St.

Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, 5700 Antique

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies that have some
bearing on the present study.

Included in this chapter are the following: (1) The purpose of information
technology, (2) Information technology, (3) Educational information technology, (4)
Advantages of information technology, (5) Information technology and productivity, (6)
Information technology adoption, (7) The status of information technology in the
education system. And lastly, The Summery which is the synopsis of the related literature
review.

Information technology literally refers to any development that mainly involves

computer-based information systems comprising of software applications and the
computer hardware. A more conventional and perhapscontemporary meaning of the
information system in the use of electronic systems that can assist towards retrieving the
required information.

The Purpose of Information Technology

Books have a bunch of concepts- often good concepts with examples and you
have to apply them to yourself. Our approach is more detailed and personal in which it
helps you to apply it to yourself and think precisely.

Moreover, Rosen (2015) suggests a whole set of remedies for children’s techno-
addiction. In additional statement, Kaha (2014) believed that where learning was
perceived as a human process, with new technologies it has become an easy process as
people share with increasingly powerful artificial networks and brains where learning
was once based in a school classroom, the emergence of new technologies has seen
learning permeating every form of social activity outside of the school, from work to
entertainment and home life.

The integration of telecommunication and computer technologies is expanding the

classroom beyond their walls where technologies, therefore, allow those wish to continue

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 St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, 5700 Antique

their education to do more readily whenever they are regardless of their life
responsibilities which might have prevented them from attending classes at each schools
location.

Information Technology

In education, information technology is “the theory and practice of design,

development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and sources for
learning,” according to the Association for Educational Communication and Technology
(AECT, 2015). Information technology is often referred to as a part of educational
technology but the use of these terms has changed over the years (Lowenthal and Wilson,
2015).

Educational Information Technology

Educational technology is the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning

and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological
processes and resources (Richey, 2014). Thus, it includes other systems used in the
process of developing human capability.

The first use of audio and visual technologies was boosted as a military response
to the problem of a labor shortage during World War II in the United States. There was a
definitive need to fill the factories with skilled labor.

Educational technology is a growing field of study which uses technology as a

means to solve educational challenges, both in the classroom and in distance learning
environments. Razavi (2015) advocates the idea that technology covers the information
technology. It includes information technology and the field study in human teaching and
learning. So, educational technology is broader than information technology. Information
technology itself consists of two major parts: one is teaching technology and the other is
learning technology. In the education industry, the term “information technology” is
frequently used switchable with “educational technology.

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 St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, 5700 Antique

Advantages of Information Technology

Computers and related technology are essential to the learning process in several
ways. Although some people feel that the use of technology can have a negative impact
on the socialization and development of critical thinking skills of young children and
adolescents, and may be misused by some instructors, they are fundamental and
significant tools used in classrooms and the workforce.

According to Symonds (2014), technology can be crucial tool to improve student

learning. He pointed out that the quality of public education could be improved by
utilizing the Web to individualize information, creating learning opportunities for
teachers to engage in collegial support via e-mail, and facilitating better home-school
communication through e-mail and website information. Symonds predicts that students
in poor communities will have access to the best libraries, to instructors from around the
world, and to a far richer menu of course, many of which will be delivered over the web.

The Understanding of Information Technology

Information technology is so closely attached with our lives today because half
the efforts that we have to make in our daily lives in order to sustain and expand are now
being done and completed by technological gadgets and machines. It is common place to
say that nowadays we live in an information society, that is, a world of media saturation
which is heavily influenced by information technology, instantaneous movement of
information across time and space, which come under communication in information
technology (Webster, 2015).

The most drastic alteration in our lives since the past few years is the penetration
and massive progress of the information technology which has become more of a
necessity for us now rather than facility. These drastic changes of information technology
has introduced in our lives and perhaps our lifestyles. Life has become less manual and a
lot hassle-free for people all around the globe that have active access to the innovations
of information technology (Baweja, 2015).

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 St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, 5700 Antique

Information Technology and Productivity

In recent years, the relationship between information technology (IT) and

productivity has become a source of debate. In the 1980s and early 1990s, empirical
research generally did not significant productivity improvements associated with IT
investments. More recently, as new data are identified and new methodologies are
applied, several researchers have found evidence that IT is associated not only with
improvements in productivity, but also in intermediate measures, consumer surplus, and
economic growth. Nonetheless, new questions emerge even as old puzzles fade. This
survey reviews the literature, identifies remaining questions, and concludes with
recommendations for applications of traditional methodologies to new data sources, as
well as alternative, broader metrics of welfare to assess and enhance the benefits of IT
(https://ideas.repec.org).

