Radiation Physics and Chemistry 119 (2016) 74–79

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Radiation Physics and Chemistry

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/radphyschem

Evaluation of radiological data of some saturated fatty acids using

gamma ray spectrometry
Prashant S. Kore a,n, Pravina P. Pawar a, T Palani Selvam b
a
Department of Physics, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad: 431 004. India
b
Radiological Physics and Advisory Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai

H I G H L I G H T S

Compute the values of mass attenuation coefficient (μm) of saturated fatty acids.

The values of (μen/ρ) i.e mass energy-absorption coefficient are calculated.

Comparison of all (μ/ρ) and (μen/ρ) values with Win-Xcom program.

The measured data are useful in radiation dosimetry and other fields.

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Radiological parameters such as mass attenuation coefficients (μm), total attenuation cross section (stot),
Received 25 June 2015 molar extinction coefficient (ε), mass energy absorption coefficient (μen/ρ) and effective electronic cross
Received in revised form section (st, el) of saturated fatty acids, namely butyric acid (C4H8O2), caproic acid (C6H12O2), enanthic acid
21 August 2015
(C7H14O2), caprylic acid (C8H16O2), pelargonic acid (C9H18O2) and valeric acid (C5H10O2) were measured
Accepted 5 September 2015
Available online 5 October 2015
using NaI(Tl)-based gamma spectrometry. Radioactive sources used in the study are 57Co, 133Ba, 137Cs,
54
Mn, 60Co and 22Na. Gamma ray transmission method in a narrow beam good geometry set up was used
Keywords: in the study. The measured data were compared against Win-XCOM-based data. The agreement is within
Mass attenuation coefficients 1%.
Total attenuation cross section
& 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Molar extinction coefficient
Mass energy absorption coefficient
Effective electronic cross section

1. Introduction absorption coefficient (μen/ρ) of photons in matter play an im-

Knowledge of absorption, penetration, attenuation and photon
interactions with biological material such as amino acids, fatty
acids, lipids and carbohydrates is essential in radiation medicine
and biology, nuclear technology and space research (Jakson and
Hawkes, 1981). The study of photon interactions with matter is
important and the data on the transmission and absorption of
X-rays and gamma rays in biological shielding and dosimetric
materials assumed great significance by virtue of the diverse ap-
plication in the field of medical physics and medical biology
(Kaewkhao et al., 2008). A variety of physiological functions inside
living system are performed by complex molecules such as fatty
acids, carbohydrates, and proteins compose of H, C, N, and O ele-
ment. Mass attenuation coefficient (μm) and mass energy
n
Corresponding author at: Dept. of Physics, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Mar-
athwada University Aurangabad, Aurangabad-431004 (M.S.).
E-mail addresses: koreprashant33@gmail.com (P.S. Kore),
Pravina.pawar@yahoo.com (P.P. Pawar).
portant role in understanding attenuation and energy absorption.
Seltzer (1993) reported μen/ρ data for elements, compound and
mixtures as a function of energy of photons. Hubbell (1999) car-
ried out a review of photon interaction cross section data in the
medical and biological context. Selection of material for radiation
shielding and protection needs an accurate assessment of inter-
action parameters Teli et al., (2001). In addition to μm and μen/ρ,
the parameters such as Zeff (effective atomic number), stot (total
attenuation cross section), ε (molar extinction coefficient), and st,el
(effective electronic cross section) of complex molecules of biolo-
gical interest also play an important role in understanding dosi-
metry of photons. The calculation of Zeff is based on the para-
meterization of the photon interaction cross-section by fitting data
over limited ranges of photon energies and atomic number Jackson
and Hawkes (1981). Gerward et al. (2001) and Sandhu et al. (2002)
reported molar extinction coefficient for fatty acids. Gerward et al.
(2004) and Berger, Hubbell (1987) investigated photon attenuation
in elements and arbitrary materials.
Several published studies such as Kirby et al. (2003), Midgley

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.09.003
0969-806X/& 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
 P.S. Kore et al. / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 119 (2016) 74–79 75

Fig. 2. Plot of mass attenuation coefficient (μm) versus photon energy for butyric
acid (C4H8O2).

