General

 aspects  –  pretensioned    prestressed  

bridge  decks  –  Post  tensioned  prestressed  
bridge  decks  –  Advantages  over  R.C.  bridges  –  
Principles  of  design  only    
 •   Likely  benefit  
•   Likely  cost  
•   Likely  traffic  
•   Likely  problems   •   Design  flood  discharge  
The  Need   •   Waterway  
•   Choice  of  foundation/substr.  
•   Choice  of  superstructure  

•   Topography  
Hydraulics   •   River  Regime  
•   Approaches   •   Foundation   Design  
•   Substructure  
Construction  
Geotech.   •   Superstructure  
•   Traffic  
Structural   Maintenance  

Transportation  
 Conceptual   Preliminary   Detailed    Design  &   Maintenance  &  
Design   Design   Construction   Decommissioning  
Documentation  
100  %  

Progress  of  Engineering  

Projects  &  level  of  knowledge  
available  about  the  project  

Latitude  for  Changes  

Time  
100m  

100m  

Survey  Boundary  
7  
 Closest  inhabited    
locality  
C  /  s  details  

2  -­‐  5  km  

2  km  

8  
 Based  on  

FUNCTION   MATERIAL   STRUCTURE   SUPPORT  

CONDITIONS  
 STRUCTURAL  
ANALYSIS  

LOADS   RESPONSE  ?  

(input)   (output)  
o   Stability  
o   Strength  
o   Stiffness  
o   Economy  
o   Aesthetics  

STRUCTURE   STRUCTURAL  
DESIGN  
(system)  
MODELLING  
OF   STRUCTURE  
STRUCTURES   WALLS  

SLABS  
SKELETAL   SPATIAL  
SHELLS  

LINEAR  (1D)   PLANAR  (2D)   SPACE  (3D)   FOLDED  

PLATES  

Plane  Frame   Space  Frame  

Space  Frame  
Beam   Grid   Element  

Plane  Frame  
Element  
Axial  System   Plane  Truss   Space  Truss  
 (Cl.  202,  IRC:  6)  
1.     Dead  load  (G)  
2.     Live  load  (Q)  
3.     Snow  load  (Gs)  
4.     Impact  due  to  vehicles  (Qim)  
5.     Impact  due  to  floating  bodies  vessels  (Fim)  
6.     Vehicle  collision  load  (Vc)    -­‐  new!  
7.     Wind  load  (W)  
8.     Water  current  (Fwc)  
9.     Longitudinal  tractive  /  braking  /  bearing  friction  (Fq  /  Fb  /  Ff)  
10.     Centrifugal  force  due  to  curvature  (Fcf)  
 (Cl.  202,  IRC:  6)  

11.     Buoyancy  (Gb)  

12.     Earth  pressure  including  surcharge  (Fep)  
13.     Temperature  effects  (Fte)  
14.     Deformation  effects  (Fd)  
15.     Secondary  effects  (Fer)  
16.     Erection  effects  (Fs)  
17.     Seismic  force  (Feq)  
18.     Wave  pressure  (Fwp)  
19.     Grade  effect  (Ge)  
 o   Linear  or  Nonlinear?  
o   Static  or  Dynamic?  
o   Deterministic  or        
 Probabilistic?  

o   Stable  or  Unstable?  

o   Degree  of  Indeterminacy?   Static  
Direct   Kinematic  
Actions   Forces  
SKELETAL  
LOADS   RESPONSE  
STRUCTURE  

Indirect   Displacements  
Loading  
ELEMENTS   JOINTS  /  SUPPORTS  

o   Space  /  Plane  Frame   o   Rigid   o   Fixed  

o   Grid  /  Beam   o   Pinned   o   Guided-­‐fixed  
o   Space  /  Plane  Truss   o   Semi-­‐rigid   o   Hinged  
o   Roller  
Structural    Idealization   o   Elastic  
Three  iron  arch  bridges  over  the  
Harlem  river,  New  York.  (1850-­‐1900)  
Golden  gate  bridge,  San  Fransisco  (1937)  
Howrah  bridge,  Calcutta  (1943)  
Statically  Determinate:     Statically  Determinate:    
Bending  &  Torsion   Bending  only  

Statically  Determinate:     Statically  Indeterminate:    

Bending  only   Bending  &  Torsion  
 (a)  Solid  
(b)  Voided  

(c)  Composite  Solid   (d)  Composite  Voided  

 Typical mathematical models

1.  Simple beam

2.  Plate (orthotropic)
3.  Grillage
Biaxial  bending  
Torsion   4.  Finite Element (plate-shell)
Shear  
 Fine  grillage  mesh  

Local  fine  mesh  

at  internal  support  
location  
Coarse  grillage  mesh  
 (a)  Contiguous  
(b)  Spaced  I-­‐beams  

