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Demystifying 100 G

Presented by:

Tim Yount, JDSU


Marketing Manager, Technical content / guidance provided by:
Fiber Infrastructure Testing Fred Heismann, JDSU
Chief Scientist - Fiber Optics Division
OSA Fellow IEEE Fellow
Tahmina Hoque, JDSU
Systems Engineer
Agenda

 Contrasts - 10G to 100G


 Evolution of Transmission Technology
 Client Side vs. Line Side
 Transmission Modulation Format Evolution leading to…
Benefits and challenges of Dual Polarization Multiplexed
Transmission
 Coherent Receiver-based networks
Benefits & Challenges

 Qualifying fiber for 100G - What tests are needed? Why?


 Basic fiber Testing
 Advanced - CD / PMD
 Spectral Testing

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 2


Exponential Growth of Data Traffic

Packet over SONET

J. Anderson, ”Technologies & Architectures for Next Gen Ethernet Optical Client
Interfaces,” Joint ITU-T/IEEE Workshop on The Future of Ethernet Transport,
Geneva, Switzerland, 28 May 2010

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 3


10G Deployment vs. 40 & 100G Deployment

10 Gb/s systems still dominate new deployment

Optical Transceiver Market


30,000,000
Source: Infonetics, April 2012 100 Gb/s
25,000,000
40 Gb/s
Number of Units

20,000,000

15,000,000

10,000,000
10 Gb/s
5,000,000

0
CY07 CY08 CY09 CY10 CY11 CY12 CY13 CY14 CY15 CY16
Year

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 4


What Is Behind the Cloud?

User 1 User 2

“The Cloud”

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 5


Behind the Cloud:
Client and Long Distance Networks

User 1 User 2

Server

Edge Router
Client Networks
Core Router

DWDM Transponder Tx Rx
EDFA EDFA
ROADM

Long-Distance Network (“Line”)


© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 6
Demand on Client Side
Drives Bit Rates on Line Side
Client Network DWDM Network (“Line”) Client

Client EDFA
EDFA
100 GE / OTU 4

Client Transponder ROADM Transponder

Short to Medium Reach Long to Ultra-Long Reach


• Intra-office • Metropolitan area networks
• Data centers • Long-haul terrestrial networks
• Enterprise networks • Ultra-long submarine networks
• Routers and switches
Many Signals per Fiber  Dense WDM
One “Signal” per Fiber • Single-mode fibers (G.652 / G.655)
• Single-mode fibers • Wavelength multiplexers
• Multiple MM fibers • Optical amplifiers (EDFA & Raman)
• Coarse WDM • ROADMs

More data  Higher bit rates  Higher line rates  More capacity / bandwidth

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 7


Transmission Rates and Formats:
Client vs. Line Side (10G)
Client Line
“Grey” O O
Interfaces A A
Dense WDM
Client
on 50, 100 or 200 GHz ITU Grid

Client Side (NRZ-OOK) Line Side


Disp.
Rate l L Inter- Transmission Coherent
No. l’s Toler-
Gb/s [nm] [km] face Format Detect.
ance
10 1300 1 x 10G <2 XFP NRZ-OOK - Medium

1 x 40G NRZ-BPSK - Low


Single signal per <fiber QFSP+ Many WDM signals per fiber
40 1300 10 RZ-QPSK - Low
Wavelength not important / CFP
4 x 10G (“grey” interface) Wavelengths are very important
DP-QPSK Yes High
1300modulation
Same 4 x 25G format onCFP / andDP-QPSK
client Yes
line side: 10 Gb/s High
NRZ-OOK
100 < 40
1550 10 x 10G CFP2 4 x 25G Duob - Low

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 8


Transmission Rates and Formats:
Client vs. Line Side (40G)
Client Line
“Grey” O O
Interfaces A A
Dense WDM
or “Coarse” WDM Client
on 50, 100 or 200 GHz ITU Grid

Client Side (NRZ-OOK) Line Side


Disp.
Rate l L Inter- Transmission Coherent
No. l’s Toler-
Gb/s [nm] [km] face Format Detect.
ance
10 1300 1 x 10G <2 XFP NRZ-OOK - Medium

