Multystory Joint Design PDF

STEEL BUILDINGS IN EUROPE
Multi-Storey Steel Buildings

Part 5: Joint Design
.
Multi-Storey Steel Buildings
5 - ii
FOREWORD
This publication is part five of a design guide, Multi-Storey Steel Buildings.
The 10 parts in the Multi-Storey Steel Buildings guide are:

Part 1: Architect’s guide
Part 2: Concept design
Part 3: Actions
Part 4: Detailed design
Part 5: Joint design
Part 6: Fire Engineering
Part 7: Model construction specification
Part 8: Design software – section capacity
Part 9: Design software – simple connections
Part 10: Software specification for composite beams.
Multi-Storey Steel Buildings is one of two design guides. The second design guide is
Single Storey Steel Buildings.
The two design guides have been produced in the framework of the European project
“Facilitating the market development for sections in industrial halls and low rise
buildings (SECHALO) RFS2-CT-2008-0030”.
The design guides have been prepared under the direction of Arcelor Mittal, Peiner
Träger and Corus. The technical content has been prepared by CTICM and SCI,
collaborating as the Steel Alliance.
5 - iii
5 - iv
Contents
Page No
FOREWORD III
SUMMARY VII
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 About this design guide 1
1.2 Joint behaviour 1
1.3 Standardised joints 2
1.4 Tying resistance 3
1.5 Design guidance in this publication 3
1.6 Symbols 4
2 PARTIAL DEPTH END PLATE 5
2.1 Recommended details 5
2.2 Checks for vertical shear 6
2.3 Checks for tying 12
2.4 Worked Example – Partial depth end plate 14
3 FIN PLATE 21
3.4 Worked Example: Fin Plate 38
4 DOUBLE ANGLE WEB CLEATS 51
4.4 Worked Example: Angle Web Cleats 68
5 COLUMN SPLICES (BEARING TYPE) 83
5.2 Checks for tension 86
5.3 Check for horizontal shear 91
5.4 Checks for vertical tying 91
5.5 Worked Example – Column Splice 93
6 COLUMN BASES 101
6.1 Base plate size 101
6.2 Calculation of c 102
6.3 Base plate thickness 103
6.4 Base plate welds 104
6.5 Worked Example – Column base 105
APPENDIX A LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING STRENGTH 108
REFERENCES 109
5-v
5 - vi
SUMMARY
This design guide gives the design procedure for simple joints in multi-storey buildings
according to the Eurocodes.
The guide covers different types of joints:

 Beam-to-beam and beam-to-column joints
 Partial depth flexible end plate
 Fin plate
 Double angle web cleats
 Column splices
 Column bases
Each design procedure is illustrated by a worked example, using the recommended

values given in the Eurocodes.
5 - vii
5 - viii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 About this design guide

This technical guide is for designing simple joints (nominally pinned) for use
in braced multi-storey buildings, designed according to the Eurocodes.
Design procedures are provided for:

 Beam-to-beam and beam-to-column joints
 Partial depth flexible end plates (also known as header plates)
 Fin plates
 Double angle web cleats
 Column splices
 Column bases
The design procedures start with recommended detailing rules (joint geometry)
required to ensure ductile behaviour, followed by the checks for each stage of
the load transition through the complete joint including welds, plates, bolts and
the section webs or flanges as appropriate.
Whilst the Eurocodes establish a common framework for structural

calculations across Europe, structural safety remains each country’s
responsibility. For this reason there are some parameters, called National
Determined Parameters (NDP), which each country can decide upon. These are
given in the National Annex (NA) documents, which complement the core
Eurocodes. However the Eurocode gives some recommendations as to what
value each NDP should take. In designing the structure the NDP should be
taken from the NA from the country where the structure is to be built.
In this publication the recommended values given in the Eurocode have been
adopted in the worked examples.
This publication is complemented by a spreadsheet design tool which allows

for NDP for a range of countries. The spreadsheet covers all the joint types
included in this publication and can be used in various languages.
1.2 Joint behaviour

Normal practice in simple construction is for beams to be designed as simply
supported and for columns to be designed for both the axial compression and,
where appropriate, a nominal moment from the beam end connections. In order
to ensure that the structure behaves appropriately it is necessary to provide
‘simple’ connections (‘nominally pinned’ joints) as defined in EN 1993-1-8,
§ 5.1.1[1], in which the joint may be assumed not to transfer bending moments.
In other words, the joints possess sufficient rotation capacity and sufficient
ductility.
5–1
Nominally pinned joints have the following characteristics:

1. they are assumed to transfer only the design shear reaction between
members
2. they are capable of accepting the resulting rotation
3. they provide the directional restraint to members which has been assumed
in the member design
4. they have sufficient robustness to satisfy the structural integrity
requirements.
EN 1993-1-8[1] provides two methods to classify joints: stiffness and strength.

 Classification by stiffness: the initial rotational stiffness of the joint,
calculated in accordance with Section 6.3.1 of EN 1993-1-8 is compared
with the classification boundaries given in Section 5.2 of the same
document.
 Classification by strength: the following two requirements must be satisfied
in order to classify a joint as pinned:
 the moment resistance of the joint does not exceed 25% of the moment
resistance required for a full-strength joint
 the joint is capable of accepting the rotation resulting from the design
loads.
Alternatively, joints may also be classified based on experimental evidence,

experience of previous satisfactory performance in similar cases or by
calculations based on test evidence.
Generally, the requirements for nominally pinned behaviour are met by the use
of relatively thin plates, combined with full strength welds. Experience and
testing have demonstrated that the use of 8 mm or 10 mm end plates, fin plates
and angles in S275, with M20 8.8 bolts leads to connections which behave as
nominal pins. If details are chosen outside these recommended parameters, the
connection should be classified in accordance with EN 1993-1-8.
1.3 Standardised joints

In a typical braced multi-storey frame, the joints may account for less than 5%
of the frame weight, but 30% or more of the total cost. Efficient joints will
therefore have the lowest detailing, fabrication and erection labour content –
they will not necessarily be the lightest.
Use of standardised joints where the fittings, bolts, welds and geometry are
fully defined offers the following benefits:
 Reduces buying, storage, and handling time
 Improves availability and leads to a reduction in material costs
 Saves fabrication time and leads to faster erection
 Leads to a better understanding of their performance by all sides of the
industry
5–2
 Leads to fewer errors.
To take advantage of these benefits, standardised joints are recommended in

this publication. A summary of the typical components adopted in this guide is
as follows:
 Material of grade S275 for components such as end plates and cleats
 M20 8.8 fully threaded bolts, 60 mm long
 22 mm holes, punched or drilled
 Fillet welds of 6 mm or 8 mm leg length
 Distance from the top of the beam to the first bolt row of 90 mm
 Vertical bolt spacing (pitch) of 70 mm
 Horizontal bolt spacing (gauge) of 90 or 140 mm
 Top of partial depth end plate, cleat or fin plate is 50 mm below the top of
the beam flange.
1.4 Tying resistance

The requirement for sufficient tying resistance is to safeguard the structure
against disproportionate collapse. Guidance on the design tying force that a
connection must carry is given in EN 1991-1-7 Annex A[2].
EN 1993-1-8 does not give any guidance on how to calculate the tying
resistance of joints. Other authoritative sources[3] recommend that the ultimate
tensile strength (fu) should be used for calculating the tying resistance and the
partial factor for tying Mu should be taken as 1,10. This value applies to the
design resistance of all components of the joint: welds, bolts, plate and beam.
1.5 Design guidance in this publication

In this publication, design checks are presented followed in each case by a
numerical worked example. The guidance covers:
 partial depth flexible end plates
 fin plates
 double angle web cleats
 column splices
 column bases.
In all worked examples, the section headings correspond to the headings in the
design procedure preceeding each workded example.
5–3
1.6 Symbols
a is the throat of the fillet weld
b is the breadth of the supported beam
d is the diameter of the bolt
d0 is the diameter of the hole
fy,b is the yield strength of the supported beam
fu,b is the ultimate tensile strength of the supported beam
fy,p is the yield strength of the plate (end plate, fin plate, flange cover plate,
base plate)
fu,p is the ultimate tensile strength of the plate (end plate, fin plate, flange
cover plate, base plate)
fy,ac is the yield strength of the angle cleats
fu,ac is the ultimate tensile strength of the angle cleats
fub is the ultimate tensile strength of the bolt
hb is the height of the supported beam
hp is the height of the plate (end plate, fin plate, flange cover plate)
hac is the height of the angle cleats
nb is the total number of bolts on supported beam side
ns is the total number of bolts on supporting beam side
n1 is the number of horizontal bolt rows
n2 is the number of vertical bolt rows
tf is the flange thickness of the supported beam
tw is the thickness of the supported beam web
tp is the thickness of the plate (End plate, Fin plate, Flange cover plate,
Base plate)
tac is the thickness of the angle cleats
s is the leg length of the fillet weld
M0 is the partial factor for the resistance of cross section (M0 = 1,0 is
recommended in EN 1993-1-1)
M1 is the partial factor for the resistance of members to instability assessed
by member checks (M1 = 1,0 is recommended in EN 1993-1-1)
5–4
2 PARTIAL DEPTH END PLATE
2.1 Recommended details

1
4
hp 5
hb
2 3 p3
6
8
7
9 10 11
12
1 Length of end plate hp  0,6hb 6 Gauge; p3, 90 mm  p3  140 mm

(see Note 1) 7 10 mm clearance
2 Face of beam or column 8 50 mm but  (tf,s + rs) and  (tf + r)
3 Plate thickness, tp 9 Supported beam (single notched)
tp = 10 mm or 12 mm (see note 2)
10 (hb,s – 50 mm) but  (hb – tf – r)
4 Bolt diameter, d
11 Supported beam (double notched)
5 Hole diameter, d0
12 Supporting beam
d0 = d + 2 mm for d  24 mm
d0 = d + 3 mm for d > 24 mm

hb,s is the height of the supporting beam (if applicable)
tf is the thickness of the flange of the supported beam
tf,s is the thickness of the flange of the supporting beam (if applicable)
r is the root radius of the supported beam
rs is the root radius of the supporting beam (if applicable)
Notes:
1. The end plate is generally positioned close to the top flange of the beam to
provide adequate positional restraint. A plate length of at least 0,6hb is
usually adopted to give nominal torsional restraint.
2. Although it may be possible to satisfy the design requirements with
tp < 8 mm, it is not recommended in practice because of the likelihood of
distortion during fabrication and damage during transportation.
5–5
2.2 Checks for vertical shear

2.2.1 Shear resistance of the beam web
1
hp hp hp
VEd VEd VEd

1 Critical length of web for shear
Shear resistance of the beam web at the end plate

Basic requirement: V Ed  V c,Rd
Vc,Rd is the design shear resistance of the supported beam connected to the
end plate.
A v f y,b / 3
Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd = [EN 1993-1-1, §6.2.6(1)]
 M0
where:
Av is the shear area, Av = hptw [Reference 8]
2.2.2 Bending resistance at the notch
tp l n tp l n
d nt d nt
hb
dnb
1 1
VEd VEd
1 Critical section
VEd  (tp + ln)  Mv,N,Rd or Mv,DN,Rd

Mv,N,Rd isthe moment resistance of a single notched supported beam at the
notch in the presence of shear.
Mv,DN,Rd is the moment resistance of a double notched supported beam at the
notch in the presence of shear.
5–6
2.2.2.1 For a single notched beam:

For low shear (i.e. VEd ≤ 0,5Vpl,N,Rd)
f y,b W el, N, y
Mv,N,Rd = [Reference 4]
 M0
For high shear (i.e. VEd > 0,5Vpl,N,Rd)
f y,b W el,N, y   2VEd  

2
Mv,N,Rd = 1    1  [Reference 4]
 M0   Vpl, N,Rd  
 
2.2.2.2 For double notched beam:
For low shear (i.e. VEd ≤ 0,5Vpl,DN,Rd)
f y,b t w
Mv,DN,Rd = ( h b  d nt  d nb ) 2 [Reference 4]
6  M0
For high shear (i.e. VEd > 0,5Vpl,DN,Rd)
f y,bt w   2V  
2
Mv,DN,Rd = hb  d nt  d nb 
2
1   Ed
 1  [Reference 4]
6 M0   Vpl, DN, Rd  
 

Vpl,N,Rd is the shear resistance at the notch for single notched beams
A v, N f y,b
Vpl,N,Rd =
3  M0
tf
Av,N = ATee – btf + (tw + 2r)
2
ATee is the area of the Tee section
Vpl,DN,Rd is the shear resistance at the notch for double notched beams
A v,DN f y,b
Vpl,DN,Rd =
3  M0
Av,DN = tw (hb – dnt – dnb)
where:
Wel,N,y is the elastic modulus of the section at the notch
dnt is the depth of the top notch
dnb is the depth of the bottom notch
5–7
2.2.3 Local stability of notched beam

ln ln
d nt dnt
hb hb
dnb
ln
When the beam is restrained against lateral torsional buckling, no account

needs be taken of notch stability provided the following conditions are met:
For one flange notched, basic requirement:[5][6]

dnt  hb / 2 and:
ln  hb for hb / tw  54,3 (S275 steel)
160000 h b
ln  for hb / tw > 54,3 (S275 steel)
 h b / t w 3
110000 h b
 h b / t w 3
For both flanges notched, basic requirement:[7]
max (dnt, dnb)  hb / 5 and:
160000 h b
 hb tw 3
110000 h b
 hb tw 3
Where the notch length ln exceeds these limits, either suitable stiffening should
be provided or the notch should be checked to References 5, 6 and 7.
For S235 and S460 members see References 5, 6 and 7.
5–8
2.2.4 Bolt group resistance

1 1
e1 e1
1 Check these bolts in shear under concentric load

2 Supporting beam
3 Supporting column
Basic requirement: VEd  FRd

FRd is the resistance of the bolt group [EN 1993-1-8 ,§3.7(1)]
If (Fb,Rd)max  Fv,Rd then FRd = Fb,Rd
If (Fb,Rd)min  Fv,Rd  (Fb,Rd)max then FRd = ns(Fb,Rd)min
If Fv,Rd < (Fb,Rd)min then FRd = 0,8nsFv,Rd
2.2.4.1 Shear resistance of bolts

Fv,Rd is the shear resistance of one bolt
 v f ub A
Fv,Rd = [EN 1993-1-8, Table 3.4]
 M2
where:
v = 0,6 for 4.6 and 8.8 bolts
= 0,5 for 10.9 bolts
A is the tensile stress area of the bolt, As
M2 is the partial factor for resistance of bolts
2.2.4.2 Bearing resistance
k 1 b f u,p dt p
Fb,Rd = [EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4]
 M2
where:
M2 is the partial factor for plate in bearing
 For end bolts (parallel to the direction of load transfer)
 e f 
b = min  1 ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 f u,p 
5–9
 For inner bolts (parallel to the direction of load transfer)

 p 1 f 
b = min  1  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 4 f u,p 
 For edge bolts (perpendicular to the direction of load transfer)

 e 
k1 = min  2,8 2  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 
 For inner bolts (perpendicular to the direction of load transfer)

 p 
k1 = min 1,4 2  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 
2.2.5 Shear resistance of the end plate

1 2
e1
n1
e1 e1
e2 e2
VEd VEd VEd VEd

2 2 2 2
1 Critical section in shear and bearing
2 Block shear – check failure by tearing out of shaded portion
Basic requirement: VEd  VRd,min
VRd,min = min(VRd,g; VRd,n; VRd,b)
where:
VRd,g is the shear resistance of the gross section
VRd,n is the shear resistance of the net section
VRd,b is the block tearing resistance
2.2.5.1 Shear resistance of gross section

hp t p f y,p
VRd,g = 2  [Reference 8]
1, 27 3 M0
Note: The coefficient 1,27 takes into account the reduction in shear resistance
due to the presence of the nominal in-plane bending which produces tension in
the bolts[9].
5 – 10
2.2.5.2 Shear resistance of net section

f u,p
VRd,n = 2  A v,net [Reference 8]
3 M2
Av,net = t p  h p  n1 d 0 
M2 is the partial factor for the resistance of net sections
2.2.5.3 Block tearing resistance
 f u,p Ant f y,p Anv 
VRd,b = 2   [Reference 8]
  M2 3 M0 
 
