What is C#? The powerful .NET programming language

1. What is C#?
C# is the best language for writing Microsoft .NET applications. C# provides the rapid application
development found in Visual Basic with the power of C++. Its syntax is similar to C++ syntax and meets
100% of the requirements of OOPs like the following:
 Abstraction
 Encapsulation
 Polymorphism
 Inheritance
The latest version of C# is C# 6.0 with lots of new features, to know them read the following article:
2. What is an Object?
According to MSDN, "a class or struct definition is like a blueprint that specifies what the type can do. An
object is basically a block of memory that has been allocated and configured according to the blueprint. A
program may create many objects of the same class. Objects are also called instances, and they can be
stored in either a named variable or in an array or collection. Client code is the code that uses these
variables to call the methods and access the public properties of the object. In an object-oriented language
such as C#, a typical program consists of multiple objects interacting dynamically".
Objects helps us to access the member of a class or struct either they can be fields, methods or properties,
by using the dot. To know more about object read the following links:
 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

 Object Lifetime in .NET Framework
 OOP Overview
3. What is Managed or Unmanaged Code?

Managed Code
“The code, which is developed in .NET framework is known as managed code. This code is directly
executed by CLR with the help of managed code execution. Any language that is written in .NET
Framework is managed code”.
Unmanaged Code
The code, which is developed outside .NET framework is known as unmanaged code.
“Applications that do not run under the control of the CLR are said to be unmanaged, and certain languages
such as C++ can be used to write such applications, which, for example, access low - level functions of the
operating system. Background compatibility with the code of VB, ASP and COM are examples of
unmanaged code”.
Unmanaged code can be unmanaged source code and unmanaged compile code. Unmanaged code is
executed with the help of wrapper classes.
Wrapper classes are of two types:

 CCW (COM Callable Wrapper).
 RCW (Runtime Callable Wrapper).
 Managed code and unmanaged code in .NET
4. What is Boxing and Unboxing?

Answer: Boxing and Unboxing both are used for type conversion but have some difference:
Boxing:
Boxing is the process of converting a value type data type to the object or to any interface data type which
is implemented by this value type. When the CLR boxes a value means when CLR is converting a value
type to Object Type, it wraps the value inside a System.Object and stores it on the heap area in application
domain.
Example:
Unboxing:
Unboxing is also a process which is used to extract the value type from the object or any implemented
interface type. Boxing may be done implicitly, but unboxing have to be explicit by code.
Example:
The concept of boxing and unboxing underlines the C# unified view of the type system in which a value of
any type can be treated as an object.
5. What is the difference between a struct and a class in C#?

Answer:
Class and struct both are the user defined data type but have some major difference:
Struct
 The struct is value type in C# and it inherits from System.Value Type.

 Struct is usually used for smaller amounts of data.
 Struct can’t be inherited to other type.
 A structure can't be abstract.
 No need to create object by new keyword.
 Do not have permission to create any default constructor.
Class
 The class is reference type in C# and it inherits from the System.Object Type.
 Classes are usually used for large amounts of data.
 Classes can be inherited to other class.
 A class can be abstract type.
 We can’t use an object of a class with using new keyword.
 We can create a default constructor.
6. What is the difference between Interface and Abstract Class?

Answer:
Theoretically their are some differences between Abstract Class and Interface which are listed below:
 A class can implement any number of interfaces but a subclass can at most use only one abstract
class.
 An abstract class can have non-abstract methods (concrete methods) while in case of interface all
the methods has to be abstract.
 An abstract class can declare or use any variables while an interface is not allowed to do so.
 In an abstract class all data member or functions are private by default while in interface all are
public, we can’t change them manually.
 In an abstract class we need to use abstract keyword to declare abstract methods while in an
interface we don’t need to use that.
 An abstract class can’t be used for multiple inheritance while interface can be used as multiple
inheritance.
 An abstract class use constructor while in an interface we don’t have any type of constructor.
7. What is enum in C#?

Answer:
An enum is a value type with a set of related named constants often referred to as an enumerator list. The
enum keyword is used to declare an enumeration. It is a primitive data type, which is user defined.
An enum type can be an integer (float, int, byte, double etc.). But if you used beside int it has to be cast.
An enum is used to create numeric constants in .NET framework. All the members of enum are of enum
type. Their must be a numeric value for each enum type.
The default underlying type of the enumeration element is int. By default, the first enumerator has the value
0, and the value of each successive enumerator is increased by 1.
1. enum Dow {Sat, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri};
Some points about enum
 Enums are enumerated data type in c#.

 Enums are not for end-user, they are meant for developers.
 Enums are strongly typed constant. They are strongly typed, i.e. an enum of one type may not be
implicitly assigned to an enum of another type even though the underlying value of their members are the
same.
 Enumerations (enums) make your code much more readable and understandable.
 Enum values are fixed. Enum can be displayed as a string and processed as an integer.
 The default type is int, and the approved types are byte, sbyte, short, ushort, uint, long, and ulong.
 Every enum type automatically derives from System.Enum and thus we can use System.Enum
methods on enums.
 Enums are value types and are created on the stack and not on the heap.
8. What is the difference between “continue” and “break” statements in

C#?
Answer:
Using break statement, you can 'jump out of a loop' whereas by using continue statement, you can 'jump
over one iteration' and then resume your loop execution.
Eg. Break Statement
1. using System;
2. using System.Collections;
3. using System.Linq;
4. using System.Text;
5.
6. namespace break_example
7. {
8. Class brk_stmt {
9. public static void main(String[] args) {
10. for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++) {
11. if (i == 4) {
12. break;
13. }
14. Console.WriteLine("The number is " + i);
15. Console.ReadLine();
16.
17. }
18. }
19. }
20.
21. }
Output
The number is 0;
The number is 1;
The number is 2;
The number is 3;
Eg.Continue Statement
1. using System;
2. using System.Collections;
5.
6. namespace continue_example
7. {
8. Class cntnu_stmt
9. {
10. public static void main(String[]
11. {
12. for (int i = 0; i <= 5; i++)
13. {
14. if (i == 4)
15. {
16. continue;
17. }
18. Console.WriteLine(“The number is "+ i);
20.
21. }
22. }
23. }
24.
25. }
26.
27.
Output
The number is 1;
The number is 2;
The number is 3;
The number is 5;
9. What is the difference between constant and read only in c#?

Answer:
Constant (const) and Readonly (readonly) both looks like same as per the uses but they have some
differences:
Constant is known as “const” keyword in C# which is also known immutable values which are known at
compile time and do not change their values at run time like in any function or constructor for the life of
application till the application is running.
Readonly is known as “readonly” keyword in C# which is also known immutable values and are known at
compile and run time and do not change their values at run time like in any function for the life of application
till the application is running. You can assay their value by constructor when we call constructor with “new”
keyword.
See the example
We have a Test Class in which we have two variables one is readonly and another is constant.
1. class Test {
2. readonly int read = 10;
3. const int cons = 10;
4. public Test() {
5. read = 100;
6. cons = 100;
7. }
8. public void Check() {
9. Console.WriteLine("Read only : {0}", read);
10. Console.WriteLine("const : {0}", cons);
11. }
12. }
Here I was trying to change the value of both the variables in constructor but when I am trying to change the
constant it gives an error to change their value in that block which have to call at run time.
So finally remove that line of code from class and call this Check() function like the following code snippet:
1. class Program {
2. static void Main(string[] args) {
3. Test obj = new Test();
4. obj.Check();
6. }
7. }
8. class Test {
9. readonly int read = 10;
10. const int cons = 10;
11. public Test() {
12. read = 100;
13. }
14. public void Check() {
15. Console.WriteLine("Read only : {0}", read);
16. Console.WriteLine("const : {0}", cons);
17. }
18. }
Output:
10. What is the difference between ref and out keywords?
Answer:
In C Sharp (C#) we can have three types of parameters in a function. The parameters can be in parameter
(which is not returned back to the caller of the function), out parameter and ref parameter. We have lots of
differences in both of them.
11. Can “this” be used within a static method?

Answer:
We can't use this in static method because keyword 'this' returns a reference to the current instance of the
class containing it. Static methods (or any static member) do not belong to a particular instance. They exist
without creating an instance of the class and call with the name of a class not by instance so we can’t use
this keyword in the body of static Methods, but in case of Extension Methods we can use it the functions
parameters. Let’s have a look on “this” keyword.
The "this" keyword is a special type of reference variable that is implicitly defined within each constructor
and non-static method as a first parameter of the type class in which it is defined. For example, consider the
following class written in C#.
12. Define Property in C#.net?

Answer:
Properties are members that provide a flexible mechanism to read, write or compute the values of private
fields, in other words by the property we can access private fields. In other words we can say that a
property is a return type function/method with one parameter or without a parameter. These are always
public data members. It uses methods to access and assign values to private fields called accessors.
Now question is what are accessors?
The get and set portions or blocks of a property are called accessors. These are useful to restrict the
accessibility of a property, the set accessor specifies that we can assign a value to a private field in a
property and without the set accessor property it is like a read-only field. By the get accessor we can access
the value of the private field, in other words it returns a single value. A Get accessor specifies that we can
access the value of a field publically.
We have the three types of properties
 Read/Write.
 ReadOnly.
 WriteOnly
13. What is extension method in c# and how to use them?

Answer:
Extension methods enable you to add methods to existing types without creating a new derived type,
recompiling, or otherwise modifying the original type. An extension method is a special kind of static
method, but they are called as if they were instance methods on the extended type.
How to use extension methods?
An extension method is a static method of a static class, where the "this" modifier is applied to the first
parameter. The type of the first parameter will be the type that is extended.
Extension methods are only in scope when you explicitly import the namespace into your source code with
a using directive.
Like: suppose we have a class like bellow:
1. public class Class1 {

2. public string Display() {
3. return ("I m in Display");
4. }
5.
6. public string Print() {
7. return ("I m in Print");
8. }
9. }
Now we need to extend the definition of this class so m going to create a static class to create an extinction
method like:
1. public static class XX {

2. public static void NewMethod(this Class1 ob) {
3. Console.WriteLine("Hello I m extended method");
4. }
5. }
Here I just create a method that name is NewMethod with a parameter using this to define which type of
data I need to be extend, now let’s see how to use this function.
class Program {

2. Class1 ob = new Class1();
3. ob.Display();
4. ob.Print();
5. ob.NewMethod();
6. Console.ReadKey();
7. }
8. }
Output will be:

14. What is the difference between dispose and finalize methods in c#?
Answer: finalizer and dispose both are used for same task like to free unmanaged resources but have some
differences see.
Finalize:
 Finalize used to free unmanaged resources those are not in use like files, database connections in
application domain and more, held by an object before that object is destroyed.
 In the Internal process it is called by Garbage Collector and can’t called manual by user code or any
service.
 Finalize belongs to System.Object class.
 Implement it when you have unmanaged resources in your code, and make sure that these
resources are freed when the Garbage collection happens.
Dispose:
 Dispose is also used to free unmanaged resources those are not in use like files, database
connections in Application domain at any time.
 Dispose explicitly it is called by manual user code.
 If we need to dispose method so must implement that class by IDisposable interface.
 It belongs to IDisposable interface.
 Implement this when you are writing a custom class that will be used by other users.
15. What is the difference between string and StringBuilder in c#?

Answer:
StringBuilder and string both use to store string value but both have many differences on the bases of
instance creation and also for performance:
String:
String is an immutable object. Immutable like when we create string object in code so we cannot modify or
change that object in any operations like insert new value, replace or append any value with existing value
in string object, when we have to do some operations to change string simply it will dispose the old value of
string object and it will create new instance in memory for hold the new value in string object like:
Note:
 It’s an immutable object that hold string value.
 Performance wise string is slow because its’ create a new instance to override or change the
previous value.
 String belongs to System namespace.
StringBuilder:
System.Text.Stringbuilder is mutable object which also hold the string value, mutable means once we
create a System.Text.Stringbuilder object we can use this object for any operation like insert value in
existing string with insert functions also replace or append without creating new instance of
System.Text.Stringbuilder for every time so it’s use the previous object so it’s work fast as compare than
System.String. Let’s have an example to understand System.Text.Stringbuilder like:
Note:
 StringBuilder is a mutable object.