1 x 40G NRZ-BPSK - Low


QFSP+
40 1300 < 10 RZ-QPSK - Low
/ CFP
4 x 10G PM-QPSK Yes High
Up to 4 4Wavelengths
1300 x 25G per CFP
fiber / Many WDM signals
DP-QPSK Yes per fiber
High
100 < 40
1550 (Coarse
10 x 10GWDM ) CFP2 (Dense WDM)
4 x 25G Duob - Low
Different modulation formats on client and line side (NRZ-OOK vs. PSK)
© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 9
Transmission Rates and Formats:
Client vs. Line Side (100G)
Client Line
“Grey” O O
Interfaces A A
Dense WDM
or “Coarse” WDM Client
on 50, 100 or 200 GHz ITU Grid

Client Side (NRZ-OOK) Line Side


Disp.
Rate l L Inter- Transmission Coherent
No. l’s Toler-
Gb/s [nm] [km] face Format Detect.
ance
10 1300 1 x 10G <2 XFP NRZ-OOK - Medium

1 x 40G NRZ-BPSK - Low


QFSP+
40 1300 < 10 RZ-QPSK - Low
/ CFP
4 x 10G PM-QPSK Yes High
1300 4 x 25G CFP / PM-QPSK Yes High
100 < 40
1550 10 x 10G CFP2 4 x 25G Duob - Low

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 10


Standardized Client Interfaces
for 100 Gb/s Transmission
“De-serialized” or parallel data transmission at 100 Gb/s
• Coarse WDM for long reach: 4 or 10 signals at different wavelengths
• Parallel fibers for short reach: 10 x 10 Gb/s

CFP CFP2
CFP
100 GE / OTU 4

10 Multi-Mode
4 λ at 1300 nm 10 λ at 1550 nm
Ribbon Fiber
LR4, ER4 & OTN LR10
850 nm / SR10
4 x 25 Gb/s at 1300 nm
10 x 10 Gb/s at 1550 nm
(up to10 / 40 km)
(up to 10 / 40 km)
4.5
nm
1295.56 1300.05 1304.58 1309.14 nm 1523 1531 1539 1547 1555 1563 1571 1569 1587 1595 nm

Dl = 8 nm
© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 11
Three Revolutionary Developments
in DWDM Line Side Transmission

 Higher-order modulation formats


• Quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK) for 40/100 Gb/s
• Polarization multiplexing for 100 Gb/s and beyond

 Coherent detection with high-speed digital signal processing


• Electronic compensation of CD and PMD for 100 Gb/s and beyond
• Electronic polarization de-multiplexing and QPSK decoding
• Electronic analysis of signal quality
• …

 Optical transmitter with high-speed digital signal processing


• “Nyquist WDM” for 400 Gb/s (and beyond)
• Software-defined multi-rate transmitters
• …

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 12


Understanding Transmission Modulation
Format Evolution from 10 to 100G
Increase in Total Fiber Transmission Capacity
with Bit Rate
 Network operators want to increase total transmission capacity of fiber
• Yielding lower cost per transmitted bit
 Transmission capacity shall increase proportionally to data rate
• Quadrupling bit rate shall yield four times higher transmission capacity
•  40 and 100 Gb/s signals need to fit into 50-GHz WDM channel!
Total Fiber Capacity [Tb/s]

100
Total Capacity in C-Band
(90 WDM Channels on
100 Gb/s
50 GHz ITU Grid)
10

10 Gb/s 40 Gb/s
1

2.5 Gb/s
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Data Rate per Channel [Gb/s]

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 14


Dilemma: Higher Bit Rates
Require More Optical Bandwidth
10
2.5G NRZ-OOK
50 GHz
WDM 10G NRZ-OOK
Channel
Relative Optical Power

1 40G NRZ-OOK
40 Gb/s
50 GHz WDM Channel
Passband
0.1
 2.5- and 10-Gb/s
signals fit well into
10 Gb/s 50GHz WDM
channel
0.01
2.5  40 Gb/s NRZ-OOK
Gb/s signal does not fit
into one 50 GHz
0.001 WDM channel
-40 -20 0 20 40
Relative Optical Frequency [GHz]

