Anesthesiology

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Anesthesiology
The Practice of Anesthesiology
1. The Practice of Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
3. Inhalation Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Local & Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
5. Intravenous Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Evolution of the Specialty - Answer (click here)
7. The Scope of Anesthesia - Answer (click here)

Anesthetic Equipment and Monitors

The Operating Room Environment
1. The Operating Room Environment: Safety Culture - Answer (click here)
2. The Operating Room Environment: Medical Gas Systems - Answer (click
here)
3. Environmental Factors in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
4. Electrical Safety in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
5. Fire Prevention & Preparation in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
6. Fire Extinguishers in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
7. Laser Safety in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
8. Crew Resource Management in the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
9. Future Design of Operating Rooms - Answer (click here)

Breathing Systems
1. Anesthetic Equipment & Monitors : Breathing Systems - Answer (click
here)
2. Insufflation - Answer (click here)
3. Open Drop and Draw Over Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
 4. Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
5. Components of Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
6. Performance Characteristics of Mapleson Circuits - Answer (click here)
7. The Circle System - Answer (click here)
8. Components of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
9. Optimization of Circle System Design - Answer (click here)
10. Performance Characteristics of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
11. Disadvantages of the Circle System - Answer (click here)
12. Resuscitation Breathing Systems - Answer (click here)

The Anesthesia Machine

1. The Anesthesia Machine - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia Gas Supply - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia Flow Control Circuits - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia The Breathing Circuit - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia Ventilators - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia Ventilator Circuit Design - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia Ventilators Pressure & Volume Monitoring - Answer (click
here)
8. Problems Associated with Anesthesia Ventilators - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia Waste Gas Scavengers - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia Machine Checkout List - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular Monitoring
1. Arterial Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
2. Noninvasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring Indications - Answer
(click here)
3. Invasive Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring - Answer (click here)
4. Electrocardiography - Answer (click here)
5. Central Venous Catheterization - Answer (click here)
6. Pulmonary Artery Catheterization - Answer (click here)
7. Cardiac Output - Answer (click here)

Non cardiovascular Monitoring

1. Precordial & Esophageal Stethoscopes - Respiratory Gas Exchange
Monitors - Answer (click here)
2. Pulse Oximetry - Respiratory Gas Exchange Monitors - Answer (click here)
3. Capnography - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthetic Gas Analysis - Answer (click here)
 5. Electroencephalography - Neurological System Monitors - Answer (click
here)
6. Evoked Potentials - Neurological System Monitors - Answer (click here)
7. Cerebral Oximetry and Other Neurological System Monitors of the
Brain - Answer (click here)
8. Temperature Monitors - Answer (click here)
9. Urinary Output Monitors - Answer (click here)
10. Peripheral Nerve Stimulation - Answer (click here)

Clinical Pharmacology
Pharmacological Principles
1. Pharmacokinetics: Absorption - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics: Distribution - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacokinetics: Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics: Excretion - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics: Compartment Models - Answer (click here)
6. Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
7. Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
8. Factors Affecting Inspiratory Concentration - Answer (click here)
9. Factors Affecting Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
10. Factors Affecting Arterial Concentration - Answer (click here)
11. Factors Affecting Elimination - Answer (click here)
12. Theories of Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthetic Neurotoxicity - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthetic Neuroprotection and Cardiac Preconditioning - Answer (click
here)
15. Minimum Alveolar Concentration - Answer (click here)
16. Nitrous Oxide - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics -
Answer (click here)
17. Halothane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
18. Isoflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
19. Desflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
20. Sevoflurane - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer
(click here)
21. Xenon - Clinical Pharmacology of Inhalation Anesthetics - Answer (click
here)
Intravenous Anesthetics
1. Intravenous Anesthetics: Barbiturates - Answer (click here)
2. Intravenous Anesthetics: Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
3. Intravenous Anesthetics: Ketamine - Answer (click here)
4. Intravenous Anesthetics: Etomidate - Answer (click here)
5. Intravenous Anesthetics: Propofol - Answer (click here)
6. Intravenous Anesthetics: Fospropofol - Answer (click here)

Analgesic Agents
1. Analgesic Agents: Opioids - Answer (click here)
2. Analgesic Agents: Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents

1. Neuromuscular Transmission - Answer (click here)
2. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Mechanism Of Action - Answer (click
here)
3. Other Mechanisms of Neuromuscular Blockade - Answer (click here)
4. Reversal of Neuromuscular Blockade - Answer (click here)
5. Response to Peripheral Nerve Stimulation - Answer (click here)
6. DepolarizingMuscle Relaxants: Succinylcholine - Answer (click here)
7. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Unique Pharmacological
Characteristics - Answer (click here)
8. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: General Pharmacological
Characteristics - Answer (click here)
9. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Atracurium - Answer (click here)
10. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Cisatracurium - Answer (click here)
11. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Pancuronium - Answer (click here)
12. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Vecuronium - Answer (click here)
13. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Rocuronium - Answer (click here)
14. Nondepolarizing Muscle Relaxants: Other Relaxants - Answer (click here)
15. Newer Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)

