DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
GRAVITY DAMS.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1. Introduction. -
A brief discussion of Guidelines for making
guidelines for making a gravity dam design is
given in section. Modifications to improve the
design should be done by remodeling the
structure. The design of a gravity dam is
achieved by making successive designs, each
progressively improving based on the results of a
stress analysis. The analyzes of the tensions of the
gravity dams are divided in two: Classifications:
- Analyzes based on action and gravity based
on the load test method. 4-30.)
The "Gravity Analysis Method" discussed in
considerable detail in sections
4-5 to 4-l0, provides a two-dimensional solution for
straight gravity dams.
These systems are vertical overhangs, horizontal
beams, and twisted elements. Dynamic analyzes
are used in load stress analysis methods to
calculate stresses due to earthquake. A
discussion of foundation analysis is given in
sections 4-49 through 4-52. A dam is no better
than its foundation, and therefore an assessment
of the foundation's behavior is necessary to
ensure a system load composed of the dam and
the Foundation.
a.- level Design.- level design for gravity dam,
evaluation, feasibility or purpose differs only by
the level of investigation used to determine
design data.
A.DISEÑO
4 -2. Maximum no-flow section .-
The shape of the maximum non-flow section is
determined by the prescribed loading conditions,
the shear strength of the rock, and the height of
the maximum section. The water flow of a gravity
dam is vertical to concentrate the weight of the
concrete on the upstream face where it acts to
overcome the effects of the water loading of the
reservoir. Pending will be suitable to meet the
tension and stability requirements at the highest
elevations, to large aperture is included in the
dam. When an additional ridge thickness is used,
the downstream side must be vertical from
downstream of the ridge to an intersection with
the downwardly sloping downward side. The
dam must be analyzed for any other change of
slope on each side.
4-3. The slope vertedero.- section linking these
curves must be tangent to each curve and,
where practicable, parallel to the slope
downstream in the flow section no -
maximum. The landfill section should be checked
1
for tension and stability. A river upstream can be
used mass in the spillway section under the same
conditions as for the non-maximum flow section.
4.4.- Freeboard.-
The current practice of the Bureau to allow
maximum elevation of the water surface match
the top of the in the non-overflow section of the
dam, consider that the standard 3.5 feet high
solid parapet acts as a freeboard .
Exceptional cases may point to the need for
more freeboard, depending on the height than
anticipated.
B.- THE VOLTAGE GRAVITY METHOD AND
STABILITY ANALYSIS
4-5. Description and use.-
Gravity "Method of analysis of tension and
stability" Used a lot for preliminary studies of
gravity dams, depending on the design phase
And the information required The equations are
given with standard shapes and illustrations
showing the calculation of normality and cut
Efforts in horizontal, normal and cutting planes in
the vertical planes and underlies them, both for
the empty tank and for the conditions of the
complete tank, including tail water and
earthquake shock. Are included in the contact
pressure calculation calculations and are
considered separately in the calculation of
stability.
The formulas shown for calculating tensions are
based on the assumption of a trapezoidal system.
Vertical stress distribution and a parabolic
distribution of horizontal shear stress in horizontal
planes.
4-6. Assumptions. -
Design criteria are given in Chapter III. However,
these assumptions peculiar to the analysis of
gravity are listed below:
(1) The concrete dam is Homogeneous,
isotropically and uniformly elastic material.
(2) No differential movements occurring in the
dam due to loads of water in the tank walls and
floors.
(3) All loads are carried by gravity action parallel
vertical overhangs that do not receive support
from the adjacent part elements on each side.
(4) Unit vertical or normal Strains in horizontal
planes pressures vary A straight line from the
upstream face to the downstream face line.
(5) horizontally Shear stresses have a parabolic
variation across horizontal planes from the
upstream face to the downstream face of the
dam.
4-7. Notations for Normal Reservoir of loads. -
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
This load includes the full tank load and the usual
tail water loaded into the dam, as shown in Figure
4-1.
Properties and dimensions.
O = origin of coordinates, in downstream edge
section.
Φ = angle between the face and the vertical
element.
T = Horizontal distance from the top edge to
downstream edge of the section.
C = Horizontal distance from center of gravity of
section upstream and downstream edge equal
to T / 2.
A = cross sectional area equal to T.
I = moment of inertia of the section about the
center of gravity, Equal to T3 / 12.
ώc = Unit weight of concrete masonry.
ώ = unit weight of water.
ho h '= vertical distance from the reservoir or the
water surface glue, respectively, section.
P o p'= water reservoir or stickwater pressure,
respectively, in section. It is equal to wh or wh '.
Forces and Moments:
WC = weight of dead load on the base section
concerned.
MC = W moment about the center of gravity of
the section.
Ww or W'W = vertical component of the tank or
cargo stickwater respectively in the face of the
section.
Or M'w Mw = moment of W or Wh on center of
gravity of the section.
V or V'= horizontal component of the tank O
charge of glue water, respectively, on the face
on the section. This equals:
Mp or M'p = time V or V 'around the center of
gravity of section equal to:
ΣW = resulting vertical force on the section, as
water + W, + Wk.
ΣV = horizontal force resulting top section, equal
to V + V’.
ΣM = Resultant forces section on the center of
gravity. It is equal to Mc + Mw + M'w + Mp +
M'p; The positive moment produces compression
2
in the section The upstream face.All Normal
positive stresses are compressive.
U = total lifting force in horizontal section. Positive
horizontal forces act upstream.
Tensions:
θz = Normal stress in the horizontal plane. You
θy = normal tension in the vertical plane.
Tzy = Tyz = Shear Stress in horizontal plane. A
positive shear stress Drawing in the upper left of
Figure 4- 1.
Θp1 = First primary voltage.
Θp2 = Second mains voltage.
Φp1 = Angle between above 1 and the vertical. It
is positive in a clockwise direction.
4-8. Notations for horizontal earthquakes.-
The hydrodynamic pressures due to the horizontal
rock movements of earthquakes are calculated
using the method Section 4-3 1. The notation is as
follows:
Ps = normal pressure face.
Z = depth of the reservoir section being studied.
