CHARACTERIZATION OF

BAKELITE-MODIFIED BITUMEN

By
Piyush Kumar Singh
M.Tech (Transportation Engg.)
National Institute of Technology
Patna
BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS –LIFE CYCLE ISSUE
SOLUTION IS

MODIFIED BITUMEN

MODIFIER BITUMEN
MODIFIERS-BAKELITE

 Trade name of phenol

formaldehyde-a
thermosetting type of
plastic
 Formed by
polymerisation of
phenol (C6H5OH) and
formaldehyde
(HCHO) through the
condensation process
Bakelite Powder
BLENDING OF BAKELITE IN BITUMEN

 Mixed with bitumen(60/70) at sufficiently high

temperature and rotation
 Melted bitumen mixed with bakelite sample
of 1,2,3,4 and 5% by weight of bitumen and
stirred mechanically using centrally aligned
motor at 2000 rpm and 130 °C for 30 minutes
COMPARISON-PENETRATION &
SOFTENING POINT
 Penetration value
initially decreases
rapidly and then
increases gently
 Minimum value of
penetration and
maximum value of
softening point is
obtained at 2% of
Effect of bakelite on bakelite content
penetration and softening
point
COMPARISON-STRIPPING VALUE
 Stripping value initially
decreases rapidly and
then increases gently
 Follows the similar trend
like penetration
 Use of 2% of bakelite in
bitumen reduces the
stripping to a large extent,
and coated area of
aggregate is more than
95%
Effect of bakelite on stripping
COMPARISON-VISCOSITY VALUE
 Viscosity of bakelite-
modified bitumen first
increases and then
decreases with the
increase of bakelite
content
 Viscosity increases up
to 2% and then
decreases at a
particular temperature
 Maximum value of
viscosity was found at
135 °C
Effect of bakelite on viscosity
COMPARISON-COMPLEX SHEAR
MODULUS(G*)

 Decreases with the

increase of temperature
over the range
 At a particular
temperature, G*
increases with the
increase of bakelite
content
 Attains a maximum value
at 2% of bakelite
content; afterward, the
value of G* decreases

Effect of bakelite on complex

shear modulus (G*)
 COMPARISON-PHASE ANGLE

 Phase angle increases

with increase of
temperature
 Phase angle generally
decreases with
increase of bakelite
content over the range
of the temperature
 Phase angle value lies
between 80° to 90°;
indicates that it is
viscous in nature
Effect of bakelite on phase angle
COMPARISON-RUTTING RESISTANCE

 Rutting resistance
parameter initially increases
and then decreases
 Maximum value of rutting
resistance parameter is
found at 2% of bakelite
content
 Drastic change in rutting
resistance when
temperature increases from
46 to 52 °C and further
slowly decreases with the
Effect of bakelite on G*/Sin δ increase of temperature
COMPARISON-MARSHALL STABILITY VALUE

Result of Marshall stability test

 Optimum bitumen content is 5.475% obtained for 2% of
bakelite content
 Marshall stability value rose by almost 60%, whereas flow
value reduced slightly
 Density,voids and voids filled with the binder in the mix
remains almost unchanged
 CONCLUSIONS
 Addition of 2% of bakelite to bitumen binder
is recommended in order to enhance the
performance of the pavement
 Negligible increase in the cost of construction
as the cost of bakelite powder is not much
 If waste material is used by crushing in
plants, it may not only eliminate the cost but
also helps in cleaning the environment from
such non-disposable pollutants
 REFERENCES
1. Ahmed, A., Youssef, A., Hussain, A., Irfan, M. and Khan, B.M. (2014)
'Performance evaluation of asphaltic mixtures using bakelite', Life
Science Journal, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 481-488.
2. Cubuk, M., Guru, M., Kursat, M. and Arslan, D. (2014) 'Rheological
properties and performance evaluation of phenol formaldehyde
modified bitumen', American Society of Civil Engineers, vol. 10, pp. 1-
6.
3. Rajasekaran , S., Goyal, S. and Sinha, R. (2013) 'Reuse of Waste
Plastics Coated Aggregates-Bitumen Mix Composite For Road
Application', American Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 2, no. 11,
pp. 69-74.
4. Saha, S.K. and Suman, S.K. (2017) 'Characterization of bakelite-
modified bitumen', Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, vol. 2, no. 3, pp.
1-6.
5. Tiwari, A., Sehgal, and Motani, M. (2015) 'Plastic Waste Modified
Bitumen for Road Construction', Journal of Engineering Research and
Studies, vol. 2, pp. 9-15.