Cholinesterase Inhibitors and Other Pharmacologic Antagonists to

Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
1. Cholinergic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Cholinergic Pharmacology: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
3. Cholinergic Pharmacology: Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
4. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine - Answer (click here)
 5. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Pyridostigmine - Answer (click here)
6. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Edrophonium - Answer (click here)
7. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Physostigmine - Answer (click here)
8. Non Classic Reversal Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Sugammadex - Answer (click here)
10. L Cysteine - Answer (click here)

Anticholinergic Drugs
1. Anticholinergic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Specific Anticholinergic Drugs - Answer (click here)

Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists

1. Adrenoceptor Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Adrenergic Agonists - Answer (click here)
3. Adrenergic Agonists: Phenylephrine - Answer (click here)
4. Adrenergic Agonists: Epinephrine - Answer (click here)
5. Adrenergic Agonists: Ephedrine - Answer (click here)
6. Adrenergic Agonists: Norepinephrine - Answer (click here)
7. Adrenergic Agonists: Dopamine - Answer (click here)
8. Adrenergic Agonists: Isoproterenol - Answer (click here)
9. Adrenergic Agonists: Dobutamine - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenergic Agonists: Dopexamine - Answer (click here)
11. Adrenergic Agonists: Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
12. Adrenergic Antagonists: Αlpha Blockers Phentolamine - Answer (click
here)
13. Adrenergic Antagonists: Mixed Antagonists Labetalol - Answer (click here)
14. Adrenergic Antagonists: Beta Blockers - Answer (click here)
15. Adrenergic Antagonists: Esmolol - Answer (click here)
16. Adrenergic Antagonists: Metoprolol - Answer (click here)
17. Adrenergic Antagonists: Propranolol - Answer (click here)
18. Adrenergic Antagonists: Nebivolol - Answer (click here)
19. Adrenergic Antagonists: Carvedilol - Answer (click here)
20. Perioperative Βeta Blocker Therapy - Answer (click here)

Hypotensive Agents
1. Hypotensive Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Nitrovasodilators: Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
3. Nitrovasodilators: Nitroglycerin - Answer (click here)
4. Nitrovasodilators: Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
 5. Non-Nitrovasodilator Hypotensive Agents: Fenoldopam - Answer (click
here)
6. Non-Nitrovasodilator Hypotensive Agents: Calcium Antagonists -
Answer (click here)

Local Anesthetics
1. Mechanisms of Local Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
2. Local Anesthetic: Structure Activity Relationships - Answer (click here)
3. Local Anesthetic: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Local Anesthetic: Effects on Organ Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Local Anesthetic: Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)

Adjuncts to Anesthesia
1. Aspiration - Answer (click here)
2. Aspiration: Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
3. Aspiration: H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
4. Aspiration: H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
5. Aspiration: Antacids - Answer (click here)
6. Aspiration: Metoclopramide - Answer (click here)
7. Aspiration: Proton Pump Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Postoperative Nausea & Vomiting PONV - Answer (click here)
9. 5 HT3 Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Butyrophenones - Answer (click here)
11. Dexamethasone - Answer (click here)
12. Neurokinin 1 Receptor Antagonist - Answer (click here)
13. Adjuncts to Anesthesia: Ketorolac - Answer (click here)
14. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
15. Dexmedetomidine - Answer (click here)
16. Doxapram - Answer (click here)
17. Naloxone - Answer (click here)
18. Naltrexone - Answer (click here)
19. Flumazenil - Answer (click here)

Anesthetic Management
Preoperative Assessment and Premedication Perioperative
Documentation
1. Preoperative Evaluation - Answer (click here)
2. Elements of the Preoperative History - Answer (click here)
 3. Elements of the Preoperative Physical Examination - Answer (click here)
4. Preoperative Laboratory Testing - Answer (click here)
5. Premedication - Answer (click here)
6. Documentation - Clinical Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)

Anesthetic Management Airway Management

1. Airway Management: Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Routine Airway Management - Answer (click here)
3. Airway Assessment - Answer (click here)
4. Airway Management Equipment - Answer (click here)
5. Airway Management Positioning - Answer (click here)
6. Airway Preoxygenation - Answer (click here)
7. Bag and Mask Ventilation - Answer (click here)
8. Supraglottic Airway Devices - Answer (click here)
9. Endotracheal Intubation - Answer (click here)
10. Larygoscopes - Answer (click here)
11. Video Laryngoscopes - Answer (click here)
12. Techniques of Direct and Indirect Laryngoscopy & Intubation - Answer
(click here)
13. Surgical Airway Techniques - Answer (click here)
14. Problems Following Intubation - Answer (click here)
15. Techniques of Extubation - Answer (click here)
16. Complications of Laryngoscopy & Intubation - Answer (click here)

