Pharmacology

Lecture Notes, Study Materials and Important questions answers

Subject : Pharmacology
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Introduction
1. Introduction - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. The History of Pharmacologyogy - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacology & Genetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacology and the Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
5. The Nature of Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Drug-Body Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacodynamic Principles - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetic Principles - Answer (click here)
9. Drug Groups - Answer (click here)

Drug Receptors Pharmacodynamics

1. Drug Receptors & Pharmacodynamics - Answer (click here)
2. Macromolecular Nature of Drug Receptors - Answer (click here)
3. Relation Between Drug Concentration & Response - Answer (click here)
4. Signaling Mechanisms & Drug Action - Answer (click here)
5. Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Ligand-Regulated Transmembrane Enzymes Including Receptor
Tyrosine Kinases - Answer (click here)
7. Cytokine Receptors - Answer (click here)
8. Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Channels - Answer (click here)
9. G Proteins & Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
10. Receptor Regulation - Answer (click here)
11. Well-Established Second Messengers - Answer (click here)
12. Interplay among Signaling Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
13. Phosphorylation: A Common Theme - Answer (click here)
14. Receptor Classes & Drug Development - Answer (click here)
15. Relation Between Drug Dose & Clinical Response - Answer (click here)
16. Dose & Response in Patients - Answer (click here)
17. Variation in Drug Responsiveness - Answer (click here)
18. Clinical Selectivity: Beneficial versus Toxic Effects of Drugs - Answer
(click here)

Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Rational Dosing the Time

Course of Drug Action
1. Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics: Rational Dosing & the Time
Course of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Volume of Distribution - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
4. Clearance - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
5. Half-Life - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
6. Drug Accumulation - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
7. Bioavailability - Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
8. The Time Course of Drug Effect - Answer (click here)
9. The Target Concentration Approach to Designing a Rational Dosage
Regimen - Answer (click here)
10. Target Concentration Intervention: Application of Pharmacokinetics &
Pharmacodynamics to Dose Individualization - Answer (click here)
11. Interpretation of Drug Concentration Measurements - Answer (click here)

Drug Biotransformation
1. Drug Biotransformation - Answer (click here)
2. Why is Drug Biotransformation Necessary? - Answer (click here)
3. The Role of Biotransformation In Drug Disposition - Answer (click here)
4. Where Do Drug Biotransformations Occur? - Answer (click here)
5. Microsomal Mixed Function Oxidase System & Phase I Reactions -
Answer (click here)
6. Human Liver P450 Enzymes - Answer (click here)
7. Phase II Reactions - Answer (click here)
8. Metabolism of Drugs to Toxic Products - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Relevance of Drug Metabolism - Answer (click here)

Development Regulation of Drugs

1. Development & Regulation of Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. The Pharmaceutical Industry - Answer (click here)
3. Drug Discovery - Answer (click here)
 4. Preclinical Safety & Toxicity Testing - Answer (click here)
5. Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click here)
6. Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials - Answer (click here)
7. The Food & Drug Administration - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
8. Clinical Trials: The IND & NDA - Evaluation in Humans - Answer (click
here)
9. Conflicts of Interest, Adverse Drug Reactions - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)
10. Orphan Drugs & Treatment of Rare Diseases - Evaluation in Humans -
Answer (click here)

Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology

1. Introduction to Autonomic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer (click here)
3. Neurotransmitter Chemistry of the Autonomic Nervous System - Answer
(click here)
4. Autonomic Receptors - Answer (click here)
5. Nonadrenergic, Noncholinergic (NANC) Neurons - Answer (click here)
6. Functional Organization of Autonomic Activity - Answer (click here)
7. Pharmacologic Modification of Autonomic Function - Answer (click here)

Cholinoceptor Activating Cholinesterase Inhibiting Drugs

1. Cholinoceptor-Activating & Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Drugs - Answer
(click here)
2. Spectrum of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Mode of Action of Cholinomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Basic Pharmacology of the Direct Acting Cholinoceptor Stimulants -
Answer (click here)
5. Basic Pharmacology of the Indirect Acting Cholinomimetics - Answer
(click here)
6. Clinical Pharmacology of the Cholinomimetics - Answer (click here)

Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs

1. Cholinoceptor Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Pharmacology of the Muscarinic Receptor Blocking Drugs -
Answer (click here)
4. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology of the Ganglion Blocking Drugs - Answer
 (click here)

Adrenoceptor Agonists Sympathomimetic Drugs

1. Adrenoceptor Agonists & Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Molecular Pharmacology Underlying the Actions of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Medicinal Chemistry of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiovascular System - Organ System Effects of Sympathomimetic
Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Noncardiac Effects of Sympathomimetics - Organ System Effects of
Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Endogenous Catecholamines - Answer (click here)
7. Direct-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
8. Mixed-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
9. Indirect-Acting Sympathomimetics - Answer (click here)
10. Therapeutic Uses of Sympathomimetic Drugs - Answer (click here)

Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs

1. Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
3. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Other Alpha-Adrenoceptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
5. Clinical Pharmacology of the Alpha Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
6. Basic Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer
(click here)
7. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Beta-Receptor Antagonists - Answer
(click here)
8. Pharmacodynamics of the Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)
9. Specific Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Pharmacology of the Beta Receptor Blocking Drugs - Answer
(click here)
11. Choice of a Beta-Adrenoceptor Antagonist Drug - Answer (click here)
12. Clinical Toxicity Of The Beta-Receptor Antagonist Drugs - Answer (click
here)

Antihypertensive Agents
1. Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
 2. Hypertension & Regulation of Blood Pressure - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs that Alter Sodium & Water Balance - Answer (click here)
5. Drugs That Alter Sympathetic Nervous System Function - Answer (click
here)
6. Centrally Acting Sympathoplegic Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Methyldopa - Answer (click here)
8. Clonidine - Answer (click here)
9. Ganglion-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Adrenergic Neuron-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Beta-Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
12. Prazosin & Other Alpha1 Blockers - Answer (click here)
13. Vasodilators - Answer (click here)
14. Hydralazine - Answer (click here)
15. Minoxidil - Answer (click here)
16. Sodium Nitroprusside - Answer (click here)
17. Diazoxide - Answer (click here)
18. Fenoldopam - Answer (click here)
19. Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
20. Inhibitors of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
21. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
22. Angiotensin Receptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
23. Clinical Pharmacology of Antihypertensive Agents - Answer (click here)
24. Outpatient Therapy of Hypertension - Answer (click here)
25. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies - Answer (click here)

