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Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84

Conference and Exhibition Indonesia Renewable Energy & Energy Conservation

[Indonesia EBTKE CONEX 2013]

Study of Modeling Energy Village, a Solution for Energy

Independence Problem in Indonesia
Doddy Dirgantara Putraa,*, Irma Lelawatia
a
Department of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Gadjah Mada University, Jalan Grafika No. 2, D.I Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Abstract

The development of a country in terms of infrastructure and economic consequences of increasing energy consumption in
society. Government’s burden in supplying electricity for people must be addressed with appropriate and long term action, and
the development of energy village can be a choice which should be taken. First step of this development is modeling of energy
village which many aspects should be considered. With establishment of energy village, not only benefit in terms of burden of
government in the provision of energy distribution, also economic and social also come up then Indonesia has become energy
independent country.

©
© 2014 TheAuthors.
2014 The Authors.Published
Publishedbyby Elsevier
Elsevier Ltd.Ltd.
Selection andpeer-review
Selection and peer-reviewunder
under responsibility
responsibility of Scientific
of the the Scientific Committee
Committee of Indonesia
of Indonesia EBTKEEBTKE CONEX 2013.
Conex 2013

Keywords: development; energy; village; model; independence

1. Introduction

Consequences of developing countries to developed countries is increasing economic activity in country.

Indonesia in particular, the average value of economic growth is 6.1% per year from 1971 to 2008 with GDP per
capita of about U.S. $ 2,850 in 2010 [1,2]. Even last data that can be collected, the value of economic growth per
first quarter in 2013, reached 6,02% and U.S. $ 3,556 for GDP per capita in 2012 [3,4]. In addition, Indonesia is the
state that has a population of around 230 million [5].

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +6285645675809.

E-mail address: doddydirgantaraputra@yahoo.com

1876-6102 © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of Indonesia EBTKE Conex 2013
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.199
 Doddy Dirgantara Putra and Irma Lelawati / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84 77

This leads to increased energy consumption to meet daily needs. Energy recognized as is, instant and essential
input for socio-economic development [6,7]. Primary energy consumption has increased by more than 50 percent
from 2000 to 2010. However, oil production, which still supports the majority its energy needs in Indonesia, has
dropped from a peak production of 1.6 million barrels per day to just 861,000 barrels per day in 2012. At the same
time, proven reserves declined by more than 1.9 billion barrels since 1992 [8], which is the sharpest decline in Asia.
Indonesia, with a wealth of natural energy resources, is still far from securing its future energy security. Dependence
on oil and fossils fuels have an impact on the fulfillment of the energy supply. Shown in the table 1 of oil production
[9] has declined from year to year. So that the burden of government in providing energy also increases. Without a
good energy supply strategy, which encourages an activity for developing countries especially in economic sector’s
stability will be disturbed.
Therefore, it is necessary long-term strategic plan and contains elements of sustainable development for the
fulfillment of the energy distribution in rural area. One of the plans that can be taken is the development of energy
village.
The focus of this paper is to present the design models of energy village that can be taken. Also, aspects that
should be taken when selecting the model of energy village.

Table 1. Oil production (in thousand barrels).

Year Oil Condensate Total
2004 353,945 46,541 400,486
2005 341,203 46,450 387,654
2006 322,350 44,699 367,050
2007 305,137 43,211 348,348
2008 312,484 45,016 357,500
2009 301,663 44,650 346,313
2010 300,923 43,965 344,888
2011 289,899 39,350 329,249
2012 279,412 35,254 314,666

2. Material and method

Distribution of energy supply in Indonesia is not spread equally. This can be shown in Figure 1 [10].

Fig.1. Distribution share of final energy consumption by region.

From this picture looks, energy consumption is centered in island of Java, where the center of economic activity
runs. This leads inequality for remote areas difficult to develop, because the energy supply is not sufficient. In fact,
energy is one of the vital need to support all human activities.
The principal energy activities are utilized by households residing in rural can be categorized into a) cooking
and heating b) lighting, power for mobile phone recharging, other media and information technologies such as radio
and television c) agro-processing and/or pumping d) transportation [11,12].
However, many rural communities have low incomes and sporadic. This propose two problem for many rural
villagers [13].
78 Doddy Dirgantara Putra and Irma Lelawati / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84

x Limitation for their fuel options

The inhabitants are only able to buy only small amounts of fuel when money is available to do so. This means
that paraffin more viable fuel than LPG because it is possible to buy it in small amounts. It also implies that
the cheapest fuel is often bough, regardless of the harmful health effect it may have.

x Limited expendable income to buy appliances

Energy using appliances often require significant capital outlay relative to the household income. Thus, even if
electricity were to become available, most households may not be able to use their electricity because a lack of
electrical appliances.