(c)  Spaced  box-­‐beams  

(d)  Grid  
 (b)  Transverse  bending  as  
continuous  beams  

(a)  Longitudinal  bending  as  

flanges  of  T-­‐beams  
Courtesy:  Prof.  N.  Raghavan  and  Larsen  &  Toubro  Ltd.  
Courtesy:  Prof.  N.  Raghavan  and  Larsen  &  Toubro  Ltd.  
Courtesy:  Prof.  N.  Raghavan  and  Larsen  &  Toubro  Ltd.  
Longitudinal  Bending  
Transverse  Bending  
Cell  Distortion  
Torsion  
 (b)  Out-­‐of-­‐plane  bending  moments  

(a)  Distortion   (c)  In-­‐plane  bending  (warping)  stresses  

 BOX GIRDER BRIDGE
DECKS

Finite  Element  Model  for  Rigorous  Analysis  

Courtesy:  Prof.  N.  Raghavan  and  Larsen  &  Toubro  Ltd.  
Courtesy:  Prof.  N.  Raghavan  and  Larsen  &  Toubro  Ltd.  
Courtesy:  Prof.  N.  Raghavan  and  Larsen  &  Toubro  Ltd.  
Incrementally Launched Box Girders

Panvel  Nadi  Viaducts  -­‐  1994  

Skew  
Decks  

Curved  Decks  
 Development of Building Materials

Compression (C) Tension (T) C and T

Stones, Bricks Bamboo, Ropes Timber

Concrete Steel bars, wires Structural steel

Passive combination
Reinforced
Concrete
High Strength High Strength Steel
Concrete

Active combination Prestressed

Concrete
Brief  History  
Prestressed  concrete  was  started  to  be  used  in  building  frames,  
parking  structures,  stadiums,  railway  sleepers,  transmission  line  
poles  and  other  types  of  structures  and  elements.  
In  India,  the  applications  of  prestressed  concrete  diversified  over  
the  years.    The  first  prestressed  concrete  bridge  was  built  in  
1948  under  the  Assam  Rail  Link  Project.    Among  bridges,  the  
Pamban  Road  Bridge  at  Rameshwaram,  remains  a  classic  
example  of  the  use  of  prestressed  concrete  girders.                          
Pamban  Road  Bridge  at  Rameshwaram,  Tamilnadu  
(Courtesy:  http://www.ramnad.tn.nic.in)  
1.     Section  remains  uncracked  (no  tension)  under  service  loads.    
  Reduction  of  steel  corrosion    >  increase  in  durability  
  Full  section  is  utilised  >    Higher  moment  of  inertia  
(stiffness)  >    Less  deformations  (improved  serviceability).  
  Increase  in  shear  capacity  (due  to  axial  compression).  
  Improved  performance  under  dynamic  /  fatigue  loading.  

2.  High  span  to  depth  ratios  possible.      

  Larger  spans  possible;  more  economical  than  RC  

  For  the  same  span,  less  depth  (65  to  80%)  compared  to  RC.  
  Reduction  in  self  weight  
  More  aesthetic  (slender  sections)  
3.  Suitable  for  precast  construction  
  Rapid  construction  
  Better  quality  control  
  Reduced  maintenance  
  Suitable  for  repetitive  construction  
  Multiple  use  of  formwork  
  Segmental  construction  
  Availability  of  standard  shapes  

4.  Suitable  for  strengthening  

  External  prestressing  
  Crack  control  
  Higher  loads  
  Replacement  of  cables  
 Prestressed Concrete

Pre-tensioned Post-tensioned

Unbonded Bonded
 Pre-­‐tensioning  

End  
abutment   Steel  tendon  
Jack    

Prestressing  bed  

Pre-­‐tensioning  of  a  girder  

 Long  line  method  

Steel  tendon  

Prestressing  bed  

Schematic  representation  of  Hoyer  system  

20  
 Pre-­‐tensioning  
Devices    
jack  

Elevation   Threaded  bolts  

Test  specimens   Tendons    

Plan  
Fig  1c-­‐9  Stress  bench  –  Self  straining  frame    
 Manufacture  of  pre-­‐tensioned  electric  poles  
(Courtesy:  The  Concrete  Products  and  Construction    
Company,  COPCO,  Chennai)  
 Manufacture  of  pre-­‐tensioned  railway  sleepers  
(Courtesy:  Concrete  Products  and  Construction  Co.)  
 Pre-­‐tensioning  vs  Post-­‐tensioning  

Advantages  of  pre-­‐tensioning:  

   Suitable  for  precast  members  produced  in  bulk.  
   Absence  of  anchorage  device  
   Better  quality  control  

Disadvantages  of  pre-­‐tensioning:  

     Requirement  of  prestressing  bed  and  end  abutments.  
   Waiting  period  in  prestressing  bed,  before  concrete        
     attains  sufficient  strength.  
   Requires  good  bond  between  concrete  and  steel  over      
     the  transmission  length.  
 Post-­‐tensioning  

Duct  
Anchorage  
jack  

Casting  bed  

Member  with  a  straight  tendon  placed  concentrically  

 Post-­‐tensioning  

Duct  

Anchorage   jack  

Casting  bed  

Member  with  a  curved  tendon  

 Typical  anchorage  device  
(Courtesy:  VSL  International  Ltd)  
 Couplers  for  strands    
(Courtesy:  Dywidag  Systems  International)  
 Post-­‐tensioning  