H = vertical distance from the tank surface
elevation in question.
Cm = a dimensionless pressure coefficient
obtained from Figure 4- 18.
Wwe or W'we = change in the vertical
component of the load water reservoir or water
load in the face - up tail due to horizontal seismic
loads.
MWe or M'we = time Wwe or W'we on the center
of gravity section.
Ve = horizontal force inertia weight concrete
section above.
ME = V moment about the center of gravity
section.
VPE O V'pE = Change in horizontal component of
the water reservoir or load queue in face - up due
to horizontal seismic loads.
MPE or MPE = Moment M'pE or M'pE about center
of gravity section.
Σ W = vertical force resulting top section, equal to
+ Ww Wc + W'W (+/-) WWE (+/-) W'wE will.
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
Σ V = resultant horizontal force previous section, equal
to I / + v'f v, F VPE fv; E.
CM = Resultant forces above the horizontal section on
the center of gravity. It is equal to + Mw + Mc + Mp +
M'w M'p (+/-) ME (+/-) MWe (+/-) M'wE (+/-) MPE (+/-)
M'pE .
Algebraic signs of the terms in the equations subscript
E earthquake for W Σ, Σ Σ M VY depend on the
assumed direction for the horizontal earthquake
acceleration foundation.There is no notation for the
earthquake vertical shock.
A vertical earthquake shock is assumed to produce an
acceleration of the mass of the dam and water in
direct proportion to the Y value. This is equivalent to
increasing or decreasing the density of concrete and
water, depending on the direction of the shock.
4-9. Element Forces and Moments Acting overhang. -
Forces of hydrodynamic inertia and concrete on the
cantilever element for horizontal seismic shock add to
the forces shown in Figure 4-1.
The forces are negative for an acceleration of the
foundation acting upwardly and positively for a base
acceleration acting in a downstream direction.
Forces and moments for static charges are easily
calculated for each section by determining the
momentary areas and arms of the triangular pressure
diagrams and the area and eccentricity of vertical
sections.
C.- METHODS OF LOAD ANALYSIS.
1.- Twist method of load analysis; Joints not
grouped:
4-11. Introduction.-
A gravity dam may be considered to consist of a
series of cantilevered abutment elements. This
interaction between adjacent overhangs causes
elements of torsion, or turns, to materially affect
the way the water load is distributed between the
elements of the overhang in the dam. This
changes the stress distribution from that found by
the ordinary gravity analysis in which the torsional
effects, as well as the deformation of the Roca
foundation, are neglected. However, the
important effects in the support regions where the
length of the overhangs changes rapidly.
This torsion action tends to twist the overhangs
from their seats in the inclined walls of the barrel,
tending to develop cracks in the dam in these
regions.
12. 4- Theory.-
The use of a Structural twist for the analysis of the
prey was review of the experimental load analysis
method done for the recovery office in 1930. It
was proposed that instead of replacing the arch
3
dam by two systems of elements, one of Arches
and the other of cantilevers, one could replace it
for three each of which occupies the entire
volume of the dam. This assumption is based on
the theory that the contraction joints, by action
can transfer the load horizontally to the pillars by
means of horizontal shearing of the elements and
twisting in the vertical element, but can not at the
moment of twisting Transfer horizontally to the
abutment. For untied joints, it is obvious that
contraction can not be assumed that joints
provide flexural strength in vertical or horizontal
planes.
In the "Twist method of load analysis", it is assumed
that the dam is divided Vertical and horizontal
The vertical elements of which it is usually
considered is 1 foot wide and horizontal elements
1 foot high. The cantilevered structure consists of
a series of cantilevered vertical elements as
described above, which rest on the base and
transfer of the dead load and a portion of the
total external loads only by gravity. Also included
in the total The deformation of the twisted
structure with the movement of the pillar due to
forces overturned by the overhang that joins the
foundation at a common point with the horizontal
element, and the shear deflection in the
horizontal due to the loads On the twisted
structure.
Notes.-
X, y, z = coordinates along the X axis, Y axis; The Z
axis, respectively.
Mz = bending moment parallel XZ plane, foot
pounds.
Mxy = bending moment parallel XY plane, foot-
pounds.
V = Torque horizontal XY plane, foot pounds.
Mzy = Torque ZY vertical foot pounds.
V = Horizontal Load thrust water, Pounds
Vc = Shearing cantilever due to the horizontal
component load carried by water overhangs
pounds.
Vt = Shearing on the horizontal element twisted
structure due to horizontal component of the
water load carried by the twisted structure,
pounds.
The subscript A as in aMx and aVc Indicates the
value of the abutment for Torque in the XY plane
and shear in the base of the cantilever,
respectively.
T = thickness of the dam in elevation feet.
Ec = Modulus of elasticity of concrete in tension or
compression, pounds per square foot.
Er = Modulus of elasticity of material compression
stress in tension, psf.
G = Modulus of elasticity in shear Crete, psf.
μ = Poisson coefficient.
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
θz = angular rotation in the horizontal plane,
radians.
Az = normal to the axis of Presa, Deflection feet.
Z = vertical distance from the base of the
cantilever feet.
I = Moment of inertia for a vertical cantilever unit
or a horizontal beam width of the height of the
unit cross section, pies4.
J = factor used in calculating angular rotations
cantilevers Because torsions Disengaged-joints.
A = area of cross - sec tion of a beam, or
cantilever square feet. For a wide unit or height,
A = T.
L = length of a horizontal beam, feet.
External pressure ρ = depth hours, pounds per
square foot.
P = Unit ordered load, psf
K = A constant which depends on the ratio
of the actual distribution of cutting a
uniformly distributed shear. In these
analyzes K / G / E 3 and K = 1,25.
Ψ = angle between the canyon wall on
the base and the vertical degrees.
𝜶 = Angular movement of the stirrup
in the vertical plane due to the bending
moment unit, radians
Υ = Pilar normal movement to the axis of
the dam due to shear force unit in the
stirrup foot.
𝒂𝟐 = Angular movement of Pillar in vertical
plane due to the horizontal shear force of
unit in the stirrup, radians
𝒂𝟐 = Movement is normally ribo to the axis of
the dam because of the unit bending
moment of unity, feet.
δ = angular movement in horizontal plane
by Pilar radians unit torque, radians.
The Sign Convention to be used is shown in Figure
4-6.
4-14. Foundation constants.-
Rotation and deformations of the surface