 Performance wise StringBuilder is very fast because it will use same instance of StringBuilder object
to perform any operation like insert value in existing string.
 StringBuilder belongs to System.Text.Stringbuilder namespace.
16. What is delegates in C# and uses of delegates?

Answer:
C# delegates are same as pointers to functions, in C or C++. A delegate Object is a reference type variable
that use to holds the reference to a method. The reference can be changed at runtime which is hold by an
object of delegate, a delegate object can hold many functions reference which is also known as Invocation
List that refers functions in a sequence FIFO, we can new functions ref in this list at run time by += operator
and can remove by -= operator.
Delegates are especially used for implementing events and the call-back methods. All delegates are
implicitly derived from the System.Delegate class.
Let’s see how to use Delegate with Example:
17. What is sealed class in c#?

Answer:
Sealed classes are used to restrict the inheritance feature of object oriented programming. Once a class is
defined as a sealed class, the class cannot be inherited.
In C#, the sealed modifier is used to define a class as sealed. In Visual Basic .NET the Not Inheritable
keyword serves the purpose of sealed. If a class is derived from a sealed class then the compiler throws an
error.
If you have ever noticed, structs are sealed. You cannot derive a class from a struct.
The following class definition defines a sealed class in C#:
1. // Sealed class
2. sealed class SealedClass
3. {
4.
5. }
18. What are partial classes?

Answer:
A partial class is only use to splits the definition of a class in two or more classes in a same source code file
or more than one source files. You can create a class definition in multiple files but it will be compiled as
one class at run time and also when you’ll create an instance of this class so you can access all the
methods from all source file with a same object.
Partial Classes can be create in the same namespace it’s doesn’t allowed to create a partial class in
different namespace. So use “partial” keyword with all the class name which you want to bind together with
the same name of class in same namespace, let’s have an example:
19. What is boxing and unboxing?

Answer:
Boxing and Unboxing both using for type converting but have some difference:
Boxing:
Boxing is the process of converting a value type data type to the object or to any interface data type which
is implemented by this value type. When the CLR boxes a value means when CLR converting a value type
to Object Type, it wraps the value inside a System.Object and stores it on the heap area in application
domain.
Example:
Unboxing:
Unboxing is also a process which is use to extracts the value type from the object or any implemented
interface type. Boxing may be done implicit but unboxing have to be explicit by code.
Example:
The concept of boxing and unboxing underlies the C# unified view of the type system in which a value of
any type can be treated as an object.
20. What is IEnumerable<> in c#?

Answer:
IEnumerable is the parent interface for all non-generic collections in System.Collections namespace like
ArrayList, HastTable etc. that can be enumerated. For the generic version of this interface as
IEnumerable<T> which a parent interface of all generic collections class in System.Collections.Generic
namespace like List<> and more.
In System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<T> have only a single method which is GetEnumerator() that

returns an IEnumerator. IEnumerator provides the power to iterate through the collection by exposing a
Current property and Move Next and Reset methods, if we doesn’t have this interface as a parent so we
can’t use iteration by foreach loop or can’t use that class object in our LINQ query.
21. What is difference between late binding and early binding in c#?
Answer:
Early Binding and Late Binding concepts belongs to polymorphism so let’s see first about polymorphism:
Polymorphism is an ability to take more than one form of a function means with a same name we can write
multiple functions code in a same class or any derived class.
Polymorphism we have 2 different types to achieve that:
 Compile Time also known as Early Binding or Overloading.

 Run Time also known as Late Binding or Overriding.
Compile Time Polymorphism or Early Binding:
In Compile time polymorphism or Early Binding we will use multiple methods with same name but different
type of parameter or may be the number or parameter because of this we can perform different-different
tasks with same method name in the same class which is also known as Method overloading.
See how we can do that by the following example:

Run Time Polymorphism or Late Binding:
Run time polymorphism also known as late binding, in Run Time polymorphism or Late Binding we can do
use same method names with same signatures means same type or same number of parameters but not in
same class because compiler doesn’t allowed that at compile time so we can use in derived class that bind
at run time when a child class or derived class object will instantiated that’s way we says that Late Binding.
For that we have to create my parent class functions as partial and in driver or child class as override
functions with override keyword.
Like as following example:

 Understanding Polymorphism in C#
 Polymorphism in .NET
22. What are the differences between IEnumerable and IQueryable?

Answer:
Before the differences learn what is IEnumerable and IQueryable.
IEnumerable:
Is the parent interface for all non-generic collections in System.Collections namespace like ArrayList,
HastTable etc. that can be enumerated. For the generic version of this interface as IEnumerable<T> which
a parent interface of all generic collections class in System.Collections.Generic namespace like List<> and
more.
IQueryable:
As per MSDN IQueryable interface is intended for implementation by query providers. It is only supposed to
be implemented by providers that also implement IQueryable<T>. If the provider does not also implement
IQueryable<T>, the standard query operators cannot be used on the provider's data source.
The IQueryable interface inherits the IEnumerable interface so that if it represents a query, the results of
that query can be enumerated. Enumeration causes the expression tree associated with an IQueryable
object to be executed. The definition of "executing an expression tree" is specific to a query provider. For
example, it may involve translating the expression tree to an appropriate query language for the underlying
data source. Queries that do not return enumerable results are executed when the Execute method is
called.
 IEnumerable vs IQuerable
 IEnumerable Vs IQueryable
23. What happens if the inherited interfaces have conflicting method
names?
Answer:
If we implement multipole interface in the same class with conflict method name so we don’t need to define
all or in other words we can say if we have conflict methods in same class so we can’t implement their body
independently in the same class coz of same name and same signature so we have to use interface name
before method name to remove this method confiscation let’s see an example:
1. interface testInterface1 {
2. void Show();
3. }
4. interface testInterface2 {
5. void Show();
6. }
7. class Abc: testInterface1,
8. testInterface2 {
9.
10. void testInterface1.Show() {
11. Console.WriteLine("For testInterface1 !!");
12. }
13. void testInterface2.Show() {
14. Console.WriteLine("For testInterface2 !!");
15. }
16. }
Now see how to use those in a class:
1. class Program {
3. testInterface1 obj1 = new Abc();
4. testInterface1 obj2 = new Abc();
5. obj1.Show();
6. obj2.Show();
7.
9. }
10. }
Output:
For one more example follow the link:
 Inherit Multiple Interfaces and They have Conflicting Method Name
24. What are the Arrays in C#.Net?

Answer:
Arrays are powerful data structures for solving many programming problems. You saw during the creation
of variables of many types that they have one thing in common, they hold information about a single item,
for instance an integer, float and string type and so on. So what is the solution if you need to manipulate
sets of items? One solution would be to create a variable for each item in the set but again this leads to a
different problem. How many variables do you need?
So in this situation Arrays provide mechanisms that solves problem posed by these questions. An array is a
collection of related items, either value or reference type. In C# arrays are immutable such that the number
of dimensions and size of the array are fixed.
Arrays Overview
An array contains zero or more items called elements. An array is an unordered sequence of elements. All
the elements in an array are of the same type (unlike fields in a class that can be of different types). The
elements of an array accessed using an integer index that always starts from zero. C# supports single-
dimensional (vectors), multidimensional and jagged arrays.
Elements are identified by indexes relative to the beginning of the arrays. An index is also commonly called
indices or subscripts and are placed inside the indexing operator ([]). Access to array elements is by their
index value that ranges from 0 to (length-1).
Array Properties
 The length cannot be changed once created.

 Elements are initialized to default values.
 Arrays are reference types and are instances of System.Array.
 Their number of dimensions or ranks can be determined by the Rank property.
 An array length can be determined by the GetLength() method or Length property.
25. What is the Constructor Chaining in C#?

Answer: constructor chaining is a way to connect two or more classes in a relationship as Inheritance, in
Constructor Chaining every child class constructor is mapped to parent class Constructor implicitly by base
keyword so when you create an instance of child class to it’ll call parent’s class Constructor without it
inheritance is not possible.
26. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and

System.Array.Clone()?
Answer:
Clone:
Method creates a shallow copy of an array. A shallow copy of an Array copies only the elements of the
Array, whether they are reference types or value types, but it does not copy the objects that the references
refer to. The references in the new Array point to the same objects that the references in the original Array
point to.
CopyTo:
The Copy static method of the Array class copies a section of an array to another array. The CopyTo
method copies all the elements of an array to another one-dimension array. The code listed in Listing 9
copies contents of an integer array to an array of object types.
To learn about arrays go with following link:
 Working with Arrays in C#
27. Can Multiple Catch Blocks executed in c#?

Answer:
we can use multiple Catches block with every try but when any Exceptions is throw by debugger so every
catches match this exception type with their signature and catch the exception by any single catch block so
that means we can use multiple catches blocks but only one can executed at once like:
1. using System;
2. class MyClient {
3. public static void Main() {
4. int x = 0;
5. int div = 0;
6. try {
7. div = 100 / x;
8. Console.WriteLine("Not executed line");
9. } catch (DivideByZeroException de) {
10. Console.WriteLine("DivideByZeroException");
11. } catch (Exception ee) {
12. Console.WriteLine("Exception");
13. } finally {
14. Console.WriteLine("Finally Block");
15. }
16. Console.WriteLine("Result is {0}", div);
17. }
18. }
To learn more about Exception Handling following link:
 Exception Handling in C#
28. What is Singleton Design Patterns and How to implement in C#?

Answer:
What is Singleton Design Pattern?
1. Ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.
2. A singleton is a class that only allows a single instance of itself to be created, and usually gives
simple access to that instance.
3. Most commonly, singletons don't allow any parameters to be specified when creating the instance,
since a second request of an instance with a different parameter could be problematic! (If the same
instance should be accessed for all requests with the same parameter then the factory pattern is more
appropriate.)
4. There are various ways to implement the Singleton Pattern in C#. The following are the common
characteristics of a Singleton Pattern.
• A single constructor, that is private and parameterless.
• The class is sealed.
• A static variable that holds a reference to the single created instance, if any.
• A public static means of getting the reference to the single created instance, creating one if necessary.
This is the example how to write the code with Singleton:
1. namespace Singleton {
2. class Program {
4. Calculate.Instance.ValueOne = 10.5;
5. Calculate.Instance.ValueTwo = 5.5;
6. Console.WriteLine("Addition : " + Calculate.Instance.Addition());
7. Console.WriteLine("Subtraction : " + Calculate.Instance.Subtraction());
8. Console.WriteLine("Multiplication : " + Calculate.Instance.Multiplication());
9. Console.WriteLine("Division : " + Calculate.Instance.Division());
10.
11. Console.WriteLine("\n----------------------\n");
12.
13. Calculate.Instance.ValueTwo = 10.5;
14. Console.WriteLine("Addition : " + Calculate.Instance.Addition());
15. Console.WriteLine("Subtraction : " + Calculate.Instance.Subtraction());
16. Console.WriteLine("Multiplication : " + Calculate.Instance.Multiplication());
17. Console.WriteLine("Division : " + Calculate.Instance.Division());
18.
20. }
21. }
22.
23. public sealed class Calculate {
24. private Calculate() {}
25. private static Calculate instance = null;
26. public static Calculate Instance {
27. get {
28. if (instance == null) {
29. instance = new Calculate();
30. }
31. return instance;
32. }
33. }
34.
35. public double ValueOne {
36. get;
37. set;
38. }
39. public double ValueTwo {
40. get;
41. set;
42. }
43.
44. public double Addition() {
45. return ValueOne + ValueTwo;
46. }
47.
48. public double Subtraction() {
49. return ValueOne - ValueTwo;
50. }
51.
52. public double Multiplication() {
53. return ValueOne * ValueTwo;
54. }
55.
56. public double Division() {
57. return ValueOne / ValueTwo;
58. }
59. }
60. }
To read more about Singleton in depth so follow the link:
 Singleton Design Pattern in C#

 Implementing Singleton Design Patterns
29. Difference between Throw Exception and Throw Clause.

Answer:
The basic difference is that the Throw exception overwrites the stack trace and this makes it hard to find the
original code line number that has thrown the exception.
Throw basically retains the stack information and adds to the stack information in the exception that it is
thrown.
Let us see what it means rather speaking so many words to better understand the differences. I am using a
console application to easily test and see how the usage of the two differ in their functionality.
1. using System;
2. using System.Collections.Generic;
5.
6. namespace TestingThrowExceptions {
7. class Program {
8. public void ExceptionMethod() {
9. throw new Exception("Original Exception occurred in ExceptionMethod");
10.
11. }
12.
14. Program p = new Program();
15. try {
16. p.ExceptionMethod();
17. } catch (Exception ex) {
18.
19. throw ex;
20. }
21. }
22. }
23. }
Now run the code by pressing the F5 key of the keyboard and see what happens. It returns an exception
and look at the stack trace:
30. What are Indexer in C# .Net?