Information Technology Adoption

In the information systems (IS) domain, technology adoption has been one of the
most extensively researched areas. Although in the last decade various models had been
introduced to address the acceptance or rejection of information systems, there is still a
lack of existing studies regarding a comprehensive review and classification of
researches in this area. The main objective of this study is steered toward gaining a
comprehensive understanding of the progresses made in the domain of IT adoption
research, by highlighting the achievements, setbacks, and prospects recorded in this field
so as to be able to identify existing research gaps and prospective areas for future
research. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive review on the current state of IT
adoption research. A total of 330 articles published in IS ranked journals between the
years 2006 and 2015 in the domain of IT adoption were reviewed. The research scope
was narrowed to six perspectives, namely year of publication, theories underlining the
technology adoption, level of research, dependent variables, context of the technology
adoption, and independent variables. In this research, information on trends in IT
adoption is provided by examining related research works to provide insights and future
direction on technology adoption for practitioners and researchers. This paper highlights
future research paths that can be taken by researchers who wish to endeavor in
technology adoption research. It also summarizes the key findings of previous research

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 St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, 5700 Antique

works including statistical findings of factors that had been introduced in IT adoption
studies.

Technology Integration

Throughout the past few decades, technology has been viewed as a lodestone for
improving student academic performance and for increasing the flexibility of public
schools. During this time, computer availability and use in the nation’s K-12 public
schools has increased and programs addressing educational technology have gained
attention. The vision and promises of technology have been vast. In his 2005 book The
World is Flat, Friedman discusses a world in which the Internet facilitates instantaneous
communication and connections. This necessity to compete in the increasingly shrinking
world economy accentuates the importance of today’s children gaining familiarity and
competence with technology applications. Technology has been viewed as a way to
circumvent learning difficulties and to advance more efficient learning; it has been
viewed as a means to end inequity and inequality within public schools and to provide
access to learning outside the K-12 classroom. The growing interest has had an impact on
education and has produced a vast body of literature. This review provides a research
synthesis of the field that addresses the effect of technology on teaching and learning.

An additional limitation is the fact that the field of technology constantly changes
at a rapid pace (Berson & Balyta, 2014). Given the fast pace with which new
technologies emerge, it is difficult for the scholarship to keep up with the new
technologies. With each new technology, a period of innovation must pass for the
technology to be introduced. Then, researchers must design and implement studies to
investigate the effects of the new technology. Finally, the researchers must prepare and
submit a publication for review. The layers of academic publishing result in a delay in
publication of research studies on the newest technologies. For this reason, unpublished 8
dissertations offer one method of informing the field of current research and innovation
in a more rapid process.

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 St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, 5700 Antique

The Status of Information Technology in the Education System

Technology has advanced rapidly (perhaps more rapidly than many in the field
expected) over the last few years and there have been literally hundreds of published
studies investigating its educational effect. Although there might not yet be a definitive
conclusion since it is becoming apparent that the type of learning that technology best
enhances is difficult to quantify (Johnson, 2016), there are many research reports that
indicate we now have a deeper understanding of how to maximize the benefit to learners
through a variety of technology-rich educational environments. Hopefully there is no
longer any need for the impatient premise that the value of technology is self-evident
since there is now a more significant body of research findings which support its
usefulness.
With regard to the earlier issue regarding the relevancy of technology in
education, most of the more current literature is overwhelmingly positive about the
potential of a variety of technologies to be powerful components in accomplishing
current educational visions. Such visions include helping students "develop a broad,
deep, and creative understanding of community, culture, economics and international
politics, past and present, and acquire the social skills to work across differences and
distances by providing "an array of tools for acquiring information and for thinking and
expression more children more ways to enter the learning enterprise successfully. These
same experiences provide the skills that will enable students to live productive lives in
the global, digital, information-based future they all face (Dwyer, 2015).

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St. Anthony’s College
HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
San Jose de Buenavista, 5700 Antique

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