
456. Polymyalgia rheumatica - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
457. Temporal (giant cell) arteritis - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
458. Takayasu’s syndrome - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
459. Polyarteritis nodosa - Vasculitis - Answer (click here)
460. Churg-Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis) - Answer (click here)
461. Buerger’s disease - Answer (click here)
462. Henoch-Schonlein Purpura - Answer (click here)
463. Raynaud’s disease and phenomenon - Answer (click here)
464. Behc¸et’s syndrome - Answer (click here)
Dermatology and soft tissues

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465. Clinical - Dermatology and soft tissues - Answer (click here)
466. Atopic eczema - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
467. Contact dermatitis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
468. Seborrhoeic dermatitis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
469. Psoriasis - Scaly lesions - Answer (click here)
470. Pityriasis rosea - Pityriases - Answer (click here)
471. Pityriasis versicolor and Ichthyoses - Pityriases - Answer (click here)
472. Erythema multiforme - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
473. Erythema nodosum - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
474. Urticaria - Erythematous lesions - Answer (click here)
475. Lichen planus - Lichenoid lesions - Answer (click here)
476. Lichen sclerosus - Lichenoid lesions - Answer (click here)
477. Lichen simplex chronicus (neurodermatitis) - Lichenoid lesions - Answer
(click here)
478. Pemphigus - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
479. Pemphigoid - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
480. Dermatitis herpetiformis - Bullous disorders - Answer (click here)
481. Acne vulgaris - Facial dermatoses - Answer (click here)
482. Rosacea - Facial dermatoses - Answer (click here)
483. Alopecia - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
484. Hirsutism - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
485. Hypertrichosis - Hair and nail disorders - Answer (click here)
486. Impetigo - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
487. Cellulitis - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
488. Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) - Bacterial infections - Answer
(click here)
489. Leprosy - Bacterial infections - Answer (click here)
490. Herpes simplex - Viral skin infections - Answer (click here)
491. Herpes zoster (shingles) - Viral skin infections - Answer (click here)
492. Human papillomavirus (viral warts) - Viral skin infections - Answer (click
here)
493. Candida albicans - Fungal skin infections - Answer (click here)
494. Dermatophyte (ring worm) fungi - Fungal skin infections - Answer (click
here)
495. Head lice - Parasitic skin infections - Answer (click here)
496. Scabies - Parasitic skin infections - Answer (click here)
497. Seborrhoeic keratoses - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
498. Solar keratoses - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
499. Dermatofibromas - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
500. Benign naevi - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
501. Haemangiomas - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
502. Lipoma - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
503. Epidermoid cysts - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
504. Dermoid cysts - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
505. Ganglion - Skin and soft tissue lumps - Answer (click here)
506. Basal cell carcinoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)
507. Squamous cell carcinoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)
508. Malignant melanoma - Skin tumours - Answer (click here)
Breast disorders
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Answer (click here)
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509. Breast lumps - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
510. Breast pain (mastalgia) - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
511. Nipple discharge - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
512. Imaging in breast disease - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
513. Breast tissue sampling - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
514. Breast reconstruction - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
515. Benign breast disease - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
516. Fibroadenoma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
517. Breast cysts - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
518. Duct ectasia - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
519. Duct papilloma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
520. Fat necrosis - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
521. Acute mastitis - Infections of the breast - Answer (click here)
522. Breast cancer - Answer (click here)
523. UK programme - Breast cancer screening - Answer (click here)
Endocrine system
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509. Breast lumps - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
510. Breast pain (mastalgia) - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
511. Nipple discharge - Clinical Symptoms - Answer (click here)
512. Imaging in breast disease - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
513. Breast tissue sampling - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
514. Breast reconstruction - Investigations/procedures - Answer (click here)
515. Benign breast disease - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
516. Fibroadenoma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
517. Breast cysts - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
518. Duct ectasia - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
519. Duct papilloma - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
520. Fat necrosis - Benign disorders of the breast - Answer (click here)
521. Acute mastitis - Infections of the breast - Answer (click here)
522. Breast cancer - Answer (click here)
523. UK programme - Breast cancer screening - Answer (click here)
524. Principles of endocrine testing - Answer (click here)
525. Introduction to the hypothalamus and pituitary - Answer (click here)
526. Pituitary adenomas - Answer (click here)
527. Hypopituitarism - Answer (click here)
528. Dopamine and prolactin axis - Answer (click here)
529. Hyperprolactinaemia - Dopamine and prolactin axis - Answer (click here)
530. Growth axis - Answer (click here)
531. Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
532. Multinodular goitre - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
533. Solitary thyroid nodule - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
534. Graves’ disease (primary thyrotoxicosis) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click
here)
535. Thyrotoxic crisis (storm) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
536. Hypothyroidism (myxoedema) - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
537. Hashimoto’s disease (autoimmune thyroiditis) - Thyroid axis - Answer
(click here)
538. Myxoedema coma - Thyroid axis - Answer (click here)
539. Papillary adenocarcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer
(click here)
540. Follicular adenocarcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer
(click here)
541. Medullary carcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click
here)
542. Anaplastic carcinoma - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click
here)
543. Thyroidectomy - Malignant tumours of the thyroid - Answer (click here)
544. Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
545. Cushing’s syndrome - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
546. Cushing’s disease - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
547. Addison’s disease - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
548. Addisonian crisis - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
549. Conn’s syndrome - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
550. Phaeochromocytoma - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
551. Adrenalectomy - Adrenal axis - Answer (click here)
552. Syndrome of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) -
Thirst axis - Answer (click here)
553. Diabetes insipidus - Thirst axis - Answer (click here)
554. Hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click here)
555. Primary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
556. Secondary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
557. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer
(click here)
558. Hypoparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click here)
559. Pseudohypoparathyroidism - Disorders of the parathyroids - Answer (click
here)
560. Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) - Multiple endocrine neoplasia
syndrome - Answer (click here)
561. Diabetes mellitus type 1 - Answer (click here)
562. Diabetes mellitus type 2 - Answer (click here)
563. Secondary diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
564. Insulin therapy - Diabetes mellitus - Answer (click here)
565. Diabetic microvascular disease - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
566. Diabetic microvascular disease - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
567. Diabetic nephropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
568. Diabetic neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
569. Symmetrical peripheral neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer
(click here)
570. Focal and multifocal neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer
(click here)
571. Autonomic neuropathy - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
572. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click
here)
573. Hyperosmolar, non-ketotic coma (HONK) - Complications of diabetes -
Answer (click here)
574. Hypoglycaemia - Complications of diabetes - Answer (click here)
Haematology and clinical Immunology

