CHAPTER 2

TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS IN CSI BRIDGE

Figure 1. Time history input in CSi Bridge

INPUTS REQUIRED

1. Initial Conditions
a. Zero initial conditions- start from unstressed state
b. Continue from state at end of modal history
2. Analysis Type
a. Linear
b. Nonlinear
3. Solution type
a. Modal
b. Direct Integration
4. History type
a. Transient
b. Periodic
5. Time step data
a. Number of output time steps
b. Output time step size
6. Scale factor
 7. Damping
8. Time Integration Method
a. Newmark
b. Wilson
c. Collocation
d. Hibler-Hughes-Taylor (HHT)
e. Chung & Hulbert
9. Advanced load parameters
a. Time factor
b. Arrival time
c. Angle
d. Coordinate System

EXPLANATION

1. Initial Conditions:

 Zero Initial Conditions - Start from Unstressed State: the structure has zero
displacement and velocity, all elements are unstressed, and there is no history of
nonlinear deformation.
 Continue from State at End of Nonlinear Case: the displacements, velocities,
stresses, loads, energies, and nonlinear deformation histories from the end of a
previous analysis are carried forward. Note that this option is available after a
nonlinear load case has been created in the model.

When continuing from the state at the end of the nonlinear case, the following restrictions
apply:

 Nonlinear static and nonlinear direct-integration time-history cases may be

chained together in any combination, i.e., both types of analysis are compatible
with each other.
 Nonlinear modal time-history (FNA) cases can only continue from other FNA
cases that use modes from the same modal load case.

When considering a sequence of FNA cases, static loading may be applied by defining a case
in which:

 The loads are applied using a ramp function that ramps-up over a length of time
that is long (for example ten times) compared to the first period of the structure,
and then held constant for an equal length of time.
 Modal damping is set to a high value; for example 0.99.
For linear transient analysis the initial conditions are always zero. For linear periodic analysis,
ICs are equal to final conditions at the end of the analysis.

2. Analysis Type
 Linear
Linear time history analysis calculates the solution to the dynamic equilibrium equation
for the structural behavior (displacement, member force etc.) at an arbitrary time using the
dynamic properties of the structure and applied loading when a dynamic load is applied. The
 Modal superposition method and Direct Integration method are used for linear time history
analysis.
o Linear Modal
o Linear Direct Integration

 Non-linear

o Nonlinear Modal
 also called Fast Non-linear analysis (FNA)
 highly efficient, special purpose algorithm for analyzing structures
with limited non-linearities.
 Only non-linear material behavior in link objects is considered; frame
hinge & geometric non linearity are excluded.

o Nonlinear Direct Integration

3. Solution Type
 Modal: A modal time history load case uses method of mode superposition.
The mode superposition method assumes the structural displacement as a linear
combination of orthogonal displacements. Using this, a more simplified time integral
function can be used to calculate the dynamic response for a selected mode. This
method is used in many structural analysis programs and is an effective way to
calculate the dynamic response for the linear dynamic analysis of large structures
with little computational cost. However, the accuracy of the total response depends
on the number of used natural modes and so, the number of modes used in the
calculation need to be selected appropriately.

 Direct Integration: This solves equations from the entire structure at each time step.
It uses the DOF of the total analysis area as a variable. The dynamic equilibrium
equation for the total DOF can be integrated gradually with time to find the solution.
The solution is found for each time stage without any form change to the equilibrium
equation and various integration methods can be used. This method conducts the
analysis for all time stages and the number or time stages is proportional to the
analysis time.
 TABLE 1. Comparison between the direct integration method and Modal Method

ELEMENT DIRECT INTEGRATION METHOD MODAL METHOD

Analysis Long Short
Time
Details Time step setting is important Number of modes
setting is important
Model size Fit for small models Fit for large models
Analysis Long analysis time, but highly accurate results Accuracy errors can
accuracy occur depending on the
selected number of
modes

4. History Type ( Motion Type)

 Transient: This is the usual case, where the structure starts at rest and is subjected to
the specified loads only during the time period specified for the analysis.

 Periodic: This is a special-purpose analysis. The specified loads are assumed to be

periodic; that is, they repeat indefinitely with a period given by the length of the
analysis. The response is also periodic. The program automatically adjusts the
displacement and velocity at the beginning of the analysis to be equal to the values at
the end of the analysis. The result is the steady-state response to a periodically
applied load of arbitrary time-variation.

5. Time Step Data

 Number of output time steps: Obtained by dividing the total time period of the
ground motions record by output time step size.
 Output time step size: Generally ∆t≌< 0.01 sec for earthquake input ground
motions.

The time step for time history analysis is different fot the direct integration method and modal
method. The direct integration method uses the defined time step to conduct time integration
implicitly. Hence, accuracy difference can occur depending on the time step size. Generally,
accurate results can be obtained when a time step that is smaller than 10% of the minimum
period is used. Using large steps create errors in the time integration and using too small steps
create unnecessary computation time.

The modal method time step is used to set the time to view the interim results of the time
history.

6. Scale factor:
 for acceleration loads, scale factor has units of acceleration 32.2 ft/sec 2 or 386.4
in/sec2.
 for load pattern scale factor is unitless.

