IB Chemistry – HL

Topic 6 Questions

1. The reaction between NO2 and F2 gives the following rate data at a certain temperature.
What is the order of reaction with respect to NO2 and F2?

[NO2]/mol dm–3 [F2]/mol dm–3 Rate /mol dm–3 min–

1

0.1 0.2 0.1

0.2 0.2 0.4
0.1 0.4 0.2

NO2 order F2 order

A. first first
B. first second
C. second first
D. second second

2. Which step in a multi-step reaction is the rate determining step?

A. The first step

B. The last step

C. The step with the lowest activation energy

D. The step with the highest activation energy

3. The rate expression for a reaction is shown below.

rate = k[A]2[B]2

Which statements are correct for this reaction?

I. The reaction is second order with respect to both A and B.

II. The overall order of the reaction is 4.

III. Doubling the concentration of A would have the same effect on the rate of reaction
as doubling the concentration of B.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

4. Values of a rate constant, k, and absolute temperature, T, can be used to determine the activation

1
 energy of a reaction by a graphical method. Which graph produces a straight line?

A. k versus T

B. k versus 1
T

C. ln k versus T

D. ln k versus 1
T

5. The rate expression for a particular reaction is

Rate = k[P][Q]

Which of the units below is a possible unit for k?

A. mol–2 dm6 min–1

B. mol–1 dm3 min–1

C. mol dm3 min–1

D. mol–2 dm–6 min–1

6. The reaction 2X(g) + Y(g)  3Z(g) has the rate expression

rate = k [X]2[Y]0

The concentration of X is increased by a factor of three and the concentration of Y is increased

by a factor of two. By what factor will the reaction rate increase?

A. 6 B. 9

C. 12 D. 18

7. A reaction occurs in four steps. The steps and their rates are shown in the table

Step Rate
1 0.01 mol dm–3 s–1
2 0.10 mol dm–3 s–1
3 0.01 mol dm–3 min–1
4 0.10 mol dm–3 min–1

Which is the rate-determining step?

A. Step 1 B. Step 2

C. Step 3 D. Step 4

8. The rate expression for a reaction is

2
 rate = k[CH3Br][OH–]

Which is a possible unit for k?

A. mol2 dm–6 min–1 B. mol dm–3 min–1

C. mol–1 dm3 min–1 D. mol–2 dm6 min–1

9. What happens to the rate constant (k) and activation energy (Ea) of a reaction when the
temperature is increased?

A. k increases and Ea is unaffected. B. k decreases and Ea is unaffected.

C. Ea increases and k is unaffected. D. Ea decreases and k is unaffected.

10. The mechanism of a reaction is

XY2 + XY2  X2Y4

X2Y4  X2 + 2Y2
X2 + Y2  2XY

What is the overall equation for the reaction?

A. X2Y4  2XY2 B. 2XY2  X2 + 2Y2

C. 2XY2  2XY + Y2 D. X2Y4  2XY + Y2

11. Consider the reaction

2I(aq) + H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq)  I2(aq) + 2H2O(l)

In the presence of S2O32–(aq) and starch solution, the time taken for a blue colour to form was
observed at various reactant concentrations.

Experiment [I–] / mol dm–3 [H2O2] / mol dm–3 [H+] / mol dm–3 Time / s
1 0.10 0.12 0.01 25
2 0.05 0.12 0.01 50
3 0.10 0.06 0.01 100

What is the correct order with respect to I– and H2O2?

I– H2O2
A. 1 2
1 1
B. 2 4

C. 2 1
D. 2 4

3
12. Which statement is correct about the rate expression for a chemical reaction?

A. It can be determined from its chemical equation.

B. It can be predicted from the value of ΔHӨ for the reaction.

C. It can be calculated from the effect of temperature on the reaction.

D. It can be determined by measuring the change in concentration of a reactant or product

over time.

13. For the reaction 2NO2(g) + F2(g)  2NO2F(g) the accepted mechanism is

NO2(g) + F2(g)  NO2F(g) + F(g) slow

NO2(g) + F(g)  NO2F(g) fast

What is the rate expression for this reaction?

A. rate = k[NO2]2[F2] B. rate = k[NO2][F2]

C. rate = k[NO2][F] D. rate = k[NO2]2

14. The activation energy, of a reaction can be obtained from the rate constant, k, and the absolute
temperature, T. Which graph of these quantities produces a straight line?