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72.

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B.D.

S(Bachelor of Dental Surgery)

Subject : Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

The chemical basis of life

Cell Structures and their Functions

Skeletal System Bones and Joints

Blood Vessels and Circulation

Lymphatic System and Immunity

Nutrition Metabolism and body Temperature Regulation

Urinary System and Fluid Balance

Subject : Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Some Basic Chemistry

Tissues and Membranes

The Integumentary System

The Skeletal System

The Muscular System

The Nervous System

The Endocrine System

The Vascular System

The Lymphatic System and Immunity

The Respiratory System

The Digestive System

Body Temperature and Metabolism

The Urinary System

The Reproductive Systems

Human Development and Genetics

An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease

Subject : Human Nervous System and Sensory Organs

Development and Structure of the Human Brain

Basic Elements of the Nervous System

Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Brain Stem and Cranial Nerves

Brains Cerebrovascular and Ventricular Systems

Autonomic Nervous System

Structure and Nature of Living Cell

Division of Labour In Multicellular Plants

Animal Tissue Organ and Organ System

Animal Diversity and Classification

Structural Organization and Acquaintance of Animals

Physiological Activities in Plants Nutrition

Pollination Fertilization And Dispersal of Fruits and seeds

Organism and Environment

Pollution and Conservation of Environment

Natural Diversities of Bangladesh Distribution of Plants and

Economic Biology Botany

Subject : The Massage Connection ANATOMY AND

Skeletal System and Joints

Protein Structure And Engineering

Genomics and Bioinformatics

Plant Cell Culture and Applications

Animal Cell Culture and Applications

Subject : Basic Concept of Biotechnology

Computer Applications and Biostatistics

Macromolecules and Analytical Techniques

Plant Molecular Farming A Promising Stratergy in Biotechnology

Plant Transgenics Genetic Engineering Approch to Devlop Biotic

Tools and Techniques in Biotechnology

Antibiotics Microbial Sources Production and Optimization

Biotechnology in Forensic Sciences

Subject : Pharmaceutical Biotechnology: Fundamentals and

Biophysical and Biochemical Analysis of Recombinant Proteins

Production and Downstream Processing of Biotech Compounds

Formulation of Biotech Products Including Biopharmaceutical