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1. a. ​If we found this abnormality, where is the problem came from?

​(enlargement left atrial)


b. ​Describe the rhythm ! ​(sinus regular)

2. a. ​How does CO2 participate in two ways to ensure adequate oxygen supply to exercising muscles?
​The local increase in tissue CO2 helps to unload more oxygen from blood. The local CO2 also
vasodilatate the blood vessels to increase the perfusion to the exercising muscles.
b. ​Specify the axis of that ECG ! (​Normal​)

3. a. ​Find the abnormality? ​(lead II,III, aVF)

b. ​What are two determinant used to calculate GFR? ​Filtration coefficient and net glomerular filtration
pressure.
4. a. ​Why does decrease renal blood flow lead to uremia? ​There is less filtration and more reabsorption of
urea, if there is decrease in RBF it can lead to uremia.

b.. ​How is potassium transported at the proximal tubule? ​Passively via paracelluler route.

5. a. ​What cardiac index is used as a quantitative measure of myocardial contraction strength? ​The
ejection fraction.

b. ​How does the function of the cardiac/vascular valve signal the different phases of the cardiac cycle?
Closure AV valve ​→ ​begin systolic phase, while closure the pulmonary/aortic valve ​→ ​begin diastole
phase.

6.a. ​What is the osmotic pressure contributed by sodium ions at the capillary? ​0 mmHg.

b. ​How is glucosuria related to polyuria? ​It will interfere with the iso-osmotic reabsorption of water.

7. a. ​The physiologic control of potassium and calcium share the same design in having regulatory
hormones. What are they? ​Aldosterone for potassium and PTH for calcium​.

b. ​How does pH of blood affect filtered calcium and potassium concentration? ​Decreased blood pH tends
to increase plasma potassium as well as free plasma calcium and both cations will be filtered more at the
glomerulus.

8. a. ​Are the respective cation sensors for potassium and calcium homeostasis located in the kidneys? ​No,
The potassium and calcium sensors are localized on the endocrine cells that secrete aldosterone and the
PTH, respectively.

9. a. ​How do the osmolarity and volume changes affect ADH secretion after exercise loss of sweat? ​Both
the hyperosmolarity and the hypovolemia stimulate ADH secretion via osmoreceptor and volume receptor
pathway, respectively.
b. ​How are the movements for sodium and water related? ​Due to the unique differential permeability to
sodium and water along the juxtamedullary nephrons, water follows sodium reabsorption only at the
proximal tubule.

10. a. ​In high sodium diet, what hormone action help to restore sodium balance? ​Natriuretic hormones are
called into play to promote urinary excretion of sodium
b. ​How is the macula densa involved in sodium balance? ​The macula densa has a paracrine signal that
increases renin release from the afferent arteriolar JG cells.

50. ​Why the P wave of normal ECG always smaller than QRS complex? ​Mass of the tissue.
11. a. Based on your knowledge of hormones, which of the following will be transported in the plasma by
being bound to a binding protein? ​Testosteron
b. (T/F) Heart, kidney, and skin may be classified as a non-classical glands. ​(T)

12. a. A hormone will elicit the proper response in its target cell if the following criteria are met...?

(Answer, choose: ​High ​or Low affinity hormone-receptor interaction? ​High ​or Low specificity of
hormone-receptor interaction?)

b. The molecule that acts as the percursor of all steroid hormones ... ​Cholesterol

13. a. (T/F) For hydrophobic hormones, most of the circulating hormone bound to binding proteins​. (T)

b. ..... and .... may also be referred to as neurohormones. (​Vasopressin and Oxytocin​)

14. a. T/F The mechanical energy of contraction to propel fluid into circulation is achieved by thickening of
the ventricular walls only. (​F → circumferential shortening and thickening of ventricular walls​)

b. T/F Nitric oxide and Endothelin has a vasodilatory effect. (​F→ NO only​)

15. a. Which coronary artery is the main supply of blood to the heart during diastole? ​Left coronary artery​.

b. b. What muscle has gap junction? ​smooth muscle

16. a. (T/F) The chyme entering the small intestine passes through the cardiac sphincter. (​F​)

b. The chyme entering the small intestine is buffered by ... ​pancreatic bicarbonate secretion​.

17. a. (T/F) The liver is responsible for secretion of conjugated steroids. (​F​)

b. Damage to the fundus would have the greatest effect on ... ​histamine secretion​.

18. a. The pancreas secretes bicarbonate to buffer the chyme (T/F) ​→ T

b. The pancreas secrets enzymes required for digestion of all macromolecules (T/F) ​→ T

19. The damage of Brunner’s glands would affect fat but not protein or carbohydrate absorption (T/F) ​→ F

b. What’s the effect of secretion of cholecystokinin on gastric? ​stimulate gastric motility


20. a. Cholesterol removal and degradation is the primary function of the .... lipoproteins. ​(high density)

b. The ideal/ normal body mass index (BMI) based on WHO criteria is .... kg/m2 (​18,5 – 24,9​)

21. a. A trained athlete may have a bigger ...... (​stroke volume​) rather than the common people, but ....
(​cardiac output​) during resting time on a trained athlete is almost the same with the normal person.

b. What type of Diabetes Mellitus may be cured by sports? ​DM type 2

22. a. Which of valves helps to prevent back-flow of blood during ventricular contraction? ​Mitral valve

b. Hormone that inhibits both gastric acid secretion and motility is .... Gastric inhibitorypeptide (GI​P)

23. a. The alveoli are normally kept dry by the ... (​surfactant​)

b. Lung compliance is greatest at/during ... (​expiration​)

24. a. (T/F) FEV1 decreases with age (​T​)

b. (T/F) FRC decreases with age (​F​)

25. SA node is pacemaker due to (rapid/​slow​) ... depolarization, and (​rapid​/slow) ... repolarization.

b. T/F Right atrium (RA) excites ahead of left atrium (LA). (​T​)

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