A. k against T

1
B. k against
T

C. ln k against T

1
D. ln k against
T

15. What is the order of reaction with respect to NO2(g) and F2(g) given the following rate data at a
certain temperature?

[NO2(g)] / mol dm–3 [F2(g)] / mol dm–3 Rate / mol dm–3 min–1
0.1 0.2 0.1
0.2 0.2 0.4
0.1 0.4 0.2

Order with respect to NO2(g) Order with respect to F2(g)

A. first first
B. first second
C. second first
D. second second

16. Nitrogen(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen as shown by the following equation.

4
 2NO(g) + 2H2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The table below shows how the rate of reaction varies as the reactant concentrations vary.

Initial [NO] / Initial [H2] / mol Initial rate /

Experiment mol dm–3 dm–3 mol N2 dm–3 s–1
1 0.100 0.100 2.53×10–6
2 0.100 0.200 5.05×10–6
3 0.200 0.100 10.10×10–6
4 0.300 0.100 22.80×10–6

(a) Determine the order of reaction with respect to NO and with respect to H2.
Explain how you determined the order for NO.

NO ..............................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

H2 ................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Write the rate expression for the reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Calculate the value for the rate constant, including its units.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) A suggested mechanism for this reaction is as follows.

H2 + NO X fast step
X + NO → Y + H2O slow step
Y + H2 → N2 + H2O fast step

State and explain whether this mechanism agrees with the experimental rate expression
in (b).

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(e) Explain why a single step mechanism is unlikely for a reaction of this kind.

5
 .....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) Deduce how the initial rate of formation of H2O(g) compares with that of N2(g) in
experiment 1. Explain your answer.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 14 marks)

17. The oxidation of nitrogen monoxide takes place as follows:

2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g)

The following experimental data was obtained at 101.3 kPa and 298 K.

Experiment Initial [NO] / mol dm–3 Initial [O2] / mol dm–3 Initial rate / mol dm–3 s–1
1 3.50×10–2 1.75×10–2 3.75×10–3
2 3.50×10–2 3.50×10–2 7.50×10–3
3 7.00×10–2 7.00×10–2 6.00×10–2

(a) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to O2.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to NO.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) State the rate expression for the reaction.

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(d) Calculate the value of the rate constant and state the units.

6
 ...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(e) Suggest a possible mechanism that is consistent with the rate expression. Indicate which
of the steps is the rate-determining step.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

18. An equation for the decomposition of substance A is

2A  2B + C

A graph showing the change in concentration of A against time as the reaction proceeds at a
particular temperature is shown below.

0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
[A] /
0.05
mol dm–3
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Time / s

(a) Define the term half-life of reaction.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) Use the graph to measure values of half-life of reaction, starting from

7
 time = zero ................................................................................................................

time = 1000 s ............................................................................................................

(2)

(c) Deduce the order of the reaction with respect to A, giving a reason for your choice, and
write the rate expression for the reaction.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d) For a different reaction, between compounds D and E, the rate expression is

rate = k[D]2[E]

Calculate the value of k, including units, for the reaction when the concentrations of both
D and E are 1.35×10–2 mol dm–3 and the reaction rate is 3.75×10–5 mol dm–3 min–1.

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

19. In a particular experiment, various concentrations of HI(aq) are reacted with a constant
H2O2(aq) concentration according to the following equation:

H2O2(aq) + 2HI(aq)  I2(aq) + 2H2O(I)

A graph of [HI] against time is as follows:

16.0

14.0

12.0
[HI] / mol dm–3 10 –2

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Time / sec

(a) Use the graph to deduce the order of reaction with respect to HI. Give a reason for your

8
 answer.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) The order with respect to H2O2 is the same as HI. Deduce the rate expression for this
reaction.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Determine the half-life of the reaction from the graph and calculate the value for the rate
constant.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

20. (a) The table below shows kinetic data for the following reaction

C+DE+F

Initial rate
Experiment [C] / mol dm–3 [D] / mol dm–3
/ mol dm–3 min–1

1 2.0×10–3 3.0×10–3 1.0×10–6

2 4.0×10–3 3.0×10–3 2.0×10–6

3 6.0×10–3 6.0×10–3 3.0×10–6

(i) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to both C and D, giving a reason in each
case.