Post-­‐tensioning    
(Courtesy:  VSL  International  Ltd)  
Construction  of  a  Post-­‐tensioned     Fabrication  of  reinforcement  
Bridge  Girder   (Courtesy:  Larsen  &  Toubro)    
Placement  of  tendons    
Stretching  and  anchoring  of  tendons    
 PRELIMINARY  DESIGN   Design  for  Ultimate  Limit  States  
Direct  Tension  
Bending  
o   Cross-­‐section   Torsion  
o   Tendon  profile   STRUCTURAL  ANALYSIS   Shear  
o   Prestressing  force  
o   Eccentricity  
o   Untensioned  steel  
o   Stirrups   DETAILED  DESIGN  

Design  for  Serviceability  Limit  States  

Stresses  at  Transfer   FINAL  DRAWINGS  
Stresses  during  Erection  
To  be  within  
Stresses  at  Service  stage  
Deflections  
specified  limits   Losses  in  Prestress  
Crack-­‐widths  (in  Type  2)   Transmission  of  Prestress  
 Losses

Immediate Time-dependent

Elastic Friction Anchorage

shortening slip

Creep Shrinkage Relaxation

Variation  of  Stress  in  Steel  
fp  
fpu  
Bonded  

fp0  
losses  
fpe   Unbonded  

Self  wt.   Service   Cracking   Ultimate   Load  

load   load   load  
http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-­‐MADRAS/
PreStressed_Concrete_Structures/index.php  
Location Map
For  this  crossing,  a  200m  long  and  415m  wide  bridge  is  proposed.  
Site Appreciation

  Adyar  River,  which  carries  flood  water,  has  a  

history  of  flash  flooding  during  monsoon.  

  Area  is  open  and  the  maximum  observed  width  of  

the  river  here  is  about  150m.  

  A  weir  with  gates  has  

been  constructed  to  cater  
the  flash  floods.  
 Plan  of  the  Bridge  

46987   60967              90000            124950  

       124435    
Half  Strength
Half  Strength TAXIWAY Runway
Half  Strength
Full  Strength Full  Strength

Traffic  
Direction  

                                         Girders  and  Piers  are  not  shown  for  clarity  

Typical  Plan  of  the  Bridge  
 Loading  Details  

   Maximum  loading  of  Airbus  A-­‐380  is  taken  for  the  full  
strength  design.  
 All  other  loadings  are  as  per  IRC  6:2000  
  
Wing  Landing  
Gear

 
Body  Landing  
Gear

 
Nose  Landing  

       
Gear
1700mm 1700mm
12456mm
5264mm

   
 
1050mm 1530mm

   
1530mm

 
1700mm 1550mm

  1350mm

 
28451mm
31727mm

Landing  Gear  Footprint-­‐  A380-­‐800F  Models  

INFORMATION

DATA
 Growth
(Being)
Needs

Deficiency
Needs

Abraham Maslow, Motivation and Personality

 Chakras

Spiritual
Subtle

Well-developed ego-self
Achievement

Relationship
Gross
Possessions
Hierarchy of Needs

Self-concept
“Creative  Force”   “Find  Your  Voice”  
NOBLE    
VISION  
BODY  
MIND  

Conscience  
SPIRIT  

Passion  
“Inspire  Others  to   HEART  
“Whole  Person”  
Find  Their  Voice”  
Stephen  Covey,  “The  Eighth  Habit”  
 Despite  all  our  progress  and  technological  
development,  most  people  are  not  thriving  in  the  
organizations  they  work  for.      
They  are  neither  fulfilled  nor  excited.  
They  are  frustrated.  
They  have  no  clear  vision.  
They  are  bogged  down  and  distracted.  
They  don’t  feel  they  can  improve  much.  
Stephen  Covey,  “The  Eighth  Habit”  

What  happened?    What  caused  this  disillusionment?  

 “Cultural  SFoftware”  
“Creative   orce”   “Find  YYour  
“Lose   our  VVoice”  
oice”  
NOBLE    
VISION  
BODY  
MIND  

Ego  
Conscience  
SPIRIT  

Social   Mirror  
Passion  
“Inspire  
“Prevent   OOthers  
thers  from  
to   HEART  
“Fragmented  
“Whole  Person”  
Person”  
Find  TT
Finding  heir  
VVoice”  
heir   oice”  
Stephen  Covey,  “The  Eighth  Habit”  
 p e a c e
True Self
deep awareness
space

trust-love-compassion

“out of
LOVE
the box”

acceptance

awareness

courageousness

pride
Ego-self
stimulus
response

anger
non-awareness

Blame

People = objects

lust
FEAR
Heart at war
“in the
fear
Self-justification
box”

Distorted views

grief
Shift responsibility

apathy
deep non-awareness

Base Instincts

ALCHEMY