Vasodilators the Treatment of Angina Pectoris

1. Vasodilators & the Treatment of Angina Pectoris - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology of Angina - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
4. Nitrates & Nitrites - Answer (click here)
5. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction - Answer (click here)
6. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Beta-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Newer Antianginal Drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Treat Angina - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment of Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) & Intermittent
Claudication - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Heart Failure

 1. Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
2. Control of Normal Cardiac Contractility - Answer (click here)
3. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
4. Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance - Answer (click here)
5. Other Positive Inotropic Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
6. Bipyridines - Answer (click here)
7. Beta-Adrenoceptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
8. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
9. Drugs Without Positive Inotropic Effects Used in Heart Failure - Answer
(click here)
10. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used in Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
11. Management of Chronic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
12. Management of Diastolic Heart Failure - Answer (click here)
13. Management of Acute Heart Failure - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias

1. Agents Used in Cardiac Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
2. Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm - Answer (click here)
3. Mechanisms of Arrhythmias - Answer (click here)
4. Basic Pharmacology of the Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Specific Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Procainamide (Subgroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
7. Quinidine (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
8. Disopyramide (SubGroup 1A) - Answer (click here)
9. Lidocaine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
10. Mexiletine (SubGroup 1B) - Answer (click here)
11. Flecainide (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
12. Propafenone (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
13. Moricizine (Subgroup 1C) - Answer (click here)
14. Beta-Adrenoceptor–Blocking Drugs (Class 2) - Answer (click here)
15. Drugs That Prolong Effective Refractory Period by Prolonging the
Action Potential (Class 3) - Answer (click here)
16. Amiodarone - Answer (click here)
17. Dronedarone - Answer (click here)
18. Vernakalant - Answer (click here)
19. Sotalol - Answer (click here)
20. Dofetilide - Answer (click here)
21. Ibutilide - Answer (click here)
22. Calcium Channel-Blocking Drugs (Class 4) - Answer (click here)
23. Verapamil - Answer (click here)
 24. Adenosine - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
25. Magnesium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
26. Potassium - Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click here)
27. Principles in the Clinical Use of Antiarrhythmic Agents - Answer (click
here)

Diuretic Agents
1. Diuretic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Proximal Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
3. Loop of Henle - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click here)
4. Distal Convoluted Tubule - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
5. Collecting Tubule System - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms -
Answer (click here)
6. Renal Autacoids - Renal Tubule Transport Mechanisms - Answer (click
here)
7. Adenosine - Answer (click here)
8. Prostaglandins - Answer (click here)
9. Peptides - Answer (click here)
10. Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
11. Adenosine A1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
12. Loop Diuretics - Answer (click here)
13. Thiazides - Answer (click here)
14. Potassium-Sparing Diuretics - Answer (click here)
15. Agents That Alter Water Excretion (Aquaretics) - Answer (click here)
16. Diuretic Combinations - Answer (click here)
17. Edematous States - Answer (click here)
18. Nonedematous States - Answer (click here)

Histamine Serotonin the Ergot Alkaloids

1. Histamine - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Pharmacology of Histamine - Answer (click here)
4. Histamine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
5. Histamine Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
6. Basic Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Pharmacology of H1-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
8. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
9. H3- & H4-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
 10. Serotonin 5 Hydroxytryptamine - Answer (click here)
11. Basic Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
12. Melatonin Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
13. Serotonin Syndrome and Similar Syndromes - Answer (click here)
14. Clinical Pharmacology of Serotonin - Answer (click here)
15. Serotonin Antagonists - Answer (click here)
16. Serotonin-Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
17. The Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
18. Basic Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
19. Clinical Pharmacology of Ergot Alkaloids - Answer (click here)

Vasoactive Peptides
1. Vasoactive Peptides - Answer (click here)
2. Biosynthesis of Angiotensin - Answer (click here)
3. Actions of Angiotensin II - Answer (click here)
4. Angiotensin Receptors & Mechanism of Action - Answer (click here)
5. Biosynthesis of Kinins - Answer (click here)
6. Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin System - Answer (click here)
7. Formation of Kinins in Plasma & Tissues - Answer (click here)
8. Physiologic & Pathologic Effects of Kinins - Answer (click here)
9. Kinin Receptors & Mechanisms of Action - Answer (click here)
10. Metabolism of Kinins - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs Affecting the Kallikrein-Kinin System - Answer (click here)
12. Vasopressin - Answer (click here)
13. Vasopressin Receptors & Antagonists - Answer (click here)
14. Natriuretic Peptides - Answer (click here)
15. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
16. Endothelins - Answer (click here)
17. Inhibitors of Endothelin Synthesis & Action - Answer (click here)
18. Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide - Answer (click here)
19. Substance P - Answer (click here)
20. Neurotensin - Answer (click here)
21. Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide - Answer (click here)
22. Adrenomedullin - Answer (click here)
23. Neuropeptide Y - Answer (click here)
24. Urotensin - Answer (click here)

The EicosanoidsProstaglandins Thromboxanes Leukotrienes

Related Compounds
 1. Arachidonic Acid & Other Polyunsaturated Precursors - Answer (click here)
2. Synthesis of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
3. Receptor Mechanisms - Mechanisms & Effects of Eicosanoids - Answer
(click here)
4. Effects of Prostaglandins & Thromboxanes - Answer (click here)
5. Effects of Lipoxygenase & Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites -
Answer (click here)
6. Inhibition of Eicosanoid Synthesis - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Pharmacology of Eicosanoids - Answer (click here)
8. Dietary Manipulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism - Answer (click
here)