C ......................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

D ......................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(4)

9
 (ii) Deduce the rate expression for this reaction.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii) Use data from Experiment 1 to calculate a value for the rate constant for this
reaction and deduce its units.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(3)

(b) Define the term half-life and calculate the half-life for a first-order reaction with a rate
constant of 3.310–2 min–1.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)

21. Nitrogen(II) oxide reacts with hydrogen according to the following equation:

2NO(g) + 2H2(g) → N2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The table shows how the rate of reaction varies as the concentrations of the reactants are
changed.

Initial [NO] / Initial [H2] / Initial rate /

Experiment
mol dm–3 mol dm–3 mol (N2) dm–3 s–1
1 0.100 0.100 253×10–6
2 0.100 0.200 5.05×10–6
3 0.200 0.100 1.01×10–5
4 0.300 0.100 2.28×10–5

(a) Determine the order of reaction with respect to H2 and with respect to NO.

H2 ................................................................................................................................

NO ..............................................................................................................................
(2)

10
(b) Write the rate expression for the reaction.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Calculate the value for the rate constant, and state its units using the data from
experiment 1.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(d) A suggested mechanism for this reaction is as follows.

H2 + NO X fast step
X + NO → Y + H2O slow step
Y + H2 → N2 + H2O fast step

State and explain whether this mechanism agrees with the experimental rate expression in
(b).

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(4)

(e) Explain why a single step mechanism is unlikely for a reaction of this kind.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(f) Deduce and explain how the initial rate of formation of H2O compares with that of N2.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

11
22. The data below refer to a reaction between X and Y.

Initial concentration / Initial rate of reaction /

mol dm–3 mol dm–3 s–1

Experiment X Y

1 0.25 0.25 10×10–2

2 0.50 0.25 4.0×10–2

3 0.50 0.50 8.0×10–2

(i) Define the term order of reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(1)

(ii) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to both X and Y. Explain your reasoning.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(4)

(iii) Write the rate expression for the reaction and calculate the rate constant, including its
units.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(4)

(iv) Calculate the initial rate of reaction when the initial concentrations of X and Y are 0.40
mol dm–3 and 0.60 mol dm–3 respectively.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

12
23. Oxygen and nitrogen monoxide react together to form nitrogen dioxide.

O2(g) + 2NO(g) → 2NO2(g)

The graph below shows how the initial rate of reaction changed during an experiment in which
the initial [NO(g)] was kept constant whilst the initial [O2(g)] was varied.

Rate

[O 2 (g)]

(a) Deduce, giving a reason, the order of reaction with respect to O2

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

(b) In a series of experiments, the initial [O2(g)] was kept constant while the initial [NO(g)]
was varied. The results showed that the reaction was second order with respect to NO.
Sketch a graph to show how the rate of reaction would change if the initial
[NO(g)] was increased.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(2)

(c) Deduce the overall order of this reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(1)

(d) State and explain what would happen to the initial rate of reaction if the initial
concentration of NO was doubled and that of O2 was halved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(3)

13
 (e) When the initial values are [O2(g)] = 1.0×10–2 mol dm–3 and [NO(g)] = 3.0×10–2 mol dm–
3
, the initial rate of reaction is 6.3×10–4 mol dm–3s–1. Write the rate expression for this
reaction and calculate the rate constant, stating its units.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

24. The compound iodine chloride, ICl, reacts with hydrogen to form iodine and hydrogen chloride.

(i) Deduce the equation for this reaction.

(1)

(ii) The kinetics of this reaction were studied at a certain temperature, when all the reactants
and products were in the gas phase. The table shows the initial rate of reaction for
different concentrations of reactants.

Initial rate /
Experiment [ICl] / mol dm–3 [H2] / mol dm–3
mol dm–3 s–1
1 0.100 0.0500 5.00×10–3
2 0.200 0.0500 1.00×10–2
3 0.200 0.0250 2.50×10–3

Deduce and explain the order of reaction with respect to ICl and to H2.
(4)

(iii) Write the rate expression for the reaction.

