Dinámica:

causas del movimiento

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Fuerza: es toda causa capaz de variar el estado de
reposo o de movimiento de un cuerpo. !

Características:
•  Unidad de medida en el SI: Newton (N) (1N produce a una masa
de 1 kg una aceleración de 1m/s2)
•  Es una magnitud vectorial
–  módulo,
–  dirección,
–  sentido y
–  punto de aplicación.
•  Las fuerzas no se “ven”, pero se aprecian sus efectos:
–  Deformaciones
–  Cambios de movimiento,
–  Estados de equilibrio.
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entre la rueda de una moto o bicicleta y el suelo.

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Eje anteroposterior

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2
Teorema de Steiner
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Ejemplo

Un palo de 0,5 kg tiene un momento de inercia Icg=0,10 kg m2, respecto

al eje transversal que pasa por su cdg. Cuando una persona hace girar
el palo el eje de rotación está al final del palo a 0,8 m de su cdg.
¿Cuál es el momento de inercia relativo a este eje?

I = I cg + m! r 2
I = 0,10 + 0, 5! 0,82 = 0, 42!kg!m 2

I es casi 4 veces mayor! Lo cual tiene sentido porque la

mayor parte de la masa está más lejos del eje de giro.

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m1vi1 + m2 vi2 = m1v f 1 + m2 v f 2

A'! 5'3! *-/,(,:'! #$%&'()*+! (&!

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m1vi1 + m2 vi2 = (m1 + m2 )!v f
O-*('71"&'&"/#-.('1(P#'1(0-1(0/&5%-#3/(

Ejemplo:
Dos jugadores de rugby corren en sentidos opuestos en la misma
dirección uno hacia el otro. Cuando se encuentran, ambos se moverán
como un solo cuerpo con la misma velocidad. Llegará el jugador 1 a la
línea de meta y marcar??

Hay que adoptar un

v1=6 m/s v2=-5 m/s
m1=80 kg m2=120 kg sistema de referencia

x- x+

Aplicando la conservación de la cantidad de movimiento y teniendo

en cuenta que es un choque inelástico.
pi = pf
El resultado nos indica que
m1vi1 + m2 vi2 = (m1 + m2 )v f
ambos jugadores se moverán
m1vi1 + m2 vi2 m hacia las x negativas
vf = = !!0, 6!
(m1 + m2 ) s alejándose de la línea de meta.
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Aplicando la 2º Ley de Newton

x : !Fx = Px = ma
y : !Fy = N " Py = 0

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!!!!!!!Px = P!sen!
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y
Aplicando la 2º Ley de Newton!!!!
x : !Fx = Px " Fr = ma Fr

y : !Fy = N " Py = 0

x
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/3'637! B-)-! &/! ,)>/&)&'1-! >&(3#+! )5*a-! )&'-(! E5&! &/! /3'63.-#;!
3.E5,#,#+!5'3!%#3'!0&/-*,.3.7!
"  B-/,(,-'&(!,'&/+(<*3(H!
Ç!8&>-#1&(!&'!/-(!E5&!a3=3!&/1"."/#-.(F(81/K5-/.H!#5%C=;!T-*d&=;!&1*7!
 H'(&'+0'!!
!K*:)-!*3&#L!

U',/(H'%-1'?(.'13'0/*(0-(1/#,"350(

El centro de gravedad de un saltador de 80 kg alcanza los 2.65 m de altura. Si cae con

un ángulo de 40º y al caer recorre 100 cm desde el instante de tomar contacto con el
suelo hasta amortiguar por completo la caída, y admitiendo que la aceleración negativa
del centro del gravedad es uniforme, ¿Cuál es la fuerza de sus músculos para frenar la
caída?

e7fb)!
A'!&/!,'(13'1&!.&!1-*3#!&/!(5&/-;!/3!0&/-*,.3.!0&#<*3/!&(H! `el!
!
!
! v y = 2 gh = 2 ! 9.81! 2 = 6.26 m s
D&#-!3/!4-#)3#!+'%5/-!a!.&!`el;!/3!0&/-*,.3.!3/!*-'13*13#!*-'!&/!(5&/-!!!!!!&(H! vc
vx
vc = v y sen! = 2 g h sen! = 2 " 9.81" 2 sen40º = 9.75 m s
! vy
!
a! vc
23!*3'<.3.!.&!)-0,),&'1-!3/!1-*3#!&/!(5&/-!&(H!
!
p = m " vc = 80! " 9.75 = 780 kg m s !1
 vc e
a! F

