Actividad de Recuperación – Idiomas

1. Fecha y hora de la actividad de recuperación:

Sábado 17 de septiembre, 1:30 pm.

Domingo 18 de septiembre, 8:30 am.

2. Realice los tres ejercicios que se indican al final.

3. Presentación oral: estudie todo el material para la
exposición; la cual se hará en español, pero indicando los
ejemplos en inglés.
4. Criterios de evaluación de la presentación oral:

- Dominio de contenido: 12 pts. Defensa: 9 pts.

Ejercicios: 3 pts.
- Materiales y recursos empleados: 3 pts.
- Informe: 5 pts.

Words for parts of speech

All words belong to categories called word classes (or parts of speech) according to
the part they play in a sentence. The main word classes in English are listed below.

Noun
Verb
Adjective
Adverb
Pronoun
Preposition
Conjunction
Determiner
Exclamation

Noun
A noun is a word that identifies:
a person (man, girl, engineer, friend)
a thing (horse, wall, flower, country)
an idea, quality, or state (anger, courage, life, luckiness)

Verb
A verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens. For example, verbs
describe:
an action – jump, stop, explore
an event – snow, happen
a situation – be, seem, have
a change – evolve, shrink, widen

- Helping verb: word used with other verbs. Am, will, have, are some helping
verbs. They are sometimes called auxiliaries.

- Linking verb: word that connects or links the subject of a sentence with
another word. Linking verbs have very little meaning of their own. Some
linking verbs are: is, was, became, tastes, looks, seems, felt.

Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extra information about it. For
example:
an exciting adventure
a green apple
a tidy room

Adverb
An adverb is a word that is used to give information about a verb, adjective, or other
adverb. They can make the meaning of a verb, adjective, or other adverb stronger
or weaker, and often appear between the subject and its verb (She nearly lost
everything.)
Pronoun
Pronouns are used in place of a noun that is already known or has already been
mentioned. This is often done in order to avoid repeating the noun. For example:
Laura left early because she was tired.
Anthony brought the avocados with him.
That is the only option left.
Something will have to change.

Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things,
for example I,me, mine, you, yours,his, her, hers, we, they, or them. They can be
divided into various different categories according to their role in a sentence, as
follows:
 Subjective pronouns

The personal pronouns I, you, we, he, she, it, we, and they are known
as subjective pronouns because they act as the subjects of verbs:

She saw Catherine.

We drove Nick home.
I waved at her.

 Objective pronouns

The personal pronouns me, you, us, him, her, it, and them are called objective
pronouns because they act as the objects of verbs and prepositions:

Catherine saw her.

Nick drove us home.
She waved at me.

Here’s a table setting out the different forms:

SINGULAR PLURAL

subjective objective subjective objective

first person I me we us

second person you you you you

third person he/she/it him/her/it they them

Notice that the personal pronouns you and it stay the same, whether they are
being used in the subjective or objective roles.
 Possessive pronouns

The personal pronouns mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs are known
as possessive pronouns: they refer to something owned by the speaker or by
someone or something previously mentioned. For example:

That book is mine.

John’s eyes met hers.
Ours is a family farm.

 Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive personal pronouns include myself, himself, herself, itself,

ourselves, yourselves, andthemselves. These are used to refer back to the
subject of the clause in which they are used:

I fell and hurt myself.

Daisy prepared herself for the journey.
The children had to look after themselves.

Preposition
A preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on, and with. Prepositions are usually
used in front of nouns or pronouns and they show the relationship between the noun
or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They describe, for example, the position
of something, the time when something happens, or the way in which something is
done.

Conjunction
A conjunction (also called a connective) is a word such as and, because, but, for, if,
or, and when. Conjunctions are used to connect phrases, clauses,
and sentences.The two main kinds are known as coordinating
conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

Determiner
A determiner is a word that introduces a noun, such
as a/an, the, every, this, those, or many (asin a dog, the dog, this dog, those dogs,
every dog, many dogs). The determiner the is sometimes known as the definite
article and the determiner a (or an) as the indefinite article.

Exclamation
An exclamation (also called an interjection) is a word or phrase that expresses strong
emotion, such as surprise, pleasure, or anger. Exclamations often stand on their
own, and in writing they are usually followed by an exclamation mark rather than a
full stop.

Words for parts of a sentence

Clause
Part of a compound or compound-complex sentence. It usually has a subject and a
verb. Main clauses can stand alone. Dependent or subordinate clauses cannot stand
alone.

Complement
Noun or adjective that completes the meaning of a linking verb. A complement
modifies the subject. In “She was kind”, kind modifies she.

Direct object
Noun or pronoun that follows a verb and is related to the action of a verb.

Example: Oscar moved the furniture.

Indirect object
Noun or pronoun used with verbs of giving, telling, asking, sending, and so on. It
usually comes before the direct object. Example: Bob gave the child a quarter.
Modifier
Word that limits or makes more exact the meaning of another word. Adjectives and
adverbs are two kinds of modifiers: a cold day, sitting quietly.

Object of a preposition
Word or group of words whose relation to another part of a sentence is shown by
the preposition. In “She pitched the ball to the catcher”, to is the preposition and
catcher is the object of the preposition.

