Question 2a

A circular aluminum tube of length L = 400 mm is loaded in compression by forces

P. The outside and inside diameters are 60 mm and 50 mm, respectively. A strain
gage is placed on the outside of the rod to measure normal strains in the
longitudinal direction.

Given that:
L = 400mm = 400×10−3m
Compression by P
Outside diameter, 𝐃𝟏 = 60mm = 60×10−3m
Inside diameter, 𝐃𝟐 = 50mm = 50×10−3m
i. If the measured strain is 550 × 10−6 , what is the shortening of the bar?
Given that: ε = 550 × 10−6 Determine: ΔL
∆L
ε= L

ΔL
550×10−6 = 400×10−3

ΔL = 220×10−6m
≈ 220μm

ii. If the compressive stress in the bar is intended to be 40 MPa, what should be the
load P?
Given that: σ = 40MPa = 40×106 Pa
Determine: F = P
F
A = A1 -A2 σ= A
2 2
πD1 πD2 P
= 4
- 4 40×106 = 863.938×10−6

=
π(60×10−3 )
-
π(50×10−3 ) P = 34.5575×103 N
4 4
≈ 34.5575kN
−𝟔 𝟐
= 863.938×𝟏𝟎 𝐦
Question 2b
The change in diameter of a large steel bolt is carefully measured as the nut is
tightened. Knowing that E = 200 GPa and υ = 0.33, determine the internal force in
the bolt if the diameter is observed to decrease by 13 μm.
Given that:
E = 200GPa = 200×109 Pa
υ = 0.33
Diameter, D: 60mm = 60×10−3 m
ΔD = -13μm = -13×10−6m
Determine:
Internal force in the bolt, F

πD2
A= 4

π(60×10−3 )2
=
4
= 2.8274×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟐
εy
-υ =
εx
∆D
D
-υ =
εx

−13×10−6
60×10−3
-0.33 =
εx
εx = 656.5657×𝟏𝟎−𝟔

σ
E=
ε
F
A
E=
εx

F
9 2.8274×10−3
200×10 =
656.5657×10−6

F = (200×109 )(656.5657×10−6 )(2.8274×10−3)

F = 371.2748×103 N
≈ 371.2748kN
Question 3:
Steel beams with cross sectional shapes has Young’s modulus, E of 110 GPa. Given
B = 15cm, 𝐵1= 8cm, 𝑡𝑤 = 4cm, H = 14cm, 𝑡𝑓1 = 3cm, and 𝑡𝑓2 = 4.5cm.

Given that:
E = 110GPa = 110×109 Pa
B = 15cm = 15×10−2m
𝐁1 = 8cm = 8×10−2m
𝐭 𝐰 = 4cm = 4×10−2 m
H = 14cm = 14×10−2m
𝐭 𝐟𝟏 = 3cm = 3×10−2m
𝐭 𝐟𝟐 = 4.5cm =4.5×10−2m

B = 15cm B = 4cm
A H = 3cm B H = 6.5cm
B = 15cm
C H = 4.5cm

Area x y
A A = B×H B H
x= y= +11cm
= (15×10−2)( 3×10−2 ) 2 2

= 4.5×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟐 15×10−2 3×10−2

= = +(11×10−2 )
2 2
= 0.075m = 0.125m
B A = B×H B H
x = 2 +3cm y= +4.5cm
= (4×10−2)( 6.5×10−2) 2

= 2.6×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟐 4×10−2 6.5×10−2

= +（3×10−2） = +(4.5×10−2)
2 2
= 0.05 m = 0.0775m
C A = B×H B H
x= y=
=(15×10−2)( 4.5×10−2) 2 2

= 6.75×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐦𝟐 15×10−2 4.5×10−2

= =
2 2
= 0.075m = 0.0225m
−𝟑 𝟐
∑A = 13.85×𝟏𝟎 𝐦
 Ax Ay
A 337.5×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟑 562.5×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟑
B 130×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟑 201.5×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟑
C 506.25×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟑 151.875×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟑
∑Ax = 973.75×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟑 ∑Ay = 915.875×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟑

∑ 𝐴𝑥 ∑ 𝐴𝑦
x̅ = ∑𝐴
ȳ= ∑𝐴

973.75×10−6 915.875×10−6
= =
13.85×10−3 13.85×10−3
= 70.3069×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 m = 66.1282×𝟏𝟎−𝟑 m

(a) Find the second moment of area, 𝐼𝑐 by referring to centroid.