From the problems was described above, the design of the model village will need to be things which can’t be
denied. The planning for energy village development requires a model which should represent from system estate to
be built, in this case the target villages, because when modeling for low-income households.
Thus, energy village models are useful, as they depict understand. These models can be used to perform a
comprehensive calculation and system analyzes. Energy model also had to strike a balance between a set of energy
sources and conversion technologies with energy needs in an optimal state.

2.1 Design and model of energy village

In the design of an energy village, requires the model. The model is used as a framework which must be
arranged to resemble the target villages that will be built. Models can also be used as a template for establishing data
collection. Designing a model of energy village can be divided into several types, they are:

x Optimization model
Optimization models are prescriptive rather than descriptive and tell the user how to make the best of a
given situation in relation to a predefined goal. The optimization model has a goal or an objective to
representation a function usually referred to as an objective function that is to be maximized according to
given alternatives and the imposed constrains. Optimization models are useful in situation when the problem
is to choose the best from a set of well defined alternatives [14].

x Decentralized energy model

The energy-planning endeavor involves finding a set of sources and conversion devices so as to meet the
energy requirements/demands of all the tasks in an optimal manner. This optimality depends on the objective;
such as to minimize the total annual costs of energy or minimization of non-local resources or maximization
of system overall efficiency. Factors such as availability of resources in the region, task energy requirements
impose constraints on the regional energy planning exercise. Thus, the Decentralized Energy Planning (DEP)
turns out to be a constrained optimization problem. DEP models is being developed to assist policy makers
and planners at district and state lavel in evaluating energy policies and develop ecologically sound,
sustainable energy plans. Energy availability and demand situation may be projected for various scenarios
(base case scenario, high-energy intensity, and transformation, state-growth scenarios) in order to get a
glimpse of future patterns and asses the likely impacts of energy policies.

x Energy and environmental planning

The environmental consideration in energy planning would include local environmental factors such as
land degradation, loss of forests, indoor air pollution and global environmental factors such as GHG
emissions and loss of biodiversity. Energy and environmental analysis is a method to evaluate the utility of
energy and resulting emissions through all the materials and processes used to build and use any system over
its entire life and also to demolish it at the end of life. Thus it can be described as a macroscopic exercise
used for conducting futuristic studies through dynamic assessment of the defined reference energy system
comprising of many alternatives and constraints. Energy planning at the village level need an integrated
ecological, economic, and social model to assist sustainable rural development [15].
 Doddy Dirgantara Putra and Irma Lelawati / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84 79

x Energy-Economic Model
The main concept of energy-economic models is outlined in Fig. 2. There are two vectors, energy demand
and supply, respectively. Each of these signals has two major factors such as energy quantity and energy
price. But in dealing with and energy-economic model for policies and global warming issues, multi-
disciplinary fields - energy, economy, and the environtment should be expressed as model components (Fig.
3). Technological innovations and efficiency improvements are factors that should also be included for this
model. Top-down and bottom-up models are the two basic approaches to examine the linkages between the
economy and the energy system. Top-down moels evaluate the system from aggregate economic variables,
whereas bottom-up models consider technological options or project-spesific climate change mitigation
policies. The differences between their results are rooted in a complex interplay among the differences in
purpose, model structure, and input assumptions [16].

Fig. 2. Component of energy-economic model.

Fig. 3. Component of energy-economic model.

2.2 Renewable energy potential

ƒ Geothermal
Geothermal energy is the energy contained as heat in the Earth's interior from inside of earth which has
transferred to surface earth by heat conduction from sources occurs through the rock and convection occurs
80 Doddy Dirgantara Putra and Irma Lelawati / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84

due to contact between the water with a heat source which can be used continuously for heating and electricity
generation [17]. Geothermal energy distribution potencies by region will be shown in Table 2 and 3.

Table 2. Geothermal energy distribution potencies by region.