Phrase
Group of two or more words that are related. A phrase has no subject. In “He jumped
over the fence”, over the fence is a prepositional phrase.

Predicate
The verb part of a clause or sentence with its modifiers, object, complement, and so
on. A predicate tells what is said about the subject. In “The horse won”, the verb
won is the predicate. In “The horse won the race easily”, won the race easily is the
predicate.

Subject
Word or group of words that perform the action of a verb. It usually stands before
the verb. Example: Greg dissapeared; Sara and Lucy planted a garden.

SENTENCE PATTERNS

There are five important components in a sentence:

Subject (S)
Verb (V)
Object (O)
Complement (C)
Adverbial (A)
1. SUBJECT (S)

Definition :

To get ‘S’ ask the quesiton ‘Who?’ before the verb.

Nancy danced well - (Here “Nancy” is the Subject)

The child broke the glass - (Here “The child” is the Subject)

Subject (S) consists of nouns or pronouns and occurs before a verb

2. VERB (V)

Definition :

In every sentence the most important word is the verb. A verb shows action or activity or
work done.

He is a doctor
Jenny wrote a letter

Verb (V) consists of (a) auxiliaries verbs and (b) finite verbs

(a) Auxiliaries

Be (am, is, are ,was, were)

has, have, had
does, do, did

Modals : can, could; will, would; shall, should; may, might; must

Semi-modals / Quasi Modals : dare to; need to; used to; ought to

(b) Finte verbs - denote action

talk, sing, write, make, dance, play, cook, leave, teach, sleep

Verbs occur after the subject and before the object.

3. OBJECT (O)

Definition :

To get the object ‘O’ ask the question ‘What’ or ‘Whom’. ‘What’ is for things and ‘Whom’ is
for persons. Persons may be nouns or pronouns.

He bought a pen (a pen = Object)

He handles the computer (computer = Object)

I saw him (him = Object)

Object (O) - consists of nouns or noun phrases or noun clauses

(a) Direct Object (D.O.) answers the question ‘what’

S V O (What)

I like animals

(b) Indirect Object (I.O.) answers the question ‘whom’

S V I.O. (whom) D.O.

I gave Rosy a pen

4. COMPLEMENT (C)

Definition :

The words required to complete the meaning of a sentence are called Complement of the
sentence.

S V C

He is a dentist
She became a journalist

It grew dark

Complement (C) - from the word ‘complete’

- Completes the meaning in the sentence.

- Without it the, meaning is incomplete.
- Without it the, meaning changes
- Occurs in two patterns:

(i) S V C pattern.
(ii) S V O C pattern

(i) In S V C pattern, the complement C:

- complements the subjects

- tells about the subject

(iii) In S V O C pattern:

- the complement tells about the object

- the complement and object are of the same person or thing

S V O C

They called David a genius

I found her crying

They elected Michelle leader

Types of Complement
1. Subject Complement
Definition :

The complement which expresses the quality or identity or condition of the subject is called
Subject Complement:

She is a doctor

She looks sad

2. Object Complement
Definition :

The complement which expresses the quality or identity or condition of an object is called
Object Complement.

They made her angry

She called him a liar

Adjunct or Adverbial (A)

Definition :

To get (A) ask the question why, when, where or how.

The use of adverbial is optional whereas complement is essential. It has adverb phrase, adverbial
clause, noun-phrase and prepositional phrase.

Why? (reason) When? (Time) Where? (Place) How? (Manner)

due to cold now, later here, there by bus / cycle

through floods after 2 years every where through efforts

 under
compulsion when young in the sky by mixing

carefully in the morning at home by hard work

Adjunct (A) answers the questions where? when? how? why?

- without A, any change in the meaning of the sentence

Examples of Adjuncts (A) in sentences:

S V A

She Comes every day

- Sit Here

Basic Sentence Patterns in the English Language

Pattern 1
Subject (S) Verb (V)

The boy walked

I listened
He jumped

Pattern 2
Subject (S) Verb (V) Direct Object (DO)

Birds eat seeds

The plumber fixes the faucet
I bought a book

Pattern 3
Subject (S) Verb (V) Indirect Object (IO) Direct Object (DO)

You gave the birds the seeds

The plumber gave Mary the bill
I asked Hector a question

Pattern 4
Subject (S) Linking Verb (V) Complement (C)

Pierre is French
Maria was angry
They were winners
Natalie is happy
We are busy

Ejercicios
A. Escoja un Objeto Directo (OD) de la lista, para completar las
siguientes oraciones:

this book
a cake
t.he car
a letter
that rose
a sweater
 a chicken
a mango tree

1. Jane bought_____________________
2. Will wrote_______________________
3. We planted______________________
4. Mother baked____________________
5. Dad washed_____________________

B. Añada un Objeto Indirecto (OI) a cada expresión para convertirla

en una oración. Subraye el Objeto Directo (OD) en cada una de
ellas:

6. The waiter gave_________________________ the bill.

7. The bus driver handed____________________ a transfer.
8. Fred sent_______________________________ a present.
9. Susan passed___________________________ a note.
10. Lupe brought____________________________ a photo.

C. Escriba una oración para cada uno de los patrones vistos

anteriormente. Las dos primeras deben tener un OD. La tercera
debe tener un OD y un OI. La cuarta oración debe tener un
complemento (C):