(1)

(iv) Use information from Experiment 1 to determine the value, with units, of the rate
constant for the reaction.
(2)

(v) Determine the rate of reaction when the concentrations of reactants in Experiment 1 are
both doubled.
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

25. (a) The variation of the rate constant, k, for a reaction with temperature is shown by the
Arrhenius equation. Two versions of this equation are shown in Table 1 of the Data
Booklet.

(i) Explain the significance of the Arrhenius constant, A, in this equation.

(1)

(ii) Explain what is meant by the term activation energy,Ea.

(1)

(iii) Describe how, using a graphical method, values of A and Ea can be obtained for a
reaction.
(5)

14
 (b) The equation for a reaction used in industry is

CH2CH2 + Cl2  CH2ClCH2CL HӨ = –185 kJ

Iron(III) chloride can be used as a catalyst for the reaction.

(i) Explain the difference between the terms homogeneous and heterogeneous when
applied to a catalyst.
(1)

(ii) Draw an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction, including labels for HӨ, Ea and
the activation energy when a catalyst is used, Ecat.
(4)
(Total 12 marks)

26. Nitrogen(II) oxide reacts with bromine according to the following equation.

2NO(g) + Br2(g)  2NOBr(g) H = negative

The data below were obtained for the reaction between NO(g) and Br2(g) at a specified
temperature and pressure.

Initial [NO] / Initial [Br2] /

Experiment Initial rate / mol dm–3 s–1
mol dm–3 mol dm–3
1 2.00×10–2 5.00×10–3 3.20×10–3
2 2.00×10–2 2.50×10–3 1.60×10–3
3 4.00×10–2 5.00×10–3 1.30×10–2

(a) Determine, giving a reason, the order of reaction with respect to NO and the order of
reaction with respect to Br2.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b) Derive the rate expression for the reaction between NO and Br2.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c) Calculate the rate constant for the rate expression using experiment 1 and state its units.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
(2)

15
 (d) If the total volume of the reaction mixture was doubled at constant temperature, state the
effect, if any, on

(i) the rate constant.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii) the rate of change of the Br2(g) concentration.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(e) Draw a labelled enthalpy level diagram for the reaction between NO(g) and Br2(g), with
and without the use of a catalyst.

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

27. (i) The reaction between propanone, CH3COCH3 and bromine, Br2 in the presence of acid,
H+, is found to be second order overall, but the rate is independent of the bromine
concentration. Write three possible rate expressions for the reaction.
(3)

(ii) The concentration of each of the three reactants was doubled in three separate
experiments. Choose one of the rate expressions in (i) and predict the effect on the rate of
the reaction of each of these changes.
(2)

16
(iii) The graph below shows how the concentration of propanone changes with time in a
reaction.

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

Concentration 1.0
/ mol dm–1 0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Time / s

Use the graph to confirm that the reaction is first order with respect to propanone showing
your working.
(2)

(iv) The overall reaction is:


CH3COCH3(aq) + Br2(aq) H(aq)
 CH3COCH2Br(aq) + HBr(aq)

Describe one observation that would allow you to follow the progress of the reaction.
State and explain the role of the acid in the reaction.
(4)
(Total 11 marks)

17
IB Chemistry – HL
Topic 6 Answers

1. C

2. D

3. D
4. D

5. B
6. B

7. C

8. C

9. A

10. C

11. A

12. D

13. B

14. D

15. C
16. (a) (order with respect to) NO = 2;
(order with respect to) H2 = 1;
rate increases×4 when [NO] doubles/OWTTE; 3

(b) rate = k[NO]2[H2]; 1

ECF from (a).

(c) (2.53×10–6 mol dm–3 s–1 = k (0.100 mol dm–3)2(0.100 mol dm–3))
k = 2.53×10–3; 1

mol –2 dm6 s–1; 1

ECF from (b).

(d) agrees/yes;
slow step depends on X and NO;
X depends on H2 and NO;
(so) NO is involved twice and H2 once;
Overall equation matches the stoichiometric equation;
Award [1] each for any three of the four above.
OWTTE
ECF for “no”, depending on answer for (b).

Or agrees/yes;

18
 X
H 2 NO
and = constant;

rate of slow step = k [X][NO]

= k [H2][NO]2; 4

ECF for “no”, depending on answer for (b).