Fig. 1. The schematic view of the experimental set up. pelargonic acid (C9H18O2) and valeric acid (C5H10O2). Radioactive
sources used in the study are 57Co, 133Ba, 137Cs, 54Mn, 60Co and 22Na.

Table 1
Mean atomic numbers (Z) calculated from the chemical formula for fatty acids. 2. Theory

Saturated fatty acids Molar mass (g/mol) Chemical Formula Z In this section we summarize some theoretical relations that
Butyric acid 088.105 (C4H8O2) 3.42
have been used for the determination of (μm) in the present work.
Caproic acid 116.158 (C6H12O2) 3.20 When a monochromatic beam of gamma photons is incident on a
Enanthic acid 130.185 (C7H14O2) 3.13 target, some photons are emitted due to the dominant interaction
Caprylic acid 144.212 (C8H16O2) 3.07 processes and therefore, the transmitted beam is attenuated. The
Pelargonic acid 158.239 (C9H18O2) 3.03
extent of attenuation depends on given elemental target. This at-
Valeric acid 169.517 (C5H10O2) 3.29
tenuation of the beam is described by the following equation:
I = I0 e−μt (1)

(2004, 2005), Shivaramu et al. (2001a, 2001b), Sandhu et al. (2002), Where, I0 and I are the incident and transmitted photon in-
Gowda et al. (2004, 2005), Manjunathaguru and Umesh (2006), tensities, respectively, μ (cm  1) is the linear attenuation coeffi-
Manohara and Hanagodimath (2007) and El-Kateb and Abdul-ha- cient of the material and t (cm) is the sample thickness. Re-
mid (1991) were devoted on the investigation of above parameters. arrangement of Eq. (1) yields the following equation for the linear
There have been a number of experimental and theoretical in- attenuation coefficient:
vestigations by Pawar and Bichile (2013), Kore and Pawar (2014), 1 ⎛ Io ⎞
Ladhaf and Pawar (2015), Baltas, Cevik (2008) to determine mass μ= ln ⎜ ⎟
t ⎝ I ⎠ (2)
attenuation coefficients for complex biological molecules such as
Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats and Oils composed of H, C, N The values of μm (cm2 g  1) for the samples were obtained from
and O elements in varying proportions. Eq. (3) by using the density of the corresponding samples:
The present work is aimed at measuring the radiological para-
μ 1 ⎛ Io ⎞
meters of photons such as μm, stot, ε, μen/ρ and st,el for several fatty μm =
ρ
(
cm2g −1 = )ln ⎜ ⎟
ρt ⎝ I ⎠ (3)
acids using the NaI(Tl)–based gamma ray spectrometry. The saturated
fatty acid samples used in the study are butyric acid (C4H8O2), caproic where, ρ (g/cm ) is a measured density of the corresponding
3

acid (C6H12O2), enanthic acid (C7H14O2), caprylic acid (C8H16O2), sample. The values of μm were then used to determine stot by the

Table 2
Comparison of measured and calculated values of mass attenuation coefficient μm (cm2/g) of fatty acids at different photon energies. The calculated values are based on Win-
XCOM program.

Sr. Fatty 122 keV 356 keV 511 keV 662 keV 835 keV 1173 keV 1275 keV 1332 keV Error

no. acids Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. The Exp. Theo.

1 Butyric acid 0.156 0.157 0.107 0.108 0.090 0.091 0.079 0.081 0.077 0.078 0.069 0.070 0.060 0.061 0.059 0.060 0.001
2 Caproic acid 0.157 0.159 0.107 0.109 0.09 0.092 0.08 0.082 0.077 0.079 0.068 0.070 0.053 0.055 0.052 0.054 0.002
3 Enanthic acid 0.157 0.159 0.107 0.109 0.09 0.092 0.08 0.082 0.077 0.079 0.069 0.071 0.053 0.055 0.053 0.055 0.002
4 Caprylic acid 0.158 0.160 0.107 0.109 0.091 0.092 0.080 0.082 0.077 0.079 0.069 0.071 0.053 0.055 0.053 0.055 0.002
5 Pelargonic acid 0.158 0.160 0.107 0.109 0.091 0.093 0.081 0.083 0.080 0.082 0.077 0.079 0.071 0.073 0.053 0.055 0.002
6 Valeric acid 0.156 0.158 0.107 0.109 0.089 0.091 0.076 0.078 0.079 0.081 0.068 0.070 0.053 0.055 0.052 0.054 0.002
76 P.S. Kore et al. / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 119 (2016) 74–79

following relation:

0.232
0.260

0.339
0.270
0.316
0.164
Error
(σtot ) = μ m (M /NA ) (4)

6.2725

8.7031
7.9316
8.7741

7.1602

9.1539
Where, M¼ ∑iniAi is the molecular weight of the compound, NA is

Theo.
the Avogadro’s number, ni is the total number of atoms in the
molecule and Ai is the atomic weight of the ith element in a mo-

1332 keV

6.0402
6.8998
7.6432
8.3866
8.6279

8.8149
lecule. The total atomic cross-sections (st,a) has been determined

Exp.
from the following equation:
1
(σt, a ) = ∑i fi Ai (μm )i
8.9203
6.3887

9.3234
7.9316
11.5514
7.1602
NA (5)
Theo.

Similarly, st, el for the individual element is given by:

1275 keV

fi Ai

8.9844
1
6.8998
7.6432
11.2349
σt, a
8.7741
6.1564

(σt, el ) = ∑i (μ )i ) =
Zi m
Exp.

NA Zeff (6)

Where fi ¼ni/∑jnj and Zi are the fractional abundance and atomic

12.5009
10.2365

10.2390

11.8662
9.2431
8.1311

number of constituent element I, respectively, ni is the total

Theo.

number of atoms of the constituent element i and ∑jnj is the total

number of atoms present in the molecular formula. Zeff can be
1173 keV

given as,
10.0902
7.8987
8.9828
9.9506

11.5272
12.1844

σt, a
Exp

Zeff =
Comparison of measured and calculated values of total attenuation cross section stot (barn/atom) of saturated fatty acids at different photon energies.

σt, el (7)

ε were determined using the following relation:

11.4064

10.2846
11.3927
12.9756
13.7309
9.1765

The values of
Theo.

ε = 0.4343NA σtot (8)

The values of μtr/ρ were computed as

835 keV

8.9442
10.0242
11.2601

12.6591
13.3918
11.1043

μtr
Exp

= (μen /ρ)/(1 − g )
ρ (9)
9.5250

11.8254

13.2223
10.5752
11.8451

13.1338

Where the factor g represents the average fraction of the kinetic

Theo

energy of secondary charged particles (produced in all the types of

interactions) that is subsequently lost in radiative (photon-emit-
ting) energy-loss processes as the particles slow to rest in the
662 keV

11.5526

11.5369

12.8833
9.2927
10.4148

12.8173

medium. The values of mass energy absorption coefficient μen/ρ

Exp

were determined using the following relation:

μen
= (σm, en × NA/M )
10.6866

13.2675

15.4261
11.9770
13.3074

14.7162

ρ (10)
Theo

And finally, total molecular energy absorption cross section

sm, en were calculated using the following relation:
10.4542

15.0870
14.3997
511 keV

11.7167
13.1233
13.1612

σm, en = (σtot /Zeff )

Exp

(11)
15.7934

17.2480
12.6613

15.7191

18.4774
14.1902
Theo

3. Experimental set up and measurements

The six radioactive sources 57Co, 133Ba, 137Cs, 54Mn, 60Co and
356 keV

12.4289
13.9298
15.4307
15.6472

16.9315
18.1383

22
Na were used in the present investigation. Gamma rays of en-
Exp

ergy 122, 356, 511, 662, 835, 1173, 1275 and 1332 keV emitted by
the above radioactive sources were collimated and detected by the
22.9590
18.4692
20.6995
23.0739

26.7837
25.3182

NaI (Tl) detector. The signals from the detector were amplified and
Theo

analyzed with 13-bit multichannel analyzer.