Foundation moments and forces unit, per unit
length, are given by the following formulas, in
which k is a function of μ b / a, and T is equal
to a '(see Figs 4-7 to 4-10).
4
𝑘1
𝛼′ = (1)
𝐸𝑟 𝑇 2
𝑘5
𝛼 ′′ = (2)
𝐸𝑟 𝑇
𝑘2
ϒ′ = 𝐸𝑟
(3)
𝑘4
𝛿′ = (4)
𝐸𝑟 𝑇 2
The contact surface between the dam and the
foundation is developed and plotted as shown in
Figure 4-1. In computation the deformations of a
particular element, the width of a 'becomes
equal to T, the thickness of the Prey in the element
considered, make T / b '= a / b, ob' = (b / a) T.
Below are the final equations for the movements
of the foundation of a horizontal element of the
unit in each stirrup of the dam.
Next, we show the final equations for the
movements of the foundation of a horizontal
element of the unit in each stirrup of the
dam. They are the algebraic signs for the left
stirrup and the asterisk (*) indicates that the signs
are to be reversed for the movements in the right
stirrup.
∗ 𝜃2 = 𝑀𝛼2 +V𝛼2 (5)
For what:
∆𝑦 = 𝑉ϒ +𝑀𝑧 𝛼2 (6)
𝛼 = 𝛼 ′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛹 + 𝛿′𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝛹 cos 𝛹 (7)
𝑎2 = 𝑎" 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛹 (8)
ϒ = ϒ′ cos ϒ (9)
It is customary to require 6 'for a differential area
unit on one side of the dam an average value for
the equivalent zone on that side of the dam. If the
damsite is approximately symmetrical about the
maximum section, they are dimensions of the
equivalent zone for one or both sides of the dam
a and b / 2. For this reason, ratios @ y;substituted
by the ratio b / a in some cases to obtain values
of the curves in Figures 4-7 through 4-10. These
substitutions are indicated below:
And Υ use for radius b;
Δ use for radio.
Below are the final equations for the movements
of a vertical element of the unit in each stirrup of
the dam. As before, it is the algebraic signs for the
left stirrup and the asterisk (*> indicates which
signals must be reversed for movements in the
right stirrup
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
𝜃2 = 𝑀𝑥 𝛼 + V𝛼2 (10)
∗ 𝜃2 = 𝑀𝑥𝑦 δ (11)
∆𝑦 = 𝑉ϒ +𝑀𝑧 𝛼2 (12)
for what:
𝛼 = 𝛼 ′ 𝑠𝑒𝑛3 𝛹 + 𝛿′𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛹 (13)
𝛼2 = 𝛼 ′′ 𝑠𝑒𝑛2𝛹 (14)
′ 3
𝛿 = 𝛿 𝑠𝑒𝑛 𝛹 + 𝛼′𝑠𝑒𝑛𝛹 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛹 2
(15)
ϒ = ϒ ′ sin 𝛹 (16)
4-15. Selection of Elements.-
If the dam is symmetrical, only half of the dam
needs to be analyzed. If it is not symmetrical, the
dam is divided into a convenient plane near the
center where the floor of the barrel is relatively
flat, or where it is expected that little spinning
action is likely to exist. For the analysis of half a
symmetrical dam, generally five to seven
horizontal elements and four to seven vertical
elements are selected to represent the structure.
4-16. Loads, forces and moments. -
Forces and moments by dead load, waterload,
earthquake shock, and other charges and
annotations are determined as indicated in
sections 4-7, 4-8 and 4-9. Concrete weight is
assigned to overhangs, since it is assumed that
deviations due to weight occur gradually during
the construction of the prey prior to the grouting
of the shrinkage joints.
4 - 17. Initial and deviations from the unit
voladizos.-
Before starting an adjustment, it is necessary to
determine the cantilever properties and
calculate initial deflections and cantilever units
due to the initial load and normal load of the unit,
respectively.
The calculation of the unit of forces and moments
due to normal unit loads is illustrated in the figure.
5
Particular attention should not be paid to the
underlined part of the equation when used for
analysis with ungrouted joints, but will be referred
to in the explanation for analysis with grout joints.
4-18. Unit rotations of vertical elements of twisted
structure due to the torque unit. -
Unit rotations of vertical twisted elements due to
triangular unit torque loads are illustrated in Figure
4-1. 3. Unit rotations of a vertical element on the
left side of the dam are calculated by replacing
the moments Of torsion in the following equation,
where the symbols have the meaning given in
section 4-13
𝑀𝑥𝑦
θ𝑧 = ∑ ∆Z+𝐴 𝑀𝑥𝑦 𝛿 (18)
𝐺𝐽
In the foregoing, J is a factor for determining
torsion in an axis of uniform cross section. The
values of J are computed [3] from the equation,
J = βb𝑐 3 (19)
Where:
b = length of the horizontal section of the side
element. (In this case the element is the block
between two ungrouted contraction joints).
c = lower side of the horizontal section of the
element.
The following table gives the values of β for
different ratios of b / c
To facilitate the determination of the values of J
by the different elevations of each vertical
element, the data in the above table have been
plotted and a curve drawn as shown in Figure 4-
14. To determine J for an element 1 foot wide, the
computed values are divided by the distance
between the contraction joints.
The values of J determined by the above method
will be carried out for any element of the unit
within this block or similar blocks with the same
distance between the contraction joints and the
same thickness at each elevation
4-19. Structure Deviations of Horizontal Elements
of Twisted Unit.-
Deviations of the unit of horizontal elements due
to shear stress are used in the calculation of
deflections for each adjustment. Unit loads are
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
applied to the horizontal elements by means of
triangular loads having a P-value per square foot
in the stirrup and varying as a straight line to zero
at the intersections of each respective vertical
element with the horizontal element.
∆𝑦 = ∫
𝐾𝑉𝑡
𝑑𝑥+𝐴 𝑉𝑇 𝛿 (20)
𝐺𝐴
In which the symbols have the meanings given in
section 4-13. Using K = 1.25 and G = E / 2 (1 P), the
general equation reduces to the following, where
L is the length of the middle element, L 'is the
length of the loading part, measured from the
crown, and x Is the distance from the stirrup to the
point where the deviation is desired. For a
triangular unit load,
𝑃
∆y = − [3(𝐿´)2 𝑥 − 3𝐿´𝑥 2 + 𝑥 3 ] +𝑉𝐴 ϒ (21)
2𝐸𝐴𝐿´
For uniform loading,
3𝑃
∆y = − [2𝐿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ] + 𝑉𝐴 ϒ (22)
2𝐸𝐴
For a unit of charge concentrate,
3𝑃𝑥
∆y = − + 𝑉𝐴 ϒ (23)
𝐸𝐴
The shear forces are equal to the area under the
load diagram of the unit from the dividing plane
of the dam to the overhang points under
consideration and are negative in the sample.
Values of unit deviations due to shear stress on
horizontal elements are tabulated for convenient
use in settings.
4-20. Loads of test. -
After the calculation of unit load deflections and
rotations of horizontal and vertical elements, the
next step in the analysis is the horizontal load test
division between the cantilevered structure and
the twisted structure. Near the pillars, however,
the twisted structure usually carries the highest