Cardiovascular Physiology and Anesthesia

1. Cardiovascular Physiology & Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Physiology & Anesthesia: The Heart - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiac Action Potentials - Answer (click here)
4. Initiation & Conduction of the Cardiac Impulse - Answer (click here)
5. Mechanism of Heart Contraction - Answer (click here)
6. Innervation of the Heart - Answer (click here)
7. The Cardiac Cycle - Answer (click here)
8. Determinants of Ventricular Performance - Answer (click here)
9. Assessment of Ventricular Function - Answer (click here)
10. Systemic Circulation - Answer (click here)
11. Autonomic Control of the Systemic Vasculature - Answer (click here)
12. Arterial Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
13. Anatomy & Physiology of the Coronary Circulation - Answer (click here)
14. Effects of Anesthetic Agents on Heart - Answer (click here)
 15. Compensatory Mechanisms - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease

1. Anesthesia for Patients with Cardiovascular Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Preparation for Noncardiac
Surgery - Answer (click here)
3. Coronary Artery Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Hypertension - Answer (click here)
5. Hypertension:Preoperative Management - Answer (click here)
6. Hypertension: Intraoperative Management - Answer (click here)
7. Hypertension: Postoperative Management - Answer (click here)
8. Ischemic Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
9. Ischemic Heart Disease: Preoperative Management - Answer (click here)
10. Ischemic Heart Disease: Intraoperative Management - Answer (click here)
11. Ischemic Heart Disease: Monitoring - Answer (click here)
12. Arrhythmias, Pacemakers, and Internal Cardioverter-Defibrillator
Management - Answer (click here)
13. Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
14. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy - Answer (click here)
15. Valvular Heart Disease: General Evaluation of Patients - Answer (click
here)
16. Mitral Stenosis - Answer (click here)
17. Mitral Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
18. Mitral Valve Prolapse - Answer (click here)
19. Aortic Stenosis - Answer (click here)
20. Calculating Aortic Valve Area & Transvalvular Gradient - Answer (click
here)
21. Aortic Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
22. Tricuspid Regurgitation - Answer (click here)
23. Endocarditis Prophylaxis - Answer (click here)
24. Anticoagulation - Answer (click here)
25. Congenital Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
26. Obstructive Lesions - Answer (click here)
27. Predominantly Left-to-Right (Simple) Shunts - Answer (click here)
28. Predominantly Right-to-Left (Complex) Shunts - Answer (click here)
29. The Patient with a Transplanted Heart - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Cardiovascular Surgery

1. Cardiopulmonary Bypass - Answer (click here)
 2. Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Systemic Hypothermia - Answer (click here)
3. Myocardial Preservation - Answer (click here)
4. Physiological Effects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Adults - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Preinduction Period -
Answer (click here)
7. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Prebypass Period - Answer
(click here)
8. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Bypass Period - Answer
(click here)
9. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Termination of CPB -
Answer (click here)
10. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Postbypass Period - Answer
(click here)
11. Anesthetic Management of Cardiac Surgery: Postoperative Period -
Answer (click here)
12. Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery - Answer (click here)
13. Pediatric Patients - Answer (click here)
14. Cardiac Transplantation - Answer (click here)
15. Cardiac Transplantation: Anesthetic Management - Answer (click here)
16. Pericardial Disease - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthesia for Surgery on the Aorta - Answer (click here)
18. Specific Lesions of the Aorta - Answer (click here)
19. Anesthetic Management - Answer (click here)
20. Anesthesia for Carotid Artery Surgery - Answer (click here)

Respiratory Physiology and Anesthesia

1. Functional Respiratory Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanisms of Breathing - Answer (click here)
3. Lung Mechanics - Answer (click here)
4. Ventilation/Perfusion Relationships - Answer (click here)
5. Alveolar, Arterial, & Venous Gas Tensions - Answer (click here)
6. Transport of Respiratory Gases in Blood - Answer (click here)
7. Control of Breathing - Answer (click here)
8. Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Respiratory Disease

1. Anesthesia : Pulmonary Risk Factors - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia : Asthma - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
 4. Anesthesia : Restrictive Pulmonary Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia : Acute Intrinsic Pulmonary Disorders - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia : Chronic Intrinsic Pulmonary Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia : Extrinsic Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders - Answer (click
here)
8. Anesthesia : Pulmonary Embolism - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery

1. Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery: The Lateral Decubitus Position -
Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery: The Open Pneumothorax - Answer (click
here)
3. Anesthesia for Thoracic Surgery: One Lung Ventilation - Answer (click
here)
4. Physiological Considerations During Thoracic Anesthesia - Answer (click
here)
5. Techniques for One-Lung Ventilation - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Lung Resection: Preoperative Considerations - Answer
(click here)
7. Anesthesia for Lung Resection: Anesthetic Considerations - Answer (click
here)
8. Special Considerations for Patients Undergoing Lung Resection - Answer
(click here)
9. Anesthesia for Tracheal Resection - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) - Answer
(click here)
11. Anesthesia for Diagnostic Thoracic Procedures - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Lung Transplantation - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Esophageal Surgery - Answer (click here)

Neurophysiology and Anesthesia

1. Cerebral Metabolism - Answer (click here)
2. Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
3. Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow - Answer (click here)
4. Blood Brain Barrier - Answer (click here)
5. Cerebrospinal Fluid - Answer (click here)
6. Intracranial Pressure - Answer (click here)
7. Effect of Anesthetic Agents on Cerebral Physiology - Answer (click here)
8. Physiology of Brain Protection - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Neurosurgery

 1. Intracranial Hypertension - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia & Craniotomy for Patients with Mass Lesions - Answer (click
here)
3. Anesthesia for Surgery in the Posterior Fossa - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Stereotactic Surgery - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Head Trauma - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia & Craniotomy for Intracranial Aneurysms & Arteriovenous
Malformations - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Surgery on the Spine - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Neurologic and Psychiatric Diseases

1. Anesthesia for Cerebrovascular Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Seizure Disorders - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Parkinson Disease - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Alzheimer Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Multiple Sclerosis - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Guillain Barre Syndrome - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Autonomic Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia for Syringomyelia - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Spinal Cord Injury - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia for Depression - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Bipolar Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthesia for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - Answer (click here)
15. Anesthesia for Substance Abuse - Answer (click here)

Renal Physiology Anesthesia

1. Renal Physiology & Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia: The Nephron - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia: The Renal Circulation - Answer (click here)
4. Renal Blood Flow & Glomerular Filtration - Answer (click here)
5. Effects of Anesthesia & Surgery on Renal Function - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia: Diuretics - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia: Osmotic Diuretics Mannitol - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia: Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia: Thiazide & Thiazide Like Diuretics - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia: Potassium Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
Anesthesia for Patients with Kidney Disease
1. Anesthesia for Patients with Kidney Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Evaluating Renal Function - Answer (click here)
3. Altered Renal Function the Effects of Anesthetic Agents - Answer (click
here)
4. Anesthesia for Patients with Kidney Failure - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Patients with Mild to Moderate Renal Impairment -
Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Genitourinary Surgery

1. Anesthesia for Cystoscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Transurethral Resection of the Prostate - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Lithotripsy - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Noncancer Surgery of the Upper Ureter & Kidney -
Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies: Prostate Cancer -
Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies: Bladder Cancer -
Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies: Testicular Cancer -
Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia: Surgery For Urological Malignancies: Renal Cancer - Answer
(click here)
10. Anesthesia for Renal Transplantation - Answer (click here)

Hepatic Physiology Anesthesia

1. Hepatic Physiology and Functional Anatomy - Answer (click here)
2. Liver Tests - Answer (click here)
3. Effect of Anesthesia on Hepatic Function - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Liver Disease

1. Anesthesia for Coagulation in Liver Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Acute Hepatitis - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Chronic Hepatitis - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Cirrhosis - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Hepatic Surgery - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Special Situations - Answer (click here)
Anesthesia for Patients with Endocrine Disease
1. The Pancreas Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Diabetes Mellitus - Answer (click here)
3. The Thyroid Physiology - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
6. The Parathyroid Glands Physiology - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Hyperparathyroidism - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Hypoparathyroidism - Answer (click here)
9. The Adrenal Gland Physiology - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Mineralocorticoid Excess - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia for Mineralocorticoid Deficiency - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Glucocorticoid Excess - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Glucocorticoid Deficiency - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthesia for Catecholamine Excess - Answer (click here)
15. Anesthesia for Obesity - Answer (click here)
16. Anesthesia for Carcinoid Syndrome - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Patients with Neuromuscular Disease

1. Anesthesia for Patients with Neuromuscular Disease - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Myasthenia Gravis - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Paraneoplastic Neuromu Scularsyndromes - Answer (click
here)
4. Anesthesia for Muscular Dystrophies - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Myotonias - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Periodic Paralysis - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery

1. Anesthesia for Intraocular Pressure Dynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for the Oculocardiac Reflex - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Intraocular Gas Expansion - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Systemic Effects of Ophthalmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. General Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery - Answer (click here)
6. Regional Anesthesia for Ophthalmic Surgery - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Otorhinolaryngologic Surgery