The saturated fatty acids butyric acid (C4H8O2), caproic acid
(C6H12O2), enanthic acid (C7H14O2), caprylic acid (C8H16O2), pe-
26.4447
122 keV

18.2369

22.7855
20.4391
22.8128

25.0017

largonic acid (C9H18O2) and valeric acid (C5H10O2) under investiga-

Exp

tion were pellets (0.13 g/cm2 of uniform thicknesses) shaped and

confined in a cylindrical plastic container having the same diameter
Pelargonic acid

as that of sample pellets. The diameters of the samples were de-

Enanthic acid
Caprylic acid
Caproic acid
Butyric acid

Valeric acid

termined with the help of a traveling microscope. It was observed

that the attenuation of photons of the empty containers were neg-
acids
Fatty

ligible. Each sample pellet was weighed in a sensitive digital balance

having an accuracy 0.001 mg. The weighing was repeated several
Table 3

times to obtain consistent value of the mass. The mean of this set of
no.
Sr.

1
2
3
4
5
6

values was taken to be the mass of the sample. By using the diameter
 P.S. Kore et al. / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 119 (2016) 74–79 77

Table 4
Comparison of measured and calculated values of molar extinction coefficient ε (cm2/mole) of saturated fatty acids at different photon energies.

Sr. Fatty 122 keV 356 keV 511 keV 662 keV 835 keV 1173 keV 1275 keV 1332 keV Error

no acids Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo Exp. Theo.

1 Butyric acid 5.9689 6.0074 4.0941 4.1325 3.4436 3.4820 3.0227 3.0993 2.9462 2.9845 2.6401 2.6784 2.2957 2.3341 2.2574 2.2958 0.043
2 Caproic acid 4.7716 4.8326 3.2520 3.3129 2.7353 2.7962 2.4314 2.4923 2.3402 2.4011 2.0667 2.1275 1.6108 1.6716 1.5804 1.6412 0.060
3 Enanthic acid 5.3479 5.4162 3.6447 3.7130 3.0656 3.1339 2.7250 2.7932 2.6228 2.6910 2.3503 2.4185 1.8053 1.8735 1.8053 1.8874 0.068
4 Caprylic acid 5.9618 6.0375 4.0374 4.1130 3.4337 3.4715 3.0186 3.0942 2.9054 2.9810 2.6035 2.6791 1.9998 2.0754 1.9998 2.0754 0.070
5 Pelargonic acid 6.5417 6.6247 4.4301 4.5131 3.7676 3.8506 3.3536 3.4366 3.3122 3.3951 3.1880 3.2709 2.9396 3.0225 2.1943 2.2772 0.082
6 Valericv acid 6.9192 7.0082 4.7459 4.8347 3.9475 4.0363 3.3709 3.4597 3.5039 3.5928 3.0160 3.1049 2.3507 2.4395 2.3064 2.3952 0.088

Fig. 5. Plot of mass energy absorption coefficient (μen/ρ) versus photon energy for
Fig. 3. Plots of total attenuation cross section (stot) versus photon energy for bu- butyric acid (C4H8O2).
tyric acid (C4H8O2).

Fig. 4. Plots of molar extinction coefficient (ε) versus photon energy for butyric
acid (C4H8O2).
of the pellet and mean value of the mass of the pellet, the mass per
unit area was determined in each case. The sample thickness was
selected in order to satisfy the following ideal condition as far as
possible Creagh (1987): 2rln (I0 /I )r 4.
For measurement of incident and transmitted photon energies
a narrow beam good geometry set up was used. The schematic
view of the experimental set up is displayed in Fig. 1. From the
measured values of unattenuated photon intensity I0 (with empty
plastic container) and attenuated photon intensity I (with sample),
the mass attenuation coefficients (μm) for all the samples of sa-
turated fatty acids were calculated using Eq.(3).The values of mass
attenuation coefficients were also obtained using the Win-Xcom
program by Berger and Hubbell, (1987) at all photon energies of
current interest. Apart from multiple scattering and counting
statistics, the other possible sources of error due to the small angle
scattering contribution, sample impurity, non uniformity of the
sample, photo built-up effects, dead time of the counting instru-
ment, and pulse pile effect were evaluated and taken care. By
proper adjustment of the distance between the detector and
source (30 cm rd r50 cm), the maximum angle of scattering was

Table 5
Comparison of measured and calculated values of mass energy absorption coefficient μen/ρ (cm2/g) of saturated fatty acids at different photon energies.