Answer:
Indexer allows classes to be used in more intuitive manner. C# introduces a new concept known as
Indexers which are used for treating an object as an array. The indexers are usually known as smart arrays
in C#. They are not essential part of object-oriented programming.
An indexer, also called an indexed property, is a class property that allows you to access a member
variable of a class using the features of an array.
Defining an indexer allows you to create classes that act like virtual arrays. Instances of that class can be
accessed using the [] array access operator.
Creating an Indexer
1. < modifier > <

2. return type > this[argument list] {
3. get {
4. // your get block code
5. }
6.
7. set {
8. // your set block code
9. }
10. }
In the above code:
<modifier>
can be private, public, protected or internal.
<return type>
can be any valid C# types.
31. What is multicast delegate in c#?

Answer
Delegate can invoke only one method reference has been encapsulated into the delegate.it is possible for
certain delegate to hold and invoke multiple methods such delegate called multicast delegates.multicast
delegates also know as combinable delegates, must satisfy the following conditions:
 The return type of the delegate must be void. None of the parameters of the delegate type can be
delegate type can be declared as output parameters using out keywords.
 Multicast delegate instance that created by combining two delegates, the invocation list is formed by
concatenating the invocation list of two operand of the addition operation. Delegates are invoked in the
order they are added.
Implement Multicast Delegates Example:
1. using System;
5. delegate void MDelegate();
6. class DM {
7. static public void Display() {
8. Console.WriteLine("Meerut");
9. }
10. static public void print() {
11. Console.WriteLine("Roorkee");
12. }
13. }
14. class MTest {
16. MDelegate m1 = new MDelegate(DM.Display);
17. MDelegate m2 = new MDelegate(DM.print);
18. MDelegate m3 = m1 + m2;
19. MDelegate m4 = m2 + m1;
20. MDelegate m5 = m3 - m2;
21. m3();
22. m4();
23. m5();
24. }
25. }
Use following link to with more details:
 How to create implement multicast Delegates in C#

 Delegate in C#
32. Difference between Equality Operator (==) and Equals() Method in C#.
Answer:
Both the == Operator and the Equals() method are used to compare two value type data items or reference
type data items. The Equality Operator (==) is the comparison operator and the Equals() method compares
the contents of a string. The == Operator compares the reference identity while the Equals() method
compares only contents. Let’s see with some examples.
In this example we assigned a string variable to another variable. A string is a reference type and in the
following example, a string variable is assigned to another string variable so they are referring to the same
identity in the heap and both have the same content so you get True output for both the == Operator and
the Equals() method.
1. using System;
2. namespace ComparisionExample {
3. class Program {
5. string name = "sandeep";
6. string myName = name;
7. Console.WriteLine("== operator result is {0}", name == myName);
8. Console.WriteLine("Equals method result is {0}", name.Equals(myName));
9. Console.ReadKey();
10. }
11. }
12. }
33. Difference between is and as operator in C#.

Answer:
"is" operator
In the C# language, we use the "is" operator to check the object type. If the two objects are of the same
type, it returns true and false if not.
Let's understand the preceding from a small program.
We defined the following two classes:
1. class Speaker {
2. public string Name {
3. get;
4. set;
5. }
6. }
7. class Author {
8. public string Name {
9. get;
10. set;
11. }
12. }
Now, let's try to check the preceding types as:
1. var speaker = new Speaker { Name="Gaurav Kumar Arora"};
We declared an object of Speaker as in the following:
1. var isTrue = speaker is Speaker;
In the preceding, we are just checking the matching type. Yes, our speaker is an object of Speaker type.
1. Console.WriteLine("speaker is of Speaker type:{0}", isTrue);
So, the results as true.
But, here we get false:
1. var author = new Author { Name = "Gaurav Kumar Arora" };

2. var isTrue = speaker is Author;
3. Console.WriteLine("speaker is of Author type:{0}", isTrue);
Because our our speaker is not an object of Author type.
"as" operator:
The "as" operator behaves similar to the "is" operator. The only difference is it returns the object if both are
compatible to that type else it returns null.
Let's understand the preceding with a small snippet as in the following:
1. public static string GetAuthorName(dynamic obj)

2. {
3. Author authorObj = obj as Author;
4. return (authorObj != null) ? authorObj.Name : string.Empty;
5. }
We have a method that accepts dynamic objects and returns the object name property if the object is of the
Author type.
Here, we declared two objects:
1. var speaker = new Speaker { Name="Gaurav Kumar Arora"};

2. var author = new Author { Name = "Gaurav Kumar Arora" };
The following returns the "Name" property:
1. var authorName = GetAuthorName(author);

2. Console.WriteLine("Author name is:{0}", authorName);
It returns an empty string:
1. authorName = GetAuthorName(speaker);
2. Console.WriteLine("Author name is:{0}", authorName);
34. How to use Nullable<> Types in .Net?

Answer:
A nullable Type is a data type is that contain the defined data type or the value of null.
You should note here that here variable datatype has been given and then only it can be used.
This nullable type concept is not comaptible with "var".
I will explain this with syntax in next section.
Declaration:
Any DataType can be declared nullable type with the help of operator "?".
Example of the syntax is as Follows :-
1. int? i = null;
As discussed in previous section "var" is not compatible with this Nullable Type.
So we will have Compile Time error if we are declaring something like: -
1. var? i = null;
though following syntax is completely fine :-
1. var i = 4;
35. Different Ways of Method can be overloaded.
Answer:
Method overloading is a way to achieve compile time Polymorphism where we can use a method with the
same name but different signature, Method overloading is done at compile time and we have multiple way
to do that but in all way method name should be same.
 Number of parameter can be different.

 Types of parameter can be different.
 Order of parameters can be different.
Example:
1. using System;
5.
6. namespace Hello_Word {
7. class overloding {
9. Console.WriteLine(volume(10));
10. Console.WriteLine(volume(2.5F, 8));
11. Console.WriteLine(volume(100L, 75, 15));
13. }
14.
15. static int volume(int x) {
16. return (x * x * x);
17. }
18.
19. static double volume(float r, int h) {
20. return (3.14 * r * r * h);
21. }
22.
23. static long volume(long l, int b, int h) {
24. return (l * b * h);
25. }
26. }
27. }
Note:
If we have a method that have two parameter object type and have a same name method with two integer
parameter so when we call that method with int value so it’ll call that method have integer parameter
instead of object type parameters method.
36. What is an Object Pool in .Net?

Answer:
Object Pooling is something that tries to keep a pool of objects in memory to be re-used later and hence it
will reduce the load of object creation to a great extent. This article will try to explain this in detail. The
example is for an Employee object, but you can make it general by using Object base class.
What does it mean?
Object Pool is nothing but a container of objects that are ready for use. Whenever there is a request for a
new object, the pool manager will take the request and it will be served by allocating an object from the
pool.
How it works?
We are going to use Factory pattern for this purpose. We will have a factory method, which will take care
about the creation of objects. Whenever there is a request for a new object, the factory method will look into
the object pool (we use Queue object). If there is any object available within the allowed limit, it will return
the object (value object), otherwise a new object will be created and give you back.
37. What are generics in c#.net?

Answer:
Generics allow you to delay the specification of the data type of programming elements in a class or a
method, until it is actually used in the program. In other words, generics allow you to write a class or method
that can work with any data type.
You write the specifications for the class or the method, with substitute parameters for data types. When the
compiler encounters a constructor for the class or a function call for the method, it generates code to handle
the specific data type.
Generic classes and methods combine reusability, type safety and efficiency in a way that their non-generic
counterparts cannot. Generics are most frequently used with collections and the methods that operate on
them. Version 2.0 of the .NET Framework class library provides a new namespace,
System.Collections.Generic, that contains several new generic-based collection classes. It is recommended
that all applications that target the .NET Framework 2.0 and later use the new generic collection classes
instead of the older non-generic counterparts such as ArrayList.
Features of Generics
Generics is a technique that enriches your programs in the following ways:
 It helps you to maximize code reuse, type safety and performance.

 You can create generic collection classes. The .NET Framework class library contains several new
generic collection classes in the System.Collections.Generic namespace. You may use these generic
collection classes instead of the collection classes in the System.Collections namespace.
 You can create your own generic interfaces, classes, methods, events and delegates.
 You may create generic classes constrained to enable access to methods on specific data types.
 You may get information on the types used in a generic data type at run-time using reflection.
38. Describe the accessibility modifiers in c#.Net.

Answer:
Access modifiers are keywords used to specify the declared accessibility of a member or a type.
Why to use access modifiers?
Access modifiers are an integral part of object-oriented programming. They support the concept of
encapsulation, which promotes the idea of hiding functionality. Access modifiers allow you to define who
does or doesn't have access to certain features.
In C# there are 5 different types of Access Modifiers.
39. What is Virtual Method in C#?

Answer:
A virtual method is a method that can be redefined in derived classes. A virtual method has an
implementation in a base class as well as derived the class. It is used when a method's basic functionality is
the same but sometimes more functionality is needed in the derived class. A virtual method is created in the
base class that can be overridden in the derived class. We create a virtual method in the base class using
the virtual keyword and that method is overridden in the derived class using the override keyword.
When a method is declared as a virtual method in a base class then that method can be defined in a base
class and it is optional for the derived class to override that method. The overriding method also provides
more than one form for a method. Hence it is also an example for polymorphism.
When a method is declared as a virtual method in a base class and that method has the same definition in
a derived class then there is no need to override it in the derived class. But when a virtual method has a
different definition in the base class and the derived class then there is a need to override it in the derived
class.
When a virtual method is invoked, the run-time type of the object is checked for an overriding member. The
overriding member in the most derived class is called, which might be the original member, if no derived
class has overridden the member.
Virtual Method
1. By default, methods are non-virtual. We can't override a non-virtual method.

2. We can't use the virtual modifier with the static, abstract, private or override modifiers.
40. What are the Difference between Array and ArrayList in C#.Net?
Answer:
Difference between Array and ArrayList
41. What you understand by Value types and Reference types in C#.Net?
Answer:
In C# data types can be of two types: Value Types and Reference Types. Value type variables contain their
object (or data) directly. If we copy one value type variable to another then we are actually making a copy of
the object for the second variable. Both of them will independently operate on their values, Value Type
member will located into Stack and reference member will located in Heap always.
Let consider each case briefly.

1. Pure Value Type
Here I used a structure as a value type. It has an integer member. I created two instances of this structure.
After wards I assigned second instance to the first one. Then I changed the state of second instance, but it
hasn't effect the first one, as whole items are value type and assignments on those types will copy only
values not references i.e. in a Value Type assignment, all instances have its own local copy of members.
2. Pure Reference Type
I created a class and added a "DataTable" as a Reference Type member for this class. Then I performed
the assignments just like below. But the difference is that on changing the state of second instance, the
state of first instance will automatically alter. So in a Reference Type assignment both Value and Reference
will be assigned i.e. all instances will point to the single object.
3. Value Type With Reference Type
This case and the last case to come are more interesting. I used a structure in this particular scenario also.
But this time it includes a Reference Type(A Custom Class Object) Member besides a Value Type (An
Integer) Member. When you performing the assignments, it seems like a swallow copy, as Value Type
member of first instance won't effected, but the Reference Type member will alter according to the second
instance. So in this particular scenario, assignment of Reference Type member produced a reference to a
single object and assignment of Value Type member produced a local copy of that member.
4. Reference Type With Value Type
Contrary to the above case, in this scenario, both Reference & Value Types will be effected. I.e. a Value
Type member in a Reference Type will be shared among its instances.
42. What is Serialization?

Answer:
Serialization means saving the state of your object to secondary memory, such as a file.
Suppose you have a business layer where you have many classes to perform your business data.
Now suppose you want to test whether your business classes give the correct data out without verifying the
result from the UI or from a database. Because it will take some time to process.
SO what you will you do my friend?
Here comes Serialization. You will serialize all your necessary business classes and save them into a text
or XML file.
on your hard disk. So you can easily test your desired result by comparing your serialized saved data with.
your desired output data. You can say it is a little bit of autonomic unit testing performed by the developer.
There are three types of serialization:
1. Binary serialization (Save your object data into binary format).