(e) reaction involves four molecules;

statistically/geometrically unlikely; 2

(f) the rate of formation of H2O(g) = 2×rate for N2(g);

because 2 moles H2O formed with 1 mole N2/OWTTE; 2
[14]

17. (a) first order (with respect to O2); 1

(b) second order (with respect to NO); 1

(c) rate = k[NO]2[O2]; 1

Allow ECF from parts (a) and (b).

3.75 10 3
(d) k 2 2 2
 1.75 10 2 ;
(3.50 10 ) (1.75 10 )

dm6 mol–2 s–1; 2

Award [1] mark for the answer and [1] mark for units.
Allow ECF from part (c).

(e) NO + NO N2O2;

N2O2 + O2  2NO2;

second step is rate determining step;

Allow ECF from part (c).

OR

NO + O2 NO3;

NO3 + NO  2NO2;

second step is rate determining step; 3

Allow ECF from part (c).
[8]

18. (a) time for reactant concentration to halve/OWTTE; 1

Accept “time for mass to halve”.

(b) 1000 s;
1000 s; 2
Accept 900-1100 s.

(c) first order;

constant half-life;
rate = k[A]; 3

19
 Allow ECF for rate expression from stated order.

rate 3.75  10 5
(d) k / ;
[D]2 [E] (1.35  10 2 ) 3

= 15.2;
Accept answer in range 15.2 to 15.3.

mol2 dm6 min1; 3

[9]

19. (a) first order;

constant half-life; 2

(b) rate = k[HI][H2O2]; 1

ECF from(a).

(c) 47 sec;
Accept answer in range 45 to 49.

 
 t 1  0.693   0.015 ; 2
 k 
 2
Accept answer in range 0.014-0.015.
ECF from half-life.
[5]
20. (a) (i) (C) first order;
doubling [C] doubles rate/OWTTE;

(D) zero order;

changing [D] has no effect on rate/OWTTE; 4

(ii) rate = k[C]/rate = k[C]1[D]0; 1

Apply ECF from (a)(i).

rate 1.0 10 6

(iii) k= / ;
[C ] 2.0 10 3
= 5.0×104;
min1; 3
Apply ECF from (a)(ii).

(b) time for half of (amount/concentration of) reactant to react/disappear;

1
t ( = 0.693÷0.033) = 21 min; 2
2
Units needed for second mark.
[10]

21. (a) (order with respect to) H2 = 1;

(order with respect to) NO = 2; 2

20
 (b) rate = k[H2][NO]2; 1
ECF from (a).

(c) (2.53×10−6 mol dm–3 s–1 = k(0.100 mol dm−3)(0.100 mol dm–3)2)
k = 2.53×10–3;
mol−2 dm6 s–1; 2
ECF from (b).

(d) agrees/yes;

slow step depends on X and NO;

(so) NO is involved twice and H2 once;
overall equation matches the stoichiometric equation/OWTTE;
ECF for “no”, depending on answer for (b).

OR

agrees/yes;
[X]
and = constant;
[H 2 ][ NO]
rate of slow step = k[X][NO];
but X depends on H2 and NO;
rate of slow step = k[H2][NO]2; 4
max
Award [1] each for any three of the four above.
ECF for “no”, depending on answer for (b).

(e) reaction involves four molecules;

statistically/geometrically unlikely; 2

(f) the rate of formation of H2O = 2×rate for N2;

because 2 moles H2O formed with 1 mole N2/OWTTE; 2
[13]

(i) the power of a reactant’s concentration in the rate equation/sum of

powers of concentration/rate = k[X]n, where n = order of reaction; 1
Must be in terms of powers of concentration.

(ii) experiment 1—2 : [X] doubles and rate×4;

2nd order for X;
experiment 2—3 : [Y] doubles and rate×2;
1st order for Y; 4

(iii) rate = k[X]2[Y](ECF from (ii))

for experiment 1, 1.0×10–2 = k (0.25)2(0.25);
k = 0.64;
mol–2 dm6 s–1; 4
Allow ECF from rate expression.

(iv) rate = 0.64[0.40]2[0.60];

= 0.061; 2
Final answer to 2 sig figs only.
Allow ECF from (iii).