1. Anesthesia for Endoscopy - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Nasal & Sinus Surgery - Answer (click here)
 3. Anesthesia for Head & Neck Cancer Surgery - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Maxillofacial Reconstruction & Orthognathic Surgery -
Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Ear Surgery - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery

1. Anesthesia for Orthopedic Surgery - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Perioperative Management Considerations in Orthopedic
Surgery - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Fracture of the Hip - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Total Hip Arthroplasty - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Closed Reduction of Hip Dislocation - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Knee Arthroscopy - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Total Knee Replacement - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Shoulder Surgery - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia for Distal Upper Extremity Surgery - Answer (click here)

Anesthesia for Trauma and Emergency Surgery

1. Anesthesia for Trauma & Emergency Surgery - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthesia for Primary Survey - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthesia for Definitive Trauma Interventions - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia for Traumatic Brain Injury - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Spinal Cord Injury - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Burns - Answer (click here)

Maternal and Fetal Physiology and Anesthesia

1. Anesthesia for Physiological Changes During Pregnancy - Answer (click
here)
2. Anesthesia for Uteroplacental Circulation - Answer (click here)
3. Physiology of Normal Labor - Answer (click here)
4. Effect of Labor on Maternal Physiology - Answer (click here)
5. Effect of Anesthetic Agents on Uterine Activity & Labor - Answer (click
here)
6. Fetal Physiology - Answer (click here)
7. Physiological Transition of the Fetus at Birth - Answer (click here)

Obstetric Anesthesia
 1. Anesthetic Risk in Obstetric Patients - Answer (click here)
2. General Approach to the Obstetric Patient - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthesia for Labor & Vaginal Delivery - Answer (click here)
4. Regional Anesthetic Techniques: Spinal Opioids Alone - Answer (click
here)
5. Regional Anesthetic Techniques: Local Anesthetic/Local Anesthetic
Opioid Mixtures - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Anesthesia for Cesarean Section: General Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia for Emergency Cesarean Section - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia for Umbilical Cord Prolapse - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthesia for Dystocia & Abnormal Fetal Presentations & Positions -
Answer (click here)
12. Anesthesia for Multiple Gestations - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthesia for Antepartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthesia for Premature Rupture of Membranes & Chorioamnionitis -
Answer (click here)
15. Anesthesia for Preterm Labor - Answer (click here)
16. Anesthesia for Hypertensive Disorders - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthesia for Heart Disease - Answer (click here)
18. Anesthesia for Amniotic Fluid Embolism - Answer (click here)
19. Anesthesia for Postpartum Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
20. Anesthesia for Fetal Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
21. Anesthesia for Neonatal Resuscitation - Answer (click here)

Pediatric Anesthesia
1. Pediatric Anesthesia: Anatomic & Physiological Development - Answer
(click here)
2. Pediatric Anesthesia: Pharmacological Differences - Answer (click here)
3. Pediatric Anesthetic Risk - Answer (click here)
4. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Preoperative Considerations - Answer
(click here)
5. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Monitoring - Answer (click here)
6. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Induction - Answer (click here)
7. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Intravenous Induction - Answer (click
here)
8. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Inhalational Induction - Answer (click
here)
9. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Intravenous Access - Answer (click here)
10. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Tracheal Intubation - Answer (click here)
 11. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Maintenance - Answer (click here)
12. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Perioperative Fluid Requirements -
Answer (click here)
13. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Regional Anesthesia and Analgesia -
Answer (click here)
14. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Sedation for Procedures in and out of
the Operating Room - Answer (click here)
15. Pediatric Anesthetic Techniques: Emergence & Recovery - Answer (click
here)
16. Anesthetic Considerations in Prematurity - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthetic Considerations in Intestinal Malrotation & Volvulus - Answer
(click here)
18. Anesthetic Considerations in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia - Answer
(click here)
19. Anesthetic Considerations in Tracheoesophageal Fistula - Answer (click
here)
20. Anesthetic Considerations in Gastroschisis & Omphalocele - Answer (click
here)
21. Anesthetic Considerations in Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis - Answer
(click here)
22. Anesthetic Considerations in Infectious Croup, Foreign Body Aspiration,
& Acute Epiglottitis - Answer (click here)
23. Anesthetic Considerations in Tonsillectomy & Adenoidectomy - Answer
(click here)
24. Anesthetic Considerations in Myringotomy & Insertion of
Tympanostomy Tubes - Answer (click here)
25. Anesthetic Considerations in Trisomy 21 Syndrome Down Syndrome -
Answer (click here)
26. Anesthetic Considerations in Cystic Fibrosis - Answer (click here)
27. Anesthetic Considerations in Scoliosis - Answer (click here)