Area Resouce (MW)

Speculative Hypothetic
Sumatra 4975 2121
Java 1960 1771
Bali-Nusa Tenggara 410 359
Sulawesi 1000 92
Maluku 595 37
Kalimantan 45 -
Papua 75 -
Total 9060 4380

Table 3. Geothermal energy distribution potencies by region.

Area Resouce (MW)

Probable Possible Proven

Sumatra 5845 15 380
Java 3265 885 1815
Bali-Nusa Tenggara 973 - 15
Sulawesi 982 150 78
Maluku 327 - -
Kalimantan - - -
Papua - - -
Total 11392 1050 2288

ƒ Biogas
Biomass is natural energy source, mostly coming from agriculture crops and residues, forest waste,
commodities of plantation, and animal waste. Biomass is the only one of the renewable energy, which can be
used to produce three kinds of fuel, liquid, solid and gas fuels. Table 4 will figure out about potential biogas
energy [18].

Table 4. Biogas energy potential in each province.

Province Biogas potential (MW)
East Java 125.9
Central Java 63
NTT 56.7
Aceh 46.8
North Sumatra 42.7
South Sulawesi 28.8
West Java 40.1
Bali 32
NTB 28.2
South Sumatra 26.8
West Sumatra, Province of Central 10-19
Sulawesi, West Kalimantan, North
Sulawesi, Lampung, and Southeast
Sulawesi
Other provinces <10

ƒ Wind
Wind energy is considered as one of green power technologies since it produces no air pollutans or
greenhouse gas and contributes minor impact toward the environment [19]. Wind energy is the conversion of
wind speed into a useful form of energy such as generating electricity, wind mills for mechanical power, wind
pump for pumping water or sails to ships [20]. The Sumba’s wind energy mapping is given in Fig. 4 [21].
ƒ Solar
 Doddy Dirgantara Putra and Irma Lelawati / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84 81

Indonesia is a tropical country and located in the equator line, the country has an abundant potential of
solar energy. Most of Indonesian areas get a quite intense of solar radiation with the average daily radiation
approximately around 4 kWh/m2.
For Indonesia which has so many small and isolated islands where electricity demand is quite low, photo-
voltaic solar energy system may be used to fulfill power demand in rural areas including lighting for public
service area and places of worship.

Fig. 4. Sumba’s wind energy mapping

3. Result and discussion

In the construction of the village takes appropriate planning, based on good system, in this case the system is
the village model, so it is necessary to consider from various disciplines, such as: engineering, economic, social, and
policy. Finally, sustainable development useful for advancement of village life.
After the study of literature, the process of designing the model requires several steps, such as:

x The selection of the area development

It become the first and fundamental step for the next step in this project. Because each region has problems
and challenges respectively, so the approach taken is different.
Definition of targets has to be iterated with the following stage of defining an implementation schedule.
Overall effects of the measures defined in the Plan may not lead necessarily to the exact targets defined, which
must be revised when a realistic schedule is prepared [22].

x The collection of information

Conceptually, this step aims to obtain activity patterns of people, natural resources owned, demand / supply
of energy, so we can investigate the characteristics of the area.

The collection of information is also useful to estimate the environmental impact of the specific forms and
amounts of energy used.
Two methods of collecting data: (i) surveys of households, and (ii) a technique known as conditional demand
analysis (CDA), which relies on electric usage data for electrified villages and then employs statistical
techniques to estimate total demand for different energy service. However, the spesific weakness in available
surveys include [23] :
ƒ Lack of disaggregated data on the major energy uses—cooking, space heating, and water heating—
including duration, time-of-day and fuel used per task.
ƒ No data on “hire purchase” (rental, leasing, collective purchase) arrangements for capital-intensive energy-
using appliances.
82 Doddy Dirgantara Putra and Irma Lelawati / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84

ƒ Failure to integrate modeling and data collection activities, with the result that neither is tuned to the
opportunities and limitations of the other.
ƒ Lack of information needed to compute statistical uncertainty, which contributes to the larger problem in
energy modeling: the failure to treath uncertainties that propagate through models in a systematic manner
ƒ Embedding of energy surveys within larger surveys that covered many other topics, with the result that
energy-specific questions may be few in number, and data useful for energy modeling (e.g., fuel per task)
may need to be computed from other secondary and often subjective statistics that are of interest to the
organization conducting the survey (e.g., fraction of household income devoted to energy purchases).