21
 [11]

23. (a) 1/first order;

rate is (directly) proportional to concentration of oxygen/OWTTE; 2

(b)

rate

[NO(g)]

correct axes;
correct shape curve; 2

(c) 3/third order; 1

Allow ECF from (a) and (b).

(d) overall effect on rate = 4× 12 /doubled/×2;

[NO(g)] doubled, rate =×4/quadrupled;
[O2(g)] halved, rate =×1/halved; 3
Allow ECF from (a) and (b).

(e) rate = k[NO(g)]2 [O2(g)];

k rate  6.3 10 4 ;

[ NO( g )] [O2 ( g )] (3.0 10  2 ) 2 (1.0 10  2 )
2

= 70;
mol–2 dm6 s–1; 4
Allow ECF.
State symbols not needed.
[12]

24. (i) 2ICl + H2  I2 + 2HCl; 1

(ii) ICl order

1;
because doubling [ICl] doubles rate (when [H2] constant);

H2 order
2;
because halving [H2] quarters rate (when [ICl] constant);
or doubling [H2] quadruples rate (when [ICl] constant); 4

(iii) rate = k [ICl][H2]2; 1

ECF from (ii).

(iv) k = 5.00×103÷0.100×0.05002 = 20;

mol2 dm6 s1; 2

22
 ECF from (iii).

(v) rate = 20×0.200×0.1002 = 4.00×102 (mol dm3 s1); 1

ECF from (iii).
[9]
25. (a) (i) it relates to the geometric requirements of the reaction/orientation
of reactants on collision/OWTTE; 1

(ii) minimum energy needed for reactants to react (on collision)/OWTTE; 1

(iii) k measured at different values of temperature;

graph plotted of ln k against 1/T;
intercept on y-axis is ln A;
A = eintercept;
measured slope of graph =  Ea/R;
Ea = – R×gradient; 5
Award [1] each for any five.
(b) (i) homogeneous catalyst is in same phase as reactants and heterogeneous
catalyst is in different phase from reactants; 1

(ii) 4

Ea
Ecat

CH2CH 2  Cl 2

H

CH 2ClCH 2Cl

OR

Ea
H
Ecat
CH2CH 2  Cl2

H
CH 2ClCH2 Cl

23
 reactants line higher than product line (labels not needed);
ΔH label;
Ea label;
Ecat label;
[12]

26. (a) order of NO: second/2 - [NO] doubled, rate×4/OWTTE;

order of Br2: first/1 - as [Br2] doubled, rate of reaction doubled/OWTTE; 2
Reason needed for each mark.

(b) rate = k [NO]2[Br2]; 1

Allow ECF from (a).

(c) 3.20×103 = k(2.00×102)2×5.00×103

k = 1.60×103;
dm6 mol2 s1; 2
Allow ECF from (b).
(d) (i) no effect/K changes only with temperature/OWTTE; 1

(ii) decrease (by a factor of 2); 1

(e)

24
 Ea

E a (cat)

E a without catalyst

HR/ER
Enthalpy of E a with catalyst
reactants
HP/EP
Enthalpy of
products

Time

curve clearly showing Ea without catalyst (Ea);

curve clearly showing Ea with catalyst (Ea(cat));

labelling for x axis; 3

Accept time/progress of reaction/course of reaction/OWTTE.
Award [2 max] if an enthalpy level diagram for an endothermic
reaction has been correctly drawn.
[10]
27. (i) rate = k[CH3COCH3][H+];

rate = k[CH3COCH3]2;

rate = k[H+]2; 3

(ii) [CH3COCH3] doubles, rate doubles and [H+] doubles, rate doubles;
[Br2] double, no effect on rate;

OR

[CH3COCH3] doubles, rate quadruples;

[Br2] doubles/[H+] doubles, no effect on rate;

OR

[H+] doubles, rate quadruples;

25
 [Br2] doubles/[CH3COCH3] doubles, no effect on rate; 2
The answer given must correspond to the selected expression in (i).

(iii) constant half-life;

at least two sets of data to justify statement; 2
e.g. [ ] from 1.6 to 0.8 mol dm3, 10s; 0.8 to 0.4, 10s; 0.4 to 0.2,
10s.

(iv) decrease in the colour of the bromine/OWTTE;

catalyst;
increases rate/speeds up reaction;
by lowering Ea/activation energy (by providing an alternate pathway); 4
[11]

26