Nitric Oxide
1. Discovery of Endogenously Generated Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
2. Nitric Oxide Synthesis, Signaling Mechanisms, & Inactivation - Answer
(click here)
3. Pharmacologic Manipulation of Nitric Oxide - Answer (click here)
4. Vascular Effects - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
5. Septic Shock - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
6. Infection & Inflammation - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
7. The Central Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)
8. The Peripheral Nervous System - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click
here)
9. Respiratory Disorders - Nitric Oxide in Disease - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Asthma

1. Drugs Used in Asthma - Answer (click here)
2. Pathogenesis of Asthma - Answer (click here)
3. Sympathomimetic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
4. Methylxanthine Drugs - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
5. Antimuscarinic Agents - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the
Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
6. Corticosteroids - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in the Treatment
of Asthma - Answer (click here)
7. Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors - Basic Pharmacology of Agents Used in
the Treatment of Asthma - Answer (click here)
8. Anti-IgE Monoclonal Antibodies - Drugs in the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
 9. Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used In the Treatment of Asthma -
Answer (click here)
11. Bronchodilators - Answer (click here)
12. Muscarinic Antagonists - Answer (click here)
13. Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
14. Leukotriene Antagonists; Cromolyn & Nedocromil - Answer (click here)
15. Anti-Ige Monoclonal Antibody - Answer (click here)
16. Management of Acute Asthma - Answer (click here)
17. Prospects for Prevention of Asthma - Answer (click here)
18. Treatment Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Answer
(click here)

DRUGS THAT ACT IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System CNS
Drugs
1. Introduction to the Pharmacology of Central Nervous System (CNS)
Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Methods for the Study of Central Nervous System (CNS) Pharmacology
- Answer (click here)
3. Ion Channels & Neurotransmitter Receptors - Answer (click here)
4. The Synapse & Synaptic Potentials - Answer (click here)
5. Sites of Drug Action - Answer (click here)
6. Identification of Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
7. Cellular Organization of the Brain - Answer (click here)
8. Central Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)

Sedative Hypnotic Drugs

1. Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
2. Chemical Classification - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics - Answer
(click here)
4. Pharmacodynamics of Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, & Newer
Hypnotics - Answer (click here)
5. Tolerance & Dependence - Basic Pharmacology of Sedative Hypnotics -
Answer (click here)
6. Benzodiazepine Antagonists: Flumazenil - Answer (click here)
7. Treatment of Anxiety States - Answer (click here)
 8. Treatment of Sleep Problems - Answer (click here)
9. Other Therapeutic Uses - Answer (click here)
10. Clinical Toxicology of Sedative-Hypnotics - Answer (click here)

The Alcohols
1. The Alcohols - Answer (click here)
2. Basic Pharmacology of Ethanol: Pharmacokinetics - Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacodynamics of Acute Ethanol Consumption - Answer (click here)
4. Consequences of Chronic Alcohol Consumption - Answer (click here)
5. What Can Drunken Worms, Flies, and Mice Tell Us about Alcohol? -
Answer (click here)
6. Alcohol-Drug Interactions - Answer (click here)
7. Clinical Pharmacology of Ethanol - Answer (click here)
8. Management of Acute Alcohol Intoxication - Answer (click here)
9. Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment of Alcoholism - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacology of Methanol - Answer (click here)
12. Pharmacology of Ethylene Glycol - Answer (click here)

Antiseizure Drugs
1. Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Development for Epilepsy - Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Drugs Used in Partial Seizures Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures -
Answer (click here)
5. Phenytoin - Answer (click here)
6. Mephenytoin, Ethotoin, & Phenacemide - Answer (click here)
7. Carbamazepine - Answer (click here)
8. Oxcarbazepine - Answer (click here)
9. Eslicarbazine - Answer (click here)
10. Phenobarbital - Answer (click here)
11. Primidone - Answer (click here)
12. Felbamate - Answer (click here)
13. Gabapentin & Pregabalin - Answer (click here)
14. Lacosamide - Answer (click here)
15. Lamotrigine - Answer (click here)
16. Levetiracetam - Answer (click here)
17. Retigabine (Ezogabine) - Answer (click here)
18. Rufinamide - Answer (click here)
 19. Stiripentol - Answer (click here)
20. Tiagabine - Answer (click here)
21. Topiramate - Answer (click here)
22. Vigabatrin - Answer (click here)
23. Zonisamide - Answer (click here)
24. Ethosuximide - Answer (click here)
25. Phensuximide & Methsuximide - Answer (click here)
26. Valproic Acid & Sodium Valproate - Answer (click here)
27. Oxazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
28. Benzodiazepines - Answer (click here)
29. Acetazolamide - Answer (click here)
30. Seizure Classification - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
31. Therapeutic Strategy - Clinical Pharmacology of Antiseizure Drugs -
Answer (click here)
32. Management of Epilepsy - Answer (click here)
33. Special Aspects of the Toxicology of Antiseizure Drugs - Answer (click
here)

General Anesthetics
1. General Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanism of General Anesthetic Action - Answer (click here)
3. Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
4. Pharmacokinetics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacodynamics - Inhaled Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
6. What Does Anesthesia Represent & Where Does It Work? - Answer (click
here)
7. Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
8. Propofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
9. Fospropofol - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
10. Barbiturates - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
11. Benzodiazepines - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
12. Etomidate - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
13. Ketamine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
14. Dexmedetomidine - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
15. Opioid Analgesics - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
16. Current Clinical Practice - Intravenous Anesthetics - Answer (click here)

Local Anesthetics
1. Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
 2. Basic Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
3. Historical Development of Local Anesthesia - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology of Local Anesthetics - Answer (click here)
5. Lipid Resuscitation - Answer (click here)
6. Commonly Used Local Anesthetics & Their Applications - Answer (click
here)

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

1. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants - Answer (click here)
2. Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Basic Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology of Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs - Answer (click
here)
5. Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Diazepam - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Baclofen - Answer (click here)
8. Tizanidine - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
9. Dantrolene - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Botulinum Toxin - Spasmolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs Used to Treat Acute Local Muscle Spasm - Answer (click here)

Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism Other Movement

Disorders
1. Pharmacologic Management of Parkinsonism & Other Movement
Disorders - Answer (click here)
2. Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
3. Levodopa - Answer (click here)
4. Dopamine Receptor Agonists - Answer (click here)
5. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Apomorphine - Answer (click here)
8. Amantadine - Answer (click here)
9. Acetylcholine-Blocking Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Surgical Procedures - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
11. Neuroprotective Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
12. Gene Therapy - Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
13. General Comments On Drug Management of Patients With
Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
 14. Drug-Induced Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
15. MPTP & Parkinsonism - Answer (click here)
16. Other Movement Disorders - Answer (click here)

Antipsychotic Agents Lithium

1. Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
2. The Serotonin Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
3. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
4. The Glutamate Hypothesis of Schizophrenia - Answer (click here)
5. Basic Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Pharmacology of Antipsychotic Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Lithium, Mood Stabilizing Drugs, & Other Treatment For Bipolar
Disorder - Answer (click here)
8. Basic Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)
9. Clinical Pharmacology of Lithium - Answer (click here)

Antidepressant Agents
1. Antidepressant Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Pathophysiology of Major Depression - Answer (click here)
3. Neurotrophic Hypothesis - Answer (click here)
4. Monoamines and Other Neurotransmitters - Answer (click here)
5. Neuroendocrine Factors in the Pathophysiology of Depression - Answer
(click here)
6. Integration of Hypotheses Regarding the Pathophysiology of Depression
- Answer (click here)
7. Basic Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
8. Clinical Indications - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
9. Choosing an Antidepressant - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants
- Answer (click here)
10. Dosing - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
11. Adverse Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)
12. Overdose - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
13. Drug Interactions - Clinical Pharmacology of Antidepressants - Answer
(click here)

Opioid Analgesics Antagonists

1. Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
 2. Pharmacokinetics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
3. Pharmacodynamics - Basic Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics -
Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
5. Ion Channels & Novel Analgesic Targets - Answer (click here)
6. Clinical Use of Opioid Analgesics - Answer (click here)
7. Toxicity & Undesired Effects - Clinical Pharmacology of the Opioid
Analgesics - Answer (click here)
8. Strong Agonists - Answer (click here)
9. MILD to Moderate Agonists - Answer (click here)
10. Opioids With Mixed Receptor Actions - Answer (click here)
11. Antitussives - Answer (click here)
12. The Opioid Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Drugs of Abuse
1. Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
2. Dependence Versus Addiction - Answer (click here)
3. Addictive Drugs Increase the Level of Dopamine: Reinforcement -
Answer (click here)
4. Animal Models in Addiction Research - Answer (click here)
5. The Dopamine Hypothesis of Addiction - Answer (click here)
6. Dependence: Tolerance & Withdrawal - Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click
here)
7. Addiction: A Disease of Maladaptive Learning - Answer (click here)
8. Nonaddictive Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
9. Basic Pharmacology of Drugs of Abuse - Answer (click here)
10. Opioids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer (click here)
11. Cannabinoids - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled Receptors - Answer
(click here)
12. Gamma-Hydroxybutyric Acid - Drugs That Activate Gio-Coupled
Receptors - Answer (click here)
13. LSD, Mescaline, & Psilocybin - Answer (click here)
14. Drugs that Mediate their Effects via Ionotropic Receptors - Answer (click
here)
15. Drugs that Bind to Transporters of Biogenic Amines - Answer (click here)
16. Clinical Pharmacology of Dependence & Addiction - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Anemias Hematopoietic Growth Factors

1. Agents Used in Anemias; Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click
 here)
2. Sickle Cell Disease and Hydroxyurea - Answer (click here)
3. Iron - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
4. VITAMIN B12 - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
5. Folic Acid - Agents Used In Anemias - Answer (click here)
6. Folic Acid Supplementation: A Public Health Dilemma - Answer (click
here)
7. Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
8. Erythropoietin - Hematopoietic Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
9. Myeloid Growth Factors - Answer (click here)
10. Megakaryocyte Growth Factors - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation

1. Drugs Used in Disorders of Coagulation - Answer (click here)
2. Mechanisms of Blood Coagulation - Answer (click here)
3. Blood Coagulation Cascade - Answer (click here)
4. Basic Pharmacology of the Anticoagulant Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Indirect Thrombin Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Oral Direct Factor XA Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Direct Thrombin Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Warfarin & Other Coumarin Anticoagulants - Answer (click here)
9. Basic Pharmacology of the Fibrinolytic Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Basic Pharmacology of Antiplatelet Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Clinical Pharmacology of Drugs Used to Prevent Clotting - Answer (click
here)
12. Drugs Used in Bleeding Disorders - Answer (click here)

Agents Used in Dyslipidemia

1. Agents Used in Dyslipidemia - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Lipoprotein Metabolism - Answer (click here)
3. Lipoprotein Disorders - Answer (click here)
4. The Primary Hypertriglyceridemias - Answer (click here)
5. The Primary Hypercholesterolemias - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Hyperlipoproteinemia - Answer (click here)
7. Competitive Inhibitors of HMG-COA Reductase (Reductase Inhibitors;
'Statins') - Answer (click here)
8. NIACIN (Nicotinic Acid) - Answer (click here)
9. Fibric Acid Derivatives (FIBRATES) - Answer (click here)
10. Bile Acid-Binding Resins - Answer (click here)
11. Inhibitors of Intestinal Sterol Absorption - Answer (click here)
12. CETP Inhibitors and Treatment With Drug Combinations - Answer (click
here)

Nonsteroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs Disease Modifying

Antirheumatic Drugs Nonopioid Analgesics Drugs Used in Gout
1. The Immune Response - Answer (click here)
2. Therapeutic Strategies - Answer (click here)
3. Nonsteroidalanti Inflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Aspirin - Answer (click here)
5. Nonacetylated Salicylates - Answer (click here)
6. Cox-2 Selective Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Nonselective Cox Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Choice of NSAID - Answer (click here)
9. Disease Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs - Answer (click here)
10. Abatacept - Answer (click here)
11. Azathioprine - Answer (click here)
12. Chloroquine & Hydroxychloroquine - Answer (click here)
13. Cyclophosphamide - Answer (click here)
14. Cyclosporine - Answer (click here)
15. Leflunomide - Answer (click here)
16. Methotrexate - Answer (click here)
17. Mycophenolate Mofetil - Answer (click here)
18. Rituximab - Answer (click here)
19. Sulfasalazine - Answer (click here)
20. Tocilizumab - Answer (click here)
21. TNF-α-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
22. Combination Therapy With Dmards - Answer (click here)
23. Acetaminophen - Answer (click here)
24. Drugs Used In Gout - Answer (click here)
25. Colchicine - Answer (click here)
26. Nsaids In Gout - Answer (click here)
27. Uricosuric Agents - Answer (click here)
28. Allopurinol - Answer (click here)
29. Febuxostat - Answer (click here)
30. Pegloticase - Answer (click here)
31. Glucocorticoids - Answer (click here)
32. Interleukin-1 Inhibitors - Answer (click here)

ENDOCRINE DRUGS
Hypothalamic Pituitary Hormones
1. Hypothalamic & Pituitary Hormones - Answer (click here)
2. Anterior Pituitary & Hypothalamic Hormone Receptors - Answer (click
here)
3. Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) - Answer (click here)
4. Treatment of Obesity - Answer (click here)
5. Mecasermin - Answer (click here)
6. Growth Hormone Antagonists - Answer (click here)
7. Gonadotropins & Human Chorionic Gonadotropin - Answer (click here)
8. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone & Its Analogs - Answer (click here)
9. GNRH Receptor Antagonists - Answer (click here)
10. Prolactin - Answer (click here)
11. Dopamine Agonists - Answer (click here)
12. Oxytocin - Answer (click here)
13. Oxytocin Antagonist - Answer (click here)
14. Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone, ADH) - Answer (click here)
15. Vasopressin Antagonists - Answer (click here)

Thyroid Antithyroid Drugs

1. Thyroid Physiology - Answer (click here)
2. Thyroid Hormones - Answer (click here)
3. Antithyroid Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Thioamides - Answer (click here)
5. Anion Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Iodides - Answer (click here)
7. Radioactive Iodine - Answer (click here)
8. Adrenoceptor-Blocking Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Hypothyroidism - Answer (click here)
10. Hyperthyroidism - Answer (click here)
11. Nontoxic Goiter - Answer (click here)
12. Thyroid Neoplasms - Answer (click here)

Adrenocorticosteroids And Adrenocortical Antagonists

1. Adrenocorticosteroids - Answer (click here)
2. The Naturally Occurring Glucocorticoids; Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) -
Answer (click here)
3. Synthetic Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Pharmacology - Synthetic Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
5. Toxicity - Synthetic Corticosteroids - Answer (click here)
 6. Contraindications & Cautions - Synthetic Corticosteroids - Answer (click
here)
7. Selection of Drug & Dosage Schedule - Synthetic Corticosteroids -
Answer (click here)
8. Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone, Fludrocortisone)
- Answer (click here)
9. Adrenal Androgens - Answer (click here)
10. Synthesis Inhibitors & Glucocorticoid Antagonists - Answer (click here)
11. Mineralocorticoid Antagonists - Answer (click here)

The Gonadal Hormones Inhibitors

1. Disturbances in Ovarian Function - Answer (click here)
2. The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
3. Physiologic Effects - The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
4. Clinical Uses - The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
5. Adverse Effects - The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
6. Preparations & Dosages - The Estrogens - Answer (click here)
7. The Progestins - Answer (click here)
8. Other Ovarian Hormones - Answer (click here)
9. Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click here)
10. Pharmacologic Effects - Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click here)
11. Clinical Uses - Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click here)
12. Adverse Effects - Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click here)
13. Contraindications & Cautions - Hormonal Contraception - Answer (click
here)
14. Contraception with Progestins Alone - Hormonal Contraception - Answer
(click here)
15. Tamoxifen & Related Partial Agonist Estrogens - Answer (click here)
16. Mifepristone - Answer (click here)
17. Danazol - Answer (click here)
18. Other Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
19. Ovulation-Inducing Agents - Answer (click here)
20. The Testis - Answer (click here)
21. Androgens & Anabolic Steroids - Answer (click here)
22. Metabolism - The Testis - Answer (click here)
23. Androgen Suppression & Antiandrogens - Answer (click here)
24. Chemical Contraception in Men - Answer (click here)

Pancreatic Hormones Antidiabetic Drugs

1. The Endocrine Pancreas - Answer (click here)
 2. Insulin - Answer (click here)
3. Characteristics of Available Insulin Preparations - Answer (click here)
4. Insulin Delivery Systems - Answer (click here)
5. Treatment with Insulin, Benefit of Glycemic Control in Diabetes
Mellitus - Answer (click here)
6. Insulin Regimens - Answer (click here)
7. Benefits of Tight Glycemic Control in Diabetes - Answer (click here)
8. Insulin Treatment of Special Circumstances - Answer (click here)
9. Complications of Insulin Therapy - Answer (click here)
10. Oral Antidiabetic Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Insulin Secretagogues: Sulfonylureas - Answer (click here)
12. First-Generation Sulfonylureas - Answer (click here)
13. Second-Generation Sulfonylureas - Answer (click here)
14. Insulin Secretagogue: Meglitinide - Answer (click here)
15. Insulin Secretagogue: D-Phenylalanine Derivative - Answer (click here)
16. Biguanides - Answer (click here)
17. Thiazolidinediones - Answer (click here)
18. Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
19. Bile Acid Sequestrants - Answer (click here)
20. Amylin Analog - Answer (click here)
21. Glucagon-Like Polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists - Answer (click
here)
22. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
23. Combination Therapy-Oral Antidiabetic Agents & Injectable Medication
- Answer (click here)
24. Glucagon - Answer (click here)
25. Islet Amyloid Polypeptide IAPP, Amylin - Answer (click here)

Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis

1. Basic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Parathyroid Hormone - Principal Hormonal Regulators of Bone Mineral
Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
3. Vitamin D - Principal Hormonal Regulators of Bone Mineral
Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
4. Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 - Principal Hormonal Regulators of Bone
Mineral Homeostasis - Answer (click here)
5. Interaction of PTH, FGF23, & Vitamin D - Answer (click here)
6. Secondary Hormonal Regulators of Bone Mineral Homeostasis - Answer
(click here)
7. Newer Therapies for Osteoporosis - Answer (click here)
 8. Nonhormonal Agents Affecting Bone Mineral Homeostasis - Answer
(click here)
9. Clinical Pharmacology - Agents That Affect Bone Mineral Homeostasis
- Answer (click here)
10. Abnormal Serum Calcium & Phosphate Levels - Answer (click here)
11. Specific Disorders Involving Bone Mineral-Regulating Hormones -
Answer (click here)
12. Other Disorders of Bone Mineral Homeostasis - Answer (click here)

Introduction To Antimicrobial Agents

1. Introduction to Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)

CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Beta Lactam OtherCell Wall Membrane Active Antibiotics
1. Beta Lactam Compounds: Penicillins - Answer (click here)
2. Cephalosporins & Cephamycins - Answer (click here)
3. Monobactams - Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Beta-Lactamase Inhibitors (Clavulanic Acid, Sulbactam, & Tazobactam)
- Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Carbapenems - Beta Lactam Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Glycopeptide Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
7. Other Cell Wall or Membrane Active Agents - Answer (click here)

Tetracyclines Macrolides Clindamycin Chloramphenicol

Streptogramins Oxazolidinones
1. Tetracyclines - Answer (click here)
2. Macrolides - Answer (click here)
3. Erythromycin - Macrolides - Answer (click here)
4. Clarithromycin - Macrolides - Answer (click here)
5. Azithromycin - Macrolides - Answer (click here)
6. Ketolides - Macrolides - Answer (click here)
7. Clindamycin - Answer (click here)
8. Streptogramins - Answer (click here)
9. Chloramphenicol - Answer (click here)
10. Oxazolidinones - Answer (click here)

Aminoglycosides Spectinomycin
 1. General Properties of Aminoglycosides - Answer (click here)
2. Streptomycin - Answer (click here)
3. Gentamicin - Answer (click here)
4. Tobramycin - Answer (click here)
5. Amikacin - Answer (click here)
6. Netilmicin - Answer (click here)
7. Neomycin & Kanamycin - Answer (click here)
8. Spectinomycin - Answer (click here)

SulfonamidesTrimethoprim Quinolones
1. Sulfonamides - Antifolate Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Trimethoprim & Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole Mixtures - Antifolate
Drugs - Answer (click here)
3. Dna Gyrase Inhibitors : Fluoroquinolones - Answer (click here)

Antimycobacterial Drugs
1. Antimycobacterial Drugs - Answer (click here)
2. Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
3. Isoniazid - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
4. Rifampin - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
5. Ethambutol - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
6. Pyrazinamide - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
7. Streptomycin - Drugs Used In Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
8. Second-Line Drugs for Tuberculosis - Answer (click here)
9. Rifaximin - Answer (click here)
10. Drugs Active Against Atypical Mycobacteria - Answer (click here)
11. Drugs Used in Leprosy - Answer (click here)

Antifungal Agents
1. Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Amphotericin B - Answer (click here)
3. Flucytosine - Answer (click here)
4. Azoles - Answer (click here)
5. Echinocandins - Answer (click here)
6. Oral Systemic Antifungal Drugs for Mucocutaneous Infections - Answer
(click here)
7. Topical Antifungal Therapy - Answer (click here)

Antiviral Agents
 1. Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Agents to Treat Herpes Simplex Virus HSV & Varicella Zoster Virus
VZV Infections - Answer (click here)
3. Agents to Treat Cytomegalovirus CMV Infections - Answer (click here)
4. Antiretroviral Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Nucleoside & Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click
here)
6. Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Protease Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
8. Entry Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
9. Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
10. New & Investigational Antiretroviral Agents - Answer (click here)
11. Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus Infection - Answer (click here)
12. Treatment of Hepatitis C Infection - Answer (click here)
13. Anti Influenza Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Other Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)

Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Agents DisinfectantsAntiseptics

Sterilants
1. Metronidazole - Answer (click here)
2. Mupirocin - Answer (click here)
3. Polymyxins - Answer (click here)
4. Fidaxomicin - Answer (click here)
5. Urinary Antiseptics - Answer (click here)
6. Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
7. Alcohols - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
8. Chlorhexidine - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click
here)
9. Halogens - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
10. Phenolics - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
11. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds - Answer (click here)
12. Aldehydes - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
13. Superoxidized Water - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer
(click here)
14. Peroxygen Compounds - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer
(click here)
15. Heavy Metals - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click
here)
16. Sterilants - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
17. Preservatives - Disinfectants, Antiseptics, & Sterilants - Answer (click here)
Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents
1. Clinical Use of Antimicrobial Agents - Answer (click here)
2. Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy - Answer (click here)
3. Antimicrobial Therapy of Infections with Known Etiology - Answer (click
here)
4. Management of Antimicrobial Drug Toxicity - Answer (click here)
5. Antimicrobial Drug Combinations - Answer (click here)
6. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis - Answer (click here)