7. Damping
 Modal damping form
Three options for modal damping are available. The input required for the form
depends on which of the options is selected.
 I. Constant Damping for all Modes: As the name suggests, the damping is
constant for all modes. When this option is selected, the form displays a
Constant Damping for all Modes. As an example, to apply 5% damping, enter
0.05. The form will also display a Modal Damping Overrides area that can be
used to add, modify, or delete damping overrides.
II. Interpolated Damping by Period or Frequency: Specify the damping value
at a series of frequency or period points. Between specified points, the
damping is linearly interpolated. Outside the specified range, the damping
value is constant at the value given for the closest specified point. When this
option is selected, the form displays the following further options:
Interpolated by Period and interpolated by Frequency.
III. Mass and Stiffness Proportional Damping by Coefficient: The damping
matrix is calculated as a linear combination of the stiffness matrix scaled by a
user-specified coefficient, and the mass matrix scaled by a second user-
specified coefficient. The damping value is never allowed to exceed unity.
The two coefficients may be specified directly, or they may be computed by
specifying equivalent fractions of critical modal damping at two different
periods or frequencies. Stiffness proportional damping is linearly
proportional to frequency; mass proportional damping is linearly proportional
to period. When this option is selected, the form displays further options for
the following
 Direct Specification: Directly enter values for the Mass Proportional
Coefficient and the Stiffness Proportional Coefficient.
 Specify Modal Damping by Period: enter values for the First and
Second Periods and associated Damping. Note that CSiBridge
calculates and displays the Mass Proportional Coefficient and the
Stiffness Proportional Coefficient. If after entering values for the
Damping, the Mass Proportional Coefficient and the Stiffness
Proportional Coefficient do not change, Recalculate Coefficients.
 Specify Modal Damping by Frequency: Enter values of the
Frequency and Damping. CSiBridge calculates and displays the Mass
Proportional Coefficient and the Stiffness Proportional Coefficient. If
after entering values of the Damping, the Mass Proportional
Coefficient and the Stiffness Proportional Coefficient do not change,
click the Recalculate Coefficients.

 Direct Integration damping form

Two types of damping are available: Viscous Proportional Damping and Additional Mode
Damping. The effects of the two damping options are additive.

I. For Viscous Proportional Damping, the damping matrix is calculated as a linear

combination of the stiffness matrix scaled by a user-specified coefficient, and the
mass matrix scaled by a second user-specified coefficient. Three types of entry are
available. The input required on the form depends on which of the three types is
selected.
  Direct Specification option. Directly enter values in the Mass Proportional
Coefficient and the Stiffness Proportional Coefficient.
 Specify Damping by Period: enter values for the First and Second Periods
and associated Damping. The program calculates and displays the Mass
Proportional Coefficient and the Stiffness Proportional Coefficient.
 Specify Damping by Frequency: Enter values in the Frequency and
Damping. The program calculates and displays the Mass Proportional
Coefficient and the Stiffness Proportional Coefficient.
 Recalculate Coefficients: If after entering values in the Damping, the Mass
Proportional Coefficient and the Stiffness Proportional Coefficient do not
change, click the Recalculate Coefficients.

II. For Additional Modal Damping, the damping matrix is calculated as a summation
of the damping matrices for selected modes and specified modal damping ratios.
 Include Additional Modal Damping: Select this option to enable Modal
damping for this load case. If not selected, modal damping will not be
considered in the load case, including any composite modal damping that
may be specified in the material definition.
 Modal Load Case: The selected modal load case will be used for the
computation of the modal damping matrix.
 Maximum Considered Modal Frequency: This option may be selected and
specified to restrict the total number of modes used for modal damping.

Important Note:

 Displacements can occur during the time history load cases that are orthogonal to
these mode shapes, and such displacements will not be damped.
 For this reason, it is recommended to include a small amount of stiffness-proportional
viscous damping to provide damping to high-frequency modes not calculated in the
modal load case.
 For example, to provide significant stiffness-proportional damping above 500 Hz, you
could specify a damping ratio of 0.005 at 50 Hz and a ratio of 0.05 at 500 Hz.
 This damping is specified as the Viscous Proportional Damping on the Direct-
Integration Damping form itself, not on the Modal Damping form.
 The most useful damping specifications on the Modal Damping form are either
constant modal damping or damping interpolated by period or frequency, The
proportional-damping option is not generally applicable.
8. Time Integration Method: Various methods are available as listed below
 Newmark
 Wilson
 Collocation
 Hibler-Hughes-Taylor (HHT)
 Chung & Hulbert

9. Advanced load parameters

 Time factor: This parameter is used to specify a positive factor that multiplies the
time scale of the time history function. The default value is one, which does not
change the function. This should normally be used for ground motion records.
However, modifying the time scale can be useful, for example, to change the period
of sinusoidal loads, or to increase or decrease the time to apply ramp or pulse loads.

 Arrival time: The arrival time specifies when the time function starts during the
analysis. A positive value delays the start of the function. If the arrival time is
negative, the program ignores that portion of the function occurring before the
analysis begins.

 Coordinate System: Specify a coordinate system in which the acceleration directions

are measured.

 Angle: Specify an angle by which U1 and U2 are rotated from UX and UY in the
specified coordinate system.