But if hp < 1.36p3 and n1 > 1 then:
 0 , 5 f u,p Ant f y,p Anv 

VRd,b = 2  
  M2 3 M0 
 
Ant = t p e2  0,5 d 0 
Anv = t p  h p  e1  ( n 1  0 , 5 ) d 0 
where:
p3 is the gauge (cross centres)
2.2.6 Weld resistance

Full strength symmetrical fillet welds are recommended.
For a full strength weld, the size of each throat should comply with the
following requirement[8]:
a ≥ 0,46 tw for S235 supported beam
where:
a is the effective weld throat thickness
The leg length is defined as follows: s  a 2
5 – 11
2.3 Checks for tying

EN 1993-1-8 does not have a partial factor for structural integrity checks. In
this publication Mu has been used. A value of Mu = 1,1 is recommended.
2.3.1 Resistance of the end plate in bending
e1
p1 FEd
n1 p1
p1 m
e1
p3
There are three modes of failure for end plates in bending:

Mode 1: complete yielding of the flange
Mode 2: bolt failure with yielding of the flange
Mode 3: bolt failure
Basic requirement: FEd ≤ min(FRd,u,1; FRd,u,2; FRd,u,3)
Mode 1 (complete yielding of the end plate)

 8 n  2 e w  M pl,1,Rd,u
FRd,u,1 = [EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.2]
2 mn  e w  m  n 
Mode 2 (bolt failure with yielding of the end plate)
2 M pl,2,Rd,u  nΣF t,Rd,u
FRd,u,2 = [EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.2]
mn
Mode 3 (bolt failure)
FRd,u,3 = ΣF t,Rd,u [EN 1993-1-8, Table 6.2]
k 2 f ub A
Ft,Rd,u =
γ Mu
where:
2
0,25Σleff t p f u, p
Mpl,1,Rd,u =
γMu
Mpl,2,Rd,u = Mpl,1,Rd,u
p3  t w  2  0,8  a 2
m =
2
n = emin but n ≤ 1,25m where emin = e2
5 – 12
dw
ew =
4
dw is the diameter of the washer
k2 = 0,63 for countersunk bolts
= 0,9 otherwise
A is the tensile stress area of the bolts, As
Σleff is the effective length of one plastic hinge
Σleff = 2 e1 A  ( n 1  1 ) p 1 A
e1A 
= e1 but ≤ 0,5 p3  t w  2a 2  d0
2
p1A = p1 but ≤ p 3  t w  2 a 2  d 0
2.3.2 Beam web resistance
hp F Ed
Basic requirement: FEd  FRd
t w h p f u,b
FRd = [Reference 8]
 Mu
The weld size specified for shear will be adequate for tying resistance, as it is
full strength.
5 – 13
2.4 Worked Example – Partial depth end plate 1 of 7
Made by CZT Date 06/2009

Calculation sheet
Checked by ENM Date 07/2009
2. Partial depth end plate

Details and data
40
70
70
IPE A 550
70 S275
275 kN
70
70
40
550 kN
140
Beam: IPE A 550 S275

Partial depth flexible end plate: 430  200  12, S275
Bolts: M20 8.8
Welds: 8 mm fillet (weld throat, a = 5,6 mm)
5 – 14
Title 2.4 Worked Example – Partial depth end plate 2 of 7
Summary of full design checks
Design forces
VEd = 550 kN
FEd = 275 kN (Tie force)
Shear resistances
Shear resistance of the beam web 614 kN
Bending resistance at the notch N/A
Local stability of notched beam N/A
Bolt group resistance 902 kN
Resistance of the end plate 1182 kN
Weld resistance OK
Tying resistances
Resistance of the end plate in bending 493 kN
Tension resistance of the beam web 1513 kN
Weld resistance OK
2.1. Recommended details

End plate: 20012 mm
Height of plate: hp = 430 mm > 0,6hb, OK
Bolts: M20, 8.8 at 140 mm gauge
2.2. Checks for vertical shear

2.2.1. Shear resistance of the beam web
Unless noted
otherwise, all
references are to
hp = 430 EN 1993-1-8
550 kN
Basic requirement: V Ed  V c,Rd
A v f y,b / 3 EN 1993-1-1
The shear resistance of the beam web, Vc,Rd =
 M0 § 6.2.6(1)
5 – 15
Shear area of beam web,

Av = 430  9 = 3870 mm2
Shear resistance of beam web,
3870  275 / 3
Vpl,Rd =  10 3 = 614 kN
1, 0
VEd = 550 kN  614 kN, OK
2.2.2. Bending resistance at the notch

Not applicable (No notch)
2.2.3. Local stability of notched beam

Not applicable (No notch)
2.2.4. Bolt group resistance

e 2 = 30
IPE A 550
e1 = 40
p1 = 70
550 kN
Basic requirement: V Ed  F Rd
The design resistance of the bolt group, FRd : § 3.7
if Fb, Rd max  Fv, Rd then FRd  ΣFb,Rd
if ( Fb, Rd ) min  Fv, Rd  ( Fb, Rd ) max then FRd  n s ( Fb,Rd ) min
if Fv,Rd  Fb, Rd min then FRd  0 , 8 n s F v,Rd
2.2.4.1. Shear resistance of bolts

 v f ub A Table 3.4
The shear resistance of a single bolt, Fv,Rd =
 M2
0 , 6  800  245
For M20 8.8 bolts, Fv,Rd =  10 3 = 94 kN
1, 25
5 – 16
2.2.4.2. Bearing resistance

k 1 b f u,p dtp Table 3.4
Bearing resistance, Fb,Rd 
 M2
 e 
For edge bolts, k1 = min 2,8 2  1,7; 2, 5
 d0 
 30 
 min 2,8   1,7; 2,5   min 2,12; 2,5  2,12
 22 
 e f   40 800 
For end bolts, αb = min 1 ; ub ; 1,0  = min ; ; 1.0 
 3d   3  22 430
 0 f u,p  
= min(0,61; 1,86; 1,0) = 0,61
 p 1 f   70 1 800 
For inner bolts, αb = min 1  ; ub ; 1,0  = min  ; ; 1,0 
 3d   3  22 4 430
 0 4 f u,p  
= min(0,81; 1,86; 1,0) = 0,81
2 ,12  0 , 61  430  20  12
End bolts, Fb,Rd,end   Fb,Rd  min   10 3  107 kN
1, 25
2,12  0,81 430  20  12
Inner bolts, Fb,Rd,inner  Fb,Rd max   10 3  142 kN
1,25
94 kN < 107 kN thus Fv,Rd < (Fb,Rd)min
FRd  0,8ns ( Fv,Rd ) min  0,8  12  94  902 kN
V Ed = 550 kN ≤ 902 kN, OK
2.2.5. Shear resistance of the end plate

Basic requirement: V Ed  V Rd, min
VRd,min = (VRd,g; VRd,n; VRd,b)
e2 = 30
e1 = 40
( n 1 - 1) p 1
hp
= 350
e1 = 40
VEd VEd
2 2
VEd = 550 kN
5 – 17
2.2.5.1. Shear resistance of gross section

2hptp f y,p 2  430 12  275 Ref (8)
VRd,g = = 10  3 = 1290 kN
1,27 3 M0 1,27  3 1,0
2.2.5.2. Shear resistance of net section

f u, p Ref (8)
VRd,n = 2  Av, net
3 M2
Net area, Av,net = 12430  6  22  = 3576 mm2
430
VRd,n = 2  3576  10  3 = 1420 kN
3 1,25
2.2.5.3. Block tearing resistance

hp = 430 and 1, 36 p 3  1, 36  140  190 mm Ref (8)
Since hp > 1,36p3 then

 f u,p A nt f y,p A nv 
VRd,b = 2  
  M2 3 M0 
 
Net area subject to tension, Ant  t p  e 2  0 , 5 d 0 
 12  30  0 , 5  22   228 mm2
Net area subject to shear, Anv  t p  h p  e1  ( n1  0 , 5 ) d 0 
 12  430  40  ( 6  0 , 5 ) 22   3228 mm2
 430  228 275  3228 

VRd,b = 2      10 3 = 1182 kN
 1, 25 3  1, 0 
VRd,min = min(1290; 1420; 1182) = 1182 kN
VEd = 550 kN ≤ 1182 kN, OK
2.2.6. Weld resistance

For a beam in S275 steel
Basic requirement: a ≥ 0,48 tw Ref (8)
0,48tp = 0 , 48  9 = 4,32 mm
a = 5,7 mm ≥ 0,48 tw OK
5 – 18
2.3. Checks for tying

2.3.1. Resistance of the end plate in bending
Basic requirement: FEd  min FRd,u,1 , FRd,u,2 , FRd,u,3 
e 2 = 30
275 kN
n1
p3 = 140
Mode 1:
8n  2ew M pl,1,Rd, u Table 6.2
FRd,u,1 =
2mn  ew m  n 
Σleff = 2 e1 A  ( n 1  1 ) p 1 A
d0
e1A = e1 but ≤ 0 , 5 ( p 3  t w  2 a 2 ) 
2
22
0 , 5 (140  9  2  5 , 6 2 )  = 69 mm
2
 e1A = 40
p1A = p1 but ≤ p 3  t w  2 a 2  d 0
p 3  t w  2 a 2  d 0 = 140  9  2  5 , 6 2  22 = 137 mm
 p1A = 70
Σleff = 2 e1 A  ( n1  1) p 1 A = 2  40  ( 6  1) 70 = 430 mm
2
0 , 25 Σl eff,1 t p f u,p 0 , 25  430  12 2  430
Mpl,1,Rd,u = =  10 6 = 6,05 kNm
 Mu 1, 1
p3  t w  2  0,8  a 2 140  9  2  0 , 8  5 , 6  2
m = = = 59 mm
2 2
d w 37
ew    9,25 mm
4 4
n = min e2 ; 1,25m  = min 30; 76 = 30 mm
5 – 19
 8  30  2  9 , 25 6 , 05  10 3
FRd,u,1 = = 493 kN
2  59  30  9 , 25  59  30 
Mode 2:
2 M pl,2,Rd,u  nΣF t,Rd,u Table 6.2
FRd,u,2 =
mn
M pl,2, Rd, u  M pl,1, Rd, u  6,05 kNm
k 2 f ub A 0 , 9  800  245
Ft,Rd,u = =  10 3 = 160 kN
 Mu 1, 1
2  6 , 05  10 3  30  12  160
FRd,u,2 = = 793 kN
59  30
Mode 3:
FRd,u,3 = ΣF t,Rd,u = 12  160 = 1920 kN Table 6.2
min FRd,u,1 , FRd,u,2 , FRd,u,3  = min( 493; 793; 1920) = 493 kN

FEd = 275 kN ≤ 493 kN, OK
2.3.2. Beam web resistance

Basic requirement: F Ed  FRd
275 kN
hp n1
t w h p f u,b 9  430  430 Ref (8)

FRd = =  10 3 = 1513 kN
 Mu 1, 1
FEd = 275 kN ≤ 1513 kN, OK

full strength.
5 – 20
3 FIN PLATE

2 1
1
7
hp
3 hb
5 z
Min. 2,5 d o
6 zp
1
10
16
14
3 hp
15
11
12
13 13
1 End projection gh
3 All end and edge distances  2d
4 Length of fin plate hp  0,6 hb
5 Bolt diameter, d. Only 8.8 bolts to be used, untorqued in clearance holes
6 Hole diameter, d0. d0 = d + 2 mm for d  24 mm; d0 = d + 3 mm for d > 24 mm
7 Supporting column
8 Face of web
tp
9 Long fin plate if z  tp = fin plate thickness
0,15
10 Fin plate thickness tp  0,5d
11 Double line of bolts
12 All end and edge distances  2d
13 Supported beam (Single notched)
14 Supporting beam
15 50 mm but  (tf + r) and  (tf,s + rs)
16 (hb,s – 50 mm) but  (hs – tf,s – rs)
17 Supported beam (Double notched)

hb,s is the height of the supporting beam (if applicable)
tf is the thickness of the flange of the supported beam
tf,s is the thickness of the flange of the supporting beam (if applicable)
r is the root radius of the supported beam
rs is the root radius of the supporting beam (if applicable)
5 – 21

p2
p p1 1
1
n1
p1 p1
p1 p1
z z z
2 2 2
VEd VEd VEd
1 Centre of bolt group

2 Assumed line of shear transfer
Basic requirement: VEd ≤ VRd
n b F v,Rd
VRd = [Reference 3]
(1  n b )  (  n b )
2 2

 v f ub A
Fv,Rd =
 M2
where:
αv = 0,6 for 4.6 and 8.8 bolts
For a single vertical line of bolts (n2 = 1)

6z
α = 0 and β =
n1  n 1  1  p 1
For a double vertical line of bolts (n2 = 2)

zp 2 zp
α = and β = 1  n1  1 
2I 2I
I =
n1
2
2 1 2
p 2  n1 n 1  1 p 1
6
2
 
z is the transverse distance from the face of the supporting element to the
centre of the bolt group
5 – 22
3.2.1.2 Bearing resistance of bolts on the fin plate

nb
VRd = [Reference 3]
2 2
 1  nb   nb 
   
F   
 b, ver,Rd   Fb, hor, Rd 
k1 b f u, p dtp
The bearing resistance of a single bolt is Fb,Rd =
 M2
The vertical bearing resistance of a single bolt on the fin plate is as follows:
k 1 b f u,p dt p
Fb,ver,Rd =
 M2
The horizontal bearing resistance of a single bolt on the fin plate is as follows:
k 1 b f u,p dt p
Fb,hor,Rd =
 M2
α and β are as defined previously
For Fb,ver,Rd:
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 2  1,7; 1,4 2  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 e p 1 f 
αb = min 1 ; 1  ; ub ;1,0 
 3d 3d 4 f u,p 
 0 0 
For Fb,hor,Rd:
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 e p 1 f 
αb = min 2 ; 2  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 3d 4 f u,p 
 0 0 
3.2.1.3 Bearing resistance of bolts on the beam web

nb
VRd = [Reference 3]
2 2
 1  n b   n b 
   
F  F 
 b,ver,Rd   b,hor,Rd 
k 1 b f u,b dt w
Fb,ver,Rd =
 M2
k 1 b f u,b dt w
Fb,hor,Rd =
 M2
5 – 23
α and β are as defined previously

M2 is the partial factor for beam web in bearing
For Fb,ver,Rd :
 e p 
k1 = min 2.8 2,b  1,7; 1.4 2  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
e p 1 f 
αb = min 1,b ; 1  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u,b 
For Fb,hor,Rd :
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1,b  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
e p 1 f 
αb = min 2,b ; 2  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u,b 
3.2.2 Shear resistance of the fin plate