El centro de gravedad de un saltador de 80 kg alcanza los 2.65 m

de altura. Si cae con un ángulo de 40º y al caer recorre 100 cm
desde el instante de tomar contacto con el suelo hasta amortiguar
por completo la caída, y admitiendo que la aceleración negativa
del centro del gravedad es uniforme, ¿Cuál es la fuerza de sus
músculos para frenar la caída? .
!
85#3'1&!/3!3)-#<%53*,:'!.&!/3!*3$.3H!
!
0 = vc + at ! vc = " at = 9.75 m s
1 v #t v #t 2e 2 # 1
e = vc # t + at 2 = vc # t " c = c ! t= = = 0.205s
2 2 2 vc 9.75
vc 9.75 m s
! a=" =" = "47.6 m s 2
t 0.205 s

K*3(,!b!0&*&(!/3!3*&/&#3*,:'!.&!/3!%#30&.3.!&'!*3$.3!/,C#&uuuL!
Cuál es la fuerza media y el impulso necesario de sus músculos
para amortiguar la caída?
Fm
Fm = m ! a = 80kg ! ( "47.6 m s 2 ) = "3808 N # = 4.9 veces
mg
23!45&#63!E5&!.&C&'!&T&#*&#!/-(!)c(*5/-(!&(!*3(,!*,'*-!0&*&(!&/!>&(-!.&!(5!*5&#>-!
!
A/!,)>5/(-!&(H! I = Fm ! "t = #3808 N ! 0.205s = #780 N ! s
!
B-,'*,.&!*-'!/3!*3'<.3.!.&!)-0,),&'1-!3/!1-*3#!&/!(5&/-7!

vc e
F

23!45&#63!)5(*5/3#!'&*&(3#,3!&'!/3!*3$.3!.&>&'.&H!
" !/3!3/15#3!3/*3'63.3!h
" !/3!)3(3!.&/!(3/13.-#!m m" g h
" !&/!+'%5/-!.&!//&%3.3!a! F =#
" !/3!.,(13'*,3!.&!3)-#<%53),&'1-!e sen 2! " e
Si manteniendo el impulso, aumenta el
tiempo de amortiguación, por ejemplo
aumentando la amplitud e del movimiento,
la fuerza necesaria sería menor, aunque las
posiciones musculares pueden
provocar problemas articulares.

vc e
F
Estudia cómo sería la caída si el saltador alcanza mayor o menor
altura h en su salto:

h ( m) vc ( m s )
1.8 9.25
2.0 9.75 2g h
2.2 10.22 vc =
2.4 10.68 sen !
2.6 11.11
2.8 11.53
3.0 11.94

Estudia cómo sería la caída si el saltador alcanza mayor o menor

altura h en su salto:
h ( m) vc ( m s ) t (s)
1.8 9.25 0.216
2.0 9.75 0.205 2e
2.2 10.22 0.196 t=
2.4 10.68 0.187
vc
2.6 11.11 0.180
2.8 11.53 0.173
3.0 11.94 0.168
Estudia cómo sería la caída si el saltador alcanza mayor o menor
altura h en su salto:
h ( m) vc ( m s ) t (s) a ( m s2 )
1.8 9.25 0.216 -42.8
2.0 9.75 0.205 -47.6 vc
2.2 10.22 0.196 -52.1 a=!
2.4 10.68 0.187 -57.1 t
2.6 11.11 0.180 -61.7
2.8 11.53 0.173 -66.6
3.0 11.94 0.168 -71.1

Estudia cómo sería la caída si el saltador alcanza mayor o menor

altura h en su salto:
h ( m ) vc ( m s ) t (s) a ( m s2 ) F (N )
1.8 9.25 0.216 -42.8 -3424
2.0 9.75 0.205 -47.6 -3808
2.2 10.22 0.196 -52.1 -4168 F = m!a
2.4 10.68 0.187 -57.1 -4568
2.6 11.11 0.180 -61.7 -4936
2.8 11.53 0.173 -66.6 -5325
3.0 11.94 0.168 -71.1 -5688
 Estudia cómo sería la caída si el saltador alcanza mayor o menor
altura h en su salto:

h ( m) vc ( m s ) t (s) a ( m s2 ) F ( N ) F mg
1.8 9.25 0.216 -42.8 -3424 4.4
2.0 9.75 0.205 -47.6 -3808 4.9
2.2 10.22 0.196 -52.1 -4168 5.3
2.4 10.68 0.187 -57.1 -4568 5.8
2.6 11.11 0.180 -61.7 -4936 6.3
2.8 11.53 0.173 -66.6 -5325 6.8
3.0 11.94 0.168 -71.1 -5688 7.2