x Modeling process
Modeling process is a step to make a design from data that have been obtained. Starting from the view of
how society in terms of energy demand / supply and the technology used based on life in the survey that was
conducted. After that, we try to give alternative energy options for these activities, such as renewable energy
suitable and available for the area, so we can utilize the energy potential has not been maximized and explored
to support energy needs for the community. Example of case that have been successful in utilizing the potential
of the region for the fulfillment of the energy needs for the community, such as [24] :
Case study: NTT (East Nusa Tenggara)
In Indonesia, The energy requirements, especially electrical energy is being more needed and being
unseparated things from daily requirements of modern society. As one of sources of alternative energy that
environmental friendly, wind could be used to complete the requirement of electrical energy. But, not all area in
Indonesia has a potential sources especially wind energy that can be used as a source to complete the
requirement society about electrical energy. East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) as a part district of Sulawesi Islands has
a potential natural resource that can be used as a Alternative Energy to help their society getting another source
in wish to complete their requirement about electrical energy.
This Research, is meaning to study Potential wind energy in NTT that can be used as an alternative energy.
The effective of wind power is got with use HAWT 3 blades of turbine. For the Waingapu and Kupang, the
effective of wind power is more than 1800 kW on 50 m HAG. For the Lekunik and Tardamu, the effective of
wind power is more than 70 kW on 24 m HAG. For north of NTT, the effective of wind power is 5 kW on 24 m
HAG, except Mali station. For the Mali station, the effective of wind power is more than 90 kW on 35 m HAG.
After modeling concepts and cases have been described, there is a simulation tool that can be used in
modeling the energy village, which has been used in previous studies [25]. The modeling tool is
MARKAL/TIMES. MARKAL and TIMES were both developed by the International Energy Agency’s Energy
Technology Systems Analysis Programme (ET-SAP).
TIMES model—an extension of the widely applied MARKAL energy modeling system. TIMES is a multi-
period least-cost linear program optimization model that supports rich detail on technology cost and
performance and assumes perfect foresight by gents. It evaluates energy and technology choices evenhandedly
based upon total lifetime costs of the competing alternatives, taking into consideration onstraints imposed on
the system (e.g., limits on resource availability and potential market penetration of technologies, emission caps).
With this tool, we can adjust the conditions or scenarios that have been developed to prepare the village
development process, based on important things such as, energy demand, energy supply technology, and energy
supply. The result will be obtained a reference energy system for the area.

x Analysis
Determination of energy village model development from the results requires several aspects that should be
considered, such as:
ƒ Time and cost of development
ƒ Level of technological detail that used in model village development must be clear and accurate.
ƒ Ability to model non-economic instruments.
ƒ Ability to analyse different types of cost including investor, social, and consumer has a percent different
payments.
ƒ Adaptability to new tasks: Local human resources should have skills to implement model energy village.
ƒ Modularity and transparency of structure.
 Doddy Dirgantara Putra and Irma Lelawati / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84 83

ƒ Accuracy of representation of non CO2 greenhouse gasses.

ƒ Currency and accuracy of information including cost and performance.

x Recommendation result

Fig. 6. Reference energy system for non-electrified community.

Fig. 6 is an example of the results of the recommendations have been developed in previous studies. With this
result, the fulfillment of the energy and technology can be a guideline to daily life for society.

x Implementation schedule
The definition of an implementation schedule is a critical activity because its result is the reference for
implementation: it contains information on the starting time and pace of implementation of each measure, also
quantifying the desired penetration and expected impacts in terms of energy consumption and environment.

4. Conclusion

Developing energy village, requires systematic and suitable modeling for each region. In the selection of the
model was also necessary aspects requires that should be considered. Modeling must explore potential of the village,
especially energy source. Modeling is very useful as a basis for determining the beginning of the next step,
development plans, and policy support. Finally, the development of village should not stop at the discourse, concrete
steps that need to be done as early as possible.
84 Doddy Dirgantara Putra and Irma Lelawati / Energy Procedia 47 (2014) 76 – 84

Acknowledgements

Alhamdulillahi rabbil ‘alamin, We express highest gratitude to Allah subhanahu wa ta’ala for blessing, love,
opportunity, health, and mercy to complete this paper. We proudly dedicate this paper to our beloved parents, who
had provided support and pray, until we complete this paper. We also would like to thank to LPKTA FT UGM
(Institute of Applied Research and Engineering Studies), Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, without
experience, training and support, we cannot forget the contribution to support complete this paper.

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