3 Tool Geometry

3.1 Basic concepts

For the tool to be able to cut without great

friction, we have to ensure:
1. A clearance angle  between tool flank and Tool wedge

cut surface to minimize friction.


p
Chi
2. A rake angle  between tool face and chip
direction to help for chip removal. workpiece 
3. A resulting wedge angle  between tool
face and flank which helps tool to penetrate
through w.p.
Note: Angle  must have an optimum value which ensures sufficient durability and
strength of tool wedge and also sufficient tool conductivity.
3.2 Main geometry of a single point tool
The main tool angles are determined and elaborated in the following drawings

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 
 

   

B
P
e. SEC A-A
.c. 
m
SEC B-B

A
B
b


+

View P

Working drawing of a single point tool

Where:
 Cutting angle ( = + )
 Nose angle
 Setting angle
 Main cutting edge inclination

3.3 Choice of tool angles

The values of tool angles are chosen according to:
 The workpiece material
 The tool material
 The machining method
 Cutting conditions (v, s, t)
 Required Grad of accuracy (IT) and surface roughness (Ra).
Examples:
: is influenced by tool material and amount of friction on tool flank. For hard material of
wp and smaller t   . For HSS  = 5 – 8 and for SC  = 4 – 6.
: The harder and stronger wp material   . For soft materials (Al)   = 25 – 45  and
for hard and brittle material (CI)   = 75 – 85 

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  The rake angle is +ve for ductile and tough - +
materials and –ve for hard and brittle.

 influences direction of chip flow.

-

direction of
chip flow + away from
machined surface

r
r ( tool radius):
r   tool strength Ra  but r   Py   vibrations  Ra 
3.4 Technological angles
As a result of the mutual position and motion of the tool and wp, we obtain so called
technological angles which are different from geometrical angles discussed before. In
technological angles we take the plane of the cutting motion as basic plane. The technological
angles are denoted as S, S , S, … etc.
3.4.1 The effect of the mutual motion of the tool and workpiece upon
technological angles.
When s  v (turning, drilling, …) and  = 90º.

s
v


 = 90


S


s sn s
tan   
v  Dn  D
Then
S  
 S  

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 3.4.2 The effect of the mutual position of the tool and workpiece
When  = 0º (main cutting edge (m.c.e)
parallel to the axis of the workpiece


 S
rotation).


x
2X
sin  


D
 If the shift is above the workpiece



S
center:
S   
 S  
 If the shift is below the workpiece center:
 S   
 S  



x

 S


 
 S

3.4.3 Combined effect of both mutual position and motion of tool and workpiece
In this example:
X is the shift above the workpiece center. s
v
s cos  

D

tan 


v  s sin 

S

Where, s  sn


(mm/min)


v  Dn
x

(mm/min)


2X
sin  
D 

 s      
S

 s      

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