2. Soap Serialization (Save your object data into binary format; mainly used in network related
communication).
3. XmlSerialization (Save your object data into an XML file).
43. What is the use of Using statement in C#?

Answer:
The .Net Framework provides resource management for managed objects through the garbage collector -
You do not have to explicitly allocate and release memory for managed objects. Clean-up operations for
any unmanaged resources should performed in the destructor in C#. To allow the programmer to explicitly
perform these clean-up activities, objects can provide a Dispose method that can be invoked when the
object is no longer needed. The using statement in C# defines a boundary for the object outside of which,
the object is automatically destroyed. The using statement is excited when the end of the "using" statement
block or the execution exits the "using" statement block indirectly, for example - an exception is thrown. The
"using" statement allows you to specify multiple resources in a single statement. The object could also be
created outside the "using" statement. The objects specified within the using block must implement the
IDisposable interface. The framework invokes the Dispose method of objects specified within the "using"
statement when the block is exited.
44. What is jagged array in C#.Net?

Answer:
A jagged array is an array whose elements are arrays. The elements of a jagged array can be of different
dimensions and sizes. A jagged array is sometimes called an "array of arrays."
A special type of array is introduced in C#. A Jagged Array is an array of an array in which the length of
each array index can differ.
Example:
1. int[][] jagArray = new int[5][];
In the above declaration the rows are fixed in size. But columns are not specified as they can vary.
Declaring and initializing jagged array.
1. int[][] jaggedArray = new int[5][];

2.
3. jaggedArray[0] = new int[3];
8. jaggedArray[0] = new int[] { 3, 5, 7, };
9. jaggedArray[1] = new int[] { 1, 0, 2, 4, 6 };
10. jaggedArray[2] = new int[] { 1, 6 };
11. jaggedArray[3] = new int[] { 1, 0, 2, 4, 6, 45, 67, 78 };
12. jaggedArray[4] = new int[] { 1, 0, 2, 4, 6, 34, 54, 67, 87, 78 };
45. What is Multithreading with .NET?

Answer:
The real usage of a thread is not about a single sequential thread, but rather using multiple threads in a
single program. Multiple threads running at the same time and performing various tasks is referred as
Multithreading. A thread is considered to be a lightweight process because it runs within the context of a
program and takes advantage of resources allocated for that program.
A single-threaded process contains only one thread while a multithreaded process contains more than one
thread for execution.
System.Threading Namespace
Like many other features, in .NET, System.Threading is the namespace that provides various types to help
in construction of multithreaded applications.
46. Explain Anonymous type in C#?
Answer:
Anonymous types allow us to create new type without defining them. This is way to defining read only
properties into a single object without having to define type explicitly. Here Type is generating by the
compiler and it is accessible only for the current block of code. The type of properties is also inferred by the
compiler.
We can create anonymous types by using “new” keyword together with the object initializer.
Example
1. var anonymousData = new

2. {
3. ForeName = "Jignesh",
4. SurName = "Trivedi"
5. };
6. Console.WriteLine("First Name : " + anonymousData.ForeName);
Anonymous Types with LINQ Example
Anonymous types are also used with the "Select" clause of LINQ query expression to return subset of
properties.
Example
If Any object collection having properties called FirstName , LastName, DOB etc. and you want only
FirstName and LastName after the Querying the data then.
1. class MyData {
2. public string FirstName {
3. get;
4. set;
5. }
6. public string LastName {
7. get;
8. set;
9. }
10. public DateTime DOB {
11. get;
12. set;
13. }
14. public string MiddleName {
15. get;
16. set;
17. }
18. }
20. // Create Dummy Data to fill Collection.
21. List < MyData > data = new List < MyData > ();
22. data.Add(new MyData {
23. FirstName = "Jignesh", LastName = "Trivedi", MiddleName = "G", DOB = new DateTime(1990, 12, 30)
24. });
26. FirstName = "Tejas", LastName = "Trivedi", MiddleName = "G", DOB = new DateTime(1995, 11, 6)
27. });
29. FirstName = "Rakesh", LastName = "Trivedi", MiddleName = "G", DOB = new DateTime(1993, 10, 8)
30. });
32. FirstName = "Amit", LastName = "Vyas", MiddleName = "P", DOB = newDateTime(1983, 6, 15)
33. });
35. FirstName = "Yash", LastName = "Pandiya", MiddleName = "K", DOB = newDateTime(1988, 7, 20)
36. });
37. }
38. var anonymousData = from pl in data
39. select new {
40. pl.FirstName, pl.LastName
41. };
42. foreach(var m in anonymousData) {
43. Console.WriteLine("Name : " + m.FirstName + " " + m.LastName);
44. }
45. }
47. Explain Hashtable in C#?

Answer:
A Hashtable is a collection that stores (Keys, Values) pairs. Here, the Keys are used to find the storage
location and is immutable and cannot have duplicate entries in the Hashtable. The .Net Framework has
provided a Hash Table class that contains all the functionality required to implement a hash table without
any additional development. The hash table is a general-purpose dictionary collection. Each item within the
collection is a DictionaryEntry object with two properties: a key object and a value object. These are known
as Key/Value. When items are added to a hash table, a hash code is generated automatically. This code is
hidden from the developer. All access to the table's values is achieved using the key object for identification.
As the items in the collection are sorted according to the hidden hash code, the items should be considered
to be randomly ordered.
The Hashtable Collection
The Base Class libraries offers a Hashtable Class that is defined in the System.Collections namespace, so
you don't have to code your own hash tables. It processes each key of the hash that you add every time
and then uses the hash code to look up the element very quickly. The capacity of a hash table is the
number of elements the hash table can hold. As elements are added to a hash table, the capacity is
automatically increased as required through reallocation. It is an older .Net Framework type.
Declaring a Hashtable
The Hashtable class is generally found in the namespace called System.Collections. So to execute any of
the examples, we have to add using System.Collections; to the source code. The declaration for the
Hashtable is:
1. Hashtable HT = new Hashtable ();
48. What is LINQ in C#?

Answer:
LINQ stands for Language Integrated Query. LINQ is a data querying methodology which provides querying
capabilities to .NET languages with a syntax similar to a SQL query
LINQ has a great power of querying on any source of data. The data source could be collections of objects,
database or XML files. We can easily retrieve data from any object that implements the IEnumerable<T>
interface.
Advantages of LINQ
1. LINQ offers an object-based, language-integrated way to query over data no matter where that data
came from. So through LINQ we can query database, XML as well as collections.
2. Compile time syntax checking.
3. It allows you to query collections like arrays, enumerable classes etc in the native language of your
application, like VB or C# in much the same way as you would query a database using SQL.
49. What is File Handling in C#.Net?

Answer:
The System.IO namespace provides four classes that allow you to manipulate individual files, as well as
interact with a machine directory structure. The Directory and File directly extends System.Object and
supports the creation, copying, moving and deletion of files using various static methods. They only contain
static methods and are never instantiated. The FileInfo and DirecotryInfo types are derived from the
abstract class FileSystemInfo type and they are typically, employed for obtaining the full details of a file or
directory because their members tend to return strongly typed objects. They implement roughly the same
public methods as a Directory and a File but they are stateful and the members of these classes are not
static.
50. What is Reflection in C#.Net?
Answer:
Reflection typically is the process of runtime type discovery to inspect metadata, CIL code, late binding and
self-generating code. At run time by using reflection, we can access the same "type" information as
displayed by the ildasm utility at design time. The reflection is analogous to reverse engineering in which we
can break an existing *.exe or *.dll assembly to explore defined significant contents information, including
methods, fields, events and properties.
You can dynamically discover the set of interfaces supported by a given type using the System.Reflection
namespace. This namespace contains numerous related types as follows:
Reflection typically is used to dump out the loaded assemblies list, their reference to inspect methods,
properties etcetera. Reflection is also used in the external disassembling tools such Reflector, Fxcop and
NUnit because .NET tools don't need to parse the source code similar to C++.
Metadata Investigation
The following program depicts the process of reflection by creating a console based application. This
program will display the details of the fields, methods, properties and interfaces for any type within the
mscorlib.dll assembly. Before proceeeding, it is mandatory to import "System.Reflection".
Here, we are defining a number of static methods in the program class to enumerate fields, methods and
interfaces in the specified type. The static method takes a single "System.Type" parameter and returns
void.
1. static void FieldInvestigation(Type t) {

2. Console.WriteLine("*********Fields*********");
3. FieldInfo[] fld = t.GetFields();
4. foreach(FieldInfo f in fld) {
5. Console.WriteLine("-->{0}", f.Name);
6. }
7. }
8.
9. static void MethodInvestigation(Type t) {
10. Console.WriteLine("*********Methods*********");
11. MethodInfo[] mth = t.GetMethods();
12. foreach(MethodInfo m in mth) {
13. Console.WriteLine("-->{0}", m.Name);
14. }
15. }
1) What is C-Sharp (C#)?
C# is a type-safe, managed and object oriented language, which is compiled by .Net framework for
generating intermediate language (IL).
2) Explain the features of C#?

Below are some of the features supported in C# -
 Constructors and Destructors

 Properties
 Passing Parameters
 Arrays
 Main
 XML Documentation and
 Indexers
3) List some of the advantages of C#?

Below are the advantages of C# -
 Easy to learn
 Object oriented
 Component oriented
 Part of .NET framework
4) What are IDE’s provided by Microsoft for C# development?
Below are the IDE’s used for C# development –
 Visual Studio Express (VCE)

 Visual Studio (VS)
 Visual Web Developer
5) Explain the types of comments in C#?
Below are the types of comments in C# -
 Single Line Comment Eg : //

 Multiline Comments Eg: /* */
 XML Comments Eg : ///
6) Explain sealed class in C#?
Sealed class is used to prevent the class from being inherited from other classes. So “sealed” modifier also
can be used with methods to avoid the methods to override in the child classes.
7) Give an example of using sealed class in C#?
Below is the sample code of sealed class in C# -
class X {}
sealed class Y : X {}
Sealed methods –
class A
{
protected virtual void First() { }
protected virtual void Second() { }
}
class B : A
{
sealed protected override void First() {}
protected override void Second() { }
}
If any class inherits from class “B” then method – “First” will not be overridable as this method is sealed in
class B.
Must Read - .Net Framework Interview Questions and Answers
8) List out the differences between Array and ArrayList in C#?
 Array stores the values or elements of same data type but arraylist stores values of different
datatypes.
 Arrays will use the fixed length but arraylist does not uses fixed length like array.
9) Why to use “using” in C#?
“Using” statement calls – “dispose” method internally, whenever any exception occurred in any method call
and in “Using” statement objects are read only and cannot be reassignable or modifiable.
10) Explain namespaces in C#?
Namespaces are containers for the classes. We will use namespaces for grouping the related classes in
C#. “Using” keyword can be used for using the namespace in other namespace.
11) Why to use keyword “const” in C#? Give an example.
“Const” keyword is used for making an entity constant. We can’t reassign the value to constant.
Eg: const string _name = "Test";

12) What is the difference between “constant” and “readonly” variables in C#?
 “Const” keyword is used for making an entity constant. We cannot modify the value later in the code.
Value assigning is mandatory to constant variables.
 “readonly” variable value can be changed during runtime and value to readonly variables can be
assigned in the constructor or at the time of declaration.
Must Read - ADO.Net Interview Questions and Answers
13) Explain “static” keyword in C#?
“Static” keyword can be used for declaring a static member. If the class is made static then all the members
of the class are also made static. If the variable is made static then it will have a single instance and the
value change is updated in this instance.
14) What is the difference between “dispose” and “finalize” variables in C#?
 Dispose - This method uses interface – “IDisposable” interface and it will free up both managed and
unmanaged codes like – database connection, files etc.
 Finalize - This method is called internally unlike Dispose method which is called explicitly. It is called
by garbage collector and can’t be called from the code.
15) How the exception handling is done in C#?
In C# there is a “try… catch” block to handle the error.
16) Can we execute multiple catch blocks in C#?
No. Once any exception is occurred it executes specific exception catch block and the control comes out.
17) Why to use “finally” block in C#?
“Finally” block will be executed irrespective of exception. So while executing the code in try block when
exception is occurred, control is returned to catch block and at last “finally” block will be executed. So
closing connection to database / releasing the file handlers can be kept in “finally” block.
18) What is the difference between “finalize” and “finally” methods in C#?
 Finalize – This method is used for garbage collection. So before destroying an object this method is
called as part of clean up activity.
 Finally – This method is used for executing the code irrespective of exception occurred or not.
19) What is the difference between “throw ex” and “throw” methods in C#?
 “throw ex” will replace the stack trace of the exception with stack trace info of re throw point.
 “throw” will preserve the original stack trace info.
20) Can we have only “try” block without “catch” block in C#?
Yes we can have only try block without catch block but we have to have finally block.
21) List out two different types of errors in C#?
Below are the types of errors in C# -
 Compile Time Error

 Run Time Error
22) Do we get error while executing “finally” block in C#?
Yes. We may get error in finally block.
23) Mention the assembly name where System namespace lies in C#?
Assembly Name – mscorlib.dll
24) What are the differences between static, public and void in C#?
 Static classes/methods/variables are accessible throughout the application without creating

instance. Compiler will store the method address as an entry point.
 Public methods or variables are accessible throughout the application.
 Void is used for the methods to indicate it will not return any value.
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25) What is the difference between “out” and “ref” parameters in C#?
“out” parameter can be passed to a method and it need not be initialized where as “ref” parameter has to be
initialized before it is used.
26) Explain Jagged Arrays in C#?
If the elements of an array is an array then it’s called as jagged array. The elements can be of different
sizes and dimensions.
27) Can we use “this” inside a static method in C#?
No. We can’t use “this” in static method.