Estudia ahora cómo varía la fuerza necesaria aumentando el tiempo

de amortiguación, al incrementar la amplitud del movimiento e.
Considera a = 30º:
e (m) h ( m ) 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
1.0
1.2 F h
=
1.4
mg sen2! " e
1.6
1.8
2.0
Estudia ahora cómo varía la fuerza necesaria aumentando el tiempo
de amortiguación, al incrementar la amplitud del movimiento e.
Considera a = 30º:
e (m) h ( m ) 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
1.0 7.2 8.0 8.8 9.6
1.2 6.0 6.7 7.3 8.0 F h
=
1.4 5.1 5.7 6.3 6.9
mg sen2! " e
1.6 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
1.8 4.0 4.4 4.9 5.3
2.0 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8

A/!#-63),&'1-!.&/!3,#&!

45&#63!.&!3##3(1#&!
&T&)>/-H!/3'63),&'1-!0&#<*3/!

q'3!>&/-13!.&!V`e!%!.&!)3(3!(&!/3'63!0&#<*3/)&'1&!a3*,3!3##,C3!*-'!5'3!
0&/-*,.3.!,',*,3/!.&!VZ!)[(7!B3/*5/3!/3!3/15#3!)+],)3!3/*3'63.3!>-#!/3!>&/-13!(,!
3L !/3!#&(,(1&'*,3!.&/!3,#&!&(!,'(,%',9*3'1&7!
CL !&/!3,#&!.3!/5%3#!3!5'3!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!FD!Kfactor de arrastre
aerodinámicoL!->5&(13!3!/3!0&/-*,.3.;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.-'.&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7!!
FD = C ! v 2 C = 0.002 Ns 2 m2
A'!&(1&!*3(-;!&(!
a = ! g = !9.81 m s 2

v = v0 ! at = 18 ! 9.81t v0
1 9.81 2x (&#+!)+]!*53'.-!vYe!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
x = v t + a t 2 = 18 t !
0 t
2 2
!18 9.81
mg
t= = 1.835 s xmáx = 18 "1.835 ! 1.8352 = 16.5 m
!9.81 2

&T&)>/-H!/3'63),&'1-!0&#<*3/!

q'3!>&/-13!.&!V`e!%!.&!)3(3!(&!/3'63!0&#<*3/)&'1&!a3*,3!3##,C3!*-'!5'3!
0&/-*,.3.!,',*,3/!.&!VZ!)[(7!B3/*5/3!/3!3/15#3!)+],)3!3/*3'63.3!>-#!/3!>&/-13!(,!
CL  ! &/! 3,#&! .3! /5%3#! 3! 5'3! 45&#63! .&! #-63),&'1-! FD! ! Kfactor de arrastre
aerodinámicoL!->5&(13!3!/3!0&/-*,.3.;! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !.-'.&! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !7!!!!!
FD = C ! v 2 C = 0.002 Ns 2 m2
A'! &(1&! *3(-;! &(! )+(! *-'0&',&'1&! *3)C,3#! .&! 03#,3C/&! t 3! 03#,3C/&! x 7!!!!!!!
!
dv dv dx dv v v0
a= = =v ! dx = dv
dt dx dt dx a
"mg " Cv 2 mg
"mg " Cv = ma 2
! a=
m
v mv dv m FD
x = # dv = " # =" ln ( mg + Cv 2 ) + cte
a mg + Cv 2
2C
&T&)>/-H!/3'63),&'1-!0&#<*3/!

q'3!>&/-13!.&!V`e!%!.&!)3(3!(&!/3'63!0&#<*3/)&'1&!a3*,3!3##,C3!*-'!5'3!
0&/-*,.3.!,',*,3/!.&!VZ!)[(7!B3/*5/3!/3!3/15#3!)+],)3!3/*3'63.3!>-#!/3!>&/-13!(,!
CL !&/!3,#&!.3!/5%3#!3!5'3!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!FD!Kfactor de arrastre
aerodinámicoL!->5&(13!3!/3!0&/-*,.3.;!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.-'.&!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!7!!
FD = C ! v 2 C = 0.002 Ns 2 m2
• !D3#3!.&1&#),'3#!&/!03/-#!.&!/3!*1&;!&' x=0 &(#v=18 m/s
!
m 0.140 v0
cte = ln ( mg + Cv 2 ) = ln ( 0.140 ! 9.81 + 0.002 !182 ) = 24.6 m
2C 2 ! 0.002
{!x!(&#+!)+],)-!*53'.-!vYe!
!
m m mg
x=! ln ( mg + Cv 2 ) + cte xmáx =! ln ( mg ) + cte =
2C 2C
FD
0.140
=! ln ( 0.140 " 9.81) + cte = !11.1 + 24.6 = 13.5 m
2 " 0.002