Antiprotozoal Drugs
1. Parasite Life Cycle - Malaria - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Classification - Malaria - Answer (click here)
3. Chemoprophylaxis & Treatment - Malaria - Answer (click here)
4. Malaria: Chloroquine - Answer (click here)
5. Other Quinolines - Malaria - Answer (click here)
6. Artemisinin & Its Derivatives - Malaria - Answer (click here)
7. Quinine & Quinidine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
8. Mefloquine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
9. Primaquine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
10. Atovaquone - Malaria - Answer (click here)
11. Inhibitors of Folate Synthesis - Malaria - Answer (click here)
12. Antibiotics - Malaria - Answer (click here)
13. Halofantrine & Lumefantrine - Malaria - Answer (click here)
14. Treatment of Specific Forms of Amebiasis - Answer (click here)
15. Metronidazole & Tinidazole - Answer (click here)
16. Iodoquinol - Answer (click here)
17. Diloxanide Furoate - Answer (click here)
18. Paromomycin Sulfate - Answer (click here)
19. Emetine & Dehydroemetine - Answer (click here)
20. Pentamidine Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
21. Sodium Stibogluconate Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
22. Nitazoxanide Antiprotozoal Drugs - Answer (click here)
23. Other Drugs for Trypanosomiasis & Leishmaniasis - Answer (click here)

Clinical Pharmacology of the Antihelminthic Drugs

1. Chemotherapy of Helminthic Infections - Answer (click here)
2. Albendazole - Answer (click here)
3. Bithionol - Answer (click here)
 4. Diethylcarbamazine Citrate - Answer (click here)
5. Doxycycline - Answer (click here)
6. Ivermectin - Answer (click here)
7. Mebendazole - Answer (click here)
8. Metrifonate (Trichlorfon) - Answer (click here)
9. Niclosamide - Answer (click here)
10. Oxamniquine - Answer (click here)
11. Piperazine - Answer (click here)
12. Praziquantel - Answer (click here)
13. Pyrantel Pamoate - Answer (click here)
14. Thiabendazole - Answer (click here)

Cancer Chemotherapy
1. Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
2. Causes of Cancer - Answer (click here)
3. Cancer Treatment Modalities - Answer (click here)
4. Role of Cell Cycle Kinetics & Anticancer Effect - Answer (click here)
5. Drug Resistance - Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)
6. Alkylating Agents - Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs -
Answer (click here)
7. Nitrosoureas - Answer (click here)
8. Nonclassic Alkylating Agents - Answer (click here)
9. Platinum Analogs - Answer (click here)
10. Antimetabolites - Answer (click here)
11. Antifolates - Answer (click here)
12. Fluoropyrimidines - Answer (click here)
13. Deoxycytidine Analogs - Answer (click here)
14. Purine Antagonists - Answer (click here)
15. Vinca Alkaloids - Answer (click here)
16. Taxanes & Related Drugs - Answer (click here)
17. Epipodophyllotoxins - Answer (click here)
18. Camptothecins - Answer (click here)
19. Antitumor Antibiotics - Answer (click here)
20. Miscellaneous Anticancer Drugs - Answer (click here)
21. Clinical Pharmacology of Cancer Chemotherapeutic Drugs - Answer (click
here)
22. The Leukemias - Answer (click here)
23. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
24. Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma - Answer (click here)
25. Multiple Myeloma - Answer (click here)
 26. Breast Cancer - Answer (click here)
27. Gastrointestinal Cancers - Answer (click here)
28. Lung Cancer - Answer (click here)
29. Ovarian Cancer - Answer (click here)
30. Testicular Cancer - Answer (click here)
31. Malignant Melanoma - Answer (click here)
32. Brain Cancer - Answer (click here)
33. Secondary Malignancies & Cancer Chemotherapy - Answer (click here)

Immunopharmacology
1. Immunopharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Normal Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
3. Abnormal Immune Responses - Answer (click here)
4. Glucocorticoids - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Calcineurin Inhibitors - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
7. Mycophenolate Mofetil - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
8. Immunomodulatory Derivatives Of Thalidomide (IMiDs) - Answer (click
here)
9. Cytotoxic Agents - Immunosuppressive Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Immunosuppressive Antibodies - Answer (click here)
11. Monoclonal Antibodies (MABs) - Answer (click here)
12. Clinical Uses of Immunosuppressive Drugs - Answer (click here)
13. Immunologic Reactions to Drugs & Drug Allergy - Answer (click here)
14. Immediate (Type I) Drug Allergy - Answer (click here)
15. Autoimmune (Type Ii) Reactions to Drugs - Answer (click here)
16. Serum Sickness & Vasculitic (Type III) Reactions - Answer (click here)

TOXICOLOGY
Introduction to Toxicology Occupational Environmental
1. Introduction to Toxicology: Occupational & Environmental - Answer
(click here)
2. Toxicologic Terms & Definitions - Answer (click here)
3. Environmental Considerations - Toxicology - Answer (click here)
4. Air Pollutants - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
5. Solvents - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
6. Pesticides - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
7. Herbicides - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
8. Environmental Pollutants - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)
 9. Metals - Specific Chemicals - Answer (click here)

Heavy Metal Intoxication Chelators

1. Toxicology of Lead - Answer (click here)
2. Major Forms of Lead Intoxication - Answer (click here)
3. Treatment - Toxicology of Lead - Answer (click here)
4. Toxicology of Arsenic - Answer (click here)
5. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics - Toxicology of Arsenic - Answer
(click here)
6. Major Forms of Arsenic Intoxication - Answer (click here)
7. Toxicology of Mercury - Answer (click here)
8. Pharmacokinetics - Toxicology of Mercury - Answer (click here)
9. Major Forms of Mercury Intoxication - Answer (click here)
10. Treatment - Toxicology of Mercury - Answer (click here)
11. Pharmacology of Chelators - Answer (click here)
12. Dimercaprol (2,3-Dimercaptopropanol, BAL) - Answer (click here)
13. Succimer (Dimercaptosuccinic ACID, DMSA) - Answer (click here)
14. Edetate Calcium Disodium (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, EDTA) -
Answer (click here)
15. Unithiol (Dimercaptopropanesulfonic Acid, DMPS) - Answer (click here)
16. Penicillamine (D-Dimethlcysteine) - Answer (click here)
17. Deferoxamine - Answer (click here)
18. Deferasirox - Answer (click here)
19. Prussian Blue (Ferric Hexacyanoferrate) - Answer (click here)