1
e1
e1
hp hp
e1
e1
p2 e2
e2
VEd VEd
1 Critical section in shear and bending
Basic requirement: VEd ≤ VRd,min
3.2.2.1 Shear resistance of gross section

hp t p f y,p
VRd,g = [Reference 8]
1, 27 3 M0
the bolts9.
5 – 24
3.2.2.2 Shear resistance of net section

f u,p
VRd,n = A v,net [Reference 8]
3 M2
Av,net = t p hp  n1d 0 

0 , 5 f u,p Ant f y,p Anv
VRd,b =  [Reference 8]
 M2 3 M0
where:
For a single vertical line of bolts, Ant = t p  e 2  0 , 5 d 0 
 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts, Ant = t p  e 2  p 2  d 0 
 2 
Anv = t p  h p  e1  ( n1  0 , 5 ) d 0 
3.2.3 Bending resistance of the fin plate
hp
VEd z VEd z VEd z

zp
Basic requirement: VEd  VRd

If hp ≥ 2,73  z then VRd =  [Reference 8]
W el,p f y,p
Otherwise VRd =
z  M0
where:
t p hp 2
Wel,p =
6
5 – 25
3.2.4 Buckling resistance of the fin plate

Lateral-torsional buckling of the fin plate8.
Basic requirement: VEd  VRd
tp W f W f 
If z > then VRd = min el,p p,LT ; el,p y,p 
0 ,15  z 0,6 M1 z  M0 
Wel,p f y,p
Otherwise VRd =
z  M0
where:
t p hp 2
Wel,p =
6
fp,LT is the lateral torsional buckling strength of the plate obtained from
BS 5950-1 Table 17[10] (See Appendix A) and based on λLT as follows:
1/ 2
 z p hp 
λLT = 2,8 
 1, 5 t 2 
 p 
z is the lever arm
zp is the horizontal distance from the supporting web or flange to the first
vertical bolt-row

3.2.5.1 Shear and block tearing resistance
1
e 2,b e 2,b e 2,b

gh gh gh
e 1,b e1,b e1,b

2 2
n1
3 3
he he he
VEd VEd VEd
1 Critical section in plain shear

2 Shear failure
3 Tension failure
4 Block shear failure tearing out of shaded portion

5 – 26
Shear resistance of gross section

f y,b
VRd,g = A v,wb [Reference 8]
3 M0
where:
Av,wb = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf but ≥ η hwtw for un-notched beam
Av,wb = ATee – btf + (tw + 2r)tf /2 for single notched beam
Av,wb = tw (e1,b + (n1 –1)p1 + he) for double notched beam
η is a factor from EN 1993-1-5 (it may be conservatively taken as 1,0.
National Annex may give an alternative value)
dnt is the depth of the top notch
dnb is the depth of the bottom notch
Shear resistance of net section

f u,b
VRd,n = A v,wb,net [Reference 8]
3 M2
where:
Av,wb,net = Av,wb – n1d0tw
Block tearing resistance

0 , 5 f u,b Ant f y,b Anv
VRd,b =  [Reference 8]
 M2 3 M0
where:
For a single vertical line of bolts, Ant = t w  e 2,b  0 , 5 d 0 
 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts, Ant = t w  e 2,b  p 2  d 0 
 2 
For a notched beam Anv = t w  e1,b  ( n1  1) p1  ( n1  0 , 5 ) d 0 
For an un-notched beam Anv = t w e1,b  (n1  1) p1  (n1  1)d 0 
M2 is the partial factor for the resistance of net sections.
5 – 27
3.2.5.2 Shear and bending interaction at the 2nd line of bolts, if the notch
length ln > (e2,b + p2)
1
e2,b e2,b
gh p2 gh p2
ln ln
e 1,b e 1,b
p1 p1
n1 p1 p1
p1 p1
he
he
VEd VEd
Basic requirement: VEd (gh + e2,b + p2)  Mc,Rd
Mc,Rd is the moment resistance of the notched beam at the connection in the
presence of shear.
For single notched beam

f y,b W el,N
Mc,Rd = [Reference 4]
 M0
f y,bWel,N   2VEd  
2
Mc,Rd = 1    1  [Reference 4]
 M0   Vpl,N,Rd  
 
Vpl,N,Rd = min(VRd,g;VRd,b)
Wel,N is the elastic section modulus of the gross Tee section at the notch
For double notched beam

f y,b t w
Mc,Rd =  e1   n 1  1  p 1  h e  2 [Reference 4]
6  M0
f y,b t w   2V  
2
Mc,Rd = e1  n1  1 p1  he  2

1   Ed
 1  [Reference 4]
6 M0   Vpl,DN,Rd  
 

Vpl,DN,Rd = min(VRd,g;VRd,b)
he is the distance between the bottom bolt row and the bottom of the section
5 – 28
3.2.5.3 Shear and bending interaction for un-notched beam

e2,b e2,b p2
A B A B
(n1 -1) p1 VEdzp VEd (zp+ p 2 )
D C D C
z = zp zp
V Ed V Ed
z
For short fin plates (i.e. z ≤ tp/0,15) the resistance of the web does not need to
be checked [4].
For long fin plates (i.e. z > tp/0,15) it is necessary to ensure that the section
labelled as ABCD in the figure can resist a moment VEdzp for a single line of
bolts or VEd(zp+p2) for a double line of bolts (AB and CD are in shear and BC is
in bending).
Basic requirement:

VEd zp  Mc,BC,Rd + Fpl,AB,Rd (n1 – 1) p1 [Reference 4]
For two vertical lines of bolts (n2 = 2)
VEd (zp + p2/2)  Mc,BC,Rd + Fpl,AB,Rd (n1 – 1)p1 [Reference 4]
Mc,BC,Rd is the moment resistance of the beam web BC
For low shear (i.e. VBC,Ed ≤ 0,5Fpl,BC,Rd)

f y,b t w
Mc,BC,Rd = n1  1 p1 2
6 M0
For high shear (i.e. VBC,Ed > 0,5Fpl,BC,Rd)
f y,b t w   2V  
2
Mc,BC,Rd = n1  1 p1 2
1   Ed
 1 
4 M0   VRd,min  
 
Fpl,AB,Rd is the shear resistance of the beam web AB

Fpl,BC,Rd is the shear resistance of the beam web BC
where:
For a single vertical line of bolts (n2 = 1):
Fpl,AB,Rd
e t f e  d0 2tw f u, b 
= min 2, b w y,b ; 2, b 
 3  M0 3  M2 
5 – 29
  n1  1  p1 t w f y,b n1  1 p1  n1  1d 0 t w f u, b 

Fpl,BC,Rd = min  ; 

 3  3 
 M0 M2 
For two vertical lines of bolts (n2 = 2):

 e  p2 t w f y,b e2, b  p2  3d 0 2 t w f u, b 
Fpl,AB,Rd = min 2, b ; 

 3  M0 3  M2 
 n1  1 p1t w f y,b n1  1 p1  n1  1d 0 t w f u, b 
Fpl,BC,Rd = min ; 

 3  M0 3  M2 
VBC,Ed is the shear force on the beam web BC
= VEd – (VRd,min – Fpl,BC,Rd) but ≥ 0
VRd,min = min(VRd,g; VRd,n)
z is the transverse distance from face of supporting element to the centre

of bolt group.

1
gh l n gh l n gh ln gh l n
e 1,b e 1,b e 1,b e 1,b
n1
he he
he he
2 xN xN
2
VEd VEd VEd VEd
1 Critical sections
2 To notch or beam flange
3.2.6.1 For single bolt line or for double bolt lines, if xN ≥ 2d:
VEd (gh + ln)  Mv,N,Rd [Reference 4]
Mv,N,Rd is the moment resistance of the beam at the notch in the presence of
shear
For single notched beam:
f y,b W el,N
Mv,N,Rd =
 M0
5 – 30
2
Mv,N,Rd = 1    1 
 M0   Vpl,N,Rd  
 
For double notched beam:

f y,b t w
Mv,DN,Rd = ( e1,b   n1  1  p 1  h e ) 2
6  M0
f y,b t w   2V 
2

Mv,DN,Rd = e  n1  1 p1  he 
2
1   Ed 
1 
4 M0   Vpl,DN,Rd  
1,b
 
3.2.6.2 For double bolt lines, if xN < 2d:

max (VEd (gh + ln); VEd (gh + e2,b + p2)) ≤ Mv,N,Rd [Reference 4]
Mv,N,Rd = Mc,Rd from the previous check
where:
Wel,N is the elastic section modulus of the gross tee section at the notch
A v, N f y,b
=
3  M0
tf
2
A v,DN f y,b
=
3  M0
Av,DN = tw (e1,b + (n1 –1) p1 + he)
he is the distance between the bottom bolt row and the bottom of the
section
5 – 31
3.2.7 Local stability of the notched beam

ln ln
d nt
hb hb
d nb
ln
When the beam is restrained against lateral torsional buckling, no account need
be taken of notch stability provided the following conditions are met:
For one flange notched, basic requirement:[5],[6]

dnt  hb / 2 and:
160000 h b
 h b / t w 3
110000 h b
 h b / t w 3
For both flanges notched, basic requirement:[7]
max (dnt, dnb)  hb / 5 and:
160000 h b
 hb tw 3
110000 h b
 hb tw 3
5 – 32

Full strength symmetrical fillet welds are recommended.
For a full strength weld, the size of each throat should comply with the
following requirement8:
a ≥ 0,46tp for S235 fin plate
where:
a is the weld throat thickness

3.3.1 Fin plate and bolt group resistance
FEd FEd
e2 p2 e2
e1
p
1
n1 p hp
1
p
1
e1
1 2
1 Single line of bolts

Basic requirement: FEd ≤ FRd
FRd = nbFv,u [Reference 8]

 v f ub A
Fv,u =
 Mu
5 – 33
where:
A is the tensile stress area of bolt, As
3.3.1.2 Bearing resistance of bolts on the fin plate

FRd = nbFb,hor,u,Rd
k 1 b f u,p dt p
Fb,hor,u,Rd = [Reference 8]
 Mu
where:
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 e p 1 f 
αb = min 2 ; 2  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 3d 4 f u,p 
 0 0 
3.3.1.3 Tension resistance of the fin plate

FRd = min(FRd,n; FRd,b)
Tension resistance of net section

f u,p
FRd,n = 0 , 9 Anet [Reference 8]
 Mu
Anet = t p  h p  d 0 n1 
5 – 34
Case 1
1 2 3
Case 2
2 3
1 beam without notch
2 notched beam
3 fin plate
f u,p Ant f y,p Anv

FRd,b =  [Reference 8]
 Mu 3 M0
Case 1:
Ant = tp   n1  1  p 1   n1  1  d 0 
For a single vertical line of bolts: Anv = 2 t p  e 2  0 , 5 d 0 
 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts: Anv = 2 t p  e 2  p 2  d 0 
 2 
Case 2:
Ant = t p e1  n1  1 p1  n1  0,5d 0 
For a single vertical line of bolts, Anv = t p e 2  0,5d 0 
 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts, Anv = t p  e 2  p 2  d0 
 2 
5 – 35

e 2,b e2,b p 2
e 1,b e 1,b
p1
n1 p1 F Ed
F Ed
p1
e 2,b e 2,b p 2
e 1,b e 1,b
p1
n1 p1
F Ed F Ed
p1

FRd = nbFb,hor,u,Rd
k 1 b f u,b dt w
Fb,hor,u,Rd =
 Mu
where:
 e p 
k1 =  2,8 1,b  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
e p 1 f 
αb =  2,b ; 2  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u,b 
3.3.2.2 Tension resistance of the beam web

FRd = min(FRd,n; FRd,b)
5 – 36

f u,b
FRd,n = 0 , 9 Anet,wb
 Mu
Anet = t w h wb  d 0 n1 t w
hwb may be taken as the depth of the fin plate (it is conservative)
Case 1
1 2 3
Case 2
2 3
1 beam without notch

2 notched beam
3 fin plate
f u,b Ant f y,b Anv / 3

FRd,b = 
 Mu  M0
Case 1:
Ant = tw   n1  1  p 1   n1  1  d 0 
For a single vertical line of bolts, Anv = 2 t w  e 2 ,b  0 , 5 d 0 
 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts, Anv = 2 t w  e 2 ,b  p 2  d 0 
 2 
Case 2 (for notched beam only):

Ant = t w  e1 , b   n 1  1  p 1   n 1  0 , 5  d 0 
For a single vertical line of bolts, Anv = t w  e 2 ,b  0 , 5 d 0 
 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts, Anv = t w  e 2 ,b  p 2  d 0 
 2 

full strength.
5 – 37
3.4 Worked Example: Fin Plate 1 of 13

Calculation sheet
3. Fin plate
Details and data
40
70
70
350 kN
70
70
40
80 IPE A 550
S275
350 kN

Fin plate: 360  160  10 S275
Bolts: M20 8.8
Welds: 8 mm fillet (weld throat, a = 5,6 mm)
5 – 38
Title 3.4 Worked Example – Fin Plate 2 of 13
Design forces
VEd = 350 kN
Shear resistances
Bolt group resistance
Shear resistance of bolts 584 kN
Bearing resistance of bolts on the fin plate 605 kN
Bearing resistance of bolts on the beam web 624 kN
Shear resistance of the fin plate 450 kN
Bending resistance of the fin plate ∞
Buckling resistance of the fin plate 743 kN
Shear resistance of the beam web
Shear and block tearing resistance 545 kN
nd
Shear and bending interaction at the 2 line of bolts N/A
Shear and bending interaction for un-notched beam 66 kNm
Local stability of the notched beam N/A
Weld resistance OK
Tying resistances
Fin plate and bolt group resistance
Bearing resistance of bolts on the fin plate 1290 kN
Tension resistance of the fin plate 880 kN
Beam web resistance
Weld resistance OK
5 – 39

Fin plate thickness: tp = 10mm  0,5d Unless noted
otherwise, all
Height of fin plate: hp = 360 mm > 0,6hb references are to
EN 1993-1-8
50 60 50
e2
e1 = 40
(n1- 1)p1
= 280
e 1 = 40
p2
VEd

n b F v,Rd Ref (3)
VRd =
(1  n b ) 2  ( n b ) 2
Fv,Rd =
 M2
0.6  800  245
For M20 8.8 bolts, Fv,Rd =  103 = 94 kN
1,25
For a double vertical line of bolts (i.e. n2 = 2 and n1 = 5),
zp 2
α=
2I
I=
n1 2 1
2
 5

1

p2  n1 n1  1 p1 = 60 2  5 52  1 70 2 = 107000 mm2
6
2 2
2 6

80  60
α= = 0,022
2  107000
 n1  1  = 80  70  5  1  = 0,105
zp 1
And β =
2I 2  107000
10  94
Thus VRd = = 584 kN
(1  0 , 022  10 ) 2  ( 0 ,105  10 ) 2
5 – 40
VEd = 350 kN ≤ 584 kN, OK
3.2.1.2. Bearing resistance of bolts on the fin plate

nb Ref [3]
VRd =
2 2
 1  n b   n b 
   
F  F 
α = 0,022 and β = 0,105, as above
k 1 b f u,p dt p Table 3.4
The vertical bearing resistance of a single bolt, Fb,ver,Rd =
 M2
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 2  1,7; 1,4 2  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 50 60 
= min 2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5  = min( 4,67; 2,12; 2,5) = 2,12
 22 22 
 e p 1 f   40 70 1 800 
αb = min 1 ; 1  ; ub ; 1,0  = min ;  ; ; 1,0 
 3d 3d 4 f u,p   3  22 3  22 4 430 
 0 0 
= min( 0,61; 0,81; 1,86; 1,0) = 0,61
2,12  0,61  430  20  10
Fb,ver,Rd =  10 3 = 89 kN
1,25
k1 b f u,p dt p
The horizontal bearing resistance of a single bolt, Fb,hor,Rd = Table 3.4
 M2
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 40 70 
= min 2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5  = min( 3,39; 2,75; 2,5) = 2,5
 22 22 
 e p f 
αb = min 2 ; 2  0,25; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 3d f u,p 
 0 0 
 50 60 800 
= min ;  0,25; ; 1,0  = min( 0,75; 0,66; 1,0) = 0,66
 3  22 3  22 430 
2,5  0,66  430  20 10
Fb,hor,Rd = 10 3 = 114 kN
1,25
10
VRd = = 605 kN
2 2
 1  0 , 022  10   0 ,105  10 
   
