2. a. How does CO2 participate in two ways to ensure adequate oxygen supply to exercising muscles?
The local increase in tissue CO2 helps to unload more oxygen from blood. The local CO2 also
vasodilatate the blood vessels to increase the perfusion to the exercising muscles.
b. Specify the axis of that ECG ! (Normal)
b. What are two determinant used to calculate GFR? Filtration coefficient and net glomerular filtration
pressure.
4. a. Why does decrease renal blood flow lead to uremia? There is less filtration and more reabsorption of
urea, if there is decrease in RBF it can lead to uremia.
b.. How is potassium transported at the proximal tubule? Passively via paracelluler route.
5. a. What cardiac index is used as a quantitative measure of myocardial contraction strength? The
ejection fraction.
b. How does the function of the cardiac/vascular valve signal the different phases of the cardiac cycle?
Closure AV valve → begin systolic phase, while closure the pulmonary/aortic valve → begin diastole
phase.
6.a. What is the osmotic pressure contributed by sodium ions at the capillary? 0 mmHg.
b. How is glucosuria related to polyuria? It will interfere with the iso-osmotic reabsorption of water.
7. a. The physiologic control of potassium and calcium share the same design in having regulatory
hormones. What are they? Aldosterone for potassium and PTH for calcium.
b. How does pH of blood affect filtered calcium and potassium concentration? Decreased blood pH tends
to increase plasma potassium as well as free plasma calcium and both cations will be filtered more at the
glomerulus.
8. a. Are the respective cation sensors for potassium and calcium homeostasis located in the kidneys? No,
The potassium and calcium sensors are localized on the endocrine cells that secrete aldosterone and the
PTH, respectively.
9. a. How do the osmolarity and volume changes affect ADH secretion after exercise loss of sweat? Both
the hyperosmolarity and the hypovolemia stimulate ADH secretion via osmoreceptor and volume receptor
pathway, respectively.
b. How are the movements for sodium and water related? Due to the unique differential permeability to
sodium and water along the juxtamedullary nephrons, water follows sodium reabsorption only at the
proximal tubule.
10. a. In high sodium diet, what hormone action help to restore sodium balance? Natriuretic hormones are
called into play to promote urinary excretion of sodium
b. How is the macula densa involved in sodium balance? The macula densa has a paracrine signal that
increases renin release from the afferent arteriolar JG cells.
50. Why the P wave of normal ECG always smaller than QRS complex? Mass of the tissue.
11. a. Based on your knowledge of hormones, which of the following will be transported in the plasma by
being bound to a binding protein? Testosteron
b. (T/F) Heart, kidney, and skin may be classified as a non-classical glands. (T)
12. a. A hormone will elicit the proper response in its target cell if the following criteria are met...?
(Answer, choose: High or Low affinity hormone-receptor interaction? High or Low specificity of
hormone-receptor interaction?)
b. The molecule that acts as the percursor of all steroid hormones ... Cholesterol
13. a. (T/F) For hydrophobic hormones, most of the circulating hormone bound to binding proteins. (T)
b. ..... and .... may also be referred to as neurohormones. (Vasopressin and Oxytocin)
14. a. T/F The mechanical energy of contraction to propel fluid into circulation is achieved by thickening of
the ventricular walls only. (F → circumferential shortening and thickening of ventricular walls)
b. T/F Nitric oxide and Endothelin has a vasodilatory effect. (F→ NO only)
15. a. Which coronary artery is the main supply of blood to the heart during diastole? Left coronary artery.
16. a. (T/F) The chyme entering the small intestine passes through the cardiac sphincter. (F)
b. The chyme entering the small intestine is buffered by ... pancreatic bicarbonate secretion.
17. a. (T/F) The liver is responsible for secretion of conjugated steroids. (F)
b. Damage to the fundus would have the greatest effect on ... histamine secretion.
b. The pancreas secrets enzymes required for digestion of all macromolecules (T/F) → T
19. The damage of Brunner’s glands would affect fat but not protein or carbohydrate absorption (T/F) → F
b. The ideal/ normal body mass index (BMI) based on WHO criteria is .... kg/m2 (18,5 – 24,9)
21. a. A trained athlete may have a bigger ...... (stroke volume) rather than the common people, but ....
(cardiac output) during resting time on a trained athlete is almost the same with the normal person.
22. a. Which of valves helps to prevent back-flow of blood during ventricular contraction? Mitral valve
b. Hormone that inhibits both gastric acid secretion and motility is .... Gastric inhibitorypeptide (GIP)
23. a. The alveoli are normally kept dry by the ... (surfactant)
25. SA node is pacemaker due to (rapid/slow) ... depolarization, and (rapid/slow) ... repolarization.
b. T/F Right atrium (RA) excites ahead of left atrium (LA). (T)