Management of the Poisoned Patient

1. Management of the Poisoned Patient - Answer (click here)
2. Toxicokinetics & Toxicodynamics - Answer (click here)
3. Approach to the Poisoned Patient - Answer (click here)
4. Initial Management of the Poisoned Patient - Answer (click here)
5. Toxic Syndromes: Acetaminophen - Answer (click here)
6. Toxic Syndromes: Amphetamines & Other Stimulants - Answer (click here)
7. Toxic Syndromes: Anticholinergic Agents - Answer (click here)
8. Toxic Syndromes: Antidepressants - Answer (click here)
9. Toxic Syndromes: Antipsychotics - Answer (click here)
10. Toxic Syndromes: Aspirin (Salicylate) - Answer (click here)
11. Toxic Syndromes: Beta Blockers - Answer (click here)
12. Toxic Syndromes: Calcium Channel Blockers - Answer (click here)
13. Toxic Syndromes: Cholinesterase Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
 14. Toxic Syndromes: Cyanide - Answer (click here)
15. Toxic Syndromes: Digoxin - Answer (click here)
16. Toxic Syndromes: Ethanol & Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs - Answer (click
here)
17. Toxic Syndromes: Ethylene Glycol & Methanol - Answer (click here)
18. Toxic Syndromes: Rattlesnake Envenomation - Answer (click here)
19. Toxic Syndromes: Theophylline - Answer (click here)

SPECIAL TOPICS
Special Aspects of Perinatal Pediatric Pharmacology
1. Drug Therapy in Pregnancy - Answer (click here)
2. Drug Therapy in Infants & Children - Answer (click here)
3. Pediatric Dosage Forms & Compliance - Answer (click here)
4. Drug Use During Lactation - Answer (click here)
5. Pediatric Drug Dosage - Answer (click here)

Special Aspects of Geriatric Pharmacology

1. Special Aspects of Geriatric Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Pharmacologic Changes Associated With Aging - Answer (click here)
3. Central Nervous System Drugs - Answer (click here)
4. Cardiovascular Drugs - Answer (click here)
5. Antimicrobial Drugs - Answer (click here)
6. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs - Answer (click here)
7. Ophthalmic Drugs - Answer (click here)
8. Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly - Answer (click here)
9. Practical Aspects of Geriatric Pharmacology - Answer (click here)

Dermatologic Pharmacology
1. Dermatologic Pharmacology - Answer (click here)
2. Dermatologic Vehicles - Answer (click here)
3. Antibacterial Agents - Answer (click here)
4. Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
5. Oral Antifungal Agents - Answer (click here)
6. Topical Antiviral Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Immunomodulators - Answer (click here)
8. Ectoparasiticides - Answer (click here)
9. Agents Affecting Pigmentation - Answer (click here)
10. Sunscreens - Answer (click here)
 11. Acne Preparations - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs for Psoriasis - Answer (click here)
13. Biologic Agents - Answer (click here)
14. Anti Inflammatory Agents - Answer (click here)
15. Keratolytic & Destructive Agents - Answer (click here)
16. Antipruritic Agents - Answer (click here)
17. Trichogenic & Antitrichogenic Agents - Answer (click here)
18. Antineoplastic Agents - Answer (click here)
19. Antiseborrhea Agents - Answer (click here)

Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases

1. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Gastrointestinal Diseases - Answer (click
here)
2. Physiology of Acid Secretion - Agents that Reduce Intragastric Acidity -
Answer (click here)
3. Antacids - Agents that Reduce Intragastric Acidity - Answer (click here)
4. H2-Receptor Antagonists - Agents that Reduce Intragastric Acidity -
Answer (click here)
5. Proton Pump Inhibitors - Answer (click here)
6. Mucosal Protective Agents - Answer (click here)
7. Drugs Stimulating Gastrointestinal Motility - Answer (click here)
8. Laxatives - Answer (click here)
9. Antidiarrheal Agents - Answer (click here)
10. Drugs Used in the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome - Answer (click
here)
11. Antiemetic Agents - Answer (click here)
12. Drugs Used to Treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease - Answer (click here)
13. Aminosalicylates - Answer (click here)
14. Glucocorticoids - Answer (click here)
15. Purine Analogs: Azathioprine & 6-Mercaptopurine - Answer (click here)
16. Methotrexate - Answer (click here)
17. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy - Answer (click here)
18. Anti-Integrin Therapy - Answer (click here)
19. Pancreatic Enzyme Supplements - Answer (click here)
20. Bile Acid Therapy For Gallstones - Answer (click here)
21. Drugs Used to Treat Variceal Hemorrhage - Answer (click here)

Dietary Supplements Herbal Medications

1. Dietary Supplements & Herbal Medications - Answer (click here)
2. Historical & Regulatory Factors - Dietary Supplements & Herbal
 Medications - Answer (click here)
3. Clinical Aspects of the Use of Botanicals - Answer (click here)
4. Botanical Substances: Echinacea (Echinacea Purpurea) - Answer (click
here)
5. Botanical Substances: Garlic (Allium Sativum) - Answer (click here)
6. Botanical Substances: Ginkgo (Ginkgo Biloba) - Answer (click here)
7. Botanical Substances: Ginseng - Answer (click here)
8. Botanical Substances: Milk Thistle (Silybum Marianum) - Answer (click
here)
9. St. John’s Wort (Hypericumperforatum) - Answer (click here)
10. Saw Palmetto (Serenoa Repens Orsabal Serrulata) - Answer (click here)
11. Coenzyme Q10 - Answer (click here)
12. Glucosamine - Answer (click here)
13. Melatonin - Answer (click here)

Rational Prescribing Prescription Writing

1. Rational Prescribing - Answer (click here)
2. The Prescription - Answer (click here)
3. Prescribing Errors - Answer (click here)
4. E-Prescribing - Answer (click here)
5. Compliance - Answer (click here)
6. Who May Prescribe? - Answer (click here)
7. Socioeconomic Factors - Answer (click here)
8. The Cost of Prescriptions - Answer (click here)