 89   114 
5 – 41
VEd = 350 kN ≤ 605 kN, OK
3.2.1.3. Bearing resistance of bolts on the beam web

nb Ref (3]
VRd =
2 2
 1  n b   n b 
   
F  F 
α = 0,022 and β = 0,105, as above
k 1 b f u,b dt w Table 3.4
The vertical bearing resistance for a single bolt, Fb,ver,Rd =
 M2
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 2  1,7; 1,4 2  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 40 60 
= min 2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5  = min( 3,39; 2,12; 2,5) = 2,12
 22 22 
 p 1 f   70 1 800 
αb = min 1  ; ub ; 1,0  = min  ; ; 1,0 
 3d 0 4 f u,b   3  22 4 430 
= min( 0,81; 1,86; 1,0) = 0,81
2 ,12  0 , 81  430  20  9
Fb,ver,Rd =  10 3 = 106 kN
1, 25
k1 b f u, b dt w Table 3.4
The horizontal bearing resistance for a single bolt, Fb,hor,Rd =
 M2
 p   70 
k1 = min1,4 1  1,7; 2,5  = min1,4  1,7; 2,5 
 d0   22 
= min( 2,75; 2,5) = 2,5
e p 1 f 
= min 2,b ; 2  ; ub ; 1,0  = min 
40 60 1 800
αb ;  ; ; 1,0 
 3d 3d 4 f u,b   3  22 3  22 4 430 
 0 0 
= min( 0,61; 0,81; 1,86; 1,0) = 0,61
2 , 5  0 , 61  430  20  9
Fb,hor,Rd =  10 3 = 94 kN
1, 25
10
VRd = = 624 kN
2 2
 1  0 , 022  10   0 ,105  10 
   
 106   94 
VEd = 350 kN ≤ 624 kN, OK
5 – 42
3.2.2. Shear resistance of the fin plate

50 60 50
e2
e1 = 40
(n1- 1)p1
= 280
e 1 = 40
p2
VEd

3.2.2.1. Shear resistance of gross section

hp t p f y,p 360  10  275 Ref (8)
VRd,g = =  10 3 = 450 kN
1, 27 3 M0 1, 27  3  1, 0
3.2.2.2. Shear resistance of net section

f u,p Ref [8]
VRd,n = A v,net
3 M2
Net area, Av,net = t p  h p  nd 0  =  10  360  5  22  = 2500 mm2
430
VRd = 2500   10 3 = 497 kN
3  1, 25

 0 , 5 f u,p Ant f y,p Anv  Ref [8]
VRd,b =    10 3
  M2 3 M0 
 
Net area subject to tension, Ant = t p  p2  e2  1,5d 0 
= 1060  50  1,5  22   770 mm2
Net area subject to shear, Ant = t p hp  e1  (n1  0,5)d 0 
= 10360  40  (5  0,5)22   2210 mm2
0 , 5  430  770 275  2210
VRd,b =  = 483 kN
1, 25 3  1, 0
VRd,min = min(450; 497; 483) = 450 kN

VEd = 350 kN ≤ 450 kN, OK
5 – 43
3.2.3. Bending resistance of the fin plate

Basic requirement: VEd ≤ VRd Ref [8]
2,73  z = 2,73  80 = 218 mm
hp = 360 mm > 218 mm
Then V Rd  
V Ed  V Rd , OK
3.2.4. Buckling resistance of the fin plate

10 Ref [8]
tp/0,15 = = 67 mm
0 ,15
z = 80 mm > 67 mm
 Wel,p f p,LT Wel,p f y,p  fp,LT from
VRd = min ;  BS5950-1
 z 0,6 M1 z  M0  Table 17
(See Appendix A)
2
t p hp 10  360 2
Wel,p =   216000 mm3
6 6
zp = 80 mm
1/ 2 1/ 2
 z p hp   50  360 
λLT = 2,8  = 2 , 8  
 = 31
 1, 5 t 2   1, 5  10
2

 p 
fp,LT is obtained by interpolation from Appendix A.
fp,LT = 274 N/mm2
 216000 274 216000 275 
VRd = min   10 3 ;  10 3 
 80 0 , 6  1, 0 80 1, 0 
= min 1233; 743 = 743 kN
VEd = 350 kN ≤ 743 kN, OK
3.2.5.1. Shear and block tearing resistance
5 – 44
tw = 9
e 1,b = 90
( n 1 - 1) p1
= 280
h e = 177

f y,b Ref [8]
VRd,g = A v,wb
3 M0
Av,wb = A  2 bt f   t w  2 r t f
= 11700  2  210  15 , 7   9  2  24 15 , 7 = 6001 mm2
η hwtw = 1, 0  515 , 6  9 = 4640 mm2
6001  275
VRd,g =  10 3 = 953 kN
3  1, 0
f u,b Ref [8]
VRd,n = A v,wb,net
3 M2
Net area, Av,wb,net = A  n1 d 0 t w = 6001  5  22  9 = 5011 mm2
430
VRd,n = 5011   10 3 = 995 kN
3  1, 25
0 , 5 f u,b Ant f y,b Anv Ref [8]
VRd,b = 
 M2 3 M0
Net area subject to tension, Ant = t p  p2  e2,b  1,5d 0 
 960  40  1,5  22   603 mm2
Net area subject to shear, Anv = t p e1,b  n1  1 p1  (n1  0,5)d 0 
= 990  5  170  (5  1)22 
= 2538 mm2
 0,5  430  603 275  2538 
VRd,b =     10 3 = 507 kN
 1,25 3  1,0 
VRd,min = min(953; 995; 507) = 507 kN
VEd = 350 kN ≤ 507 kN, OK
5 – 45
3.2.5.2. Shear and bending interaction at the 2nd line of bolts

Not applicable
3.2.5.3. Shear and bending interaction of un-notched beam

Shear and bending interaction at the beam web
tp 10 Ref [4]
= = 67 mm
0 ,15 0 ,15
z = 80 mm > 67 mm
Therefore this check is required.
Basic requirement: VEd (z + p2/2)  McBC,Rd + Fpl,AB,Rd (n1 – 1) p1
 n1  1 p1t w f y,b n1  1 p1  n1  1d 0 t w f u,b 

Fpl,BC,Rd = min ; 

 3  M0 3  M2 
 5  170  9  275
Fpl,BC,Rd = min  10 3 ;
5  170  5  1229  430 10 3 
3  1,0 3  1,25 
 
= min(400;343) = 343 kN
VBC,Ed is the shear force on the beam web BC
VBC,Ed = VEd – (VRd,min – Fpl,BC,Rd) but ≥ 0

VBC,Ed = 350 – (953 – 343) = -260 kN
Therefore VBC,Ed = 0 kN
f y,b t w
As VBC,Ed ≤ 0,5Fpl,BC,Rd then Mc,BC,Rd = n1  1 p1 2
6 M0
275  9
Mc,BC,Rd = 5  1702  10 6 = 32 kNm
6  1,0
 e  p2 t w f y,b e2, b  p2  3d 0 2 t w f u, b 
Fpl,AB,Rd = min 2, b ; 

 3  M0 3  M2 
 40  60 9  275 40  60  3  22 29  430  103 
= min  10  3 ; 
 3  1,0 3  1,25 
= min(143; 120) = 120 kN
McBC,Rd + Fpl,AB,Rd (n1 – 1) p1 = 32 + 120(5 – 1)7010-3 = 66 kNm
VEd (z + p2/2) = 350(80 + 60/2) 10-3 = 38 kNm
Therefore VEd (z + p2/2)  McBC,Rd + Fpl,AB,Rd (n1 – 1) p1 OK
5 – 46

Not applicable
3.2.7. Local stability of the notched beam

Not applicable

For a fin plate in S275 steel
Basic requirement: a ≥ 0,48tp Ref [8]
0,48tp = 0 , 48  10 = 4,8 mm
a = 5,7 mm ≥ 0,48tp OK

3.3.1. Fin plate and bolt group resistance
p2 = 60 e2 = 50
e 1 = 40
p1= 70
p1= 70
hp FEd = 350 kN
p1= 70
p1= 70
e 1 = 40

FRd = nbFv,u Ref [8]
 v f ub A 0,6  800  245
Fv,u = =  10 3 = 107 kN
 Mu 1,1
FRd = 10  107 = 1070 kN

FEd = 350 kN ≤ 1070 kN OK
3.3.1.2. Bearing resistance of bolts on the fin plate

FRd = nbFb,hor,u,Rd Ref [8]
k 1 b f u,p dt p
Fb,hor,u,Rd =
 Mu
5 – 47
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 40 70 
= min 2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5  = min  3 , 39 ; 2 , 75 ; 2 , 5  = 2,5
 22 22 
 e 
= min 2 ; 2  ; ub ; 1,0  = min  
p 1 f 50 60 1 800
αb ;  ; ; 1,0 
 3d 3d 4 f   3  22 3  22 4 430 
 0 0 u, p 
= min 0,75; 0,66; 1,86; 1,0  = 0,66
2 , 5  0 , 66  430  20  10
Fb,hor,u,Rd =  10 3 = 129 kN
1,1
FRd = 10  129 = 1290 kN
FEd = 350 kN ≤ 1290 kN, OK
3.3.1.3. Tension resistance of the fin plate

Basic requirement : FEd ≤ FRd
FRd = min  FRd,b ; FRd,n 
f u,p Ref [8]
FRd,n = 0 , 9 A net
 Mu
Anet = t p  h p  d 0 n1  = 10  360  22  5  = 2500 mm2
430
FRd,n = 0 , 9  2500 10 3 = 880 kN
1,1

Case 1 Ref [8]
f u,p Ant f y,p Anv
FRd,b = 
 Mu 3 M0
Ant = tp[(n1 – 1)p1 – (n1 – 1)d0] = 10[(5 – 1)  70 – (5 – 1)22] = 1920 mm2
 3   3 
Anv  2t p  e2  p2  d 0   2  10 50  60   22   1540 mm2
 2   2 
 430 1920 275  1540 
FRd,b =    10 3 = 995 kN
 1,1 3  1, 0 
Case 2
Ant = t p e1  n1  1 p1  n1  0,5 d 0 
Ant = 1040  5  1  70  5  0,5  22  = 2210 mm2
5 – 48
 3   3  2
Anv = t p  e 2  p2  d 0  = 10 50  60   22  = 770 mm
 2   2 
 430  2210 275  770 
FRd,b =     10 3 = 986 kN
 1,1 3  1,0 
FRd = min 880; 995; 986  = 880 kN

FEd = 350 kN ≤ 880 kN, OK

e2,b=40
p 2 =60
e 1,b=90
p 1 =70
FEd

FRd = nbFb,hor,u,Rd
k 1 b f u,b dt w
Fb,hor,u,Rd =
 Mu
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1,b  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 90 70 
= min 2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5  = min 9,8; 2,75; 2,5 = 2,5
 22 22 
e p 1 f   40 60 1 800 
αb = min 2,b ; 2  ; ub ;1,0  = min ;  ; ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u,b   3  22 3  22 4 430 
= min 0,61; 0,66; 1,86; 1,0  = 0,61

2 , 5  0 , 61  430  20  9
Fb,hor,u,Rd =  10 3 = 107 kN
1,1
FRd = 10  107 = 1070 kN
FEd = 350 kN ≤ 1070 kN OK
5 – 49
3.3.2.2. Tension resistance of the beam web

Basic requirement : FEd ≤ FRd
FRd = min  FRd,b ; FRd,n 
f u,b
FRd,n = 0 , 9 A net,wb
 Mu
Anet,wb = t w h wb  d 0 n1 t w = 9  360  22  5  9 = 2250 mm2
430
FRd,n = 0 , 9  2250  10 3 = 792 kN
1 ,1
f u,b Ant f y,b Anv / 3

FRd,b = 
 Mu  M0
Ant  t w n1  1 p1  n1  1d 0 
= 95  1  70  5  122  1728 mm2
 3   3 
Anv  2t w  e2,b  p2  d 0   2  9 40  60   22   1206 mm2
 2   2 
 430  1728 275  1206 
FRd,b =     10 3 = 867 kN
 1 ,1 3  1, 0 
(Case 2 only applies to notched beams)
FRd = min 792; 867  = 792 kN
FEd = 350 kN ≤ 792 kN, OK

full strength.
5 – 50
4 DOUBLE ANGLE WEB CLEATS
Unless noted otherwise, the design rules below have been developed from
those established for partial depth end plates and fin plates from Reference 8.

tf
1 3
5
p1
hac p1 6
hb
p1
2
t ac 4 p3
tf
8 9
10
1 Length of cleat hac  0,6hb

2 Face of beam or column
3 End projection, gh approximately 10 mm
5 Bolt diameter, d
6 Hold diameters, d0. d0 = d + 2 mm for d  24 mm; d0 = d + 3 mm for d > 24 mm
7 10 mm clearance
8 Supported beam (single notched)
9 Supported beam (double notched)
10 Supporting beam
5 – 51

4.2.1.1 Supported beam side
Shear resistance of bolts
p1 p1
p1 p1
p1 p1
z z z
1 1 1
VEd VEd VEd
1 Assumed line of shear transfer

n b F v,Rd
VRd = 2
(1  n b ) 2  (  n b ) 2
 v f ub A
Fv,Rd =
 M2
where:

6z
α = 0 and β =
n1 n1  1 p1
For a double vertical line of bolts (n2 = 2)

zp 2 zp
α = and β = 1  n1  1 
2I 2I
I =
n1
2
2 1 2
p 2  n1 n1  1 p 1
6
 2

5 – 52
z is the transverse distance from the face of the supporting element to

the centre of the bolt group
Bearing resistance of bolts on the angle cleats
p2 e2
e1
p1
e1 e1
1
VEd z e2 VEd z
2 2
Single row Double Row
1 Check the bearing strength of cleat under eccentric load

nb
VRd = 2
2 2
 1  n b   n b 
   
F  F 
k 1 b f u dt
The bearing resistance of a single bolt is Fb,Rd =
 M2
The vertical bearing resistance of a single bolt on the angle cleat is as follows:
k 1 b f u,ac dt ac
Fb,ver,Rd =
 M2
The horizontal bearing resistance of a single bolt on the angle cleat is as

follows:
k1 b f u, ac dtac
Fb,hor,Rd =
 M2
α, β and M2 are as defined previously.
For Fb,ver,Rd:
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 2  1,7; 1,4 2  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 e p 1 f 
αb = min 1 ; 1  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u,ac 
5 – 53
For Fb,hor,Rd:
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 e p f 
αb = min 2 ; 2  1,4; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 f u,ac 
Bearing resistance of bolts on the beam web

gh e 2,b e 2,b
gh p2
e1,b e1,b
p1 p1
z z
VEd 1 VEd
1 Check bolt group in bearing under eccentric load

nb
VRd =
2 2
 1  n b   n b 
   
F  F 
k 1 b f u,b dt w
Fb,ver,Rd =
 M2
k 1 b f u,b dt w
Fb,hor,Rd =
 M2
α, β and M2 are as defined previously
For Fb,ver,Rd,
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 2,b  1,7; 1,4 2  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
e p 1 f 
αb = min 1,b ; 1  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u,b 
5 – 54
For Fb,hor,Rd
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1,b  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
e p 1 f 
αb = min 2,b ; 2  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u,b 
4.2.1.2 Supporting beam side

Basic requirement:
VEd  FRd
FRd is the resistance of the bolt group [EN 1993-1-8, §3.7(1)]