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 15


Step 1:
Increase Number of Modulation Levels
Eye Diagram Constellation
Diagram
 Binary On-Off
ON
Keying (OOK):
1 bit per Symbol 1 Symbol N=2
(e.g. 25 Gb/s NRZ)
OFF

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 16


Step 1:
Increase Number of Modulation Levels
Eye Diagram Constellation
Diagram
 Binary On-Off
ON
Keying (OOK):
1 bit per Symbol 1 Symbol N=2
(e.g. 25 Gb/s NRZ)
OFF

Optical Communication System


Using Binary On-Off Signaling

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 17


Step 1:
Increase Number of Modulation Levels
Eye Diagram Constellation
Diagram
 Binary On-Off
ON
Keying (OOK):
1 bit per Symbol 1 Symbol N=2
(e.g. 25 Gb/s NRZ)
OFF

External Transmitted Bits Direct


Modulator Detection

Optical Communication System


Signal Source
Using Binary On-Off Signaling

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 18


Quaternary Amplitude-Shift Keying (QASK)

Eye Diagram Constellation


Diagram
 Binary On-Off
ON
Keying (OOK):
1 bit per Symbol 1 Symbol N=2
(25 Gb/s)
OFF
 Quaternary 100% ON
Amplitude-Shift 67% ON
Keying (ASK): 4
33% ON
2 bits per Symbol
OFF
(50 Gb/s)
Dark ???
Multi-Level
Smoke Medium
Signaling Light High BER under hazy sky

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 19


Quaternary Amplitude-Shift Keying (QASK)

Eye Diagram Constellation


Diagram
 Binary On-Off
ON
Keying (OOK):
1 bit per Symbol 1 Symbol N=2
(25 Gb/s)
OFF
 Quaternary 100% ON
Amplitude-Shift 67% ON
Keying (ASK): 4
33% ON
2 bits per Symbol
OFF
(50 Gb/s)

 Doubling of bit rate with no increase in optical


bandwidth

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 20


Octonary (8-ary)
Amplitude-Shift Keying (8-ASK)
Eye Diagram Constellation
Diagram
 Binary On-Off
ON
Keying (OOK):
1 bit per Symbol 1 Symbol N=2
(25 Gb/s)
OFF
 Quaternary 100% ON
Amplitude-Shift 67% ON
Keying (ASK): 4
33% ON
2 bits per Symbol
OFF
(50 Gb/s)
100% ON
.
 Octonary ASK: .
3 bits per Symbol . 8
.
(75 Gb/s) .
OFF

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 21


Step 2:
Use Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) Instead of ASK
Constellation
Amplitude Eye Diagram
Diagram
 Binary Phase-Shift 180º ON (-)
Keying (PSK): N= 2
No Light OFF
1 bit per Symbol
(25 Gb/s) 0º ON (+)

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 22


Step 2:
Use Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) Instead of ASK
Constellation
Amplitude Eye Diagram
Diagram
 Binary Phase-Shift 180º ON (-)
Keying (PSK): N= 2
No Light OFF
1 bit per Symbol
(25 Gb/s) 0º ON (+)

Highly 0º 0
Skilled
Modulator 180º 1
0º 0

Optical Communication System


Using Binary Phase Shifting

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 23


Use Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)

Agreement - No change between adjacent signals = “0”


between Tx and Rx: - Any change between adjacent signals = “1”

1
Tx
0 Rx

Differential Phase Shifting


Improves Bit Error Rate

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 24


More Robust:
Return-to-Zero DPSK (RZ-DPSK)

2nd Agreement: Always turn the signal off between adjacent symbols

Signal
turned off
between
adjacent
symbols
(improves contrast)

Differential Phase Shifting


in Return-to-Zero Format
Further Improves Bit Error Rate

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 25


Minimal Bandwidth:
Non-Return-to-Zero DPSK (NRZ-DPSK)

Signal only
turned off
when
symbols
change

Differential Phase Shifting


in Non-Return-to-Zero Format
(Less Work for Modulator)

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 26


Constellation Diagram
for Phase-Shift Keying
Constellation
Amplitude Eye Diagram
Diagram
 Binary Phase-Shift 180º ON (-)
Keying (PSK): N= 2
No Light OFF
1 bit per Symbol
(25 Gb/s) 0º ON (+)