&T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

FD

m.g Caída libre

posición extendida
 &T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

23!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!E5&!3*1c3!(-C#&!5'!>3#3*3,.,(13!&'!/3!>-(,*,:'!
&]1&'.,.3 !&(!3>#-],)3.3)&'1&!FDYe7\eZzb!v2;!.-'.& FD &(!&'!?!=!v!&'!
)[(7!X,!&/!>3#3*3,.,(13!(,%5&!5'3!1#3=&*1-#,3!.&!*3$.3!0&#<*3/;!.&1&#),'3!/3!
0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&7!!
K(5>:'!/3!)3(3!.&/!>3#3*3,.,(13!.&!fed%;!Zed%!-!Veed%L!
!
!
! mg ! FD
mg ! FD = ma " a=
!!!!23!0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&!(&!3/*3'63!*53'.-!/3!3*&/&#3*,:'!(&!3'5/3H
m
FD

mg ! FD mg
= 0 " FD = mg = 0.20875v 2 " vlim =
mg m 0.20875

&T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

23!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!E5&!3*1c3!(-C#&!5'!>3#3*3,.,(13!&'!/3!>-(,*,:'!
&]1&'.,.3 !&(!3>#-],)3.3)&'1&!FDYe7\eZzb!v2;!.-'.& FD &(!&'!?!=!v!&'!
)[(7!X,!&/!>3#3*3,.,(13!(,%5&!5'3!1#3=&*1-#,3!.&!*3$.3!0&#<*3/;!.&1&#),'3!/3!
0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&7!!
K(5>:'!/3!)3(3!.&/!>3#3*3,.,(13!.&!fed%;!Zed%!-!Veed%L

60 ! 9.81 m 3600 s h
FD vlim ( 60kg ) = = 53.1 m s " 53.1 ! = 191 km h
0.20875 s 1000 m km

80 ! 9.81 m 3600 s h
vlim (80kg ) = = 61.3 m s " 61.3 ! = 221 km h
0.20875 s 1000 m km

mg 100 ! 9.81 m 3600 s h

vlim (100kg ) = = 68.6 m s " 68.6 ! = 247 km h
0.20875 s 1000 m km
&T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

23!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!E5&!3*1c3!(-C#&!5'!>3#3*3,.,(13!&'!/3!>-(,*,:'!
&]1&'.,.3 !&(!3>#-],)3.3)&'1&!FDYe7\eZzb!v2;!.-'.& FD &(!&'!?!=!v!&'!
)[(7!X,!&/!>3#3*3,.,(13!(,%5&!5'3!1#3=&*1-#,3!.&!*3$.3!0&#<*3/;!.&1&#),'3!/3!
0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&!&'!*3$.3!/,C#&7!
m! g
vlim =
0.20875

velocidad límite en caída libre

Masa (kg) 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Velocidad (m/s)
Velocidad (km/h)

&T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

23!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!E5&!3*1c3!(-C#&!5'!>3#3*3,.,(13!&'!/3!>-(,*,:'!
&]1&'.,.3 !&(!3>#-],)3.3)&'1&!FDYe7\eZzb!v2;!.-'.& FD &(!&'!?!=!v!&'!
)[(7!X,!&/!>3#3*3,.,(13!(,%5&!5'3!1#3=&*1-#,3!.&!*3$.3!0&#<*3/;!.&1&#),'3!/3!
0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&!&'!*3$.3!/,C#&7!
m! g
vlim =
0.20875

velocidad límite en caída libre

Masa (kg) 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Velocidad (m/s) 57.4 59.4 61.3 63.2 65.0 66.8 68.6
Velocidad (km/h) 207 214 221 228 234 240 247
&T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

Bendito aire que nos frena… de lo contrario, con la

velocidad que alcanzaríamos no habría cuerpo que
aguantara el tirón del paracaídas al abrirse.

V:HC)(AI(CWI!A>(
A#(35(7*"%-*(.'13/(-#(7'*'&'+0'.(3-('&/%7'X'*$(5#("#.3*5&3/*(7*/4-."/#'1(&/#(%"1-.(0-(
.'13/.(0-(-B7-*"-#&"';(
Y1(3-(-B71"&'*$(-#(K5G(&/#.".3-(-1(.'13/(-#(3$#0-%(F(3-(0'*$(5#'.(.-#&"11'.(
"#.3*5&&"/#-.;((
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
V58"*G".(-#('2"/#-3'(Z'.3'([;\\\(%-3*/.(F?(Q5#3/.?(.'13'*G".;(]#(%"#53/(0-(&'+0'(1"8*-(
Z'.3'(11-,'*('(1/.(^;_\\(%-3*/.;(A#(-.-(%/%-#3/?(35("#.3*5&3/*('8*"*$(-1(7'*'&'+0'.;((
(
V-*$#(_(%"#53/.(0-(25-1/(./8*-(-1(%'*'2"11/./(7'".'Q-(0-(```````;;(U('3-**"6'*G".?(
.5'2-%-#3-?(-#(-1(75#3/(0/#0-(3-(-.7-*'*$#(35.(4'%"1"'*-.(F('%",/.;((
 &T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