28) What are value types in C#?
Below are the list of value types in C# -
 decimal
 int
 byte
 enum
 double
 long
 float
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29) What are reference types in C#?
Below are the list of reference types in C# -
 class
 string
 interface
 object
30) Can we override private virtual method in C#?
No. We can’t override private virtual methods as it is not accessible outside the class.
31) Explain access modifier – “protected internal” in C#?
“protected internal” can be accessed in the same assembly and the child classes can also access these
methods.
32) In try block if we add return statement whether finally block is executed in C#?
Yes. Finally block will still be executed in presence of return statement in try block.
33) What you mean by inner exception in C#?
Inner exception is a property of exception class which will give you a brief insight of the exception i.e, parent
exception and child exception details.
34) Explain String Builder class in C#?
This will represent the mutable string of characters and this class cannot be inherited. It allows us to Insert,
Remove, Append and Replace the characters. “ToString()” method can be used for the final string obtained
from StringBuilder. For example,
StringBuilder TestBuilder = new StringBuilder("Hello");

TestBuilder.Remove(2, 3); // result - "He"
TestBuilder.Insert(2, "lp"); // result - "Help"
TestBuilder.Replace('l', 'a'); // result - "Heap"
35) What is the difference between “StringBuilder” and “String” in C#?
 StringBuilder is mutable, which means once object for stringbuilder is created, it later be modified
either using Append, Remove or Replace.
 String is immutable and it means we cannot modify the string object and will always create new
object in memory of string type.
36) What is the difference between methods – “System.Array.Clone()” and “System.Array.CopyTo()”

in C#?
 “CopyTo()” method can be used to copy the elements of one array to other.
 “Clone()” method is used to create a new array to contain all the elements which are in the original
array.
37) How we can sort the array elements in descending order in C#?
“Sort()” method is used with “Reverse()” to sort the array in descending order.
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38) Explain circular reference in C#?
This is a situation where in, multiple resources are dependent on each other and this causes a lock
condition and this makes the resource to be unused.
39) List out some of the exceptions in C#?
Below are some of the exceptions in C# -
 NullReferenceException
 ArgumentNullException
 DivideByZeroException
 IndexOutOfRangeException
 InvalidOperationException
 StackOverflowException etc.
40) Explain Generics in C#?
Generics in c# is used to make the code reusable and which intern decreases the code redundancy and
increases the performance and type safety.
Namespace – “System.Collections.Generic” is available in C# and this should be used over
“System.Collections” types.
41) Explain object pool in C#?
Object pool is used to track the objects which are being used in the code. So object pool reduces the object
creation overhead.
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42) What you mean by delegate in C#?
Delegates are type safe pointers unlike function pointers as in C++. Delegate is used to represent the
reference of the methods of some return type and parameters.
43) What are the types of delegates in C#?
Below are the uses of delegates in C# -
 Single Delegate
 Multicast Delegate
 Generic Delegate
44) What are the three types of Generic delegates in C#?
Below are the three types of generic delegates in C# -
 Func
 Action
 Predicate
45) What are the differences between events and delegates in C#?
Main difference between event and delegate is event will provide one more of encapsulation over
delegates. So when you are using events destination will listen to it but delegates are naked, which works in
subscriber/destination model.
46) Can we use delegates for asynchronous method calls in C#?
Yes. We can use delegates for asynchronous method calls.
47) What are the uses of delegates in C#?
Below are the list of uses of delegates in C# -
 Callback Mechanism
 Asynchronous Processing
 Abstract and Encapsulate method
 Multicasting
48) What is Nullable Types in C#?
Variable types does not hold null values so to hold the null values we have to use nullable types. So
nullable types can have values either null or other values as well.
Eg: Int? mynullablevar = null;
49) Why to use “Nullable Coalescing Operator” (??) in C#?
Nullable Coalescing Operator can be used with reference types and nullable value types. So if the first
operand of the expression is null then the value of second operand is assigned to the variable. For
example,
double? myFirstno = null;

double mySecno;
mySecno = myFirstno ?? 10.11;
50) What is the difference between “as” and “is” operators in C#?
 “as” operator is used for casting object to type or class.

 “is” operator is used for checking the object with type and this will return a Boolean value.
51) Define Multicast Delegate in C#?
A delegate with multiple handlers are called as multicast delegate. The example to demonstrate the same is
given below
public delegate void CalculateMyNumbers(int x, int y);

int x = 6;
int y = 7;
CalculateMyNumbers addMyNumbers = new CalculateMyNumbers(FuncForAddingNumbers);
CalculateMyNumbers multiplyMyNumbers = new CalculateMyNumbers(FuncForMultiplyingNumbers);
CalculateMyNumbers multiCast = (CalculateMyNumbers)Delegate.Combine (addMyNumbers,
multiplyMyNumbers);
multiCast.Invoke(a,b);
52) What is the difference between CType and Directcast in C#?
 CType is used for conversion between type and the expression.

 Directcast is used for converting the object type which requires run time type to be the same as
specified type.
53) Is C# code is unmanaged or managed code?
C# code is managed code because the compiler – CLR will compile the code to Intermediate Language.
54) Why to use lock statement in C#?
Lock will make sure one thread will not intercept the other thread which is running the part of code. So lock
statement will make the thread wait, block till the object is being released.
55) Explain Hashtable in C#?
It is used to store the key/value pairs based on hash code of the key. Key will be used to access the
element in the collection. For example,
Hashtable myHashtbl = new Hashtable();

myHashtbl.Add("1", "TestValue1");
myHashtbl.Add("2", "TestValue2");
56) How to check whether hash table contains specific key in C#?
Method – “ContainsKey” can be used to check the key in hash table. Below is the sample code for the same
–
Eg: myHashtbl.ContainsKey("1");
57) What is enum in C#?
enum keyword is used for declaring an enumeration, which consists of named constants and it is called as
enumerator lists. Enums are value types in C# and these can’t be inherited. Below is the sample code of
using Enums
Eg: enum Fruits { Apple, Orange, Banana, WaterMelon};
58) Which are the loop types available in C#?
Below are the loop types in C# -
For
While
Do.. While
59) What is the difference between “continue” and “break” statements in C#?
 “continue” statement is used to pass the control to next iteration. This statement can be used with –
“while”, “for”, “foreach” loops.
 “break” statement is used to exit the loop.
60) Write a sample code to write the contents to text file in C#?
Below is the sample code to write the contents to text file –
Using System.IO;
File.WriteAllText(”mytextfilePath”, “MyTestContent”);
61) What you mean by boxing and unboxing in C#?
Boxing – This is the process of converting from value type to reference type. For example,
int myvar = 10;

object myObj = myvar;
UnBoxing – It’s completely opposite to boxing. It’s the process of converting reference type to value type.
For example,
int myvar2 = (int)myObj;
62) Explain Partial Class in C#?
Partial classes concept added in .Net Framework 2.0 and it allows us to split the business logic in multiple
files with the same class name along with “partial” keyword.
63) Explain Anonymous type in C#?
This is being added in C# 3.0 version. This feature enables us to create an object at compile time. Below is
the sample code for the same –
Var myTestCategory = new { CategoryId = 1, CategoryName = “Category1”};
64) Name the compiler of C#?
C# Compiler is – CSC.
65) Explain the types of unit test cases?
Below are the list of unit test case types –
 Positive Test cases

 Negative Test cases
 Exception Test cases
66) Explain Copy constructor in C#?
If the constructor contains the same class in the constructor parameter then it is called as copy constructor.
class MyClass
{
public string prop1, prop2;
public MyClass(string a, string b)
{
prop1 = a;
prop2 = b;
}
public MyClass(MyClass myobj) // Copy Constructor

{
prop1 = myobj.prop1;
}
}
67) Explain Static constructor in C#?
If the constructor is declared as static then it will be invoked only once for all number of instances of a class.
Static constructor will initialize the static fields of a class.
class MyClass
{
public string prop1, prop2;
public MyClass(string a, string b)
{
prop1 = a;
prop2 = b;
}
Static MyClass()
{
Console.WriteLine(“Static Constr Test”);
}
public MyClass(MyClass myobj) // Copy Constructor
{
}
}
68) Which string method is used for concatenation of two strings in c#?
“Concat” method of String class is used to concatenate two strings. For example,
string.Concat(firstStr, secStr)
69) Explain Indexers in C#?
Indexers are used for allowing the classes to be indexed like arrays. Indexers will resemble the property
structure but only difference is indexer’s accessors will take parameters. For example,
class MyCollection<T>
{
private T[] myArr = new T[100];
public T this[int t]
{
get
{
return myArr[t];
}
set
{
myArr[t] = value;
}
}
}
70) What are the collection types can be used in C#?
Below are the collection types in C# -
 ArrayList
 Stack
 Queue
 SortedList
 HashTable
 Bit Array
71) Explain Attributes in C#?
 Attributes are used to convey the info for runtime about the behavior of elements like – “methods”,
“classes”, “enums” etc.
 Attributes can be used to add metadata like – comments, classes, compiler instruction etc.
72) List out the pre defined attributes in C#?
Below are the predefined attributes in C# -
 Conditional
 Obsolete
 Attribute Usage
73) What is Thread in C#?
Thread is an execution path of a program. Thread is used to define the different or unique flow of control. If
our application involves some time consuming processes then it’s better to use Multithreading., which
involves multiple threads.
74) List out the states of a thread in C#?
Below are the states of thread –
 Unstarted State
 Ready State
 Not Runnable State
 Dead State
75) Explain the methods and properties of Thread class in C#?
Below are the methods and properties of thread class –

 CurrentCulture
 CurrentThread
 CurrentContext
 IsAlive
 IsThreadPoolThread
 IsBackground
 Priority
76) What is a class ?
A class is the generic definition of what an object is. A Class describes all the attributes of the object, as
well as the methods that implement the behavior of the member object. In other words, class is a template
of an object. For ease of understanding a class, we will look at an example. In the class Employee given
below, Name and Salary are the attributes of the class Person. The Setter and Getter methods are used to
store and fetch data from the variable.
public class Employee

{
private String name;
private String Salary;
public String getName()
{
return name;
}
public void setName(String name)
{
this.name = name;
}
public String getSalary ()
{
return Salary;
}
public void setSalary (String Salary)
{
this. Salary = Salary;
}
}
77) What is an Object?
An object is an instance of a class. It contains real values instead of variables. For example, let us create an
instance of the class Employee called “John”.
Employee John= new Employee();