proportion of load, depending on the size of the
dam, the shape of the barrel and the elastic
properties of concrete and rock.
4-21. Angular rotation of vertical crooked
elements due to test loads on horizontal
elements. -
The shear force due to normal test loads on a
horizontal element at the location of any vertical
element is equal to the area under the load
diagram from the divisor plane to the considered
vertical element. Since the width of the vertical
member is unitary, the torque in the overhang is
6
numerically equal to the shear stress in the
horizontal member.
Since the load pairs are in thousands of feet-
pounds per square foot, the shear forces must be
expressed in units of thousands of pounds.
4-22. Deflections of twisted structure. -
The deviations of the twisted structure due to
angular rotations of vertical elements are
obtained by integrating the angular rotations
along the horizontal elements from the abutment
to the dividing plane of the dam. However, for
comparison with the cantilevered deflections as
to matching at conjugated points, the stop
motion of the particular vertical element of the
cantilevered structure (here referred to as the
conjugate vertical element) should be added to
the twisted structure deflections having a
Common stop with The horizontal element of the
twisted structure
4-23. Deflections of the Cantilever Structure. -
The cantilever deflections are calculated by
summing the respective products of these loads
and the cantilever deflections due to normal
loads (see Sec. To these deflections are added
algebraically the deflections due to the initial
loads and, for comparison with the total
deflections of the structure The movement at the
base of the overhang due to the shear at the top
of the conjugate horizontal element of the
twisted structure is also added.
4-24. Tensions and Stability Factors. -
After a satisfactory continuity of the structure, or
agreement of deflections at the conjugate
points, has been obtained by test, the total shear
and moments at several points in the overhangs
can be calculated from the established test loads
2. Experimental method of twisting the test
charge, clustered joints.
4-25. Description of the method. -
The grout of the contraction joints welds the
vertical blocks of the dam into a monolithic
structure. For this analysis, then, we have the
cantilevered structure, the twisted structure and
the beam structure, or three structures instead of
two, the twisted structure being composed of
both vertical and horizontal elements as
described above.
If the dam acts as a monolith, as is assumed, the
deviations of the overhangs, horizontal beams
and twisted structure-due to the test divisions of
the water load between the three systems-must
be agreed in all parts of the dam. However, a
general slope adjustment is not necessary since
the adjustment of the deflections in the horizontal
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
elements of the twisted structure results in
agreement of the longitudinal slopes of the
horizontal elements with the transverse slopes of
the cantilevers.
The setting is more complicated than for grout
joints. The calculations in Figure 4-17 show that, if
these rotations are integrated along their
respective planes from the beam stop and the
cantilevered foundation to the point of
application of the load, the resulting deflections
at the latter point are Equals [4], from which it can
be concluded that equal amounts of load are
transferred vertically and horizontally by the
twisted structure. It should be noted that although
the assumption of an equal load distribution is
correct for a section of uniform thickness, it is only
approximately true for a section of variable
thickness.
By hypothesis, the beam and cantilevered
structures can withstand only bending and
shearing, while the twisted structure can
withstand only torsion and shear. The total
clockwise moment acting on the element is P
multiplied by the 10-foot Arm, plus a pair
consisting of the shear P multiplied by a 1-foot
arm, which is balanced by a moment of
Resistance anti-clockwise from P multiplied by 11
feet
Vertical cross sections in planes normal to the
paper plane are of uniform thickness of the unit
from the top to the base of the dam. Suppose
that half of the Twisted structure is carried
horizontally to the pillars and the half is
transported vertically to The foundation, by
twisting action.
𝑃 𝑃
𝐸𝑛 𝐻𝑇𝑆 𝑀𝑌𝑍 = , − − −; 𝜃𝑌𝑍 = ∙ 𝑥 − − −
2 2
∆𝑌 = ∫ 𝜃𝑌𝑍 𝑑𝑧
𝑃 𝑃
𝐸𝑛 𝑉𝑇𝑆 𝑀𝑋𝑌 = , − − −; 𝜃𝑋𝑌 = ∙ 𝑧 − − −
2 2
∆𝑌 = ∫ 𝜃𝑋𝑌 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 The natural frequencies f1, f2, f3, etc., and
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐻𝑇𝑆 𝐴𝑌 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑋5 , 𝑍10 , 𝑍 =
2 corresponding mode shapes (where i indicates
5 the number assigned point mass) found for the
𝑧=5
𝑃 𝑃𝑍 2
Δ=𝑌=∫ . 2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 = [ ] = 12.5 𝑃
𝑧=0 2 2 0
Therefore, the load on the beam does not require
a torsion resistant in the cantilever element for the
balance. Similarly, the load supported by a
7
cantilever does not require a strong twist on the
beam member.
4-26. Assumptions. -
From the above considerations, the structural
action of the elements of the dam can be
assumed as follows:
(1) Cantilever elements resist shears in horizontal
planes and are folded in vertical planes.
(2) Horizontal beam members resist shears in
vertical planes and flex in horizontal planes.
(3) The twisted structure resists twisting moments
and scissors in horizontal and vertical planes.
4-2 7. Elements horizontal beam. -
The unitary slopes of the beams at the abutment
are used to obtain the effect of the beam
abutment forces on the rotation of the base of
the conjugate vertical twisted element and the
unitary slopes in the crown are used to establish a
slope arrangement in the Plane dividing between
beams in the left half and beams in the right half
of the dam.
3. Analysis of dams of curved gravity.
4-30. Analysis method. -
If a gravity dam is curved in the plane only for
convenience in locating the structure in the
existing topography and the contraction joints do
not fill, the analyzes should be done as described
for straight gravity dams.
D. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS.
4-31. Introduction. -
The following method for dynamic analysis of
concrete dams can be described as a mass-
grouped, generalized coordinate method using
the principle of overlap mode.
The application of the method is done by
computer, and matrix analysis methods are used.
4-32. Natural frequencies and mode shapes. -
simultaneous solution of equations for dynamic
equilibrium free vibration. There are standard
solutions available for the eigenvalue problem.
The input that will be required to solve the self-
value problem will be the stiffness matrix [K] and
the mass matrix [M].
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.