𝐈𝐜 = 𝐈′𝐱′ + A𝐝𝐲 𝟐
𝟏
𝐈′𝐱′ = 𝐁𝐇 𝟑
𝟏𝟐

1
IcA = (15 × 10−2 )(3 × 10−2 )3 + (4.5 × 10−3 )(0.125 − 66.1282 × 10−3 )2
12

= 15.934×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟒
1
IcB = (4 × 10−2 )(6.5 × 10−2 )3 + (2.6 × 10−3 )(0.0775 − 66.1282 × 10−3 )2
12

= 1.2516×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟒
1
IcC= (15 × 10−2 )(4.5 × 10−2 )3 + (6.75 × 10−3 )(66.1282 × 10−3 −
12

0.0225)2
= 13.9871×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟒

Ic = IcA + IcB + IcC

= 15.934×10−6 + 1.2516×10−6 + 13.9871×10−6
= 31.1727×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐦𝟒
(b) Find the second moment of area, 𝐼𝑥 by referring to x-axis.
𝐈𝐱 = 𝐈′𝐱′ + A𝐝𝐲 𝟐
𝟏
𝐈′𝐱′ = 𝐁𝐇 𝟑
𝟏𝟐

1 3×10−2
IxA = (15 × 10−2 )(3 × 10−2 )3 + (4.5 × 10−3 )[( ) + (11 × 10−2 )]2
12 2

= 70.65 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 m4

1 6.5×10−2
IxB = (4 × 10−2 )(6.5 × 10−2 )3 + (2.6 × 10−3 )[( ) + (4.5 × 10−2 )]2
12 2

= 16.5317 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 m4

1 4.5×10−2 2
IxC = (15 × 10−2 )(4.5 × 10−2 )3 + (6.75 × 10−3 )( )
12 2
= 4.5563 ×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 m4

Ix = IxA + IxB + IxC

= 70.65 ×10−6 + 16.5317 ×10−6 + 4.5563 ×10−6
= 91.738×𝟏𝟎−𝟔 m4

(c) Determine the flexural stiffness, E Ic.

Given that:
E = 110GPa = 110×109 Pa

E Ic = (110×109 )( 31.1727×10−6)
= 3.429× 106 Nm2
≈ 3.429MN𝐦𝟐
 Question 4

Free Body Diagram:

4kN/m 4kN/m
0.4kN 2kN

R 2.3kN/m R
2m 1m 2m 2m

∑M = 0

R1(7)+(2.3k)(4.5) = 8k(6)+0.4k(5)+2k(4)+8k(1)

R1=7.95kN
𝑑2 𝑦 −4k(x−5)2
EI =7.95k (x)-8k (x-1)-0.4k(x-2)+2.3k-(x-2.5)-2k(x-3)-
𝑑𝑥 2 2

𝑑𝑦 R𝑥 2 8k(x−1)2 0.4k(x−2)2 2.3k(x−2.5)2 2k(x−3)2 4k(x−5)3

EI 𝑑𝑦 = − − + - − + C1 ---------①
2 2 2 2 2 6

R𝑥 3 8k(x−1)3 0.4k(x−2)3 2.3k(x−2.5)3 2×103 (x−3)3 4× 103 (x−6)4

EI𝑦 = − − + - − + C1 𝑥 +
6 6 6 6 6 6

C2 ---------②
Boundary condition,
x=0,y=0
x=L,y=0
Sub x=0,Y=0 into equation②
Rx 3 8k(x − 1)3 0.4k(x − 2)3 2.3k(x − 2.5)3 2k(x − 3)3
EI𝑦 = − − + −
6 6 6 6 6
4
4k(x − 6)
− + C1 𝑥 + C2
6

7.85k(0)3 8k(0−1)3 0.4k(0−2)3 2.3k(0−2.5)3

EI(0) = − − + -
6 6 6 6

2k(0 − 3)3 4k(0 − 6)4

− + C1 (0) + C2
6 6

C2 =0N
Sub x=L,Y=0,C2 = 0 into equation①
R𝑥 3 8k(x − 1)3 0.4k(x − 2)3 2.3k(x − 2.5)3
EI𝑦 = − − +
6 6 6 6
3 4
−2k(x − 3) 4k(x − 6)
− + C1 𝑥 + C2
6 6