180º
Two-Dimensional
Phase
Constellation
Diagram
for 90º 270º
Amplitude
and Amplitude
Phase

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 27


Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK)
Constellation
Amplitude Eye Diagram
Diagram
 Binary Phase-Shift 180º ON (-)
Keying (PSK): N= 2
1 bit per Symbol No Light OFF

(25 Gb/s) 0º ON (+)

 Quaternary PSK 180º


(QPSK):
90º 270º N= 4
2 bits per Symbol
(50 Gb/s) 0º

Constellation points of quaternary PSK are spaced farther apart than


those of quaternary ASK
 Higher tolerance to optical noise

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 28


Combined Phase-
and Amplitude-Shift Keying (16-QAM)
Constellation
Amplitude Eye Diagram
Diagram
 Binary Phase-Shift 180º ON
Keying (PSK): N= 2
1 bit per Symbol No Light OFF

(25 Gb/s) 0º ON

 Quaternary PSK
(QPSK):
N= 4
2 bits per Symbol
(50 Gb/s)

 16-ary Quadrature-
Amplitude Modulation
N = 16
(16-QAM):
4 bits per Symbol (100 Gb/s)

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 29


Compromise for 100 Gb/s: QPSK
Constellation
Amplitude Eye Diagram
Diagram
 Binary Phase-Shift 180º ON
Keying (PSK): N= 2
1 bit per Symbol No Light OFF

(25 Gb/s) 0º ON

 Quaternary PSK
(QPSK):
N= 4
2 bits per Symbol
(50 Gb/s)

 16-ary Quadrature-
Amplitude Modulation
N = 16
(16-QAM):
4 bits per Symbol (100 Gb/s)

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 30


Step 3: Use Polarization Multiplexing

 Transmitted optical signals are usually highly polarized


• … because the output light of the transmitter laser is highly polarized

 Thus, two orthogonally polarized signals may be combined ...


• … without interfering with each other …
 … and again separated using a simple polarization splitter
.5
Polarized Signal 1 Polarization-Multiplexed /
2
Dual- Polarization Signal
.5
1
.5
0
.5
-1 Polarized Signal 2
.5  Polarization-multiplexing doubles transmission capacity
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
• … without requiring additional bandwidth (e.g. from 50 to 100 Gb/s)

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 31


Evolution of
Line Side Transmission Formats (DWDM)
 Binary modulation formats: 1 bit/symbol

• OOK (On-Off Keying): 10 Gb/s (10 GBaud) 0 +1

• BPSK (Binary Phase-Shift Keying): 40 Gb/s


(40 Gbaud)
-1 +1

 Quaternary formats: 2 bits/symbol

• QPSK (Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying):


40 Gb/s (20 Gbaud)

 Polarization-multiplexed QPSK:
(4 bits/symbol) +
• PM-QPSK: 40 Gb/s (10 Gbaud)
100 Gb/s (25 Gbaud) || Pol | Pol

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 32


Evolution of
Line Side Transmission Formats Up to 100 Gb/s
50 GHz Channel
50-GHz Channel  2.5-Gb/s NRZ-OOK
10
10-Gb/s NRZ-OOK
100G DP
PM
Binary on-off keying /
RZ-QPSK
RZ-QPSK
Narrow bandwidth /
Fit well into 50 GHz
Relative Optical Power

1 40G RZ-
 40-Gb/s RZ-DQPSK
DQPSK
Quaternary phase-
shift keying / Return-
10G to-zero coding /
NRZ Fills 50 GHz channel
0.1 OOK
 100-Gb/s PM-QPSK
2.5G Polarization
NRZ multiplexing and
OOK QPSK modulation /
0.01 Return-to-zero coding
-40 -20 0 20 40 / Fills up 50 GHz
channel
Relative Optical Frequency [GHz]

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 33


Coherent Detection with High-Speed
Digital Signal Processing for 100 Gb/s
Why Coherent Optical Detection?