The equation is:

7
𝑏= ∗ √ℎ𝑧 (47) 𝑥̈ 𝑖 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∑ 𝑥̈ 𝑖𝑛 (49)
8 𝑛

Where: The response history is analyzed during the time of

the peak acceleration value at the peak.
B = the dimension of water measured horizontally
from the upstream face, The now is the acceleration for prey. These values
can be divided by the acceleration of gravity to.
Z = depth of water in the section under study, and
After the acceleration ratios, ai, are determined
H = distance between the water surface and the for the necessary elevations in the dam, the
point in question. resulting loads on the structure is calculated as
described in the following paragraphs.
4-33. Response to an earthquake. -
4-34. Loads due to horizontal seismic
Given the natural frequencies, mode acceleration. - For dams with vertical or inclined
shapes , and an acceleration log of an faces upstream, the variation of seismic
earthquake, the following equation expresses the hydrodynamic pressure with depth is given by the
acceleration of point mode, as a function of time: following equations [10]:

𝑃𝐸 = 𝐶 𝛼 𝑤𝑧 (50)

𝐶𝑚 ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ
𝐶= [ (2 − ) + √ (2 − )] (51)
2 𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑧

Where:

where:
1 𝑷𝑬 = Normal pressure to the face,
𝑇𝑛 = ,
𝑓, 𝑛´
𝑪 = A dimensionless pressure coefficient,
𝝀 = 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑜,
𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑘𝑒.
𝒙𝒈̈ (𝝉)= The acceleration of the soil as a function 𝜶=
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦.
of the digitized time for the numerical evaluation
of the integral. 𝒘 = 𝑈𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟.

𝝓 = 𝑁𝑜𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝒛 = 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑜𝑖𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒉 = 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝑴 = 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ,
𝑪𝒎 = 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝝉 = 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝒕 = 𝐴 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 𝜏 = 𝑡.
There is little data available on damping
concrete dams, expressed as h in equation
(48). Chopra [9] indicates that a reasonable
assumption for h in a particular gravity structure is
0.05.
Equation (48) is evaluated in chosen time
increments. An increase of 0.01 seconds has
been used. At the end of each of these time
increments, the accelerations for all node points
in all modes considered are summed up as in the
following equation:
For dams with a vertical and slope combination,
if the height of the vertical portion of the
upstream face of the dam is equal to or greater
than half of the total height of the dam, analyze
like vertically.
E. THE Finite Element Method.
04.03 6. Introduction. -
The finite element method uses the idea that a
continuous body being a set of different elements
connected at their corners. The reason for the
immediate acceptance and the tremendous
amount of use of this method is that made
possible the approximate solution of many
problems that had been neglecting engineers on

8
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.

