SAFEX® Fog Generator Systems
Safe seeding for Flow visualisation and LDA applications
Applications
For the investigation of gas flows by means of
• Flow Visualisation
• Laser Doppler Anemometry
the SAFEX® fog generator systems produce suitable
tracer particles.
Introduction
The investigation of gas flows frequently comprises
flow visualization as one of the first steps to get insight
into flow processes. Flow vizualisation is used in
many cases to locate regions of special interest for
further detailed analysis by means of e.g. Laser
Doppler Anemometry or Particle Image Velocimetry.
Features
• Small and portable devices
• High safety standard
• Non-hazardous fog fluids
• Variable fog output quantity
• Variable fog durability
• 2 years warranty
Description
The SAFEX® Fog Generators are powerful, yet small
devices. A white, dense fog which is non-irritant, non-
flammable and non-hazardous is generated by
evaporation and condensation of a water-based fog
liquid.
The mean droplet size in the fog is around 1 µm and
the durability of the fog can be controlled through the
choice of different fog fluids.
SAFEX® Fog Generators are used for applications
where a large volume has to be quickly filled with fog
as well as for applications where only a small fog
quantity has to be injected locally.
Product Information SAFEX® Fog Generator Systems

Fog generator types: Injection nozzle types

FOG 2010
The system of choice for the majority of applications.
The fog output quantity can be adjusted remotely by
using one of two available remote control units or
directly at the fog generator.

195 SG-D
Some applications require an extremely large fog
quantity. This device provides the highest but still
controllable fogging power.

Fog Probe NS3

This fog probe system with a probe length of 1010 Heating Fog Fluid Supply
mm is especially developed and optimized for flow Power (W) Consumption Voltage
field visualization in wind tunnels where seeding of (ml/min) min - max (V)
discrete streaklines is required. Fog output variability
FOG 2010 1500 10 - 85 110 /
allows adaptation to various flow speeds. Different
220
probe nozzles are available to minimize pulsations at
various air speeds (0.6/1 mm for low speeds, 2 mm 195 SG-D 2200 15 - 115 220
for higher speeds). The flexible connection between Fog Probe 1650 3 - 19 220
the probe and the supply unit makes it very easy to NS3
use. Multiple fog probes can be combined in a
common mount to form a fog rake.
Ordering information
Fog Fluids
The durability of the fog can be varied through the
choice of different fog fluids, but also depends on the Safex Fog Generators and accessories
ambient temperature and relative humidity. 10D15 FOG 2010 (220 V)
Typical fog durability (in confined areas) with the 10D25 FOG 2010 (110 V)
different fog fluid types is: 10D60 195 SG-D (220 V)
10D11 Tube Adaptor
Blitz (for quickly disappearing fog): 5 - 10 min. 10A10 Flexible Tube
Standard (standard type): 10 - 30 min. 10A20 Cable extension 5 m for remote control
Extra Clean 10-30 min. 10A51 Fog injection nozzle, bow, 6/200
10A52 Fog injection nozzle, straight, 6/200
10A53 Fog injection nozzle, hook, 6/100/100
Accessories 10A54 Fog injection nozzle, right angle, 6/200
• Tube adapter and flexible tube:
10B20 Remote Quantity Control 8-pole (220 V)
to guide the fog over longer distances
10B30 Remote Fog Control (220 V)
• Remote quantity control: 10B50 Remote Quantity Control 8-pole (110 V)
for remote activation of fog generation and
10B60 Remote Fog Control (110 V)
variation of fog quantity
Safex Fog Probe system and accessories
• Remote fog control:
10D50 Fog Probe system NS3 (incl. 10A45)
as above but with additional variable timer
10A61 NS3 Probe nozzle, 0.6 mm, straight
functions for interval operation
10A62 NS3 Probe nozzle, 0.6 mm, bent 90°
• Fog injection nozzles: (for FOG 2010 only)
10A63 NS3 Probe nozzle, 1 mm, straight
a selection of different small diameter (6 mm)
10A64 NS3 Probe nozzle, 1 mm, bent 90°
screw-on fog injection nozzles (100/200 mm
10A65 NS3 Probe nozzle, 2 mm, straight
long) is available to facilitate fog injection into
10A66 NS3 Probe nozzle, 2 mm, bent 90°
confined flows
Fog Fluids
10T10 Blitz
Note: Fog injection nozzles become hot (250 - 300°C)
during operation 10T20 Standard
10T40 Extra Clean

The specifications in this document are subject to change

without notice.

Publication No.: pi_173_v7

Product Information SAFEX® Fog Generator Systems
Liquid Seeder, 10 Bar Back pressure
Seeding Generator for LDA and PIV
Applications
• Droplet Seeding for Particle Image Velocimetry
• Droplet Seeding for Laser Doppler Anemometry
• Oil mist for flow visualisation
Introduction
This seeding generator produces droplets ideal for PIV and
LDA measurements. It is the preferred solution for small to
medium size facilities, and where remote control is
required.
Ten identical Laskin nozzles at the base of the device can
be operated independently to give an easily controlled and
repeatable seed density. Further dilution of the seed is made
possible by means of an additional dilution jet that bypasses
the liquid and mixes with the emerging mist.
Features
• Up to 10 bar working back-pressure
• Ten Laskin nozzles
• Remote Control Panel
• Quick re-fill operation without the need to stop
experiment
Description
The individual Laskin nozzles operate close to sonic
conditions at typical air supply pressures. The high shear
region between the emerging air and liquid atomises and
entrains microscopic liquid droplets into bubbles which
release the seed on bursting at the free surface. Bubble
bursting is a source of secondary atomisation that gives
larger droplets, which are prevented from exiting the seeder
by the horizontal baffle plate at the top of the device
Liquid Seeder, 10 Bar Back Pressure Product Information