Revival ~ Mid 2000’s

Early Work
Late 1980s

A. D. Ellis, OFC 2009, OMM 4 Year

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 35


Challenges in 100-Gb/s Transmission
100 Gb/s PM-QPSK signals …

1. … require 3 … 5 dB higher OSNR than legacy 10 Gb/s signals


 More powerful FEC (soft-decision, with up to 20% overhead)
 Distributed Raman amplification in some or all fiber spans
 Coherent receiver eases OSNR requirements

2. … are 6 … 10 times more sensitive to CD than legacy 10 Gb/s signals


 Tunable CD compensator at receiver

3. … and 2.5 … 3 times more sensitive to PMD than legacy 10 Gb/s signals
 Automatic PMD compensator at receiver

4. … are more difficult to decode than legacy NRZ signals


 Receiver with automatic polarization de-multiplexing

5. … and more sensitive to non-linear effects from legacy OOK signals


 Adaptive compensation of nonlinear impairments

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 36


Coherent Receiver with
High-Speed Digital Signal Processing

Coherent Optical Mixer Digital Signal Processor (ASIC)


40 Gb/s
PM -QPSK 0º / ADC

PMD Compensation
CD Compensation
PBS 90º

Signal Decoding
Phase Recovery
Mixer ADC

Data
PD

0º / ADC
LO 90º
PBS
Laser Mixer ADC

 Electronic compensation of chromatic dispersion (CD)


• More than 50,000 ps/nm (~3000 km of G.652 fiber)
 Electronic compensation of polarization-mode dispersion (PMD)
• At least 25 ps mean DGD (>2.5 x the tolerance of 10 Gb/s NRZ signals)
 Electronic polarization de-multiplexing and signal decoding
• Versatile decoder: adaptable to BPSK, QPSK and 16-QAM

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 37


Why So Much Dispersion Compensation?
100G signals are very sensitive to non-linear effects (XPM, XPolM)
Best performance is obtained without opt. dispersion compensators

100G Tx 1 Rx 1
100G Tx 2 W W Rx 2
O O O
D D Rx 3
100G Tx 3 A A A
M M
No No No
100G Tx n DCM DCM Rx n
DCM

Hybrid networks with mixed 10G and 100G signals require DCMs

10G Tx 1 Rx 1
10G Tx 2 W W Rx 2
O O O
D A A D
A
100G Tx 3 M M Rx 3
100G Tx n Rx n
DCM DCM DCM

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 38


CD- and PMD-Distorted
40-Gb/s DP-QPSK Signals at Receiver
EDFA
EDFA

90o
3000 km SSMF
No In-Line DCFs
50,000 ps/nm CD 90o
DP QPSK
97 ps DGD
3420 ps2 SO-PMD
10-Gb/s drive signals Photo-receiver signals
1.5 3

Normalized Voltage
Normalized Voltage

1 2 PD 1
0.5 No. 2 1
0 0
-0.5 -1
No. 1
-1 -2 PD 2
-1.5 -3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
1.5 3
Time [ns]
Normalized Voltage

Normalized Voltage
Time [ns]
1 2 PD 4
0.5 No. 4 1
0
0
-1
-0.5 -2
-1
No. 3 PD 3
-3
-1.5 -4
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time [ns] Time [ns]

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 39


Signal Recovery in
Digital Signal Processor (Visualization)
Photo-detector signals before DSP After CD compensation in DSP
3 2
PD 1 CD 1
Normalized Voltage

Normalized Voltage
1
1
0 0
-1 -1
-2
PD 4 PD 3 -2 CD 4 CD 3
-3 PD 2 CD 2
-4 -3
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time [ns] Time [ns]

After reference phase estimation After PMD comp. and pol. demux.
1.5 2
1.5 Pol 3 Pol 4
Normalized Voltage

Normalized Voltage
1
1 Pol 2
0.5 0.5
0 0

-0.5 S2 S4 -0.5 Pol 1


-1
-1 -1.5
S3 S1
-1.5 -2
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Time [ns] Time [ns]

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 40


More Signal Monitoring
and Measurement Capabilities
 Measurement of link CD and PMD
– DSP reports amount of CD and PMD used in compensation

 Estimate of Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR)


– Optical noise may be estimated from “spread” of constellation
points.

– Not highly accurate but sufficient for system monitoring


– Difficult to separate ASE noise from other impairments

 Detailed analysis of signal quality and integrity


– Error vector magnitude, Q-factor ….