Now we can access all the methods in the class “Employee” via object “John” as shown below.
John.setName(“XYZ”);
78) What are the Access Modifiers in C# ?
Different Access Modifier are - Public, Private, Protected, Internal, Protected Internal
 Public – When a method or attribute is defined as Public, it can be accessed from any code in the
project. For example, in the above Class “Employee” getName() and setName() are public.
 Private - When a method or attribute is defined as Private, It can be accessed by any code within
the containing class only. For example, in the above Class “Employee” attributes name and salary can be
accessed within the Class Employee Only. If an attribute or class is defined without access modifiers, it's
default access modifier will be private.
 Protected - When attribute and methods are defined as protected, it can be accessed by any
method in the inherited classes and any method within the same class. The protected access modifier
cannot be applied to classes and interfaces. Methods and fields in a interface can't be declared protected.
 Internal – If an attribute or method is defined as Internal, access is restricted to classes within the
current project assembly.
 Protected Internal – If an attribute or method is defined as Protected Internal, access is restricted to
classes within the current project assembly and types derived from the containing class.
79) Explain Static Members in C# ?
If an attribute's value had to be same across all the instances of the same class, the static keyword is used.
For example, if the Minimum salary should be set for all employees in the employee class, use the following
code.
private static double MinSalary = 30000;
To access a private or public attribute or method in a class, at first an object of the class should be created.
Then by using the object instance of that class, attributes or methods can be accessed. To access a static
variable, we don't want to create an instance of the class containing the static variable. We can directly refer
that static variable as shown below.
double var = Employee.MinSalary ;
80) What is Reference Type in C# ?
Let us explain this with the help of an example. In the code given below,
Employee emp1;
Employee emp2 = new Employee();
emp1 = emp2;
Here emp2 has an object instance of Employee Class. But emp1 object is set as emp2. What this means is
that the object emp2 is referred in emp1, rather than copying emp2 instance into emp1. When a change is
made in emp2 object, corresponding changes can be seen in emp1 object.
81) Define Property in C# ?
Properties are a type of class member, that are exposed to the outside world as a pair of Methods. For
example, for the static field Minsalary, we will Create a property as shown below.
private double minimumSalary;

public static double MinSalary
{
get
{
return minimumSalary;
}
set
{
minimumSalary = value;
}
}
So when we execute the following lines code
double minSal = Employee.MinSalary;
get Method will get triggered and value in minimumSalary field will be returned. When we execute,
Employee. MinSalary = 3000;
set Method will get triggered and value will be stored in minimumSalary field.
82) Explain Overloading in C# ?
When methods are created with the same name, but with different signature its called overloading. For
example, WriteLine method in console class is an example of overloading. In the first instance, it takes one
variable. In the second instance, “WriteLine” method takes two variable.
Console.WriteLine(x);
Console.WriteLine("The message is {0}", Message);
Different types of overloading in C# are
 Constructor overloading
 Function overloading
 Operator overloading
83) What is Constructor Overloading in C# .net ?
In Constructor overloading, n number of constructors can be created for the same class. But the signatures
of each constructor should vary. For example

{
public Employee()
{}
public Employee(String Name)
{}
}
84) What is Function Overloading in C# .net ?
In Function overloading, n number of functions can be created for the same class. But the signatures of
each function should vary. For example

{
public void Employee()
{}
public void Employee(String Name)
{}
}
85) What is Operator Overloading in C# .net ?
We had seen function overloading in the previous example. For operator Overloading, we will have a look at
the example given below. We had defined a class rectangle with two operator overloading methods.
class Rectangle
{
private int Height;
private int Width;
public Rectangle(int w,int h)
{
Width=w;
Height=h;
}
public static bool operator >(Rectangle a,Rectangle b)
{
return a.Height > b.Height ;
}
public static bool operator <(Rectangle a,Rectangle b)
{
return a.Height < b.Height ;
}
}
Let us call the operator overloaded functions from the method given below. When first if condition is
triggered, the first overloaded function in the rectangle class will be triggered. When second if condition is
triggered, the second overloaded function in the rectangle class will be triggered.
public static void Main()

{
Rectangle obj1 =new Rectangle();
Rectangle obj2 =new Rectangle();
if(obj1 > obj2)

{
Console.WriteLine("Rectangle1 is greater than Rectangle2");
}
if(obj1 < obj2)

{
Console.WriteLine("Rectangle1 is less than Rectangle2");
}
}
86) What is Data Encapsulation ?
Data Encapsulation is defined as the process of hiding the important fields from the end user. In the above
example, we had used getters and setters to set value for MinSalary. The idea behind this is that, private
field “minimumSalary” is an important part of our classes. So if we give a third party code to have complete
control over the field without any validation, it can adversely affect the functionality. This is inline with the
OOPS Concept that an external user should know about the what an object does. How it does it, should be
decided by the program. So if a user set a negative value for MinSalary, we can put a validation in the set
method to avoid negative values as shown below
set
{
if(value > 0)
{
minSalary = value;
}
}
87) Explain Inheritance in C# ?
In object-oriented programming (OOP), inheritance is a way to reuse code of existing objects. In

inheritance, there will be two classes - base class and derived classes. A class can inherit attributes and
methods from existing class called base class or parent class. The class which inherits from a base class is
called derived classes or child class. For more clarity on this topic, let us have a look at 2 classes shown
below. Here Class Car is Base Class and Class Ford is derived class.
class Car
{
public Car()
{
Console.WriteLine("Base Class Car");
}
public void DriveType()

{
Console.WriteLine("Right Hand Drive");
}
}
class Ford : Car

{
public Ford()
{
Console.WriteLine("Derived Class Ford");
}
public void Price()

{
Console.WriteLine("Ford Price : 100K $");
}
}
When we execute following lines of code ,
Ford CarFord = new Ford();

CarFord.DriveType();
CarFord.Price();
Output Generated is as given below.
Base Class Car

Derived Class Ford
Right Hand Drive
Ford Price : 100K $
What this means is that, all the methods and attributes of Base Class car are available in Derived Class
Ford. When an object of class Ford is created, constructors of the Base and Derived class get invoked.
Even though there is no method called DriveType() in Class Ford, we are able to invoke the method
because of inheriting Base Class methods to derived class.
88) Can Multiple Inheritance implemented in C# ?
In C#, derived classes can inherit from one base class only. If you want to inherit from multiple base
classes, use interface.
89) What is Polymorphism in C# ?
The ability of a programming language to process objects in different ways depending on their data type or
class is known as Polymorphism. There are two types of polymorphism
 Compile time polymorphism. Best example is Overloading

 Runtime polymorphism. Best example is Overriding
90) Explain the use of Virtual Keyword in C# ?
When we want to give permission to a derived class to override a method in base class, Virtual keyword is
used. For example. lets us look at the classes Car and Ford as shown below.
class Car
{
public Car()
{
}
public virtual void DriveType()
{
}
}
class Ford : Car

{
public Ford()
{
}
public void Price()
{
}
public override void DriveType()
{
Console.WriteLine("Right Hand ");
}
}
When following lines of code get executed

Car CarFord = new Car();
CarFord = new Ford();
Output is as given below.
Base Class Car

Right Hand Drive
Base Class Car
Derived Class Ford
Right Hand
91) What is overriding in c# ?
To override a base class method which is defined as virtual, Override keyword is used. In the above
example, method DriveType is overridden in the derived class.
92) What is Method Hiding in C# ?
If the derived class doesn't want to use methods in the base class, derived class can implement it's own
version of the same method with same signature. For example, in the classes given below, DriveType() is
implemented in the derived class with same signature. This is called Method Hiding.
class Car
{
{
}
}
class Ford : Car
{
{
}
}
93) What is Abstract Class in C#?
If we don't want a class to be instantiated, define the class as abstract. An abstract class can have abstract
and non- abstract classes. If a method is defined as abstract, it must be implemented in derived class. For
example, in the classes given below, method DriveType is defined as abstract.
abstract class Car

{
public Car()
{
}
public abstract void DriveType();
}
class Ford : Car

{
{
}
}
Method DriveType get implemented in derived class.
94) What is Sealed Classes in c# ?

If a class is defined as Sealed, it cannot be inherited in derived class. Example of a sealed class is given
below.
public sealed class Car

{
public Car ()
{
Console. WriteLine("Base Class Car");
}
{
}
}
95) What is an Interface in C# ?

An interface is similar to a class with method signatures. There wont be any implementation of the methods
in an Interface. Classes which implement interface should have an implementation of methods defined in
the abstract class.
96) What is a Constructor in C# ?

Constructor is a special method that get invoked/called automatically, whenever an object of a given class
gets instantiated. In our class car, constructor is defined as shown below
public Car()
{
}
When ever an instance of class car is created from the same class or its derived class(Except Few
Scenarios), Constructor get called and sequence of code written in the constructor get executed.
interface Breaks
{
void BreakType();
}
interface Wheels
{
void WheelType();
}
class Ford : Breaks, Wheels

{
public Ford()
{
}
public void Price()
{
}
public void BreakType()
{
Console.WriteLine("Power Break");
}
public void WheelType()
{
Console.WriteLine("Bridgestone");
}
}
97) What is a Destructor in C# ?

Destructor is a special method that get invoked/called automatically whenever an object of a given class
gets destroyed. Main idea behind using destructor is to free the memory used by the object.
1) What is Selenium and what is composed of?
Selenium is a suite of tools for automated web testing. It is composed of
 Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) : It is a tool for recording and playing
back. It is a firefox plugin
 WebDriver and RC: It provide the APIs for a variety of languages like Java, .NET, PHP, etc. With
most of the browsers Webdriver and RC works.
 Grid: With the help of Grid you can distribute tests on multiple machines so that test can be run
parallel which helps in cutting down the time required for running in browser test suites
2) What is Selenium 2.0 ?
Web Testing tools Selenium RC and WebDriver are consolidated in single tool in Selenium 2.0
3) Mention what is Selenium 3.0?
Selenium 3.0 is the latest version of Selenium. It has released 2 beta versions of selenium 3.0 with few of
the below changes:
Here are few new features added to Selenium 3.0
Beta 1 updates Beta 2 updates (Only for Java)
 Minimum Java version is now  System property webdriver.firefox.marionette now

8+ forces the server in marionette or legacy firefox
driver mode, ignoring any related Desired
Capability
 It will support for Firefox Via  Grid fixes NPE’s on registration when -browser
Mozilla’s geckodriver not specified
 Support for Edge is provided  Update GeckoDriver –port argument in all

by MS bindings
 It now supports Safari on
MacOS via Apple’s own
Safari driver
4) How will you find an element using Selenium?
In Selenium every object or control in a web page is referred as an elements, there are different ways to find
an element in a web page they are
 ID
 Name
 Tag
 Attribute
 CSS
 Linktext
 PartialLink Text
 Xpath etc
5) List out the test types that are supported by Selenium?
For web based application testing selenium can be used
The test types can be supported are
a) Functional, Learn More about Functional Testing.
b) Regression
For post release validation with continuous integration automation tool could be used
a) Jenkins
b) Hudson
c) Quick Build
d) CruiseCont
6) Explain what is assertion in Selenium and what are the types of assertion?
Assertion is used as a verification point. It verifies that the state of the application conforms to what is
expected. The types of assertion are “assert” , “verify” and “waifFor”.
7) Mention what is the use of X-path?
X-Path is used to find the WebElement in web pages. It is also useful in identifying the dynamic elements.
Refer Complete Guide on XPath
8) Explain the difference between single and double slash in X-path? Single slash ‘/ ’
 Single slash ( / ) start selection from the document node

 It allows you to create ‘absolute’ path expressions
Double Slash ‘// ’
 Double slash ( // ) start selection matching anywhere in the document

 It enables to create ‘relative’ path expressions
9) List out the technical challenges with Selenium? Technical challenges with Selenium are
 Selenium supports only web based applications