oB5+'1-!(&!13#.3!&'!3/*3'63#!&(3!0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&p!
!
23!0&/-*,.3.!&'!*3.3!,'(13'1&!.&!/3!*3$.3!(&!>5&.&!-C1&'&#!&'!45'*,:'!.&!/3!
0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&!)&.,3'1&!/3!&]>#&(,:'H!
!
!
!g " ! g "
$ t% $# t%
& vl ' & vl '
e #e
v ( t ) = vl ( !g " ! g "
$ t% $# t%
& vl ' & vl '
e +e

aÉ>H[[@@@7507&([Ñ.3&[G>5'1&f7>.4!

velocidad en caida libre

70

60
velocidad (m/s)

50
70 kg
40
80 kg
90 kg
30
!g " ! g " 100 kg
$ t% $# t%
& vl ' & vl '
20 e #e
v ( t ) = vl ( !g " ! g "
$ t% $# t%
10 e & vl '
+e & vl '

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
tiempo (s)
 &T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

%)#(&#2(76()7'#6')#5+.+6+F2+7#7(#+&6+)9+#'*.+#!(&'6C2+2#&F"C*(#
C):(.C'.#

&T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

A'!%&'&#3/!/3!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!&'!&/!)-0,),&'1-!&'!5'!S5,.-!&(!>#->-#k*,-'3/!3!
/3!0&/-*,.3.!3/!*53.#3.-;!.-'.&!/3!*-'(13'1&!.&!>#->-#*,-'3/,.3.!.&>&'.&!.&!/3!
.&'(,.3.!r;!.&/!+#&3!A!=!.&/!43*1-#!.&!4-#)3!d!
!
FD = k # v 2 donde k = ! A" 2
!
B53'.-!(&!3C#&!&/!>3#3*3$.3(!(&!3/*3'63!5'3!'5&03!0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&!*-'!-1#3!
*-'(13'1&!.&!>#->-#*,-'3/,.3.!kH!*-'!/3!.&'(,.3.!.&/!3,#&!r Y!V7\U!d%[)^;!43*1-#!.&!
4-#)3!d Y!e7Z!=!+#&3!AY!f!)\!
!!
!! k = ! A" 2 = 1.29 # 6 # 0.8 2 = 3.1
!

23!0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&!(&!3/*3'63!*53'.-!/3!3*&/&#3*,:'!(&!3'5/3H!
mg ! FD
mg ! FD = ma " a=
m
mg ! FD m# g
= 0 " FD = mg = 3.1# v 2 " vlim =
m 3.1
&T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

23!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!E5&!3*1c3!*-'!&/!>3#3*3,.3(!3C,&#1-!&(!3>#-],)3k
.3)&'1&!F8Y^7V!v\;!*-'!!F8!&'!?!=!v!&'!)[(7!!
X,!&/!>3#3*3,.3(!(,%5&!5'3!1#3=&*1-#,3!0&#<*3/;!.&1&#),'3!(5!0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&!.&!
.&(*&'(-7!
m! g
vlim =
3.1

velocidad límite con paracaídas

Masa (kg) 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Velocidad (m/s)
Velocidad (km/h)

&T&)>/-H!>3#3*3,.,()-!

23!45&#63!.&!#-63),&'1-!E5&!3*1c3!*-'!&/!>3#3*3,.3(!3C,&#1-!&(!3>#-],)3k
.3)&'1&!FDY^7V!v2;!*-' FD &'!?!=!v!&'!)[(7!!
X,!&/!>3#3*3,.3(!(,%5&!5'3!1#3=&*1-#,3!0&#<*3/;!.&1&#),'3!(5!0&/-*,.3.!/$),1&!.&!
.&(*&'(-7
m! g
vlim =
3.1

velocidad límite con paracaídas

Masa (kg) 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Velocidad (m/s) 14.9 15.4 15.9 16.4 16.9 17.3 17.8
Velocidad (km/h) 54 55 57 59 61 62 64

oÖ!(,!35)&'13!&/!13)3Ü-!.&/!>3#3*3$.3(!KVe;!Vb;!\e!)\Lp!