If (Fb,Rd)max  Fv,Rd then FRd = Fb,Rd
If (Fb,Rd)min  Fv,Rd  (Fb,Rd)max then FRd = ns(Fb,Rd)min
If Fv,Rd ≤ (Fb,Rd)min then FRd = 0,8nsFv,Rd

 v f ub A
Fv,Rd = [EN 1993-1-8, Table 3.4]
 M2
where:
v = 0,6 for 4.6 and 8.8 bolts

Fb,Rd is the bearing resistance of a single bolt
Fb,Rd = [EN 1993-1-8, Table 3.4]
 M2
where:
M2 is the partial factor for plates in bearing
 For end bolts (parallel to the direction of load transfer)
 e f ub 
b = min  1 ; ; 1, 0 
 3d 0 f u,ac 
 For inner bolts (parallel to the direction of load transfer)
 p 1 f ub 
b = min  1  ; ; 1, 0 
 3d 0 4 f u,ac 
5 – 55
 For edge bolts (perpendicular to the direction of load transfer)

 e 
k1 = min  2 , 8 2  1, 7 ; 2 , 5 
 d0 
4.2.2 Shear resistance of the angle cleats

p2 e2
e1
p1
e1 e1
VEd z e2 VEd z
2 2
Single row Double row
4.2.2.1 Supported beam side


h ac t ac f y,ac
VRd,g = 2
1, 27 3 M0
the bolts.[9]

f u,ac
VRd,n = 2  A v,net
3 M2
Av,net = t ac  h ac  n1 d 0 
 0 , 5 f u,ac Ant f y,ac Anv 
VRd,b = 2   
  M2 3 M0 
 
Anv = t ac  h ac  e1  ( n1  0 , 5 ) d 0 
For a single line of bolts:
Ant = t ac  e 2  0 , 5 d 0 
5 – 56
For a double line of bolts:

Ant = t ac  e 2  p 2  1, 5 d 0 
4.2.2.2 Supporting beam side
1 2
e1
p1 p1
e1 e1
e2 e2
VEd VEd VEd VEd

2 2 2 2
1 Critical section in shear and bearing


h ac t ac f y,ac
VRd,g = 2 
1, 27 3 M0
the bolts[9].

f u,ac
3 M2
Av,net = t ac  h ac  n1 d 0 
VRd,b = 2   
  M2 3 M0 
 
Ant = t ac  e 2  0 , 5 d 0 
Anv = t ac  h ac  e1  ( n1  0 , 5 ) d 0 
5 – 57

1
gh e 2,b gh e 2,b gh e 2,b tf
e1,b e1,b e1,b

2 2
p1 p1 p1
3 3
he he
he
tf tf
VEd VEd VEd
1
e 2,b e 2,b e 2,b
gh p2 gh p2 gh p2
e1,b e 1,b e 1,b

2 2
p1 p1 p1
3 3
he
he he
VEd VEd VEd
4
2 Shear failure
3 Tension failure
4 Block shear failure tearing out of shaded portion
4.2.3.1 Shear and block tearing resistance


f y,b
VRd,g = A v,wb
3 M0
Av,wb = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf but ≥ η hwtw for un-notched beam
Av,wb = ATee – btf + (tw + 2r)tf /2 for single notched beam
5 – 58
Av,wb = tw (e1,b + (n1 –1)p1 + he) for double notched beam
η is a factor from EN 1993-1-5 (it may be conservatively taken equal

to 1,0)

f u,b
VRd,n = A v,wb,net
3 M2
Av,wb,net = Av,wb – n1d0tw

0 , 5 f u,b Ant f y,b Anv
VRd,b = 
 M2 3 M0
For a single vertical line of bolts, Ant = t w  e 2,b  0 , 5 d 0 

 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts, Ant = t w  e2,b  p2  d 0 
 2 
Anv = t w e1, b  (n1  1) p1  (n1  0,5)d 0 

4.2.3.2 Shear and bending interaction at the 2nd line of bolts, if the notch
length ln > (e2,b + p2)
1
ln ln
e 2,b p 2 e 2,b p 2
gh gh
e 1,b e 1,b
p1 p1
he
he
VEd VEd
Basic requirement: VEd (gh+e2,b + p2)  Mc,Rd [Reference 4]

Mc,Rd is the moment resistance of the notched beam at the connection in the
presence of shear.
5 – 59
For single notched beam:

f y,b W el,N
Mc,Rd =
 M0
2
Mc,Rd = 1    1 
 M0   Vpl,N,Rd  
 
Vpl,N,Rd = min(VRd,g; VRd,b)

f y,b t w
Mc,Rd =  e1   n 1  1  p 1  h e  2
6  M0
f y,b t w   2V  
2
Mc,Rd = e1  n1  1 p1  he  2

1   Ed
 1 
6 M0   Vpl,DN,Rd  
 
Vpl,DN,Rd = min(VRd,g; VRd,b)

1
gh ln gh ln gh ln gh ln
e 2,b e2,b
e1,b e1,b e 1,b e 1,b
p1 p1 p1 p1
he he
he he
VEd VEd 2 VEd VEd

2
1 Critical sections
2 To notch or beam flange
Shear and bending interaction at the notch.
4.2.4.1 For single bolt line or for double bolt lines, if xN ≥ 2d:
VEd (gh + ln)  Mv,N,Rd [Reference 4]
Mv,N,Rd is the moment resistant of the beam at the notch in the presence of
shear
5 – 60
For single notched beam

f y,b W el,N
Mv,N,Rd =
 M0
2
Mv,N,Rd = 1    1 
 M0   Vpl,N,Rd  
 
f y,b t w
Mv,DN,Rd = ( e1,b   n1  1  p 1  h e ) 2
6  M0
f y,b t w   2V  
2
Mv,DN,Rd = e  n1  1 p1  he 
2
1   Ed
 1 
4 M0   Vpl,DN,Rd  
1,b
 
4.2.4.2 For double bolt lines, if xN < 2d:

max (VEd (gh + ln); VEd (gh + e2,b + p2)) ≤ Mv,N,Rd [Reference 4]
Mv,N,Rd = Mc,Rd from the previous check
where:
A v, N f y,b
=
3  M0
tf
2
A v,DN f y,b
=
3  M0
Av,DN = tw (e1,b + (n1 – 1) p1 + he)
where:
5 – 61
4.2.5 Local stability of the notched beam

ln ln
d nt d nt
hb hb
dnb
ln
When the beam is restrained against lateral torsional buckling, no account need
be taken of notch stability provided the following conditions are met:
[5],[6]
For one flange notched, basic requirement:
dnt  hb / 2 and:

160000 h b
 h b / t w 3
110000 h b
 h b / t w 3
[7]
For both flanges notched, basic requirement:
max (dnt; dnb)  hb / 5 and:

160000 h b
 hb tw 3
110000 h b
 hb tw 3
5 – 62

4.3.1 Angle cleats and bolt group resistance

4.3.1.1 Resistance of the angle cleats in bending
e2 p3
e1
p1
p
1
p1
e1
FEd
1 Critical sections
There are three modes of failure for angle cleats in bending:

Mode 1: complete yielding of the plate
Mode 2: bolt failure with yielding of the plate
Mode 3: bolt failure

FRd = min(FRd,u,1, FRd,u,2, FRd,u,3)
Mode 1 (the complete yielding of the angle cleats)
 8 n  2 e w  M pl,1,Rd,u
FRd,u,1 = [EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.2]
2 mn  e w  m  n 
Mode 2 (bolt failure with yielding of the angle cleats)
FRd,u,2 = [EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.2]
mn
Mode 3 (bolt failure)
FRd,u,3 = ΣF t,Rd,u [EN 1993-1-8 Table 6.2]
k 2 f ub A
Ft,Rd,u =
 Mu
5 – 63
where:
2
0 , 25 Σl eff t ac f u,ac
Mpl,1,Rd,u =
 Mu
Mpl,2,Rd,u = Mpl,1,Rd,u
p 3  t w  2 t ac  2  0 , 8  r
m =
2
n = emin but n ≤ 1,25m where emin = e2
dw
ew =
4
dw is the diameter of the washer
k2 = 0,63 for countersunk bolts
= 0,9 otherwise
Σleff is the effective length of a plastic hinge
Σleff = 2 e1 A  ( n1  1) p 1 A
d0
e1A = e1 but ≤ 0 , 5 ( p 3  t w  2 r ) 
2
p1A = p1 but ≤ p 3  t w  2 r  d 0

FRd = 2nbFv,u
 v f ub A
Fv,u =
 Mu
where:
4.3.1.3 Bearing resistance of bolts on the angle cleats

FRd = 2nbFb,hor,u,Rd
Fb,hor,u,Rd =
 Mu
5 – 64
where:
 e p 
k1 = min  2 , 8 1  1, 7 ;1, 4 1  1, 7 ; 2 , 5 
 d0 d0 
 e p 1 f 
αb = min  2 ; 2  ; ub ;1, 0 
 3 d 0 3 d 0 4 f u,ac 
Case 1
1 2 4
Case 2
2 4
1 Beam without notch

2 Notched beam
4 Double angle cleat
Basic requirement : FEd ≤ FRd,b

f u,ac Ant f y,ac Anv
FRd,b = 
 Mu 3 M0
Case 1:
Ant = 2tac n1  1 p1  n1  1d 0 
For a single vertical line of bolts: Anv = 4 t ac  e 2  0 , 5 d 0 

 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts: Anv = 4tac  e2  p2  d 0 
 2 
Case 2:
Ant = 2tac e1  n1  1 p1  n1  0,5d 0 
For a single vertical line of bolts: Anv = 2tac e 2  0,5d 0 
 3 
For a double vertical line of bolts: Anv = 2 t ac  e2  p2  d0 
 2 
5 – 65

e 2,b e 2,b p2
e1,b
e1,b
p1 p1
p p
1 1
FEd FEd
p p
1 1
e 2,b e 2,b p2
e1,b e1,b
p1 p1
p1 p1
FEd FEd
p p
1 1

FRd = nbFb,hor,u,Rd
k 1 b f u,b dt w,b
Fb,hor,u,Rd =
 Mu
where:
 e p 
k1 =  2,8 1, b  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
e p 1 f 
αb =  2, b ; 2  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u, b 
4.3.2.2 Tension resistance of the beam web

Basic requirement: FEd ≤ FRd,n
f u,b
 Mu
where:
Anet,wb = t w h ac  d 0 n1 t w
5 – 66
Case 1
1 2 4
Case 2
2 4
1 Beam without notch

2 Notched beam
4 Double angle cleat
Basic requirement: FEd ≤ FRd,b

f u,b Ant f y,b Anv
FRd,b = 
 Mu 3 M0
Case 1:
Ant = tw   n1  1  p 1   n1  1  d 0 
For a single vertical line of bolts, Anv = 2 t w  e 2 ,b  0 , 5 d 0 
 3 
For double vertical line of bolts, Anv = 2 t w  e 2 ,b  p 2  d 0 
 2 
Case 2 (for notched beams only):

Ant = t w  e1 , b   n 1  1  p 1   n 1  0 , 5  d 0 
For a single vertical line of bolts, Anv = t w  e 2 ,b  0 , 5 d 0 
 3 
For double vertical line of bolts, Anv = t w  e 2 ,b  p 2  d 0 
 2 
5 – 67
4.4 Worked Example: Angle Web Cleats 1 of 15

Calculation sheet
4. Angle Web Cleats

Details and data
40
70
70
IPE A 550
S275 370 kN
70
70
70
40
10
450 kN
50 40
50

Angle cleats: 2/90  90  10, S275
Bolts: M20 8.8
5 – 68
Title 4.4 Worked Example – Angle Web Cleats 2 of 15
Design forces
VEd = 450 kN
Shear resistances
Bolt group resistance
Supported beam side
Bearing resistance of bolts on the angle cleats 1075 kN
Supporting beam side
Resistance 902 kN
Shear resistance of the angle cleats
Supported beam side
Shear resistance 954 kN
Supporting beam side
Shear resistance of the beam web
Shear and block tearing resistance
Shear and bending interaction
at the 2nd line of bolts N/A
Local stability of the notched beam N/A
Tying resistances
Angle cleats and bolt group resistance
Resistance of the angle cleats in bending 696 kN
Bearing resistance of bolts on the angle cleats 1428 kN
Block tearing resistance 2060 kN
Beam web resistance
Block tearing resistance 927 kN
5 - 69

Cleats 10 mm thick Unless noted
otherwise, all
Length, hac = 430mm > 0,6hb, OK references are to
EN 1993-1-8
4.2.1.1. Supported beam side
n b F v,Rd
VRd = 2
(1  n b ) 2  (  n b ) 2
 v f ub A
Fv,Rd =
 M2
0 , 6  800  245
For M20 8.8 bolts, Fv,Rd =  10 3 = 94 kN
1, 25
For a single vertical line of bolts (i.e. n2 = 1 and n1 = 6), α = 0
6z 6  50
β = = = 0,102
n1 ( n 1  1 ) p 1 6  6  1  70
6  94
Thus VRd = 2  = 962 kN
2 2
(1  0  6 )  ( 0 ,102  6 )
VEd = 450 kN ≤ 962 kN, OK

Basic requirement: VEd ≤ Vb,Rd
nb
Vb,Rd = 2
2 2
 1  n b   n b 
   
F  F 
 b, ver,Rd   b,hor,Rd 
α = 0 and β = 0,102, as above
The vertical bearing resistance for a single bolt, Fb,ver,Rd =
 M2
 e   40 
k1 = min 2,8 2  1,7; 2,5  = min 2,8  1,7; 2,5  = min 3,39; 2,5
 d0   22 
= 2,5
5 - 70
 e p 1 f 
αb = min 1 ; 1  ; ub ; 1,0 
 3d 0 3d 0 4 f u,ac 
 40 70 800 
= min ;  0,25; ; 1,0  = min 0,61; 0,81; 1,86; 1,0 
 3  22 3  22 430 
αb = 0,61
2,5  0,61  430  20  10
Fb,ver,Rd =  10 3 = 105 kN
1,25
The horizontal bearing resistance for a single bolt, Fb,hor,Rd =
 M2
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 40 70 
= min 2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5  = min 3,39; 2,75; 2,5 = 2,5
 22 22 
 e f   40 800 
αb = min 2 ; ub ; 1,0  = min ; ; 1,0 
 3d 0 f u,ac   3  22 430 
= min 0,61; 1,86; 1,0  = 0,61

2 , 5  0 , 61  430  20  10
Fb,hor,Rd =  10 3 = 105 kN
1, 25
6
VRd = 2 = 1075 kN
2 2
 1 0 6   0 ,102  6 
   
 105   105 
VEd = 450 kN ≤ 1075 kN, OK
5 - 71
Bearing resistance of bolts on the beam web

tw = 9
e1,b = 90
(n1 -1)p1
= 350
h e = 107
e2,b = 40

nb
VRd =
2 2
 1  n b   n b 
   
F  F 
α = 0 and β = 0,102, as above
k 1 b f u,b dt w
The vertical bearing resistance of a single bolt, Fb,ver,Rd =
 M2
 e   40 
k1 = min 2,8 2,b  1,7; 2,5  = min 2,8  1,7; 2,5  = min 3,4; 2,5
 d0   22 
= 2,5
e p 1 f 
= min 1,b ; 1  ; ub ; 1,0  = min  
90 70 1 800
αb
 3d 3d  ;  ; ; 1,0 
 0 0 4 f u, b   3  22 3  22 4 430 
= min 1,36; 0,81; 1,86; 1,0  = 0,81

2 , 5  0 , 81  430  20  9
Fb,ver,Rd =  10 3 = 125 kN
1, 25
The horizontal bearing resistance of a single bolt,
k 1 b f u,b dt w
Fb,hor,Rd =
 M2
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1,b  1,7; 1,4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 90 70 
= min 2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5  = min 9,75; 2,75; 2,5 = 2,5
 22 22 
5 - 72
e f   40 800 
αb = min 2,b ; ub ; 1,0  = min ; ; 1,0 
 3d 0 f u,b   3  22 430 
= min 0,61; 1,86; 1,0  = 0,61