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 41


100 Gb/s Interfaces for Client and Line Sides

Client Side Line Side Client


Dense WDM
Side
on 50 GHz ITU Grid

100 GE O O
A A
OTU 4
CFP
CFP 100 Gb/s Pol-Mux RZ-QPSK CFP 2
(w/ coherent detection) QSFP
Four 25 Gb/s NRZ signals 4 x 25 Gb/s NRZ / Duobinary CPAK
at different wavelengths (direct detection, metro, CFP)
around 1300 nm

Coarse WDM Line Cards


4.5
nm 300-pin CFP /
MSA CFP2
1295.56 1300.05 1304.58 1309.14 nm
Modules

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 42


Interconnection between
Client- and Line-Side
Client Side Line Side
100 Gb/s Transponder
Coherent
O Optical Receiver

Mux / Demux
E
CFP DSP Tunable Laser
O +
E Modulator
(DP-QPSK)

CFP: Optical Transponder:


• Tx + Rx • Rx: Coherent Optical Receiver
• WDM: 4 x 25G WDM@1300nm Detects DP-QPSK signals
(10 x10G WDM at 1550nm) • Tx: Modulator (DP-QPSK)
• Each CFP sends in the Tunable laser
same grid • DSP 4 x 25G <=> 1 x 100G
O
FEC +Disp compensation
O
E E

 Optical transponder provides O  E  O conversion


Signal is regenerated => end point for line-side optical impairments
© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 43
Deployment Challenges for 100 Gb/s
Transmission Systems

and Related Test & Measurement Issues


Comparison of 100G vs. 10G
Transmission Requirements
10 Gb/s 100 Gb/s 4 x 25 Gb/s
NRZ-OOK PM RZ-QPSK NRZ / DUOB
Required OSNR
10 13 … 15 14 … 16
for 10-3 BER [dB]

CD Tolerance
1600 >30,000 250 … 500
[ps/nm]

PMD Tolerance
10 … 15 >25 4…6
[ps]

= Attention needed when upgrading from 10 Gb/s

= No attention needed when upgrading from 10 Gb/s

When upgrading from 10G NRZ-OOK to 100G PM-QPSK:


 No need to re-measure PMD and CD of fiber links
 Increased need to measure fiber and link loss as well as OSNR

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 45


Distributed Raman Amplification
in Transmission Fiber
EDFASignal Out

Signal Power [dB]


~100 km transmission
Transmission Fiberline
(to EDFA or next span)

Optical With Raman


Signal In
Amplification

Without Raman

Raman
Raman Pump
pump unit
Link Length [km]

• Amplifies signals in transmission fiber


• Before they become too weak  improves OSNR
• Gain is very sensitive to excess loss and reflections
• 1 dB extra loss may cause up to 4 dB reduction in gain
• OTDR to detect and locate excessive splice / connector loss
• Raman gain depends on fiber type
• Determine fiber type from CD coefficient

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 46


How Does 100G
Impact fiber testing requirements?
 Higher-order modulation formats PM-QPSK
 100G signals require higher OSNR
 Increased need for fiber loss measurements
+
 Increased need for fiber inspection
 Increased need for OTDR measurements (for Raman amplified spans)
 Increased need for fiber type / CD measurements
• Urgent need for new in-band OSNR measurement method (for
polarization multiplexed signals)

 Coherent detection with high-speed DSP


 Signals can tolerate more PMD and CD
– No need to re-measure CD and PMD when upgrading from 10/40 Gb/s
 Still need to characterize CD and PMD of all new fiber links
 Still need to know PMD in 100G networks, because tolerance is limited.