Specifications Additional information

Up to 10 bar working back-pressure For additional information please contact your Dantec
Ten Laskin nozzles Dynamics representative in your country. Please find a list
of current representatives on Dantec Dynamics’ web site
Approximate 108 particles/second seed output per jet (www.dantecdynamics.com)
Particle size range : 1-3 µm
Stainless steel pressure vessel construction.
Ordering information
Acrylic level indicator rated for 10 bar max pressure.
Dilution air : Variable through central tube Model Description

Remote Panel : Pneumatically operate any number of 9010F0021 Liquid seeder, 10 bar back pressure, remote
nozzles (1-10) to control seed density remotely from control
the experiment. Compatible with solenoid valves for
PLC or computer control. The specifications in this document are subject to change
Push-fit pipe connectors and colour coded air tubes for without notice.
easy installation and adjustment of remote cable
length.
One way valves on all Laskin nozzles to avoid
contamination of air supply pipes with seeding liquid.
M6 tapped mounting holes
Quick re-fill operation without the need to stop
experiment

Recommended working liquids

Typical seed materials include corn oil, olive oil, and
silicone fluids (eg Dow Corning).
Corn oil is frequently used in wind tunnel applications at
atmospheric pressures and temperatures, as it is
inexpensive and produces micron-sized droplets.
Olive oil has a higher flash point or decomposition
temperature, and is the liquid of choice for many internal
combustion engine flows.
Where operation at very high temperatures, and reduced
pressures is required, silicone vacuum fluids are preferred.
These liquids were developed for use in vacuum diffusion
pumps and combine very low vapour pressure with high
flash points and surface tension and kinematic viscosities
similar to the vegetable oils.
It is also possible to use this seeder to provide solid particle
seeding by diluting powders with water or methanol.

Publication No.: pi_128_v7

Seeding particles
For flow visualisation, LDA and PIV
Applications
For flow investigations by means of
• Flow Visualisation,
• Laser Doppler Anemometry and
• Particle Image Velocimetry
Introduction
The application of optical flow measurement techniques to
gas and liquid flows usually requires artificial seeding of
the flow. Depending on the optical configuration and the
overall conditions, tracer particles must fulfill
different requirements. Results can be considerably
improved by careful selection of the seeding material.
1
Features
• Optimum seeding for a wide range of applications
• Fluorescent particles give improved vector maps
from PIV applications close to walls or through dirty
windows
• Fluorescent particles enable simultaneous two-phase
measurements with PIV (liquid-gas, liquid-solid)
• Non-toxic materials
Description
PSP: Polyamide Seeding Particles are produced by
polymerisation processes and therefore have a round but
not exactly spherical shape. These microporous particles
are highly recommendable for water flow applications.
HGS, S-HGS: Hollow Glass Spheres and Silver Coated
Hollow Glass Spheres are borosilicate glass particles with a
spherical shape and a smooth surface, preferrably for liquid
flow applications. A thin silver coating further increases the
reflectivity.
FPP: Fluorescent Polymer Particles are based on melamine
resin. The fluorescence dye is homogeneously distributed
over the entire particle volume. In applications with a high
background light level, fluorescent seeding particles can
improve the quality of vector maps from PIV and LDA
measurements significantly. The receiving optics must be
equipped with a filter centered around the emission
wavelength.
Seeding particles For flow visualisation, LDA and PIV

Ordering information

PSP, Polyamide Seeding Particles

80A3011 PSP-5, diam. 5 µm, 250 g
80A4011 PSP-20, diam. 20 µm, 250 g
80A5011 PSP-50, diam. 50 µm, 250 g
HGS, Hollow Glass Spheres
80A6011 HGS-10, mean diam. 10 µm, 250 g
S-HGS, Silver Coated Hollow Glass Spheres
80A7001 S-HGS-10, mean diam. 10 µm, 100 g
FPP, Fluorescent Polymer Particles
Excitation max.: 550 nm
Emission max.: 590 nm
80A8301 PMMA-RHB-10, 1-20um, 200 ml water
suspension (50 g particles)
80A8311 PMMA-RHB-10, 1-20um, 400 ml water
suspension (100 g particles)
80A8401 PMMA-RHB-35, 20-50um, 200 ml water
suspension (50 g particles)
80A8411 PMMA-RHB-35, 20-50um, 400 ml water
suspension (100 g particles)

Specifications
PSP HGS S-HGS FPP
Polymid Seeding Hollow Glass Silver Coated Hollow Fluorecent Polymer
Particles Spheres Glass Spheres Particles
Mean diameter (µm)

Size distribution 1-10 µm 2-20 µm 2-20 µm 1-20 µm

5-35 µm 20-40 µm
30-70 µm 50-100 µm
Particle shape Non-spherical but spherical spherical spherical
round
Density (g/cm3) 1.03 1.1 1.4 1.5

Melting point (°C) 175 740 740 250

Refractive index 1.5 1.52 - 1.68

Material Polymide 12 Borosilicate glass Borosilicate glass Melamine resin based

polymer

Selection of seeding particles

LDA Flow visualisation, PIV

Gas flows SAFEX fog generator * Liquid Seeding Generator*
High Volume Liquid Seeding Generator*
Powder Seeder (for combustion experiments)*
Liquid flows PSP – Polyamide Seeding Particles PSP – Polyamide Seeding Particles
HGS – Hollow Glass Spheres
S-HGS – Silver Coated Hollow Glass Spheres
FPP – Fluorescent Polymer Particles
* for details see separate product information.
The specifications in this document are subject to change
without notice.

2 Publication no: pi_199_v5