designing or coarsely approaching. 2. PH and music and variations

The inclusion complex geometric variations and
physical properties before the adaptation of the
finite element method and the modern high
speed digital computer was just beyond the
realm of reality. The two - dimensional finite
element method can analyze most of the
problems associated with variations in the
geometry of the sections of the dam.
1. Program two-dimensional Finite Element
4-37. Purpose. -
The purpose of this software is to determine strains
and stresses in two-dimensional plane stress
structures arbitrarily.
4-38. Method. -
The same number of equations that relate the
stiffness coefficients times unknown deflections
existing loads (members of the right hand) have
been generated. The value of this unknown is
determined and is used in solving the above
equation that has only two unknowns. The value
of this unknown is determined and is used in
solving the above equation that has only two
unknowns. Then known deflections are used, the
stiffness of the individual elements and the
equations relating stress and strain for the
element to calculate the stress condition of the
element .
4-39. Entry. -
The problem is defined by a card entry that
describes the geometry and the boundary
conditions of the structure, material properties,
loads, control information for the layout and the
use of options in the program. Mesh generation,
charge generating property and generation of
material is incorporated into the system.
4-40. Departure. -
The output of this program consists primarily of a
print data input and output displacements and
stresses each node within each element. Also
available is a presentation of microfilm mesh and
lattice parts with paths efforts on the
screen. Some outputs of punched cards are also
available for special purposes preparation input
or output analysis.
4-4 1. Capacities. -
1. External forces and temperature is
known displacements and accelerations
given as a percentage of the
acceleration or n due to gravity in the X
and Y directions.
property. - The program allows reading
changes m or module, density,
temperature and accelerations after
reference é s each an to lysis.
3. You can be obtained a diagram
microfilm entire grid or details
thereof. Also é n can be obtained a
plot with the identification or n n ú mere
given material within each element .
4. Properties of bilinear material. -The
program allows the input of an
m or module in compression or ny in
tension or n. The m or module of
tension or n included in successive
5. Openings. - An opening can be
simulated in the structure by assigning a
zero to any material or element actually
defining the structure with the opening
not included in the definition or n. The first
m é all permits use or ptimo Y and allows
greater flexibility.
(6) Verification and preparation of the
cover. - There are several options to
monitor and facilitate the preparation of
entries.
(7) Stiffness shear. - it may be included the
effect of shear stiffness in the third
dimension.
(8) Units. - output units of the program
match the input units. In general, these
units are not shown in the
output. However, there is an option that
allows the units occur in the output feet
and pounds per square inch provided
that the input is in feet and kips.
(9) Normal stress and shear stress in a
plane. - The normal stress and shear stress
at any given plane can be
calculated. Furthermore, since the
internal angle of friction and cohesion of
the plane, one can calculate the safety
factor against slipping.
(10) Reference temperature. -
temperature loads with respect to a given
reference temperature for the whole
problem apply. If portions of the problem
have different reference temperatures,
they can be introduced into the card
material properties and nullify the global
reference and temperature for that
material only.
(11) using pressure limits. - The program
calculates concentrated loads in the
nodes based on these pressures.