Sr. Fatty 122 keV 356 keV 511 keV 662 keV 835 keV 1173 keV 1275 keV 1332 keV Error

no. acids Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo. Exp. Theo Exp. Theo.

1 Butyric acid 0.2748 0.2765 0.1884 0.1902 0.1585 0.1603 0.1391 0.1426 0.1356 0.1374 0.1215 0.1233 0.1056 0.1074 0.1039 0.1056 0.001
2 Caproic acid 0.2955 0.3160 0.2014 0.2145 0.1694 0.1804 0.1506 0.1605 0.1449 0.1542 0.1280 0.1362 0.0997 0.1070 0.0979 0.1050 0.010
3 Enanthic acid 0.3022 0.3251 0.2059 0.2204 0.1732 0.1853 0.1539 0.1648 0.1482 0.1583 0.1328 0.1418 0.1020 0.1097 0.1020 0.1097 0.011
4 Caprylic acid 0.3100 0.3345 0.2099 0.2252 0.1785 0.1892 0.1571 0.1682 0.1511 0.1616 0.1354 0.1447 0.1040 0.1119 0.1040 0.1119 0.012
5 Pelargonic acid 0.3141 0.3406 0.2127 0.2291 0.1809 0.1945 0.1610 0.1731 0.1590 0.1705 0.1531 0.1636 0.1411 0.1510 0.1053 0.1137 0.013
6 Valeric acid 0.2856 0.1730 0.1959 0.1214 0.1629 0.1020 0.1391 0.0878 0.1446 0.0915 0.1245 0.0789 0.0970 0.0625 0.0952 0.0614 0.058
78 P.S. Kore et al. / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 119 (2016) 74–79

0.048
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.010
Error

2.6793
2.0244

2.6793
2.9880
1.7298
2.3706
Theo.
(barn/atom) of saturated fatty acids at different photon energies. The calculated values are based on Win-XCOM program.

1332 keV

2.2044
2.4896
1.8875

2.4896

2.6793
2.7678
Exp.

2.6083
2.0626

2.6805
3.9678
1.7605
2.3716
Theo
1275 keV

2.2044
2.5655
1.9238

2.4896
3.7079
2.7308
Exp.

3.0645
3.4639
4.2987
2.2202
2.6275
2.9931
Theo.

Fig. 6. Variation of effective electronic cross section (st,el) with photon energy for
butyric acid (C4H8O2).
1173 keV

2.9503
2.4683
2.8699

3.5037
4.0212
3.2412

below 30 min. According to Hubbell (1968) the contribution of

Exp.

coherent as well as incoherent scattering at such angles in the

measured cross-sections at intermediate energies is negligible.
Hence no small angle scattering corrections were applied to the
3.8687
3.3352

2.5755
4.4799
2.9743
3.4216
Theo.

measured data. The error due to the sample impurities can be high
only when large percentage of high Z impurities is present in the
sample. All the saturated fatty acid samples used in the present
835 keV

3.2924
2.7950
3.2026

4.0704
3.6170
4.1779

study were of high purity (99.9%) and no content of high Z im-

Exp.

purities was present hence, sample impurity corrections were not

applied to the measured data. The non-uniformity of the sample
3.4634

4.5486
3.0947
3.5610
4.0274

2.4712

material introduces a fraction of error of about half the root mean

Theo.

square deviation in mass per unit area.In the present work, the
uncertainty in the mass per unit area and the error due to the non
uniformity of the sample is o 0.05% for all energies of the interest.
662 keV

2.9030

3.7579
4.2301
3.3779

3.3274

3.9159

The photon built-up effect was kept minimum by choosing opti-

Exp.

mum count rate and the counting time. The photon built-up de-
pends on the atomic number and the sample thickness, and also
4.5308
4.0051

2.8701
3.4796
3.8910

5.1085

on the incident photon energy. It is also a consequence of the

Theo.

multiple scattering inside the sample. In the multichannel analy-

el

zer used in the present study, there was a built-in provision for
Comparison of measured and calculated values of effective electronic cross section st,

511 keV

dead time correction. The pulse piles of effects were kept mini-
3.8483
3.2669

4.7523
4.5857
3.7433
4.2747
Exp.

mum by selecting an optimum count rate and counting time.