 It does not support the Bitmap comparison
 For any reporting related capabilities have to depend on third party tools
 No vendor support for tool compared to commercial tools like HP UFT
 As there is no object repository concept in Selenium, maintainability of objects becomes difficult
10) What is the difference between type keys and type commands ?
TypeKeys() will trigger JavaScript event in most of the cases whereas .type() won’t. Type key populates the
value attribute using JavaScript whereas .typekeys() emulates like actual user typing
11) What is the difference between verify and assert commands?
Assert: Assert allows to check whether an element is on the page or not. The test will stop on the step
failed, if the asserted element is not available. In other words, the test will terminated at the point where
check fails.
Verify: Verify command will check whether the element is on the page, if it is not then the test will carry on
executing. In verification, all the commands are going to run guaranteed even if any of test fails.
12) What is JUnit Annotations and what are different types of annotations which are useful ?
In JAVA a special form of syntactic meta-data can be added to Java source code, this is know as
Annotations. Variables, parameters, packages, methods and classes are annotated some of
theJunit annotations which can be useful are
 Test
 Before
 After
 Ignore
 BeforeClass
 AfterClass
 RunWith
13) While using click command can you use screen coordinate?
To click on specific part of element, you would need to use clickAT command. ClickAt command accepts
element locator and x, y co-ordinates as arguments- clickAt (locator, cordString)
14) What are the advantages of Selenium?
 It supports C#, PHP, Java, Perl, Phython

 It supports different OS like Windows, Linux and Mac OS
 It has got powerful methods to locate elements (Xpath, DOM , CSS)
 It has highly developer community supported by Google
15) Why testers should opt for Selenium and not QTP? Selenium is more popular than QTP as
 Selenium is an open source whereas QTP is a commercial tool

 Selenium is used specially for testing web based applications while QTP can be used for testing
client server application also
 Selenium supports Firefox, IE, Opera, Safari on operating systems like Windows, Mac, Linux etc.
however QTP is limited to Internet Explorer on Windows.
 Selenium supports many programming languages like Ruby, Perl, Python whereas QTP supports
only VB script
16) What are the four parameter you have to pass in Selenium? Four parameters that you have to pass
in Selenium are
 Host
 Port Number
 Browser
 URL
17) What is the difference between setSpeed() and sleep() methods?
Both will delay the speed of execution.
Thread.sleep () : It will stop the current (java) thread for the specified period of time. Its done only once
 It takes a single argument in integer format
Ex: thread.sleep(2000)- It will wait for 2 seconds
 It waits only once at the command given at sleep

SetSpeed () : For specific amount of time it will stop the execution for every selenium command.
 It takes a single argument in integer format
Ex: selenium.setSpeed(“2000”)- It will wait for 2 seconds
 Runs each command after setSpeed delay by the number of milliseconds mentioned in set Speed
This command is useful for demonstration purpose or if you are using a slow web application
18) What is same origin policy? How you can avoid same origin policy?
The “Same Origin Policy” is introduced for security reason, and it ensures that content of your site will
never be accessible by a script from another site. As per the policy, any code loaded within the browser can
only operate within that website’s domain.
To avoid “Same Origin Policy” proxy injection method is used, in proxy injection mode the Selenium Server
acts as a client configured HTTP proxy , which sits between the browser and application under test and
then masks the AUT under a fictional URL
19) What is heightened privileges browsers?
The purpose of heightened privileges is similar to Proxy Injection, allows websites to do something that are
not commonly permitted. The key difference is that the browsers are launced in a special mode called
heightened privileges. By using these browser mode, Selenium core can open the AUT directly and also
read/write its content without passing the whole AUT through the Selenium RC server.
20) How you can use “submit” a form using Selenium ?
You can use “submit” method on element to submit form-
element.submit () ;
Alternatively you can use click method on the element which does form submission
21) What are the features of TestNG and list some of the functionality in TestNG which makes it more
effective?
TestNG is a testing framework based on JUnit and NUnit to simplify a broad range of testing needs,
from Unit Testing to Integration Testing. And the functionality which makes it efficient testing framework are
 Support for annotations

 Support for data-driven testing
 Flexible test configuration
 Ability to re-execute failed test cases
22) Mention what is the difference between Implicit wait and Explicit wait?
Implicit Wait: Sets a timeout for all successive Web Element searches. For the specified amount of time it
will try looking for element again and again before throwing a NoSuchElementException. It waits for
elements to show up.
Explicit Wait : It is a one-timer, used for a particular search.
23) Which attribute you should consider throughout the script in frame for “if no frame Id as well as
no frame name”?
You can use…..driver.findElements(By.xpath(“//iframe”))….
This will return list of frames.
You will ned to switch to each and every frame and search for locator which we want.
Then break the loop
24) Explain what is the difference between find elements () and find element () ?
find element ():
It finds the first element within the current page using the given “locating mechanism”. It returns a single
WebElement
findElements () : Using the given “locating mechanism” find all the elements within the current page. It
returns a list of web elements.
25) Explain what are the JUnits annotation linked with Selenium?
The JUnits annotation linked with Selenium are
 @Before public void method() – It will perform the method () before each test, this method can
prepare the test
 @Test public void method() – Annotations @Test identifies that this method is a test method
environment
 @After public void method()- To execute a method before this annotation is used, test method must
start with test@Before
26) Explain what is Datadriven framework and Keyword driven?
Datadriven framework: In this framework, the test data is separated and kept outside the Test Scripts,
while Test Case logic resides in Test Scripts. Test data is read from the external files ( Excel Files) and are
loaded into the variables inside the Test Script. Variables are used for both for input values and for
verification values.
Keyworddriven framework: The keyword driven frameworks requires the development of data tables and
keywords, independent of the test automation. In a keyword driven test, the functionality of the application
under test is documented in a table as well as step by step instructions for each test.
27) Explain how you can login into any site if it’s showing any authentication popup for password
and username?
Pass the username and password with url
 Syntax-http://username:password@url
 ex- http://creyate:tom@www.gmail.com
28) Explain how to assert text of webpage using selenium 2.0 ?
WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id(“ElementID”))
//get test from element and stored in text variable
String text = el.getText();
//assert text from expected
Assert.assertEquals(“Element Text”, text);
29) Explain what is the difference between Borland Silk and Selenium?
Silk Test Tool Selenium Test Tool
 Borland Silk test is not a free testing  Selenium is completely free test automation tool
tool
 Silk test supports only Internet  Selenium supports many browsers like Internet Explorer,
Explorer and Firefox Firefox, Safari, Opera and so on
 Silk test uses test scripting  Selenium suite has the flexibility to use many languages like
language Java, Ruby,Perl and so on
 Silk test can be used for client  Selenium can be used for only web application
server applications
30) What is Object Repository ?
An object repository is an essential entity in any UI automations which allows a tester to store all object that
will be used in the scripts in one or more centralized locations rather than scattered all over the test scripts.
31) Explain how Selenium Grid works?
Selenium Grid sent the tests to the hub. These tests are redirected to Selenium Webdriver, which launch the
browser and run the test. With entire test suite, it allows for running tests in parallel.
32) Can we use Selenium grid for performance testing?
Yes. But not as effectively as a dedicated Performance Testing tool like Loadrunner.
33) List the advantages of Webdriver over Selenium Server?
 If you are using Selenium-WebDriver, you don’t need the Selenium Server as it is using totally
different technology
 Selenium Server provides Selenium RC functionality which is used for Selenium 1.0 backwards
compatibility
 Selenium Web driver makes direct calls to browser using each browsers native support for
automation, while Selenium RC requires selenium server to inject Javascript into the browser
34) Mention what are the capabilities of Selenium WebDriver or Selenium 2.0 ?
WebDriver should be used when requiring improvement support for
 Handling multiple frames, pop ups , multiple browser windows and alerts
 Page navigation and drag & drop
 Ajax based UI elements
 Multi browser testing including improved functionality for browser not well supported by Selenium 1.0
35) While injecting capabilities in webdriver to perform tests on a browser which is not supported
by a webdriver what is the limitation that one can come across?
Major limitation of injecting capabilities is that “findElement” command may not work as expected.
36) Explain how you can find broken images in a page using Selenium Web driver ?
To find the broken images in a page using Selenium web driver is
 Get XPath and get all the links in the page using tag name
 In the page click on each and every link
 Look for 404/500 in the target page title
37) Explain how you can handle colors in web driver?
To handle colors in web driver you can use
Use getCssValue(arg0) function to get the colors by sending ‘color’ string as an argument
38) Using web driver how you can store a value which is text box?
You can use following command to store a value which is text box using web driver
driver.findElement(By.id(“your Textbox”)).sendKeys(“your keyword”);
39) Explain how you can switch between frames?
To switch between frames webdrivers [ driver.switchTo().frame() ] method takes one of the three possible
arguments
 A number: It selects the number by its (zero-based) index

 A number or ID: Select a frame by its name or ID
 Previously found WebElement: Using its previously located WebElement select a frame
40) Mention 5 different exceptions you had in Selenium web driver?
The 5 different exceptions you had in Selenium web drivers are
 WebDriverException
 NoAlertPresentException
 NoSuchWindowException
 NoSuchElementException
 TimeoutException
41) Explain using Webdriver how you can perform double click ?
You can perform double click by using
 Syntax- Actions act = new Actions (driver);

 act.doubleClick(webelement);
42) How will you use Selenium to upload a file ?
You can use “type”command to type in a file input box of upload file. Then, you have to use “Robot” class in
JAVA to make file upload work.
43) Which web driver implementation is fastest?
HTMLUnit Driver implementation is fastest, HTMLUnitDriver does not execute tests on browser but plain http
request, which is far quick than launching a browser and executing tests
44) Explain how you can handle frames using Selenium 2.0 ?
To bring control on HTML frame you can use “SwitchTo” frame method-
driver.switchTo().frame(“frameName”);
To specify a frame you can use index number
driver.switchTo().frame(“parentFrame.4.frameName”);
This would bring control on frame named- “frameName” of the 4th sub frame names “parentFrame”
45) What is the difference between getWindowhandles() and getwindowhandle() ?
getwindowhandles(): It is used to get the address of all the open browser and its return type is Set<String>
getwindowhandle(): It is used to get the address of the current browser where the control is and return type
is string
46) Explain how you can switch back from a frame?
To switch back from a frame use method defaultContent()
Syntax-driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
47) List out different types of locators?
Different types of locators are
 By.id()
 By.name()
 By.tagName()
 By.className()
 By.linkText()
 By.partialLinkText()
 By.xpath
 By.cssSelector()
48) What is the command that is used in order to display the values of a variable into the output
console or log?
 In order to display a constant string, command can be used is echo <constant string>
 If order to display the value of a variable you can use command like echo ${variable name>>
Above is using PHP. If you are using Java, replace echo with System.out.println
49) Explain how you can use recovery scenario with Selenium?
Recovery scenarios depends upon the programming language you use. If you are using Java then you can
use exception handling to overcome same. By using “Try Catch Block” within your Selenium WebDriver
Java tests
50) Explain how to iterate through options in test script?
To iterate through options in test script you can loop features of the programming language, for example to
type different test data in a text box you can use “for” loop in Java
// test data collection in an array
String[ ] testData = { “test1” , “test2” , “test3” } ;

// iterate through each test data
For (string s: test data) { selenium.type ( “elementLocator”, testData) ; }
51) How can you prepare customized html report using TestNG in hybrid framework ?
There are three ways
 Junit: With the help of ANT

 TestNG: Using inbuilt default.html to get the HTML report. Also XST reports from ANT,
Selenium, Testng combinations
 Using our own customized reports using XSL jar for converting XML content to HTML
52) From your test script how you can create html test report?
To create html test report there are three ways
 TestNG: Using inbuilt default.html to get the HTML report. Also XLST reports from ANT, Selenium,
TestNG combination
 JUnit: With the help of ANT
 Using our own customized reports using XSL jar for converting XML content to HTML
53) Explain how you can insert a break point in Selenium IDE ?
In Selenium IDE to insert a break point
 Select “Toggle break point” by right click on the command in Selenium IDE
 Press “B” on the keyboard and select the command in Selenium IDE
 Multiple break points can be set in Selenium IDE
54) Explain in Selenium IDE how can you debug the tests?
 Insert a break point from the location from where you want to execute test step by step
 Run the test case
 At the given break point execution will be paused
 To continue with the next statement click on the blue button
 Click on the “Run” button to continue executing all the commands at a time
55) What is Selenese and what are the types of Selenese ?
Selenese is a selenium set of command which are used for running the test
There are three types of Selenese
 Actions: It is used for performing the operations and interactions with the target elements
 Assertions: It is used as a check points
 Accessors: It is used for storing the values in a variable
56) Explain what are the limitations of Selenium IDE?
The limitations of Selenium IDE
 Exceptional handling is not present