Geriatric Anesthesia
1. Geriatric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
2. Age-Related Anatomic & Physiological Changes - Answer (click here)
3. Age-Related Pharmacological Changes - Answer (click here)

Ambulatory Non operating Room and Office Based Anesthesia

1. Ambulatory, Non operating Room, & Office-Based Anesthesia - Answer
(click here)
2. Advances in Ambulatory Anesthesia and Surgery - Answer (click here)
3. Candidates for Ambulatory and Office Based Anesthesia - Answer (click
 here)
4. Anesthesia: Specific Patient Conditions and Ambulatory Surgery -
Answer (click here)
5. Anesthesia: Intraoperative Considerations - Answer (click here)
6. Post Anesthesia Recovery and Discharge - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthesia: Discharge Criteria - Answer (click here)
8. Unanticipated Hospital Admission Following Ambulatory Surgery -
Answer (click here)
9. Anesthesia: Non Operating Room Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthesia: Special Considerations in Out of the Operating Room
Locations - Answer (click here)

Regional Anesthesia and Pain Management

Spinal Epidural Caudal Blocks
1. Spinal, Epidural & Caudal Blocks - Answer (click here)
2. The Role of Neuraxial Anesthesia in Anesthetic Practice - Answer (click
here)
3. Anatomy of Vertebral Column - Answer (click here)
4. Anatomy of The Spinal Cord - Answer (click here)
5. Spinal, Epidural & Caudal Blocks: Mechanism of Action - Answer (click
here)
6. Clinical Considerations Common to Spinal & Epidural Blocks - Answer
(click here)
7. Spinal Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Epidural Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
9. Epidural Needles and Epidural Catheters - Answer (click here)
10. Specific Techniques for Epidural Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
11. Activating an Epidural - Answer (click here)
12. Epidural Anesthesia: Factors Affecting Level of Block - Answer (click here)
13. Epidural Anesthetic Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Epidural Anesthesia: Local Anesthetic pH Adjustment - Answer (click here)
15. Failed Epidural Blocks - Answer (click here)
16. Caudal Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
17. Complications of Neuraxial Blocks - Answer (click here)
18. Complications Associated with Excessive Responses to Appropriately
Placed Drug - Answer (click here)
19. Complications Associated with Needle or Catheter Insertion - Answer
(click here)
20. Complications Associated with Drug Toxicity - Answer (click here)
Peripheral Nerve Blocks
1. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Patient Selection - Answer (click here)
2. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Risks & Contraindications - Answer (click here)
3. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Choice of Local Anesthetic - Answer (click here)
4. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Preparation - Answer (click here)
5. Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Block Techniques - Answer (click here)
6. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Brachial Plexus Anatomy -
Answer (click here)
7. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Interscalene Block - Answer
(click here)
8. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Supraclavicular Block -
Answer (click here)
9. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Infraclavicular Block - Answer
(click here)
10. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Axillary Block - Answer (click
here)
11. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Blocks of the Terminal
Nerves - Answer (click here)
12. Upper Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Intravenous Regional
Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
13. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Lumbar & Sacral Plexus
Anatomy - Answer (click here)
14. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Femoral Nerve Block -
Answer (click here)
15. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Lateral Femoral Cutaneous
Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
16. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Obturator Nerve Block -
Answer (click here)
17. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Posterior Lumbar Plexus
(Psoas Compartment) Block - Answer (click here)
18. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Saphenous Nerve Block -
Answer (click here)
19. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Sciatic Nerve Block - Answer
(click here)
20. Lower Extremity Peripheral Nerve Blocks: Ankle Block - Answer (click
here)
21. Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Trunk: Superficial Cervical Plexus Block
- Answer (click here)
22. Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Trunk: Intercostal Block - Answer (click
here)
23. Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Trunk: Paravertebral Block - Answer (click
 here)
24. Peripheral Nerve Blocks of the Trunk: Transversus Abdominis Plane
Block - Answer (click here)