2 , 5  0 , 61  430  20  9
Fb,hor,Rd =  10 3 = 94 kN
1, 25
6
VRd = = 583 kN
2 2
 1 0 6   0 ,102  6 
   
 125   94 
VEd = 450 kN ≤ 583 kN, OK
4.2.1.2. Supporting beam side
e2 = 40
e 1 = 40
(n1-1)p1
= 350
e 1 = 40
VEd VEd
2 2
VEd = 450 kN
Basic requirement: V Ed  F Rd
The design resistance of the bolt group, FRd :
If  F b,Rd  max  F v,Rd then FRd  ΣFb,Rd
If ( F b,Rd ) min  F v,Rd  ( F b,Rd ) max then FRd  n s ( Fb,Rd ) min

If F v,Rd   F b,Rd  min then FRd  0 , 8 n s F v,Rd

 v f ub A
 M2
0 , 6  800  245
For M20 8.8 bolts, Fv,Rd = 10 3 = 94 kN
1, 25
5 - 73

Vb,Rd =
 M2
e2 40
For edge bolts, k1 = min(2,8  1,7; 2,5) = min(2,8   1,7; 2,5)
d0 22
= min(3,39; 2,5) = 2,5
e1 f 40 800
For end bolts, αb = min( ; ub ; 1,0) = min( ; ; 1,0)
3d 0 f u,ac 3  22 430
= min(0,61; 1,86; 1,0) = 0,61
p1 1 f ub
For inner bolts, αb = min(  ; ; 1,0)
3d 0 4 f u,ac
70 1 800
= min(  ; ; 1,0) = min(0,81; 1,86; 1,0)
3  22 4 430
= 0,81
2,5  0,61 430  20 10
End bolts, Fb,Rd,end  Fb,Rd min   10 3
1,25
 105 kN
2,5  0,81 430  20 10
Inner bolts, Fb,Rd,inner  Fb,Rd max  10 3
1,25
 139 kN
94 kN < 105 kN thus Fv,Rd < (Fb,Rd)min
FRd  0 , 8 n s F v,Rd  0 , 8  12  94  902 kN

V Ed = 550 kN ≤ 902 kN, OK
4.2.2. Shear resistance of the angle cleats

4.2.2.1. Supported beam side

h ac t ac f y,ac 430  10  275
VRd,g = 2 = 2  10 3 = 1076 kN
1, 27 3 M0 1, 27  3  1, 0
f u,ac
3 M2
5 - 74
Net area, Av,net = t ac  h ac  n1 d 0  = 10  430  6  22  = 2980 mm2

430
VRd,n = 2  2980   10 3 = 1184 kN
3  1, 25

VRd,b = 2  
  M2 3 M0 
 
Net area subject to tension, Ant = t ac  e 2  0 , 5 d 0
= 10  40  0 , 5  22  = 290 mm2
Net area subject to shear, Anv = t ac  h ac  e1  ( n1  0 , 5 ) d 0 
= 10  430  40  ( 6  0 , 5 ) 22  = 2690 mm2
 0 , 5  430  290 275  2690 

VRd,b = 2     10 3 = 954 kN
 1 , 25 3  1, 0 
VRd,min = 954 kN
VEd = 450 kN ≤ 954 kN, OK
4.2.2.2. Supporting beam side

e2 = 40
e 1 = 40
1
(n1-1)p1
= 350
e 1 = 40
VEd VEd
2 2
VEd = 450 kN
1 Block shear failure


hac t ac f y,ac 430  10  275
VRd,g = 2 = 2  10 3 = 1076 kN
1,27 3 M0 1, 27  3  1, 0
5 - 75

f u,ac
3 M2
Net area, Av,net = t ac  h ac  n1 d 0  = 10  430  6  22  = 2980 mm2
430
VRd,n = 2  2980   10 3 = 1184 kN
3  1, 25

VRd,b = 2  
  M2 3 M0 
 
Net area subject to tension, Ant = t ac  e 2  0 , 5 d 0

= 10  40  0 , 5  22  = 290 mm2
Net area subject to shear, Anv = t ac  h ac  e1  ( n1  0 , 5 ) d 0 

= 10  430  40  ( 6  0 , 5 ) 22  = 2690 mm2
 0 , 5  430  290 275  2690 

VRd,b = 2     10 3 = 954 kN
 1, 25 3  1, 0 
VRd,min = 954 kN
VEd = 450 kN ≤ 954 kN, OK

4.2.3.1. Shear and block tearing resistance
h ac = 430
VEd = 450 kN

5 - 76

f y,b
VRd,g = A v,wb
3 M0
Av,wb = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf = 11700  2  210  15 , 7   9  2  24 15 , 7
Av,wb = 6001 mm2
η hwtw = 1, 0  515 , 6  9 = 4640 mm2
6001  275
VRd,g =  10 3 = 953 kN
3  1, 0

f u,b
VRd,n = A v,wb,net
3 M2
Net area, Av,wb,net = A v,wb  n1 d 0 t w = 6001  6  22  9 = 4813 mm2
430
VRd,n = 4813   10 3 = 956 kN
3  1, 25

 0 , 5 f u,b Ant f y,b Anv 
VRd,b =  
  M2 3 M0 
 
Net area subject to tension, Ant  t w e2,b  0,5d 0 
 9  40  0 , 5  22   261 mm2
Net area subject to shear, Anv  t w e1,b  n1  1 p1  (n1  0,5)d 0 
 9  90   6  1  70  ( 6  0 , 5 ) 22 
 2871 mm2
 0 , 5  430  261 275  2871 
VRd,b =     10 3 = 501 kN
 1, 25 3  1, 0 
VRd,min = min(953; 956; 501) = 501 kN
VEd = 450 kN ≤ 501 kN, OK
4.2.3.2. Shear and bending interaction at the 2nd line of bolts

Not applicable because it is un-notched

5 - 77
4.2.5. Local stability of the notched beam


4.3.1. Angle cleats and bolt group resistance
4.3.1.1. Resistance of the angle cleats in bending
Tension bolt group FEd
FRd  min FRd, u,1 , FRd, u,2 , FRd,u,3 
The tying resistance for Mode 1, FRd,u,1 is given by:

8n  2ew M pl,1,Rd,u
FRd,u,1 =
2mn  ew m  n 
Σleff = 2 e1 A  ( n 1  1 ) p 1 A
d0
e1A = e1 but ≤ 0 , 5 ( p 3  t w  2 r ) 
2
22
0 , 5 (109  9  2  11)  = 50 mm
2
 e1A = 40 mm
p1A = p1 but ≤ p 3  t w  2 r  d 0
p 3  t w  2 r  d 0 = 109  9  2  11  22 = 100 mm
 p1A = 70 mm
Σleff = 2 e1 A  ( n1  1) p 1 A = 2  40  ( 6  1) 70 = 430 mm
2
0 , 25 Σl eff,1 t f f u,ac 0 , 25  430  10 2  430
Mpl,1,Rd,u = =  10 6 = 4,2kNm
 Mu 1,1
p3  t w  2t ac  2  0,8  r 109  9  2  10  2  0,8  11
m = = = 31 mm
2 2
d w 37
ew    9,25 mm
4 4
n = min  e 2 ;1, 25 m  = min  40 ; 39  = 39 mm
5 - 78
 8  39  2  9 , 25  4 , 2  10 3
FRd,u,1 = = 696 kN
2  31  39  9 , 25  31  39 
The tying resistance for mode 2, FRd,u,2 is given by:
FRd,u,2 =
mn
Mpl,2,Rd,u = Mpl,1,Rd,u =4,20 kNm
k 2 f ub A 0 , 9  800  245
Ft,Rd,u = =  10 3 = 160 kN
 Mu 1, 1
2  4 , 2  10 3  39  12  160
FRd,u,2 = = 1190 kN
31  39
The tying resistance for mode 3, FRd,u,3 is given by
FRd,u,3 = ΣF t,Rd,u = 12  160 = 1920 kN
FRd  min FRd,u,1 , FRd,u,2 , FRd,u,3 
FRd  min 696, 1190, 1920  = 696 kN

FEd = 370 kN ≤ 696 kN, OK
FEd = 370 kN
IPE A 550
S275

FRd = 2nbFv,u
 v f ub A 0 , 6  800  245
Fv,u = =  10 3 = 107 kN
 Mu 1,1
FRd = 2  6  107 = 1284 kN
FEd = 370 kN ≤ 1284 kN, OK
4.3.1.3. Bearing resistance of bolts on the angle cleats

FRd = 2nbFb,hor,u,Rd
5 - 79
Fb,hor,u,Rd =
 Mu
 e p 
k1 = min 2,8 1  1,7; 1.4 1  1,7; 2,5 
 d0 d0 
 40 70 
= min 2,8  1,7; 1,4  1,7; 2,5  = min 3,39; 2,75; 2,5 = 2,5
 22 22 
 e f   40 800 
αb = min 2 ; ub ; 1,0  = min ; ; 1,0 
 3d 0 f u,ac   3  22 430 
= min 0,61; 1,86; 1,0  = 0,61

2 , 5  0 , 61  430  20  10
Fb,hor,u,Rd =  10 3 = 119 kN
1, 1
FRd = 2  6  119 = 1428 kN
FEd = 350 kN ≤ 1428 kN, OK

e2 = 40
e 1 = 40
70
70
hac
70
FEd = 370 kN
70
70
e 1 = 40

f u,ac Ant f y,ac Anv
FRd,b = 
 Mu 3 M0
Case 1
Ant = 2t ac n1  1 p1  n1  1d 0  = 2  10  6  1  70  6  1  22
= 4800 mm2
Anv = 4tac e 2  0.5d 0  = 4  1040  0,5  22  = 1160 mm2
 430  4800 275  1160 
FRd,b =     10 3 = 2060 kN
 1,1 3  1,0 
5 - 80
Case 2
Ant = 2t ac e1  n1  1 p1  n1  0,5d 0 
Ant = 2  10  40  6  1  70  6  0,5  22 = 5380 mm2
Anv = 2 tac e 2  0,5d 0  = 2  10  40  0,5  22  = 580 mm2
 430  5380 275  580 
FRd,b =     10 3 = 2195 kN
 1,1 3  1,0 
FEd = 370 kN ≤ 2060 and 2195 kN, OK

e 2,b = 40
e1,b = 90
70 n1
70
70
FEd = 370 kN
70
70

FRd = nbFb,hor,u,Rd
k 1 b f u,b dt w
Fb,hor,u,Rd =
 Mu
 p   70 
k1 = min1,4 1  1,7; 2,5  = min1,4  1,7; 2,5  = 2,5
 d0   22 
e f   40 800 
αb = min 2,b ; ub ; 1,0  = min ; ; 1,0  = 0,61
 3d 0 f u,b   3  22 430 
2 , 5  0 , 61  430  20  9
Fb,hor,u,Rd =  10 3 = 107 kN
1,1
FRd = 6  107 = 642 kN
FEd = 370 kN ≤ 642 kN, OK
4.3.2.2. Tension resistance of the beam web

Basic requirement: FEd ≤ FRd,n
f u,b
 Mu
Anet,wb = t w h ac  d 0 n1 t w = 9  430  22  6  9 = 2682 mm2
5 - 81
430
FRd,n = 0 , 9  2682  10 3 = 944 kN
1 ,1
FEd = 370 kN ≤ 944 kN, OK

f u,b Ant f y,b Anv
FRd,b = 
 Mu 3 M0
Case 1
Ant = t w n1  1 p1  n1  1d 0  = 96  1  70  6  122
= 2160 mm2
Anv = 2t w e2,b  0,5d 0  = 2  9  40  0 , 5  22  = 522 mm2
 430  2160 275  522 

FRd,b =    10 3 = 927 kN
 1 , 1 3 1, 0 
FEd = 370 ≤ 927 kN, OK
(Case 2 only applies to notched beams)
5 - 82
5 COLUMN SPLICES (BEARING TYPE)
Column splices are designed assuming they must resist both the axial
compression and, where appropriate, a nominal moment from the connection to
the beams.
In bearing type splices, the axial load is transferred directly between the ends
of the column sections (with a division plate if necessary due to the change of
serial size) and not via the splices plates. The plates provide the splice with
adequate stiffness and tying resistance.

1
huc buc
2
t f,uc
3
5
hp
6
4
7
t w,lc
p2
h lc
bp
b lc
1 Web cover plate width  0,5huc

2 Multiple packs thickness tpa
3 Web cover plate at least 4 no. M20, 8.8 bolts – See notes
For double-sided web cover plates, thickness  tw,uc/2
For single-sided web cover plates, thickness  tw,uc
4 Flange cover plate. Height: hp  2buc and 225 mm; Width: bp  buc;
Thickness: tp  tf,uc/2 and 10 mm
5 Bolts (normally untorqued in clearance holes) – See notes
6 Packs arranged as necessary
7 Wide bolt spacing for joint rigidity
Ends of column sections in direct bearing
5 - 83
1
2
t f,uc
> 45° 5
1 Cleat length > 0,5huc

2 Web angle cleats at least 2 no. M20, 8.8 bolts each side
3 Multiple packs thickness tpa
4 Flange cover plate as above
5 Division plate thickness should be at least, [(hlc – 2tf,lc) – (huc – 2tf,lc)]/
Direct bearing onto a division plate
1
huc buc
2
t f,uc
4
Lj
3
hp
5
Lj
6
t w,lc
p2
h lc
bp
blc
1 Web cover plate width  0,5huc

2 Web cover plate at least 4 no. M20, 8.8 bolts
3 Flange cover plate. Height: hp  2buc and 450 mm; Width: bp  (buc – tw,lc – 2rlc)/2;
Thickness: tp  tf,uc/2 and 10 mm, (rlc = root radius)
4 Bolts (normally untorqued in clearance holes) – See notes
5 Packs arranged as necessary
6 Wide bolt spacing for joint rigidity
Internal flange cover plates
5 - 84
Notes:
1. Bolt spacing and edge distances should comply with the recommendations
of EN 1993-1-8:2005
2. The thickness of the flange cover plate should be at least the minimum of
10, tf,uc/2 and p1/14.
3. The thickness mentioned in Note 2 is in most cases sufficient to transmit at
least 25% of the maximum compressive force in the column, as required by
EN 1993-1-8 [§6.2.7.1(14)].
4. The column splices should be located at approximately 600 mm above floor
beam level. It is also recommended to use a minimum of four bolts. In a
braced frame, columns containing such splices will behave satisfactorily
even if the joint effectively behaves as a pin. In practice, typical bearing
column splices as given in this guide will provide significant stiffness about
both axes, although less than full stiffness.
5. In common practice the width of the flange cover plate would not be greater
than the width of the lower column flange. However if the width of the
flange cover plate is narrower than the upper column flange then edge and
end distances should be checked against the Eurocode (EN 1993-1-8
Table 3.3).
If there is significant net tension then the following notes should be adhered to:
6. Bolt diameters must be at least 75% of packing thickness tpa[11].
7. The number of plies in multiple packs should not exceed four[11].
8. There should not be more than one jump in serial size of column at the
splice.
9. If external and internal flange covers are to be provided, the size should be
similar to those shown in the figures and the combined thickness of the
external and internal cover plates must be at least tf,uc / 2. All cover plates
should be at least 10 mm thick.
5 - 85
5.2 Checks for tension

