CHAPTER 3 PART 1

PAVEMENT MATERIALS
BY:
MOHAMAD SHAHRIZAL BIN ALIAS

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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL;
1.Soil/subgrade
2.Aggregates
3.Binder material (tar or bitumen)

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RIGID PAVEMENT
CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL;
1.Concrete
2.Reinforcement
3.Joint
sealants

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AGGREGATE
1.Aggregates are used as materials under
foundations, roads and railroads.

2.Used as a stable foundation or road/rail base

with predictable, uniform properties (prevent
differential settlement under road structure)

3.Function ; provide interlocking structure,

bear traffic loads and distributing the loads
to lower layer..

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AGGREGATE
4. Can be broken down to 3 main group.
i. Natural rock; igneous, metamorphic &
sediment.
ii. Artificial rock; slag (by-product of ore
smelting) and clinker; frost resistance
char.
iii. Recycle (asphalt, concrete and demolition
material)
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AGGREGATE CLASSIFICATION FOR
PAVEMENT
CLASS PASSING RETAINED NOTE

COARSE 28 mm 2.38 mm - Sieved crush stone

- Quarry dust, sand (river
& mine)
FINE 2.38 mm 75m - Reducing void in course
agg.
- Rock dust, limestone
dust, hidrated lime and
FILLER 75m - portland cement
- Hardened the bitumen
layer on the agg.

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AGGREGATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
FOR PAVEMENT
1. STRENGTH ; to withstand the action of construction
equipment & traffic load.

2. SOUNDNESS , not easily cracked under the action of the

weather.

3. GOOD SHAPE & TEXTURE SURFACE; provide strength &

stability by interlocking characteristics & resistance
to displacement.

4. CLEANLINESS AND PURITY; to maintain uniformity and

quality of the mixture.
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AGGREGATE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
FOR PAVEMENT
5. AFFINITY TO BITUMEN; ensuring a robust mix & have a
good bond with binder.

6. LOW WATER ABSORPTION; facilitate drying & mixing &

prevent binder breaking up.

7. POLISHING RESISTANT; to ensure the pavements have

adequate skid resistance & not easily polished.

8. GOOD GRADING; to ensure the mixture has a suitable

size distribution in order to maintain the quality &
strength of the pavement.
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FILLER
1. Function; to fill the void between aggregate and
improve the bitumen viscosity so that the produced
pavement have high durability

2. Must be clean, pure, smooth & affinity to bitumen.

3. Rock dust, limestone dust, hydrated lime and portland

cement.

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FILLER

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BITUMEN & ASPHALT

1. Bitumen a.k.a asphalt, is a sticky, water proof,

black and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid.

2. The by product of petroleum distillation

3. The primary use of asphalt is in road construction,

where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with
aggregate particles to create asphalt

concrete.

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BITUMEN & ASPHALT
4. In Malaysia, bitumen refers to binder material
produced from petroleum distillation.

5. Bitumen characteristics:
i. Adhesive
ii. Hydrocarbon material
iii. Dissolve in carbon sulfide.
iv. Waterproof
v. Thermoplastic
vi. Elastic
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TYPES OF BITUMEN & ASPHALT
1. PENETRATION GRED BITUMEN (PGB)
✓ Typically for flexible pavement.
✓ Residue from crude oil distillation process.
✓ Semi solid at normal temperature.
✓ Soften and melt when temperature raised.
✓ Grade determine through penetration and viscosity.
✓ Bitumen of 80/100 penetration grade are used in
M’sia road construction
✓ Have to be heated before use.

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STANDARD PENETRATION TEST

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TYPES OF BITUMEN & ASPHALT
2. CUT -BACKS BITUMEN (CBB)
✓ PGB (60 -85%) + solvent
✓ Solvent act as a heating process replacement.
✓ Solvent will evaporate when cut-back bitumen are mixed
with aggregates.
✓ Solvents; kerosene, gasoline and naftalin.
✓ Used for repair work, maintenance and prime coating.
✓ Viscosity is determined by Standard Tar Viscometer test.

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TYPES OF BITUMEN & ASPHALT

3. EMULSION BITUMEN
✓ PGB or CBB (55 -70%) + water
✓ Water evaporated when emulsion bitumen are mixed
with aggregates.
✓ Used for repair, maintenance, hole patching, bind
and wearing course spraying.

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TAR
1. Viscous liquid; Black-brown

2. Produced primarily from wood or coal by destructive

distillation.

3. The difference between tar and bitumen are;

✓ Not from petroleum distillation.
✓ Easily deformed when temperature changes.
✓ Damage at high temperature and brittle at low
temperatures
✓ Easily fill the gaps between aggregate.
✓ Does not dissolve in petrol and kerosene.
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 TAR

BITUMEN

ASFALT
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CEMENT
1. A binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently,
and can bind other materials together.

2. Portland cement harden because of hydration, chemical

reactions that occur independently of the mixture's water
content;

3. The most important use of cement is the production of

concrete; the bonding of aggregates to form a strong
building .

4. Concrete are the main material for rigid pavement

construction.
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STEEL REINFORCEMENT
1. Function; to add tensile strength to concrete structure.

2. Commonly used; High Yield Steel of Long Mesh Fabric

3. Mesh reinforcement prevent concrete from cracks caused by

tensile stress in concrete and facilitate the construction.

4. Tie bars are typically used at longitudinal joints and it

keep the two adjoining slabs from pulling away from each
other

5. Dowel bars are typically used at transverse joints to assist

in load transfer.

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 STEEL REINFORCEMENT

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PAVEMENT MATERIAL TEST
1. Aggregate Impact Value Test

2. Aggregate Crushing Value Test

3. Flakiness & Elongation Index Test

4. Polished Tone Value Test

5. Standard penetration & Softening Point

6. Flash and Fire Point Test

7. Viscosity Test

8. Ductility Test

9. Floatation Test

10. Soundness Test.

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