5.3904
4.7634
4.6179

6.0175
4.1364

3.4179
Theo.

4. Results and discussion

The values of mean atomic numbers calculated from the che-

356 keV

4.4504
3.8840

5.0262
5.5879

mical formulae of fatty acids studied in the present work are

4.5752

5.5131

displayed in Table 1.The experimentally measured values of μm

Exp.

(cm2/g) for some saturated fatty acid such as butyric acid (C4H8O2),
caproic acid (C6H12O2), enanthic acid (C7H14O2), caprylic acid
8.0081
6.0926

4.8680
7.0251

8.9473
6.7131
Theo.

(C8H16O2), pelargonic acid (C9H18O2) and valeric acid (C5H10O2) at

122, 356, 511, 662, 835, 1173, 1275 and 1332 keV photon energies
presented in Table 2. The typical plot of μm versus energy E for
122 keV

6.5300
5.6990

7.4220
6.6704

8.0379
8.2514

Butyric acid (C4H8O2) is displayed in Fig. 2.The Fig.(2) also includes

Exp.

the variation of theoretically determined μm values versus energy.

It is clearly seen that the μm depends on photon energy and de-
creases with increasing photon energy. The experimental values of
Pelargonic acid

μm agree with theoretical values calculated using the Win-XCOM

Enanthic acid
Caprylic acid
Caproic acid
Butyric acid

Valeric acid

program based on the mixture rule. The total experimental un-

certainty associated with the μm values depend on the un-
acids
Fatty

certainties of I0 (without attenuation), I (after attenuation), mass

thickness measurements and counting statistics. Typical total un-
Table 6

certainty in the measured experimental (μm) values is estimated to

no.
Sr.

1
2
3
4
5
6

be 2–3%. Measured values of stot and ε for the presently studied

 P.S. Kore et al. / Radiation Physics and Chemistry 119 (2016) 74–79
fatty acids are shown in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively. The
typical plots of stot and ε as a function of photon energy (E) are
displayed in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 respectively. The behavior of stot and ε
with E is almost similar to the behavior of μm versus E. Calculations
of ε (Sandhu et al. 2002) were carried out using the XCOM pro-
gram and our calculations are based on Win-XCOM which is up-
dated version of XCOM. So, in this work more accurate results with
less than 1% error are obtained.
Values of μen/ρ of fatty acid were determined from Eq.(9) by
using the μm values and the same are given in Table 5. The var-
iation of μen/ρ values versus E is displayed graphically for butyric
acid (C4H8O2) in Fig.(5). It is seen from Table 5 and Fig. (5) that ε
values for the present sample initially decrease with E and tend to
be almost constant. For the composite materials, such as the fatty
acids studied in the present study, values of st,el are given in Ta-
ble 6. Fig. 6 shows the typical variation of st,el versus E for butyric
acid (C4H8O2) sample.
5. Conclusions

Gamma ray spectrometry-based experimental study has been
undertaken to determine mass attenuation coefficient (μm),
mass energy absorption coefficient (μen/ρ) total attenuation
cross section (stot), effective electronic cross section (st,el), and
molar extinction coefficient (ε) for six saturated fatty acid
samples. at different photon energies emitted by the radio-
isotopes, namely, 60Co, 57Co, 133Ba, 54Mn, 22Na, 137Cs. The in-
vestigated samples are butyric acid (C4H8O2), caproic acid
(C6H12O2), enanthic acid (C7H14O2), caprylic acid (C8H16O2),
pelargonic acid (C9H18O2), and valeric acid (C5H10O2).

For the investigated photon energies and samples, μm values
decrease with photon energy. The variation of stot and st,el with
photon energy is identical to μm.

The measured data were compared against Win-XCOM-based
data and the agreement is within 1%.
Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Board of Research in Nuclear Sci-
ences (sanction letter no.35/14/18/2014-BRNS/0293 dated on 16
May 2014) for its financial support to this project.
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