9
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
(12) The coordinates input may be
prepared by digitizing a scale drawing of
external forces problem may apply. The
scale can be adjusted within the program
by introducing a scaling factor on the
control board. The coordinates used by
the program are the coordinates input
times the scale factor. If no scale factor,
the coordinates are used as given.
4-42. Limitations. -
(1) Nodes 999; Elements, 949; Materials, 100.
(2) Bandwidth (maximum difference between
any element nodes) = 42.
(3) Maximum number of rows in a detailed = 25
route section.
4-43. Approximations. -
(1) Linear distribution of deflection between
nodes.
(2) The curved surface has to be approximated
by a series of straight lines.
(3) attachment points should be established
within the limits.
(4) Voltage flat two-dimensional
4-44. Application to gravity dams. -
The two - dimensional finite element analysis is
adaptable to analysis of gravity dam when
assuming planarity is used. Areas of stress cracks
and seams weak material can be included in the
foundation.
The internal hydrostatic pressure may be included
as fillers in the section analyzed. An example
illustrating the application of two - dimensional
finite element method for analysis of a gravity
dam and its foundation is illustrated in Appendix
C.
2. Three-dimensional finite element program
4-45. Application. -
This computer program developed by the`
University of California, Berkeley, used the
parametric element six nodal points
(hexahedron) of Zienkiewicz-Ironsiso to analyze
three - dimensional elastic solids. Once
established scroll functions, strains can be
formulated element shifts nodal points are
related strains voltage-displacement. A set of
equations for the entire system is obtained by
equating the product of unknown displacements
times rigidity known forces at each nodal point.
The nodal displacements are determined
by solving this set of equations. Tensions are
calculated dt nodes of each element,using the
10
same ratios of displacement deformation and
stress-strain used in the formulation of the stiffness
element.
4-46. Capabilities and limitations. -
Accurate modeling flex requires the use of
several elements (three have been shown to work
quite well) through the folding section. The
number of nodal point program capacity for
65,000 computer storage elements is 900 words,
2,000 nodal points and maximum bandwidth of
264.
0.024[Number of nodal points] + 0.45 [Item Number]
Number of nodal points Bandwidtha 2
+100 ( )𝑥 3 𝑥 ( ) (52)
775 96
For a problem that uses the full capacity of the
program, this is equal to:
0.024 (2.000) + 0.45 (900) + x 3 x (
264 2
) =
96
6,308 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑s
Ability to use mesh generation, concentrated
loads, automatic or uniform application of
hydrostatic loading and material properties that
exist in the program. However, the non-
rectangular solids require additional time for the
formulation of the rigidity due to the need for
greater numerical integration.
4-47. Entry. -
The structure to be analyzed is approximated by
a set of elements. The finer mesh (smaller
elements) is located in the region of maximum
voltage change.
To enable accurate modeling of
deformation. The division is also made such that
the minimum bandwidth possible, and the nodes
and elements are numbered taking this into
account. The program requires the following
basic information:
(1) Operational data such as title, job number,
number of elements, maximum bandwidth,
number of materials, etc.
(2) The conditions of constraint on the edge.
(3) Material description of the elements.
(4) The accuracy of integration required for each
element.
(5) The XYZ coordinates of each node point and
the eight numbers nodal point forming each
element (mesh generation can be used to
perform these functions).
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
(6) applied forces (can use the automatic
generation load).
4-48. Departure. -
The output of the program consists of:
(1) A reprint of all input information including
information automatically generated.
(2) The displacement in the X, Y and 2 for each of
the nodal points.
(3) The normal stress in the X, Y and 2 and the
shear stress in
XY, YZ and XZ in each nodal formulation, data
input and output is given in point. Appendix C.
Examples of problems Howingmes h
FOUNDING F. ANALYSIS
4-49. Purpose. -
The base or parts of it must be analyzed to
determine the stability provided the rock against
which the thrust of the dam has such a
configuration that possible failure of direct shear
or when a sliding failure is possible along faults ,
shears and gaskets.
They are associated with stability problems of
excess local pressure on the dam because of the
shortcomings of the foundation.
1. Stability Analysis
4-50. Methods available. -
Methods available for the stability analysis are:
A) Methods dimensional.
(1) Method of the rigid section.
(2) Finite Element Method.
B) Three-dimensional methods.
(1) Method of rigid block.
(2) Method partition.
(3) Finite Element Method.
Each of these analyzes produces a shear force
and normal force. The normal force may be used
to determine the shear strength as described in
section 3.5. The safety factor against slipping is
calculated by dividing the resistance to cutting
by the cutting force.
4-5 1. bidimensionales- Methods
A problem can be considered two-dimensional if
the geological embodiments creating
questionable stability not vary in cross section
over a considerable length so that the extreme
limits have negligible contribution to the total
11
resistance, or when the final boundaries are free
faces that do not offer resistance. As shown in
Figure 4-20, the resultant of all loads on the
section under investigation are resolved mass in a
shearing force, V, parallel to the plane of
potential slip and normal force, N. The safety
factor or shearing friction factor is determined by
dividing the tensile strength by the sliding
force.This distribution allows considerable
variance in the normal load in the determination
of the resistance force and cutting force along
the sliding plane potential.
4-52. Three - dimensional methods. -
A typical problem in dimensional stability is a
wedge four sides with two exposed faces of two
other faces that provide slip resistance. The
wedge shown in Figure 4-21 is used in the
discussion to illustrate various methods.
(A) Method of Block Rigid 1141.-
The following assumptions are made for this
method:
(1) All forces may be combined into a resultant
force.
(2) No no deformation can occur within the mass
of the block.
(3) sliding in a single plane can only occur if the
shear force in the plane is directed towards an
exposed face (open or free).
(4) sliding in two planes can only occur in the
direction of the intersection of the two planes and
to an exposed face.
(5) No transverse shear forces are developed (ie,
no shear normal to the direction of sliding planes).
Rigid block analysis proceeds as follows:
(1) the planes forming the block are defined.
(2) The intersections of the planes formed by the
edges of the block.
(3) the areas of the faces of the block and the
block volume is calculated.
(4) The hydrostatic forces, if applicable, are
calculated normal to the faces.
(5) the resultant of all forces is estimated.
(6) the possibility of sliding on one or two planes it
is controlled.
(7) The safety factor against slipping is calculated
for all cases in which sliding is possible.
2. Further analysis
4-53. Analysis of differential displacement. -
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
The problem of differential displacement relative
deflection or mass or blocks within the foundation
arises due to variations in the base
material. Methods that approximate or estimate
the mass or displacement areas within the
foundation is necessary for analyzing problems of
this nature.
Typical problems that may occur are as follows:
(1) Moving a mass whose stability depends on
sliding friction.
(2) Moving a sliding mass in an area of low
modulus.
(3) Moving a mass with a partial continuity intact
rock.
(4) Shift variable load areas taken by competent
rock in two directions, but cut adjacent rock by
weak material unable to transmit shear load. The
displacements can be approximated by:
(1) extension of the displacement data obtained
by shear testing in situ or laboratory samples;
(2) model test;
(3) development of an analytical model which
can be solved by hand; or (4) methods of finite
elements two or three dimensions.
Although the method used depends on the
particular problem, it should be noted that the
finite element method offers considerable
advantage over other procedures. The finite
element method allows an accurate
representation of the material property, gives
voltage. Distribution and allows the