5.2.1 Net tension
5.2.1.1 Net tension effects
N Ed, G
M Ed
VEd
VEd
M NEd, G M NEd, G
( hEd + 2
) ( hEd - 2
)
The following checks the presence of net tension due to axial load and bending
moment[4]:
N Ed,G h
If MEd ≤ then net tension does not occur and so the splice need only be
2
detailed to transmit axial compression by direct bearing.
N Ed,G h
If MEd > then net tension does occur and the flange cover plates and
2
their fasteners should be checked for tensile force, FEd.
M Ed N Ed,G
FEd = 
h 2
MEd is the nominal moment due to factored permanent and variable loads
(i.e. column design moment) at the floor level immediately below the
splice.
NEd,G is the axial compressive force due to factored permanent loads only.
h is conservatively the overall depth of the smaller column (for external
flange cover plates) or the centreline to centreline distance between
the flange cover plates (for internal flange cover plates).
Preloaded bolts should be used when net tension induces stress in the upper
column flange > 10% of the design strength of that column.
5 - 86
5.2.1.2 Tension resistance of the flange cover plate

FEd
FEd
1 Column flange
2 Flange cover plate
3 Critical section
Basic requirement: FEd ≤ Nt,Rd

Nt,Rd = min(Npl,Rd; Nu,Rd; Nbt,Rd)
Tension resistance of gross section

Npl,Rd is the tension plastic resistance of the gross section
Afp f y,p
Npl,Rd = [EN 1993-1-1 §6.2.3(2)]
 M0
where:
Afp is the gross area of the flange cover plate(s) attached to one flange
Nu,Rd is the tension ultimate resistance of the net area
0 , 9 Afp,net f u,p
Nu,Rd = [EN 1993-1-1 §6.2.3(2)]
 M2
where:
Afp,net is the net area of the flange cover plate(s) attached to one flange
Afp,net = Afp − n2d0tp
5 - 87

Nbt,Rd is the block tearing resistance
e2 p2 e2 e2 p2 e2
e1 e1
p1 p1
Figure A Figure B
For a concentrically loaded bolt group: Nbt,Rd = Veff,1,Rd
f u,p Afp,nt f y,p Afp,nv

Veff,1,Rd =  [EN 1993-1-8 §3.10.2(2)]
 M2 3 M0
For eccentrically loaded bolt group: Nbt,Rd = Veff,2,Rd
0 , 5 f u,p Afp,nt f y,p Afp,nv

Veff,2,Rd =  [EN 1993-1-8 §3.10.2(3)]
 M2 3 M0
where:
fy,uc is the yield strength of the upper column
fu,uc is the ultimate tensile strength of the the upper column
Afp,nv is the net area of the flange cover plate subjected to shear
Afp,nv = 2tp ( e1+(n1 – 1)p1 – (n1 – 0,5)d0 )
Afp,nt is the net area of the flange cover plate subjected to tension
If p2 ≤ 2e2 Afp,nt = tp( p2 – d0 ) (Figure A)
If p2 > 2e2 Afp,nt = tp( 2e2 – d0 ) (Figure B)

Check for significant net tension:
F Ed
If > 0,1 then preloaded bolts should be used[4].
t f, uc b f, uc f y,uc
where:
tf,uc is the flange thickness of the upper column
5 - 88
bf,uc is the flange width of the upper column
5.2.1.3 Bolt group resistance

FEd
e1
p1
p1
2
e2 p2
FEd
1 Column flange
FRd,fp is the design resistance of bolt group [EN 1993-1-8, §3.7(1)]

FRd = ΣFb,Rd if (Fb,Rd)max ≤ Fv,Rd
FRd = nfp(Fb,Rd)min if (Fb.Rd)min ≤ Fv,Rd ≤ (Fb,Rd)max
FRd = nfpFv,Rd if Fv,Rd ≤ (Fb,Rd)min
nfp is the number of bolts between one flange cover plate and upper column

Fv,Rd is the shear resistance of a single bolt
 v f ub A
Fv,Rd = p [EN 1993-1-8, Table 3.4]
 M2
where:
v = 0,6 for 4.6 and 8.8 bolts = 0,5 for 10.9 bolts
βp = 1,0 if tpa ≤ d/3 [EN 1993-1-8 §3.6.1(12)]
9d
= if tpa > d/3
8d  3tpa
tpa is the total thickness of the packing
5 - 89
Check for long joint:

Lj is the joint length from EN1993-1-8[1], § 3.8
If Lj > 15d the design shear resistance Fv,Rd should be reduced by multiplying it
by a reduction factor βLf.
L j  15 d
 Lf  1 
200 d
Bearing resistance
Fb,Rd is the bearing resistance of a single bolt
k 1 b f u,p dt p
Fb,Rd = [EN 1993-1-8 Table 3.4]
 M2
Note: If the thickness of the column flange is less than the thickness of the
flange cover plates, then the bearing resistance of the column flange should
also be checked.
For end bolts:

 e f ub 
b = min  1 ; ; 1, 0 
 3d 0 f u,p 
For inner bolts:

 p 1 f ub 
b = min  1  ; ; 1, 0 
 3d 0 4 f u,p 
For edge bolts:

 e 
k1 = min  2 , 8 2  1, 7 ; 2 , 5 
 d0 
For inner bolts:

 p 
k1 = min  1, 4 2  1, 7 ; 2 , 5 
 d0 
M2 is the partial factor for plate in bearing

Resistance of preloaded bolts:
FEd ≤ Fs,Rd
For joints designed to be non-slip under factored loads.

Fs,Rd is the design slip resistance
k s n fs 
= Fp,C [EN 1993-1-8 §3.9.1(1)]
 M3
5 - 90
where:
ks = 1.0 for fasteners in standard clearance holes
(Table 3.6 of EN1993-1-8)[1]
nfs is the number of friction surfaces
μ is the slip factor (Table 18 of EN1090-2 [12])
Fp,C = 0 , 7 f ub As [EN 1993-1-8 §3.6.1(2)]
As is the tensile stress area of the bolt
M3 is the partial factor for slip resistance at ultimate limit state
5.3 Check for horizontal shear

For a bearing type splice, any horizontal shear VEd is assumed to be resisted by
friction across the splice interface[4].
Basic requirement: VEd ≤ shear resistance of splice interface
The coefficient of friction μf for a steel interface depends upon the surface
condition of the steel and on any coatings provided.
Conservatively, for steel with no surface treatment, with mill scale, the
coefficient of friction, μf may be taken as 0,2.
Shear resistance of splice interface = Vertical load  Coefficient of friction
5.4 Checks for vertical tying

Ftie
Ftie
If it is necessary to comply with structural integrity requirements, then checks

4.2.1.2 and 4.2.1.3 should be carried out[4] with:
F tie
FEd =
2
5 - 91
The yield strength should be replaced with the ultimate strength.
The partial safety factors (M0, M2) should also be replaced with the partial
factor for tying resistance. (Mu = 1,1).
Note:
1. The structural integrity checks are based on the conservative assumption
that the tie force is resisted by the two flange cover plates.
5. Ftie is the tensile force from EN1991-1-7, § A.6.
5 - 92
5.5 Worked Example – Column Splice 1 of 8

Calculation sheet
5. Column Splice
Details and data
HEB 260 x 93
(S355 steel)
40
160
50 50
525 25 25
50 50
160
40
HEB 320 x 127

(S355 steel)
55 150 55 35 80 35
260 150
Flange cover plates: 2/260  12  525

Flange packs: 2/260  30  240
Cleats: 4/90  90  8 Angles  150 long
Web Packs: 2/85  2  150
Division plate: 265  25  310
Bolts: M20 8.8
Fittings material: S275 steel
5 – 93
Title 5.4 Worked Example – Column Splice 2 of 8
Design forces Unless noted

otherwise, all
NEd,G = 760 kN
references are to
NEd,Q = 870 kN EN 1993-1-8
MEd = 110 kNm (about yy axis of column)
VEd = 60 kN
Tension resistances
Net tension
Tensile resistance of the flange cover plate 802 kN
Horizontal shear resistance 161 kN
Tying resistances
Tensile resistance of the flange cover plate 912 kN

External flange cover plates
Height, hp  2buc and 450 mm
Width, bp  buc = 260 mm Say 260 mm, OK
Maximum vertical bolt spacing, p1 = 14tp, i.e. minimum thickness is p1 /14
t f,uc p1
Thickness, tp  and 10 mm and
2 14
17 , 5 160
= and 10 mm and
2 14
= 8,75 mm and 10 mm and 11,4 mm
Say 12 mm, OK
h lc  h uc 320  260
Packs, tpa = = = 30 mm
2 2
Say 30 mm, OK
Division plate
 h lc  2 t f,lc    h uc  2 t f,uc 
Thickness 
2
=
 320  2  20 , 5    260  2  17 , 5   = 27 mm
2
Say 25mm, OK
5 – 94
Web cleats
Use 90908 angles to accommodate M20 bolts in opposite positions on
adjoining legs.
Length  0,5huc = 0,5  260 = 130 mm Say 150 mm, OK
t w,lc  t w, uc 11, 5  10
Packs, tpa = = = 0,8 mm Say 2 mm, OK
2 2

5.2.1. Net tension
5.2.1.1. Net tension effects
N Ed,G  h
Basic requirement for no net tension: MEd ≤
2
N Ed,G  h 760  260
=  10 3 = 99 kNm
2 2
MEd = 110 kNm > 99 kNm
Net tension does occur and the flange cover plates and their fastenings must
be checked for a tensile force FEd.
M Ed N Ed,G 110 760
FEd =  = 3
 = 43 kN
h 2 260  10 2
5.2.1.2. Tension resistance of the flange cover plate

Basic requirement: FEd ≤ Nt,Rd
Where Nt,Rd = min  N pl,Rd ; N u,Rd ; N bt,Rd 
Tension resistance of gross section
Afp f y,p EN 1993-1-1
Npl,Rd = § 6.2.3(2)
 M0
Gross area, Afp = 26012 = 3120 mm2
3120  275
Npl,Rd =  10 3 = 858 kN
1,0

0 , 9 Afp,net f u,p EN 1993-1-1
Nu,Rd = § 6.2.3(2)
 M2
Net area, Afp,net = 26012 – 22212 = 2592 mm2
0 , 9  2592  430
Nu,Rd =  10 3 = 802 kN
1, 25
Thus Nu,Rd = 802 kN
5 – 95

For concentrically loaded bolt group: Nbt,Rd = Veff,1,Rd § 3.10.2(3)
2e2 = 255 = 110 mm
p2 = 150 ≤ 2e2
Hence
Afp,nt = tp( 2e2 – d0 ) = 12 (255 – 22) = 1056 mm2
Afp,nv = 2tp ( e1+(n1 – 1)p1 – (n1 – 0,5)d0 )
= 212 (40 + (2 – 1)160 – (2 – 0,5)22) = 4008 mm2
 430  1056 275  4008 
Veff,1,Rd =     10 3 = 1000 kN
 1, 25 3  1, 0 
Nbt,Rd = 1000 kN
Nt,Rd = min(858; 802; 1000) = 802 kN
FEd = 43 kN ≤ 802 kN, OK
Check for the suitability of ordinary bolts.

(It is sufficiently accurate to base this calculation on the gross area of the Ref [4]
flange)
FEd 43  10 3
= = 0,04 < 0,1
t f,uc b f,uc f y,uc 12 , 5  260  355
There is no significant net tension in the column flange and the use of
ordinary bolts in clearance holes is satisfactory.
5.2.1.3. Bolt group resistance

1
e1 = 40
p1 = 160
e 2 = 55 p2 =150
Shear and bearing resistance of the flange cover plate

5 – 96
The design resistance of the bolt group, FRd,fp: § 3.7

FRd  ΣFb,Rd if  F b, Rd  max  F v,Rd
FRd  nfp (Fb, Rd ) min if ( F b, Rd ) min  F v,Rd  ( F b, Rd ) max
FRd  nfp Fv,Rd if F v,Rd   F b, Rd  min

 M2
A factor to account for the long joint effect must be introduced if Lj > 15d § 3.8
15d = 1520 = 300 mm
Lj = 160 mm, < 15d
Therefore there is no long joint effect.
d
Total thickness of flange pack, tpa = 30mm >  6 , 7 mm
3
Therefore Fv,Rd must be multiplied by a reduction factor βp.
9d 9  20
βp = = = 0,72
8 d  3 t pa 8  20  3  30
0 , 6  800  245
For M20 8.8 bolts, Fv,Rd = 0 , 72  ×10-3 = 68 kN
1, 25
Bearing resistance
Bearing resistance, Fb,Rd =
 M2
 e   55 
For edge bolts, k1 = min 2,8 2  1,7; 2,5  = min 2,8  1,7; 2,5 
 d0   22 
= min 5,3; 2,5 = 2,5
 e f   40 800 
For end bolts αb = min 1 ; ub ; 1,0  = min ; ; 1,0 
 3d   3  22 430
 0 f u,p  
= min 0,61; 1,86; 1,0  = 0,61
 p f 
For inner bolts, αb = min 1  0,25; ub ; 1,0 
 3d f u,p 
 0 
 160 800 
= min  0,25; ; 1,0 
 3  22 430 
= min 2,17; 1,86; 1,0  = 1,0
5 – 97
2 , 5  0 , 61  430  20  12
End bolts, Fb,Rd,end =  Fb,Rd  min =  10 3
1, 25
= 126 kN
2 , 5  1, 0  430  20  12
Inner bolts, Fb,Rd,inner =  Fb,Rd max =  10 3
1, 25
= 206 kN
Thus Fv,Rd <  Fb,Rd  min
FRd = nfp Fv,Rd = 468 = 272 kN
FEd = 43 kN ≤ 272 kN, OK
5.2.2. Check for horizontal shear

For a bearing type splice, any horizontal shear VEd is assumed to be resisted Ref [4]
by friction across the splice interface.
Basic requirement: VEd ≤ shear resistance of splice interface
Vertical load with coexistent shear
M Ed N Ed,G 110  10 3 760
 =  = 803 kN
h 2 260 2
Shear resistance of splice interface: 8030,2 = 161kN
VEd = 60 kN ≤ 161 kN, OK
5.3. Structural integrity

5.3.1. Tying force
Check 4.2.1.2 and 4.2.1.3 should be carried out with:
Ftie
FEd =
2
Ftie = 2  FEd  2  43 = 86 kN
5.3.2. Tensile resistance of the flange cover plate

Basic requirement: Ftie ≤ Nt,Rd
Where Nt,Rd = min  N pl,Rd ; N u,Rd ; N bt,Rd 
5.3.2.1. Tension resistance of the gross area
Afp f u,p EN 1993-1-1
Npl,Rd = § 6.2.3(2)
 Mu
Gross area, Afp = 26012 = 3120 mm2
3120  430
Npl,Rd =  10 3 = 1220 kN
1, 1
5 – 98
5.3.2.2. Tension resistance of the net area

0 , 9 Afp,net f u,p EN 1993-1-1
Nu,Rd = § 6.2.3(2)
 Mu
Net area, Afp,net = 26012 – 22212 = 2592 mm2
0 , 9  2592  430
Nu,Rd =  10 3 = 912 kN
1, 1
Thus Nu,Rd = 912 kN

For concentrically loaded bolt group: Nbt,Rd = Veff,1,Rd Table 3.4
2e2 = 255 = 110 mm
p2 = 150 ≤ 2e2
Hence
Afp,nt = tp( 2e2 – d0 ) = 12 (255 – 22) = 1056 mm2
Afp,nv = 2tp ( e1+(n1 – 1)p1 – (n1 – 0,5)d0 )
= 212 [40 + (2 – 1)160 – (2 – 0,5)22] = 4008 mm2
 430  1056 275  4008 
Veff,1,Rd =     10 3 = 1049 kN
 1 ,1 3  1, 0 
Nbt,Rd = 1049 kN
Nt,Rd = min(1220; 912; 1049) = 802 kN
Ftie = 86 kN ≤ 912 kN, OK
5.3.2.4. Bolt group resistance