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 47


Why measure PMD? PMD Compensation
in Coherent Receivers Has Limits
Remember this table from Fred’s earlier slide?
BEST PRACTICE
ALL FIBER EXPECTING
TO CARRY 10G or HIGHER
SHOULD BE MEASURED
FOR PMD

 Max PMD tolerance of coherent receiver is ~25ps


(varies from NEM to NEM)

 For 10G SONET max. allowable PMD is ~10ps

 This means that 100G PMD tolerance (as a rule of thumb)


is only about 2.5 x better than that of 10G (OC-192)

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 48


Why measure CD?
High DSP tolerances mean distance is no issue.
BEST PRACTICE
ALL FIBER EXPECTING
TO CARRY 10G or HIGHER
SHOULD BE
DOCUMENTED FOR CD

 But knowing the fiber type is critical in Raman amplified links


(very common for 100G)

 Are you sure you know the fiber type in your links ?
(SMF-28E?, Lucent Tru-wave?, Dispersion Shifted?, Flattened)

 CD enables you to confirm fiber type

 It’s always best to document the CD of all


your fibers intended to carry 10G or higher
© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 49
Smart Utilization of Existing Fibers in
100G Line Side Networks

60 fiber cable Which of these fibers


would you choose for
Fibers
1-12
100G?
12 fiber per Fibers
buffer tube 13-24 Test & Tag fibers for
optimized usage
Fibers Fibers
Fibers 49-60
25-36
37-48

Optimize your legacy fiber infrastructure


 Fibers in older plant vary wider in performance
 Not all fibers in a cable used for 100G (mixed speeds)
 Ensure you are using the fibers w/ lowest insertion loss for 100G
 PMD is more tolerant for 100G but not unlimited.
It needs to be measured, so that fibers can be optimally selected.
 This enables optimized fiber utilization within cable plant

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 50


100 Gb/s Transmission Fiber Testing
This example shows elements based on right to left traffic direction

Client Side Line Side


CFP

Demux
CFP 100 GE

Mux
OA OA

CFP

Possible problems causing fiber-related link


Possible issues causing link failure
failure
• Excess link loss due to...
• Excess link loss due to...

Client Side
• Dirty or damaged connectors
• Dirty or damaged connectors (IL/ORL)
• Macro or microbends,
• Macro/microbends, bad splices
• Bad splices
• Fiber damage
• Cable or Fiber cuts
• PMD is too high
Basic Infrastructure Testing &
Basic Infrastructure Testing / Documentation
Documentation
• Connector Inspection & Cleaning
 Connector Inspection & Cleaning
• Link insertion Loss & Return Loss
 Link insertion Loss & Return Loss
• OTDR (length, dB/km, event losses, impairments)
 OTDR (length, dB/km, event
losses, impairments Advanced Testing for High Speed Networks
• RAMAN Amp Link Testing (IL/ORL/OTDR)
NOTE: Dispersion measurements are not • Chromatic Dispersion (CD)
needed on the client side • Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
• Attenuation Profile (optional)
• In-Service PMD (troubleshooting – non-DPM only)

NOTE: All tests are perforrmed out of service except where specifically noted
© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 51
100 Gb/s Transmission
Line Side  Client Side System Testing
Client Side Line Side
CFP

Demux
CFP 100 GE

Mux
OA OA

CFP

OSA
BERT Optics: BERT
Optics:
• C-WDM: 4 ch at 1300nm • DWDM (50GHz grid), up to 80ch
Network: Network:
• Point to point (max 40km) • Long distance (>100km), mesh/ROADM topology

Client Side
Possible problems Possible problems
• Defective CFP (power, λ) • Loss, Tx-power, wavelength drift, EDFA/Raman-
• Loss noise , power-tilt, non linearities, CD and PMD
BER Testing: BER Testing: not possible
• Direct at CFP (back to back) • All channels present
• Out-of-service test • FEC, proprietary / non standard format
Optical Testing Optical Testing
• Go/No Go => replace CFP • Fault isolation
• Inspect connectors • In service spectral test => OSA
• No spectral testing needed • Power, wavelength,
• In-band OSNR (no field solution yet available)
© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 52
In Summary

 100G is being deployed today


 100G Client and 100G line side are NOT the same
 10G will continue to represent the mass majority of new
deployments into the near future
 You do still need to test your fiber for 100G line side
• Inspection, Loss, ORL more important than ever

• PMD is still recommended unless you are upgrading from 10G

 Qualifying fiber for 100G - What tests are needed? Why?


 Basic fiber Testing
 Advanced - CD / PMD
 Spectral Testing

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 53


Questions ?

© 2012 JDS Uniphase Corporation | JDSU CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION 54

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