Chronic Pain Management

1. Anesthesia: Chronic Pain Management - Answer (click here)
2. Definitions & Classification of Chronic Pain - Answer (click here)
3. Pain Pathways - Answer (click here)
4. Physiology of Nociception - Answer (click here)
5. Pathophysiology of Chronic Pain - Answer (click here)
6. Systemic Responses to Pain - Answer (click here)
7. Evaluation of the Patient with Chronic Pain - Answer (click here)
8. Entrapment Syndromes - Answer (click here)
9. Myofascial Pain - Answer (click here)
10. Fibromyalgia - Answer (click here)
11. Low Back Pain & Related Syndromes - Answer (click here)
12. Neuropathic Pain - Answer (click here)
13. Acute Herpes Zoster & Postherpetic Neuralgia - Chronic Pain
Management - Answer (click here)
14. Headache - Chronic Pain Management - Answer (click here)
15. Abdominal Pain - Chronic Pain Management - Answer (click here)
16. Cancer Related Pain - Chronic Pain Management - Answer (click here)
17. Interventional Therapies: Pharmacological Interventions - Answer (click
here)
18. Diagnostic & Therapeutic Blocks - Answer (click here)
19. Trigeminal Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
20. Facial Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
21. Glossopharyngeal Block - Answer (click here)
22. Occipital Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
23. Suprascapular Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
24. Cervical Paravertebral Nerve Blocks - Answer (click here)
25. Thoracic Paravertebral Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
26. Lumbar Paravertebral Nerve Blocks - Answer (click here)
27. Cervical, Thoracic & Lumbar Medial Branch Blocks - Answer (click here)
28. Trans-Sacral Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
29. Pudendal Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
30. Sympathetic Nerve Blocks - Answer (click here)
31. Cervicothoracic (Stellate) Block - Answer (click here)
32. Splanchnic Nerve Block - Answer (click here)
33. Celiac Plexus Block - Answer (click here)
 34. Lumbar Sympathetic Block - Answer (click here)
35. Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block - Answer (click here)
36. Ganglion Impar Block - Answer (click here)
37. Intravenous Regional Block - Answer (click here)
38. Epidural Injections - Answer (click here)
39. Radio frequency Ablation & Cryoneurolysis - Answer (click here)
40. Chemical Neurolysis - Answer (click here)
41. Differential Neural Blockade - Answer (click here)
42. Neuromodulation - Answer (click here)
43. Vertebral Augmentation - Answer (click here)
44. Multidisciplinary Treatment - Answer (click here)

Perioperative Pain Management Enhanced Outcomes

1. Evolution of Enhanced Recovery Programs - Answer (click here)
2. Anesthetic Management: Preoperative Period - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthetic Management: Intraoperative Period - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthetic Management: Postoperative Period - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthetic Management: Issues in the Implementation of Enhanced
Recovery Programs - Answer (click here)

Perioperative and Critical Care Medicine

Management of Patients with Fluid Electrolyte Disturbances
1. Nomenclature of Solutions - Answer (click here)
2. Fluid Compartments - Answer (click here)
3. Disorders of Water Balance - Answer (click here)
4. Disorders of Water Balance: Control of Plasma Osmolality - Answer (click
here)
5. Disorders of Water Balance: Hyperosmolality & Hypernatremia - Answer
(click here)
6. Disorders of Water Balance: Hypoosmolality & Hyponatremia - Answer
(click here)
7. Disorders of Sodium Balance - Answer (click here)
8. Disorders of Potassium Balance - Answer (click here)
9. Intercompartmental Shifts of Potassium - Answer (click here)
10. Hypokalemia - Answer (click here)
11. Hyperkalemia - Answer (click here)
12. Disorders of Calcium Balance: Normal Calcium Balance - Answer (click
here)
13. Hypercalcemia - Answer (click here)
14. Hypocalcemia - Answer (click here)
15. Disorders of Phosphorus Balance - Answer (click here)
16. Normal Phosphorus Balance - Answer (click here)
17. Hyperphosphatemia - Answer (click here)
18. Hypophosphatemia - Answer (click here)
19. Disorders of Magnesium Balance - Answer (click here)
20. Normal Magnesium Balance - Answer (click here)
21. Hypermagnesemia - Answer (click here)
22. Hypomagnesemia - Answer (click here)

Acid Base Management

1. Acid-Base Management - Answer (click here)
2. Hydrogen Ion Concentration & pH - Answer (click here)
3. Acids & Bases - Answer (click here)
4. Strong Ion Difference - Answer (click here)
5. Conjugate Pairs & Buffers - Answer (click here)
6. Acid-Base Clinical Disorders - Answer (click here)
7. Body Buffers - Answer (click here)
8. Respiratory Compensation - Answer (click here)
9. Renal Acid-Base Compensation - Answer (click here)
10. Physiological Effects of Acidemia - Answer (click here)
11. Respiratory Acidosis - Answer (click here)
12. Metabolic Acidosis - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthetic considerations in Patients With Acidosis - Answer (click here)
14. Physiological Effects of Alkalosis - Answer (click here)
15. Respiratory Alkalosis - Answer (click here)
16. Metabolic Alkalosis - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthetic Considerations in Patients With Alkalemia - Answer (click here)
18. Diagnosis of Acid Base Disorders - Answer (click here)
19. Measurement of Blood Gas Tensions & pH - Answer (click here)