7.85k 8k(7 − 1)3 0.4k(7 − 2)3 2.3k(7 − 2.5)3

EI(0) = − − +
6 6 6 6
−2k(7 − 3)3 4k(7 − 6)4
− + C1 (7) + (0)
6 6
C1 =-24.1533k𝑁
(a)Deflections, at distances 𝑥1 = 1.5 m, 𝑥2 = 3.5 m and 𝑥3 = 6 m from the left
end.
1 7.95k(𝑥 3 ) 8k(x − 1)3 0.4k(x − 2)3 2.3k(x − 2.5)3
𝑦= [ − − +
𝐸𝐼 6 6 6 6
−2 × 103 (x − 3)3 4 × 103 (x − 6)4
− − 24.1533k(x)]
6 24
When x=1.5
1 7.95𝑘(1.5)3 8𝑘(1.5 − 1)3 0.4𝑘(1.5 − 2)3 2.3𝑘(1.5 − 2.5)2
𝑦= ( − − +
𝐸𝐼 6 6 6 2
2 3
2𝑘(1.5 − 3) 4k(1.5 − 5)
− − − 24.1533k[1.5])
2 6
1 7.95×103 (1.5)3 8×103 (1.5−1)3
𝑦 = 110×109 (3.11665×10−5 ) [ − + 0 − 24.1533 × 103 (1.5)]
6 6

𝑦 = −9.3121 × 103 𝑚

When X=3.5
y=
1 7.95×103 (3.5)3 8×103 (3.5−1)3 0.4×103 (3.5−2)3
[ − − +
110×109 (3.11665×10−5 ) 6 6 6

2.3×103 (3.5−2.5)3 −2×103 (3.5−3)3 4× 103 (3.5−6)4

− − 24.1533 × 103 (3.5)]
6 6 6

1 7.95×103 (3.5)3 8×103 (3.5−1)3 0.4×103 (3.5−2)3

𝑦 = 110×109 (3.11665×10−5 ) [ − − +
6 6 6

2.3×103 (3.5−2.5)3 −2×103 (3.5−3)3

+ 0 − 24.1533 × 103 (3.5)]
6 6

𝑦 = −14.1305 × 103 𝑚

When X=6
1 7.95×103 (6)3 8×103 (6−1)3 0.4×103 (6−2)3
𝑦 = 110×109 (3.11665×10−5 ) [ − − +
6 6 6

2.3×103 (6−2.5)3 −2×103 (6−3)3 4× 103 (6−5)4

− − 24.1533 × 103 (6)]
6 6 24

𝑦 = −6.65292 × 103 𝑚
(b) Maximum slopes, at left end, and 𝑥2 = 3.5 m and 𝑥3 = 6 m from the left end.
𝑑𝑦 1 7.95 × 103 𝑋 2 8 × 103 (X − 1)2 0.4 × 103 (X − 2)2
= ( − −
𝑑𝑦 𝐸𝐼 2 2 2
3 2
2.3 × 10 (X − 2.5)
+
2
−2 × 103 (X − 3)2 4 × 103 (x − 5)3
− − 24.1533 × 103 )
2 6

When X=3.5
𝑑𝑦 1 7.95 × 103 (3.5)2 8 × 103 (3.5 − 1)2 0.4 × 103 (3.5 − 2)2
= ( − −
𝑑𝑦 𝐸𝐼 2 2 2
2.3 × 103 (3.5 − 2.5)2 −2 × 103 (3.5 − 3)2
+
2 2
4 × 103 (3.5 − 5)3
− − 24.1533 × 103 )
6
𝑑𝑦 1 7.95 × 103 (3.5)2 8 × 103 (3.5 − 1)2
= [ −
𝑑𝑦 110 × 109 (3.11665 × 10−5 ) 2 2
0.4 × 103 (3.5 − 2)2
−
2
2.3 × 10 (3.5 − 2.5)2 −2 × 103 (3.5 − 3)2
3
+ + 0 − 24.1533
2 2
× 103 ]
𝑑𝑦
= −2.7856 × 10−6 𝑚
𝑑𝑦
When X=6
𝑑𝑦 1 7.95 × 103 (6)2 8 × 103 (6 − 1)2 0.4 × 103 (6 − 2)2
= ( − −
𝑑𝑦 𝐸𝐼 2 2 2
3 2 3 2
2.3 × 10 (6 − 2.5) −2 × 10 (6 − 3)
+
2 2
4 × 103 (6 − 5)3
− − 24.1533 × 103 )
6
𝑑𝑦 1 7.95 × 103 (6)2 8 × 103 (6 − 1)2
= [ −
𝑑𝑦 110 × 109 (3.11665 × 10−5 ) 2 2
0.4 × 103 (6 − 2)2 2.3 × 103 (6 − 2.5)2 −2 × 103 (6 − 3)2
− +
2 2 2
3 3
4 × 10 (6 − 5)
− − 24.1533 × 103 ]
6
𝑑𝑦
= −5.8826 × 10−3 𝑚
𝑑𝑦