representation of the treatment required for
displacement.
4-54. Analysis of stress concentrations due to
bridges. -
A stress concentration can occur in the dam due
to the presence of a zone of low modulus in the
foundation. The depth of required replacement is
determined as the depth when tensions in the
dam and foundation are within permitted limits.
RIVER DIVERSION
A. REQUIREMENTS DEVIATION
5-1. General. -
The design of a dam to be built through a
channel considering diverting the current flow
around or through the dam during the
construction period.
The magnitude of the problem of the deviation
will vary with the size and potential of the
current; However, a problem of deviation exist to
some extent in all locations outside the
12
mainstream, and selecting the most appropriate
scheme to handle the current flow during
construction is important for economy in the cost
of the dam.
(1) Flow characteristics.
(2) Size and frequency of flood diversion.
(3) Regulation by the existing dam upstream.
(4) Methods of deviation.
(5) requirements specifications.
(6) Control of turbidity and water pollution.
5 - 2 Features Streamflow. -
A place where seasonal rains may occur
will require only minimal provisions of the
deviation for the rest of the year.
A stream subject to storm clouds that can occur
at any time is the most unpredictable and likely
require the diversion scheme more elaborate,
since the contractor must be prepared to handle
both low flows and flood flows at all times during
the period building
5-3. Flood Diversion selection. -
It is not economically feasible plan for the
diversion of the biggest flood ever occurred or
may be expected to occur at the site, so you
should decide on a minor requirement.
This, therefore, raises the question of how much
risk to the partially completed work is involved in
the diversion scheme considered.
After an analysis of these factors is the cost of
increasing protective work Handle increasingly
larger floods can be compared with the cost of
damage result if such floods occurred without
increased protection work.
For larger dams involving more than one building
station 2 years, a flood of distraction design with
a probability of presence of anywhere between
20 and 4 percent may be established depending
on the risk of loss and the time termination for
individual prey.
Floods can be recurrent; therefore, if the scheme
involves the temporary storage distraction final
cloudburst type must provide such storage
facilities to evacuate within a reasonable period
of time, usually a few days
5-4. Regulation by an existing dam up water.
If the dam is to be constructed in a downstream
of the existing dam or other structure control, it is
sometimes possible to modify characteristics of
the current flow through the intended operation
of the existing structure.
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.
5-5. Turbidity and control water pollution.
One of the most important factors to be
considered in determining the pattern of the fun
is how the construction work required affect
turbidity and pollution of the stream. Therefore, all
schemes deviation should be reviewed for the
purpose of pollution and turbidity in the current
during the erection and removal of work
deflection, as well as the effect on current during
construction time it is continued between the
cofferdam.
B. METHODS OF DIVERSION
5-6. General.
The method or scheme divert flooding during
construction depend on the magnitude of the
flooding to be diverted; Diverting current during
construction uses one or a combination of the
following provisions: driven by the stirrups, tubes or
ducts by the dam area, or distraction multiple
stage on the tops of the blocks alternate
construction of the dam tunnels. On a small
current can prevent flow around the site for the
installation of a temporary tube of wood or metal
or the pipe, or the flow may be impounded
behind the dam during its construction, pumps
that are used if necessary to control the surface
of water. Since it was impracticable to provide
the ability to tunnel distracting enough to handle
the expected major spring flood,the contractor
made provisions to minimize the damage that
would result from overcoming the cofferdam.
1. Making the alternate concrete blocks at low
prey "f 'to allow overflow with minimal damage.
2. Construction of an auxiliary rock and a
cofferdam cell steel "g" leaf-chip to protect the
digging "h" of the power plant from being flooded
overlaying the cofferdam.
3. Early Construction of the permanent wall "i"
training to take advantage of the protection it
produces.
5-7. Tunnels. -
shows such tunnel was built in Dam site gorge
Arde, a relatively narrow barrel, allow distraction
by the stirrup.
The deflection system must be designed to
prevent possibly also to contain part of the design
flood diversion. The size of the tunnel distraction
and be dependent on the magnitude of the
flood distraction height upstream cofferdam
(higher head, smaller tunnel has to be for a given
download), and the size of the deposit formed
the cofferdam if this is appreciable. An economic
study cofferdam height against the size of
the tunnel may be involved to establish the
economic relationship.
The desirability to align forwarding tunnel will be
13
influenced by the cost of a tunnel compared to
a tunnel of equal capacity; When the tunnel
proposed landfill is a high entrance and a tunnel
sloping down to a near horizontal tunnel portion
near the elevation of the riverbed, a tunnel
deviation can be built between the near
horizontal tunnel part and raising upstream
channel to effect a road circulation riverbed.
Flow regulation to meet needs downstream after
water storage in the reservoir has begun may be
carried out by using a slide gate on the road
temporary bypass to the water surface in the
reservoir reaches the level of the output jobs
consumption.If the tunnel passes near and below
the dam, the plug should be located near the top
expensive river under the shade of grout limit or
this can fully extend below the dam, according
to the tensions of the dam and the condition of
the foundation.
5-9. Channels. -
In a wide canyon, an economical method of
deviation can be a conduit for conveying the
flow of construction area. Large channel can be
steel or wooden frame with a wood coating, and
smaller channels may be of metal construction,
pipe, etc. During construction of the dam
Canyon Ferry, steel-framed, wood-lined canal
was built along the right bank of river diversion as
a first step.
5.10.-Deviation in multiple stages. -
Method multistage deviation on the foundation
of alternative building blocks through branch
pipes in a concrete dam requires the
displacement of the cofferdam construction. In
the second stage, the cofferdam is moved and
the current is on low blocks or duct section
constructed deviation dam while work proceeds
in the part of the dam.
5-11. Cofferdams .
The height at which to place a cofferdam built an
economic study involves up to the cofferdam
diversion works against capacity, including
routing studies design flood diversion. In addition,
the design of the cofferdam should consider
consider the effect that the excavation and
drainage of the foundation of the dam on the
stability of the cofferdam and should anticipate
the removal, rescue and other factors.
Dehydration work for structural foundations,
building and cofferdam and movement
operations lands adjacent to streams or streams
must be carried out so that prevent muddy water
and eroded materials entering the channel.
Thus,cofferdams are placed in such a place that
the earthworks near the minimum current, to
DISEÑO DE PRESAS DE GRAVEDAD.

contain both the excavation work area within the

confines of cofferdams as possible.

C. REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION
05.12. Contractor 's responsibilities.

This general practice of requiring the contractor

to take responsibility for diversion during
construction of the dam and adjacent
structures. Also, the specifications usually require
the contractor diversion plan is subject to
approval by the owner.
In some cases, the whole scheme of deviation
can be left to the contractor, with the
expectation that flexibility contractor operations
allowing you to choose the diversion scheme will
be reflected in low bids. For example, restricting
certain schemes deviation be specified due to
safety requirements, geology, ecology or
limitations of time and space.

5-13. responsibilities of the designer. -

For situations difficult and / or dangerous
deviation may be economical for the owner to
take responsibility for the diversion plan. If the
owner is responsible for the deviation, it is
important that the deviation is realistic in all
aspects, and compatible with the probable
capacity and plant capacity building contractor.

14