Shear and bearing resistance of the flange cover plate
Basic requirement: Ftie ≤ FRd
The design resistance of the bolt group, FRd,fp: § 3.7
FRd  ΣFb,Rd if  Fb,Rd max  Fv,Rd
FRd  n fp ( Fb,Rd ) min if ( Fb,Rd ) min  F v,Rd  ( Fb,Rd ) max
FRd  n fp F v,Rd if F v,Rd   Fb,Rd min

 Mu
A factor to account for the long joint effect must be introduced if Lj > 15d
15d = 1520 = 300 mm
Lj = 160 mm, < 15d
5 – 99
Therefore there is no long joint effect.

d
Total thickness of flange pack, tpa = 30mm >  6 , 7 mm
3
Therefore Fv,Rd must be multiplied by a reduction factor βp.
9d 9  20
βp = = = 0,72
8 d  3 t pa 8  20  3  30
0 , 6  800  245
For M20 8.8 bolts, Fv,Rd = 0 , 72   10 3 = 77 kN
1,1
Bearing resistance
Bearing resistance, Fb,Rd =
 Mu
 e   55 
For edge bolts, k1 = min 2,8 2  1,7; 2,5  = min 2,8  1,7; 2,5 
 d0   22 
= min 5,3; 2,5 = 2,5
 e f   40 800 
For end bolts αb = min 1 ; ub ; 1,0  = min ; ; 1,0 
 3d   3  22 430
 0 f u,p  
= min 0,61; 1,86; 1,0  = 0,61
 p f 
For inner bolts, αb = min 1  0,25; ub ; 1,0 
 3d f u,p 
 0 
 160 800 
= min  0,25; ; 1,0 
 3  22 430 
= min 2,17; 1,86; 1,0  = 1,0
2 , 5  0 , 61  430  20  12
End bolts, Fb,Rd,end = Fb, Rd min =  10 3
1 ,1
= 143kN
2 , 5  1, 0  430  20  12
Inner bolts, Fb,Rd,inner =  Fb,Rd max =  10 3
1, 1
= 235 kN
Thus Fv,Rd <  Fb,Rd  min
FRd = nfp Fv,Rd = 477 = 308 kN
Ftie = 86 kN ≤ 308 kN, OK
5 – 100
6 COLUMN BASES
This design method applied to fixed bases of I section columns transmitting an

axial compressive force, and a shear force (i.e. a nominally pinned column
base). The rectangular base plate is welded to the column section in a
symmetrically position so that it has projections beyond the column flange
outer edges on all sides.
6.1 Base plate size
b bp bf
hp
hf
Basic requirement: Ap  Areq [Reference 4]

Ap = area of base plate
= hpbp for rectangular plates
Areq = required area of base plate
F Ed
=
f jd
2
fjd = fcd
3
where:
 df     e  
 = min   1  ,  1  2 eh ,1 2 b  , 3  [Reference 3]

  max  h p , b p    h p  
  bp 
 
If some dimensions are unknown, a value of  = 1,5 is generally appropriate.
hp is the length of the base plate
bp is the width of the base plate
df is the depth of the concrete foundation
hf is the length of the concrete foundation
5 – 101
bf is the width of the concrete foundation

tf is the flange thickness of the column
eb is the additional width outside of the base plate
= bf  b  2 t f  / 2
eh is the additional depth outside of the base plate
=  hf  h  2 t f  / 2
f ck
fcd =  cc [EN 1992-1-1, §3.1.6(1)]
c
αcc is a coefficient that takes into account long term effects on the
compressive strength and of unfavorable effects resulting from the
way the load is applied. [13]
c is the material factor for concrete from EN 1992-1-1, §2.4.2.4[13]
Concrete class C20/25 C25/30 C30/37 C35/45

Cylinder strength, fck (N/mm2) 20 25 30 35
Cube strength, fck,cube (N/mm2) 25 30 37 45
6.2 Calculation of c
hp
bp
A eff
1
2c + tf
Projection, c
tf = flange thickness
tw = web thickness
Basic requirement: Areq = Aeff
 If 2c ≤ h  2 t f , then there is no overlap.

Thus c may be calculated from the following equations for I and H sections:
Aeff ≈ 4c2 + Percolc + Acol
where:
Acol is the cross sectional area of the column
Percol is the column perimeter
 If 2c > h  2 t f , then there is an overlap.
Thus c may be calculated from the following equations for I and H sections:
Aeff ≈ 4c2 + 2(h + b)c + h  b
5 – 102
To ensure that the effective area fits on the base plate:

h + 2c < hp
b + 2c < bp
6.3 Base plate thickness
tp
A eff
2c + tf
Basic requirement: tp ≥ tp,min
3 f jd  M0
tp,min =c [Reference 3]
f yp
where:
fyp is the yield strength of the base plate
2
fjd = fcd
3
f ck
fcd =  cc
c
, αcc, c, fck, and c are as defined previously.
5 – 103
6.4 Base plate welds

NEd
tp
VEd
Basic requirement:
For shear: VEd  Fw,Rd  ℓweld,shear [Reference 4]
For axial load:
This check is only necessary when the contact faces of the column and base
plate are not in tight bearing. See Reference [4] for more details.
FEd  Fw,Rd  ℓweld,axial
where:
Fw,Rd is the resistance of the fillet weld per unit length = fvw,d  a
fu 3
fvw,d = [EN 1993-1-8 §4.5.3.3(3)]
 w  M2
fu is ultimate tensile strength of the weaker part joined
w = 0,8 for S235 steel
= 0,85 for S275 steel
a is the weld throat
ℓweld,shear is total effective length of the welds in the direction of shear
ℓweld,shear = 2  l  2 s  (for IPE, HE, HD sections)
l is the weld length in the direction of shear
ℓweld,axial is the total effective length of the welds to the column flange for
rolled sections
M2 is the partial factor for welds from EN 1993-1-8
5 – 104
6.5 Worked Example – Column base 1 of 3

Calculation sheet
6. Column base
Details and data
HD 320 x 127 Unless noted

S355 otherwise, all
references are to
EN 1993-1-8
N Ed = 4300kN
50
V Ed = 100kN
3 600
2
f ck= 30N/mm 100
4
600
1 600  600  50 Base plate S275

2 8 mm fillet welds
3 M24 grade 4.6 holding down bolts
4 Contact faces of the column and the base plate are in direct bearing
5 – 105
Title 6.5 Worked Example – Column base 2 of 3
6.1. Base plate size

Basic requirement: Ap  Areq Ref [3]
Area of base plate: Ap = hp  bp = 600  600 = 360000 mm2 fcd from

f ck EN 1992-1-1
30
Design strength of the concrete: fcd =  cc = 1, 0  = 20 N/mm 2 §3.1.6(1)
c 1, 5
αcc from
N Ed 4300  10 3 2 EN 1992-1-1
Area required: Areq = = = 215000 mm
f jd 2 §3.1.6(1)
 1, 5  20
3
C from
EN 1992-1-1
Table 2.1N
Ap = 360000 mm2 > 215000 mm2 OK
6.2. Calculation of c
t f + 2c
tf
tw
t w +2c b b+2 c bp
h
Aeff
h+2 c
hp
Basic requirement: Aeff = Areq

To calculate the effective area, assume first that there is no overlap.
Aeff ≈ 4c2 + Percolc + Acol
Column perimeter Percol = 1771 mm
Area of column Acol = 16130 mm2
Aeff ≈ 4c2 + 1771c + 16130 = 215000 = Areq
 c = 93 mm
To ensure that there is no overlap, c has to be less than half the depth between
flanges:
h  2t f 320  2  20 , 5
= = 139,5 mm > 93 mm
2 2
Therefore the assumption that there is no overlap is correct.
5 – 106
Title 6.5 Worked Example – Column base 3 of 3
To check that the effective area fits on the base plate:

h + 2c = 320  2  93 = 506 mm < 600 mm
b + 2c = 300  2  93 = 486 mm < 600 mm
Therefore the calculated value of c is valid (otherwise recalculate c).
6.3. Base plate thickness

3 f jd  M0 Ref (3)
tp,min =c
f y,p
2 2
fjd =  f cd   1,5  20 = 20 N/mm2
3 3
Yield strength of the 50 mm plate, fy,p = 255 N/mm2
3  20  1, 0
tp,min = 93 = 45 mm
255
tp = 50 mm > 45 mm OK
6.4. Base plate welds (Shear resistance of column-to-

base weld)
Basic requirement: VEd  F w,Rd  l eff,shear Ref [4]
Ultimate tensile strength of the 50 mm plate, fu,p = 410 N/mm2

fu 3 410 3 Fw,Rd from
Fw,Rd = f vw,d  a = a =  0 , 7  8 = 1248 N/mm § 4.5.3.3(3)
 w  M2 0 , 85  1, 25
ℓeff,shear = 2 (l – 2s) = 2 100  2  8  = 168 mm
Fw,Rdℓeff,shear = 1248  168  10 3 = 210 kN

VEd = 100 kN ≤ 210 kN OK
5 – 107
APPENDIX A Lateral torsional buckling strength

Lateral torsional buckling strength taken from BS 5950-1 Table 17[10]
Lateral torsional buckling strength (N/mm2)
Steel grade
LT S275 S355
235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355
25 235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355
30 235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355
35 235 245 255 265 272 300 307 314 321 328
40 224 231 237 244 250 276 282 288 295 301
45 206 212 218 224 230 253 259 265 270 276
50 190 196 201 207 212 233 238 243 248 253
55 175 180 185 190 195 214 219 223 227 232
60 162 167 171 176 180 197 201 205 209 212
65 150 154 158 162 166 183 188 194 199 204
70 139 142 146 150 155 177 182 187 192 196
75 130 135 140 145 151 170 175 179 184 188
80 126 131 136 141 146 163 168 172 176 179
85 122 127 131 136 140 156 160 164 167 171
90 118 123 127 131 135 149 152 156 159 162
95 114 118 122 125 129 142 144 146 148 150
100 110 113 117 120 123 132 134 136 137 139
105 106 109 112 115 117 123 125 126 128 129
110 101 104 106 107 109 115 116 117 119 120
115 96 97 99 101 102 107 108 109 110 111
120 90 91 93 94 96 100 101 102 103 104
125 85 86 87 89 90 94 95 96 96 97
130 80 81 82 83 84 88 89 90 90 91
135 75 76 77 78 79 83 83 84 85 85
140 71 72 73 74 75 78 78 79 80 80
145 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 74 75 75
150 64 64 65 66 67 69 70 70 71 71
155 60 61 62 62 63 65 66 66 67 67
160 57 58 59 59 60 62 62 63 63 63
165 54 55 56 56 57 59 59 59 60 60
170 52 52 53 53 54 56 56 56 57 57
175 49 50 50 51 51 53 53 53 54 54
180 47 47 48 48 49 50 51 51 51 51
185 45 45 46 46 46 48 48 48 49 49
190 43 43 44 44 44 46 46 46 46 47
195 41 41 42 42 42 43 44 44 44 44
200 39 39 40 40 40 42 42 42 42 42
210 36 36 37 37 37 38 38 38 39 39
220 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 36
230 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 33 33 33
240 28 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30
250 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28
5 – 108
REFERENCES
1 EN 1993-1-8:2005: Eurocode 3 Design of steel structures. Design of joints

2 EN 1991-1-7: 2006: Eurocode 1 Actions on structures. General actions.
Accidental actions
3 Detailed European design guides to the Eurocode. (http://www.access-steel.com)
4 Joints in steel construction: Simple connections
Steel Construction Institute, 2002
5 CHENG, J. J. R. and YURA, J. A.
Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, October 1986
Local web buckling of coped beams
6 CHENG, J. J. R, YURA, J. A. and JOHNSON. C. P.
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Austin
Design and behaviour of coped beams
PMFSEL Report No. 841, July 1984
7 JARRETT, N. D.
Tests on beam/column web side plate connections
BRE Client Report CR 54/90
Building Research Establishment, Watford, September 1990.
8 JASPART, J.-P., DEMONCEAU, J.-F.,.RENKIN, S., and GUILLAUME, M. L.
European recommendation for the design of simple joints in steel structures
Publication n°126, First edition,
ECCS, 2009
9 RENKIN, S.
Development of a European process for the design of simple structural joint in
steel frames (in French): Diploma work,
University of Liege, June 2003.
10 BS 5950-1:2000 Structural use of steelwork in building. Code of practice for
design. Rolled and welded sections
BSI, 2000
11 YURA, J. A., HANSEN, M. A. and FRANK, K. H.
Bolted splice connections with undeveloped fillers
Journal of the Structural Division
ASCE, December 1982
12 EN 1090-2:2008: Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures.
Technical requirements for the execution of steel structures
13 EN 1992-1-1:2004: Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures. General rules and
rules for buildings
Flow charts
Flow charts for End plate, Fin plate and Column bases are available on the
Access Steel web site (http://www.access-steel.com)
The document references for these joint types are as follows:
Partial depth end plate SF008a
Fin plate SF009a
Column bases SF010a
5 – 109

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STEEL BUILDINGS IN EUROPE

Multi-Storey Steel Buildings

The 10 parts in the Multi-Storey Steel Buildings guide are:

The guide covers different types of joints:

Each design procedure is illustrated by a worked example, using the recommended

1.1 About this design guide

Design procedures are provided for:

Whilst the Eurocodes establish a common framework for structural

This publication is complemented by a spreadsheet design tool which allows

1.2 Joint behaviour

Nominally pinned joints have the following characteristics:

EN 1993-1-8[1] provides two methods to classify joints: stiffness and strength.

Alternatively, joints may also be classified based on experimental evidence,

1.3 Standardised joints

 Leads to fewer errors.

To take advantage of these benefits, standardised joints are recommended in

1.4 Tying resistance

1.5 Design guidance in this publication

2 PARTIAL DEPTH END PLATE

2.1 Recommended details

1 Length of end plate hp  0,6hb 6 Gauge; p3, 90 mm  p3  140 mm

hb is the height of the supported beam

2.2 Checks for vertical shear

VEd VEd VEd

Shear resistance of the beam web at the end plate

VEd  (tp + ln)  Mv,N,Rd or Mv,DN,Rd

2.2.2.1 For a single notched beam:

f y,b W el,N, y   2VEd  

2.2.3 Local stability of notched beam

When the beam is restrained against lateral torsional buckling, no account

For one flange notched, basic requirement:[5][6]

2.2.4 Bolt group resistance

1 Check these bolts in shear under concentric load

Basic requirement: VEd  FRd

If (Fb,Rd)min  Fv,Rd  (Fb,Rd)max then FRd = ns(Fb,Rd)min

If Fv,Rd < (Fb,Rd)min then FRd = 0,8nsFv,Rd

2.2.4.1 Shear resistance of bolts

 For inner bolts (parallel to the direction of load transfer)

 For edge bolts (perpendicular to the direction of load transfer)

 For inner bolts (perpendicular to the direction of load transfer)

2.2.5 Shear resistance of the end plate

VEd VEd VEd VEd

Basic requirement: VEd  VRd,min

VRd,min = min(VRd,g; VRd,n; VRd,b)

2.2.5.1 Shear resistance of gross section

2.2.5.2 Shear resistance of net section

 0 , 5 f u,p Ant f y,p Anv 

2.2.6 Weld resistance

2.3 Checks for tying

2.3.1 Resistance of the end plate in bending

There are three modes of failure for end plates in bending:

Basic requirement: FEd ≤ min(FRd,u,1; FRd,u,2; FRd,u,3)

Mode 1 (complete yielding of the end plate)

The leg length is defined as follows: s  a 2

2.3.2 Beam web resistance

Basic requirement: FEd  FRd

Made by CZT Date 06/2009

2. Partial depth end plate

Beam: IPE A 550 S275

Summary of full design checks

2.1. Recommended details

2.2. Checks for vertical shear

Basic requirement: V Ed  V c,Rd