Fluid Management and Blood Component Therapy

1. Evaluation of Intravascular Volume - Answer (click here)
2. Intravenous Fluids - Answer (click here)
3. Perioperative Fluid Therapy - Answer (click here)
4. Transfusion - Answer (click here)
5. Complications of Blood Transfusion - Answer (click here)
6. Alternative Strategies for Management of Blood Loss During Surgery -
Answer (click here)
Thermoregulation and Hypothermia and Malignant
Hyperthermia
1. Thermoregulation & Hypothermia - Answer (click here)
2. Malignant Hyperthermia - Answer (click here)

Nutrition in Perioperative and Critical Care

1. Basic Nutritional Needs - Answer (click here)
2. How to Feed the Patient - Answer (click here)
3. Complications of Nutritional Support - Answer (click here)
4. Specific Nutrients - Answer (click here)
5. Enteral Nutrition and NIL Per OS Rules Priorto Elective Surgery -
Answer (click here)
6. TPN and Surgery - Answer (click here)

Anesthetic Complications
1. Litigation and Anesthetic Complications - Answer (click here)
2. Adverse Anesthetic Outcomes - Answer (click here)
3. Anesthetic Complications: Mortality and Brain Injury - Answer (click here)
4. Anesthetic Complications: Vascular Cannulation - Answer (click here)
5. Anesthetic Complications: Obstetric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
6. Anesthetic Complications: Regional Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
7. Anesthetic Complications: Pediatric Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
8. Out of the Operating Room Anesthesia and Monitored Anesthesia Care -
Answer (click here)
9. Anesthetic Complications: Equipment Problems - Answer (click here)
10. Anesthetic Complications: Quality Management - Answer (click here)
11. Anesthetic Complications: Airway Injury - Answer (click here)
12. Anesthetic Complications: Peripheral Nerve Injury - Answer (click here)
13. Anesthetic Complications: Awareness - Answer (click here)
14. Anesthetic Complications: Eye Injury - Answer (click here)
15. Anesthetic Complications: Cardiopulmonary Arrest During Spinal
Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
16. Anesthetic Complications: Hearing Loss - Answer (click here)
17. Anesthetic Complications: Allergic Reactions - Answer (click here)
18. Occupational Hazards in Anesthesiology - Answer (click here)

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
1. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
 2. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Airway - Answer (click here)
3. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Breathing - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Circulation - Answer (click here)
5. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Defibrillation - Answer (click here)
6. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Recommended Resuscitation Protocols
- Answer (click here)

Postanesthesia Care
1. Postanesthesia Care - Answer (click here)
2. The Postanesthesia Care Unit - Answer (click here)
3. Emergence From General Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Transport From the Operating Room to the PACU - Answer (click here)
5. Routine Recovery - Answer (click here)
6. Respiratory Complications - Answer (click here)
7. Circulatory Complications - Answer (click here)

Critical Care
1. Critical Care - Answer (click here)
2. Economic, Ethical, & Legal Issues in Critical Care - Answer (click here)
3. Respiratory Care - Answer (click here)
4. Medical Gas Therapy - Answer (click here)
5. Classifying Oxygen Therapy Equipment - Answer (click here)
6. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Variable-Performance Equipment
- Answer (click here)
7. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Fixed-Performance (High-Flow)
Equipment - Answer (click here)
8. Ambient Oxygen Therapy Equipment: Hazards of Oxygen Therapy -
Answer (click here)
9. Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
10. Positive-Pressure Ventilators - Answer (click here)
11. Care of Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
12. Discontinuing Mechanical Ventilation - Answer (click here)
13. Positive Airway Pressure Therapy - Answer (click here)
14. Other Respiratory Care Techniques - Answer (click here)
15. Respiratory Failure - Answer (click here)
16. Pulmonary Edema - Answer (click here)
17. Increased Transmural Pressure Pulmonary Edema (“Cardiogenic”
Pulmonary Edema) - Answer (click here)
18. Increased Permeability Pulmonary Edema (Noncardiogenic Pulmonary
 Edema): Acute Lung Injury & ARDS - Answer (click here)
19. Critical Care: Drowning & Near Drowning - Answer (click here)
20. Critical Care: Smoke Inhalation - Answer (click here)
21. Acute Myocardial Infarction - Answer (click here)
22. Acute Kidney Injury & Failure - Answer (click here)
23. Prerenal Azotemia - Answer (click here)
24. Postrenal Azotemia - Answer (click here)
25. Reversible Azotemia Versus AKI - Answer (click here)
26. Infections & Sepsis - Answer (click here)
27. Pathophysiology of SIRS - Answer (click here)
28. Infections In the ICU - Answer (click here)
29. Septic Shock - Answer (click here)
30. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)
31. End-of-Life Care - Answer (click here)

Safety Quality and Performance Improvement

1. Patient Safety Issues - Answer (click here)
2. Quality of Care Performance Improvement Issues - Answer (click here)