 Selenium IDE uses only HTML languages
 External databases reading is not possible with IDE
 Reading from the external files like .txt, .xls is not possible
 Conditional or branching statements execution like if,else, select statements is not possible
57) What are the two modes of views in Selenium IDE ?
Either Selenium IDE can be opened as a pop up window or in side bar
58) In selenium IDE what are the element locators that can be used to locate elements on web page?
In selenium there are mainly 4 locators that are used
 X-path locators
 Css locators
 Html id
 Html name
59) In Selenium IDE how you can generate random numbers and dates for test data ?
In Selenium IDE you can generate random numbers by using Java Script
type
css=input#s
javascript{Math.random()}
And for
type
css=input#s
javascript{new Date()}
60) How you can convert any Selenium IDE tests from Selenese to another language?
You can use the format option of Selenium IDE to convert tests into another programming language
61) Using Selenium IDE is it possible to get data from a particular html table cell ?
You can use the “storeTable” command
Example store text from cell 0,2 from an html table

storeTable
Css=#table 0.2
textFromCell
62) Explain what can cause a Selenium IDE test to fail?
 When a locator has changed and Selenium IDE cannot locate the element
 When element Selenium IDE waiting to access did not appear on the web page and the operation
timed out
 When element Selenium IDE was trying to access was not created
63) Explain how you can debug the tests in Selenium IDE ?
 Insert a break point from the location where you want to execute step by step
 Run the test case
 At the given break point execution will be paused
 To continues with the next step click on the Blue button
 To run commands at a time click on run button
64) From Selenium IDE how you can execute a single line?
From Selenium IDE single line command can be executed in two ways
 Select “Execute this command” by right clicking on the command in Selenium IDE
 Press “X” key on the keyboard after selecting the command in Selenium IDE
65) In which format does source view shows your script in Selenium IDE ?
In Selenium IDE source view shows your script in XML format
66) Explain how you can insert a start point in Selenium IDE?
In two ways selenium IDE can be set
 Press “S” key on the keyboard and select the command in Selenium IDE
 In Seleniun IDE right click on the command and the select “Set / Clear Start Point”
67) What if you have written your own element locator and how would you test it?
To test the locator one can use “Find Button” of Selenium IDE, as you click on it, you would see on screen
an element being highlighted provided your element locator is right or or else an error message will be
displayed
68) What is regular expressions? How you can use regular expressions in Selenium ?
A regular expression is a special text string used for describing a search pattern. In Selenium IDE regular
expression can be used with the keyword- regexp: as a prefix to the value and patterns needs to be
included for the expected values.
69) What are core extension ?
If you want to “extend” the defualt functionality provided by Selenium Function Library , you can create a
Core Extension. They are also called “User Extension”. You can even download ready-made Core
Extension created by other Selenium enthusiats.
70) How will you handle working with multiple windows in Selenium ?
We can use the command selectWindow to switch between windows. This command uses the title of
Windows to identify which window to switch to.
71) How will you verify the specific position of an web element
You can use verifyElementPositionLeft & verifyElementPositionTop. It does a pixel comparison of the
position of the element from the Left and Top of page respectively
72) How can you retrive the message in an alert box ?
You can use the storeAlert command which will fetch the message of the alert pop up and store it in a
variable.
73) What is selenium RC (Remote Control)?
Selenium IDE have limitations in terms of browser support and language support. By using Selenium RC
limitation can be diminished.
 On different platforms and different web browser for automating web application selenium RC is
used with languages like Java, C#, Perl, Python
 Selenium RC is a java based and using any language it can interact with the web application
 Using server you can bypass the restriction and run your automation script running against any web
application
74) Why Selenium RC is used?
Selenium IDE does not directly support many functions like condition statements, Iteration, logging and
reporting of test results, unexpected error handling and so on as IDE supports only HTML language. To
handle such issues Selenium RC is used it supports the language like Perl, Ruby, Python, PHP using these
languages we can write the program to achieve the IDE issues.
75) Explain what is the main difference between web-driver and RC ?
The main difference between Selenium RC and Webdriver is that, selenium RC injects javascript function
into browsers when the page is loaded. On the other hand, Selenium Webdriver drives the browser using
browsers built in support
76) What are the advantages of RC?
Advantages of RC are
 Can read or write data from/ to .xls, .txt, etc

 It can handle dynamic objects and Ajax based UI elements
 Loops and conditions can be used for better performance and flexibility
 Support many Programming languages and Operating Systems
 For any JAVA script enabled browser Selenium RC can be used
77) Explain what is framework and what are the frameworks available in RC?
A collection of libraries and classes is known as Framework and they are helpful when testers has to
automate test cases. NUnit, JUnit, TestNG, Bromine, RSpec, unittest are some of the frameworks available
in RC .
78) How can we handle pop-ups in RC ?
To handle pop-ups in RC , using selectWindow method, pop-up window will be selected and windowFocus
method will let the control from current window to pop-up windows and perform actions according to script
79) What are the technical limitations while using Selenium RC?
Apart from “same origin policy” restriction from js, Selenium is also restricted from exercising anything that is
outside browser.
80) Can we use Selenium RC to drive tests on two different browsers on one operating system
without Selenium Grid?
Yes, it is possible when you are not using JAVA testing framework. Instead of using Java testing framework
if you are using java client driver of selenium then TestNG allows you to do this. By using “parallel=test”
attribute you can set tests to be executed in parallel and can define two different tests, each using different
browser.
81) Why to use TestNG with Selenium RC ?
If you want full automation against different server and client platforms, You need a way to invoke the tests
from a command line process, reports that tells you what happened and flexibility in how you create your
test suites. TestNG gives that flexibility.
82) Explain how you can capture server side log Selenium Server?
To capture server side log in Selenium Server, you can use command
 java –jar .jar –log selenium.log
83) Other than the default port 4444 how you can run Selenium Server?
You can run Selenium server on java-jar selenium-server.jar-port other than its default port
84) How Selenium grid hub keeps in touch with RC slave machine?
At predefined time selenium grid hub keeps polling all RC slaves to make sure it is available for testing. The
deciding parameter is called “remoteControlPollingIntervalSeconds” and is defined in
“grid_configuration.yml”file
85) Using Selenium how can you handle network latency ?
To handle network latency you can use driver.manage.pageloadingtime for network latency
86) To enter values onto text boxes what is the command that can be used?
To enter values onto text boxes we can use command sendkeys()
87) How do you identify an object using selenium?
To identify an object using Selenium you can use
isElementPresent(String locator)
isElementPresent takes a locator as the argument and if found returns a Boolean
88) In Selenium what are Breakpoints and Startpoints?
 Breakpoints: When you implement a breakpoint in your code, the execution will stop right there.
This helps you to verify that your code is working as expected.
 StartpointsStartpoint indicates the point from where the execution should begin. Startpoint can be
used when you want to run the testscript from the middle of the code or a breakpoint.
89) Mention why to choose Python over Java in Selenium?
Few points that favor Python over Java to use with Selenium is,
 Java programs tend to run slower compared to Python programs.

 Java uses traditional braces to start and ends blocks, while Python uses indentation.
 Java employs static typing, while Python is dynamically typed.
 Python is simpler and more compact compared to Java.
90) Mention what are the challenges in Handling Ajax Call in Selenium Webdriver?
The challenges faced in Handling Ajax Call in Selenium Webdriver are
 Using "pause" command for handling Ajax call is not completely reliable. Long pause time makes the
test unacceptably slow and increases the testing time. Instead, "waitforcondition" will be more helpful
in testing Ajax applications.
 It is difficult to assess the risk associated with particular Ajax applications
 Given full freedom to developers to modify Ajax application makes the testing process challenging
 Creating automated test request may be difficult for testing tools as such AJAX application often use
different encoding or serialization technique to submit POST data.
91) Mention what is IntelliJ?
Intellij is an IDE that helps you to write better and faster code for Selenium. Intellij can be used in the option
to Java bean and Eclipse.
92) Mention in what ways you can customize TestNG report?
You can customize TestNG report in two ways,
 Using ITestListener Interface

 Using IReporter Interface
93) To generate pdf reports mention what Java API is required?
To generate pdf reports, you need Java API IText.
94) Mention what is Listeners in Selenium WebDriver?
In Selenium WebDriver, Listeners "listen" to the event defined in the selenium script and behave
accordingly. It allows customizing TestNG reports or logs. There are two main listeners i.e. WebDriver
Listeners and TestNG Listeners.
95) Mention what are the types of Listeners in TestNG?
The types of Listeners in TestNG are,
 IAnnotationTransformer
 IAnnotationTransformer2
 IConfigurable
 IConfigurationListener
 IExecutionListener
 IHookable
 IInvokedMethodListener
 IInvokedMethodListener2
 IMethodInterceptor
 IReporter
 ISuiteListener
 ITestListener
96) Mention what is desired capability? How is it useful in terms of Selenium?
The desired capability is a series of key/value pairs that stores the browser properties like browser name,
browser version, the path of the browser driver in the system, etc. to determine the behavior of the browser
at run time.
For Selenium,
 It can be used to configure the driver instance of Selenium WebDriver.

 When you want to run the test cases on a different browser with different operating systems and
versions.
97) For Database Testing in Selenium Webdriver what API is required?
For Database Testing in Selenium Webdriver, you need JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) API. It allows
you to execute SQL statements.
98) Mention when to use AutoIT?
Selenium is designed to automate web-based applications on different browsers. But to handle window GUI
and non-HTML popups in the application you need AutoIT. know more about How to use AutoIT with
Selenium
99) Mention why do you need Session Handling while working with Selenium?
While working with Selenium, you need Session Handling. This is because, during test execution, the
Selenium WebDriver has to interact with the browser all the time to execute given commands. At the time of
execution, it is also possible that, before current execution completes, someone else starts execution of
another script, in the same machine and in the same type of browser. So to avoid such situation you need
Session Handling.
100) Mention what are the advantages of Using Git Hub For Selenium?
The advantages of Using Git Hub for Selenium are
 Multiple people when they work on the same project they can update project details and inform other
team members simultaneously.
 Jenkins can help you to build the project from the remote repository regularly. This helps you to keep
track of failed builds.

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1. What is C#?

 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

3. What is Managed or Unmanaged Code?

Wrapper classes are of two types:

 Managed code and unmanaged code in .NET

4. What is Boxing and Unboxing?

5. What is the difference between a struct and a class in C#?

 The struct is value type in C# and it inherits from System.Value Type.

6. What is the difference between Interface and Abstract Class?

7. What is enum in C#?

1. enum Dow {Sat, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri};

Some points about enum

 Enums are enumerated data type in c#.

8. What is the difference between “continue” and “break” statements in

Eg. Break Statement

9. What is the difference between constant and read only in c#?

See the example

11. Can “this” be used within a static method?

12. Define Property in C#.net?

Now question is what are accessors?

We have the three types of properties

13. What is extension method in c# and how to use them?

How to use extension methods?

Like: suppose we have a class like bellow:

1. public class Class1 {

1. public static class XX {

1. static void Main(string[] args) {

Output will be:

15. What is the difference between string and StringBuilder in c#?

 It’s an immutable object that hold string value.

 String belongs to System namespace.

 StringBuilder is a mutable object.

16. What is delegates in C# and uses of delegates?

Let’s see how to use Delegate with Example:

17. What is sealed class in c#?

The following class definition defines a sealed class in C#:

18. What are partial classes?

19. What is boxing and unboxing?

20. What is IEnumerable<> in c#?

In System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<T> have only a single method which is GetEnumerator() that

Polymorphism we have 2 different types to achieve that:

 Compile Time also known as Early Binding or Overloading.

Compile Time Polymorphism or Early Binding:

See how we can do that by the following example:

Like as following example:

22. What are the differences between IEnumerable and IQueryable?

Before the differences learn what is IEnumerable and IQueryable.

Now see how to use those in a class:

For one more example follow the link:

 Inherit Multiple Interfaces and They have Conflicting Method Name

24. What are the Arrays in C#.Net?

 The length cannot be changed once created.

25. What is the Constructor Chaining in C#?

26. What’s the difference between the System.Array.CopyTo() and

To learn about arrays go with following link:

 Working with Arrays in C#

27. Can Multiple Catch Blocks executed in c#?

To learn more about Exception Handling following link:

28. What is Singleton Design Patterns and How to implement in C#?

What is Singleton Design Pattern?

This is the example how to write the code with Singleton:

To read more about Singleton in depth so follow the link:

 Singleton Design Pattern in C#